301 lines
34 KiB
XML
301 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="7CBBD4364DB2894344DF26626C9EA7A8" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3033.1.1" ID-ISSN="11755334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10095807" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629740874726" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="COCK, MATTHEW J. W. & CONGDON, T. COLIN E." docDate="2011" docId="6C3D21566E7AFFF5E0FEFCAFFEEA30FA" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03033p067.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3033 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3033.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429.6:Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleId="8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Sarangesa haplopa Swinhoe 1907" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="9004592E6E4CFFCDE069FFD3FFB8370E" masterDocTitle="Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini" masterLastPageNumber="67" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1699574931874" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="50220F9B904841F1DFD591A7B68BEFC6">
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<mods:title id="C015D61964574EC3CD9EA4786A601491">Observations on the biology of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) principally from Kenya. Part 3. Pyrginae: Celaenorrhinini</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C284FA5D8BB110824A9D5857A2A08348">COCK, MATTHEW J. W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="CD52EA6D448C913BE5EED0EC4C47B97D">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="E02134AC9374E50297AA48897576EA21">CONGDON, T. COLIN E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="439BF9B31D70E125285339DFE791382D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="9A76F9B160B03CF475E3F56BE2A0FD98">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="8089FB43C5289A3DF02646126EEB4147">
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<mods:date id="50531A2BB2DDC1A0392A9EB6FAD8BFD4">2011</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="5A79A5EC94A596A72BD713AA8B7D705F">2011-09-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="945F69F123E00105E9D47B1375D7158B">3033</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="712F60FD0C7530A831280DF0C17EAE61">http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3033.1.1</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="5467CBB904958A626F6F20D865E7A9D3">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="7988FAD6A03757CFB4EAD3AE583ED97D" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3033.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CBD984927748CD434E030DCF76C09158" type="ISSN">11755334</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6C3D21566E7AFFF5E0FEFCAFFEEA30FA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5460540" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5460540" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6C3D21566E7AFFF5E0FEFCAFFEEA30FA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6C3D21566E7AFFF5E0FEFCAFFEEA30FA" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<subSubSection id="AC8EC3CB6E7AFFFBE0FEFCAFFB023349" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E42B90406E7AFFFBE0FEFCAFFD433498" blockId="54.[151,763,892,918]" box="[151,763,892,918]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<heading id="BF63272C6E7AFFFBE0FEFCAFFD433498" bold="true" box="[151,763,892,918]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7AFFFBE0FEFCAFFD433498" bold="true" box="[151,763,892,918]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7AFFFBE0FEFCAFFD893498" ID-CoL="79MDW" authority="Swinhoe 1907" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1907" box="[151,561,892,918]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Sarangesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haplopa">
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<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7AFFFBE0FEFCAFFEC63498" bold="true" box="[151,382,892,918]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Sarangesa haplopa</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="8005EDB16E7AFFFBE1EFFCAFFD893498" author="Swinhoe" box="[390,561,892,918]" firstAuthor="Swinhoe" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="430 - 436" refId="ref34338" refString="Swinhoe, C. (1907) New species of African and Indo - Malayan Hesperiidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 7, 20, 430 - 436." type="journal article" year="1907">Swinhoe 1907</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Figures 57–60)
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E42B90406E7AFFFBE0FEFC10FB023349" blockId="54.[151,1436,963,1096]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<materialsCitation id="54FC9A1D6E7AFFFBE0FEFC10FB0E3349" collectingDate="1990-08-06" collectingDateMax="1990-08-07" collectingDateMin="1990-08-06" country="Kenya" county="This" location="East Africa. In" municipality="East Ruwenzori Mountains" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Nakuru">
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<collectingCounty id="0D4AE8CC6E7AFFFBE0FEFC10FF7134D5" box="[151,201,963,987]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">This</collectingCounty>
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species was described from the
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<collectingMunicipality id="044F0A3A6E7AFFFBE25EFC10FCD334D5" box="[567,875,963,987]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">East Ruwenzori Mountains</collectingMunicipality>
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, and it is restricted to
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<location id="E14BC69B6E7AFFFBE40FFC10FAAB34D4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6C3D21566E7AFFF5E0FEFCAFFEEA30FA:E14BC69B6E7AFFFBE40FFC10FAAB34D4" box="[1126,1299,963,987]" country="Kenya" county="This" municipality="East Ruwenzori Mountains" name="East Africa. In" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" stateProvince="Nakuru">East Africa. In</location>
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<collectingCountry id="9C83D0D06E7AFFFBE573FC10FADE34D5" box="[1306,1382,963,987]" name="Kenya" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, it is commonest in the forests of western
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<collectingCountry id="9C83D0D06E7AFFFBE255FC3BFD30330E" box="[572,648,1000,1024]" name="Kenya" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Kenya</collectingCountry>
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, but is quite widespread, extending as far
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<location id="E14BC69B6E7AFFFBE403FC3BFB2234F1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6C3D21566E7AFFF5E0FEFCAFFEEA30FA:E14BC69B6E7AFFFBE403FC3BFB2234F1" box="[1130,1178,1000,1023]" country="Kenya" county="This" municipality="East Ruwenzori Mountains" name="East" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" stateProvince="Nakuru">East</location>
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as
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<location id="E14BC69B6E7AFFFBE4AAFC34FB4334F1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6C3D21566E7AFFF5E0FEFCAFFEEA30FA:E14BC69B6E7AFFFBE4AAFC34FB4334F1" box="[1219,1275,999,1023]" country="Kenya" county="This" municipality="East Ruwenzori Mountains" name="Lake" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" stateProvince="Nakuru">Lake</location>
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<collectingRegion id="26505EA26E7AFFFBE56AFC34FAE234F1" box="[1283,1370,999,1023]" country="Kenya" name="Nakuru" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Nakuru</collectingRegion>
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.
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<location id="E14BC69B6E7AFFFBE506FC3BFA3834F1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6C3D21566E7AFFF5E0FEFCAFFEEA30FA:E14BC69B6E7AFFFBE506FC3BFA3834F1" box="[1391,1408,1000,1023]" country="Kenya" county="This" municipality="East Ruwenzori Mountains" name="It" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" stateProvince="Nakuru">It</location>
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is mostly a species of forests, but I once found it commonly (
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<date id="902AB6806E7AFFFBE35FFBD8FC63332D" box="[822,987,1035,1059]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1990-08-06" valueMax="1990-08-07" valueMin="1990-08-06">
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<collectingDate id="806E4F686E7AFFFBE35FFBD8FC63332D" box="[822,987,1035,1059]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" value="1990-08-06" valueMax="1990-08-07" valueMin="1990-08-06">6–7 Aug 1990</collectingDate>
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</date>
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) in the early morning in the overgrown grounds of the
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<collectingRegion id="26505EA26E7AFFFBE129FBFCFECE3349" box="[320,374,1071,1095]" country="Kenya" name="Kisii" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Kisii</collectingRegion>
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Hotel (unfortunately this area was considerably tidied a year or two later)
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</materialsCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AC8EC3CB6E7BFFF5E0FEFF4BFEEA30FA" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E42B90406E7BFFFAE0FEFF4BFEF337BE" blockId="55.[151,1436,152,435]" box="[151,331,152,176]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE0FEFF4BFEF337BE" box="[151,331,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Adult behaviour</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E42B90406E7BFFFAE0AEFF6FFB283612" blockId="55.[151,1436,152,435]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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The behaviour is similar to that of
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<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE234FF6FFCFE37DD" box="[605,838,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE234FF6FFCB437DA" box="[605,780,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Celaenorrhinus</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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, the adults come readily to flowers such as
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<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE52CFF6EFF7737F6" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
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<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE52CFF6EFF7737F6" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Justicia flava</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE16CFF33FE2937F9" box="[261,401,224,247]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Asteraceae" genus="Vernonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asterales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE16CFF33FED237F9" box="[261,362,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Vernonia</emphasis>
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sp.
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</taxonomicName>
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and rest on vegetation with their wings spread. The flight is perhaps not as powerful as that of
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<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE0DCFED7FE243615" box="[181,412,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Celaenorrhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
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<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE0DCFED7FEDC3612" box="[181,356,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Celaenorrhinus</emphasis>
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spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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, but their dark colour makes them more difficult to follow in flight.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E42B90406E7BFFFAE0D4FEFCFC5236BD" blockId="55.[151,1436,152,435]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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<materialsCitation id="54FC9A1D6E7BFFFAE0D4FEFCFC5E36BD" collectingDate="1989-01-06" elevation="2" location="Forest" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" specimenCount="2" stateProvince="Kakamega">
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I observed oviposition once in
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<collectingRegion id="26505EA26E7BFFFAE273FEFDFD2A3648" box="[538,658,302,326]" country="Kenya" name="Kakamega" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Kakamega</collectingRegion>
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<location id="E14BC69B6E7BFFFAE2F3FEFCFD583648" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6C3D21566E7AFFF5E0FEFCAFFEEA30FA:E14BC69B6E7BFFFAE2F3FEFCFD583648" box="[666,736,303,326]" name="Forest" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" stateProvince="Kakamega">Forest</location>
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(
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<date id="902AB6806E7BFFFAE299FEFDFCD53648" box="[752,877,302,326]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1989-01-06">
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<collectingDate id="806E4F686E7BFFFAE299FEFDFCD53648" box="[752,877,302,326]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" value="1989-01-06">6 Jan 1989</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, 89/3). The female was hovering around some
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<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE5E1FEFCFF773664" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
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<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE5E1FEFCFF773664" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">J. flava</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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which had grown up on a bush to a height of about
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<specimenCount id="F2925BC96E7BFFFAE372FE81FCF53664" box="[795,845,338,362]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" type="generic">
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||
<quantity id="236C3DA56E7BFFFAE372FE81FCF13664" box="[795,841,338,362]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="2.0">
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||
<elevation id="6FB977736E7BFFFAE372FE81FCF13664" box="[795,841,338,362]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" unit="m" value="2.0">2 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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.
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</specimenCount>
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She alighted briefly on the upper surface of several leaves and appeared to test them by touching them with her abdomen tip. Two young leaves were rejected before an egg was laid on one of the mature leaves, and the female then flew away
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E42B90406E7BFFFAE0FEFE0FFEA536FA" blockId="55.[151,1436,476,644]" box="[151,285,476,500]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE0FEFE0FFEA536FA" box="[151,285,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Food plants</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E42B90406E7BFFFAE0AEFDD3FE0C358A" blockId="55.[151,1436,476,644]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
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The food plants are
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<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE1CFFDD3FD803516" box="[422,568,512,536]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Acanthaceae</taxonomicName>
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, including
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<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE2DAFDD2FCF03516" box="[691,840,512,536]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
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<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE2DAFDD2FCF03516" box="[691,840,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Justicia flava</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(four collections) and
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<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE42FFDD2FAA83516" box="[1094,1296,512,536]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hypoestes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE42FFDD2FAA83516" box="[1094,1296,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Hypoestes triflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
(one collection).
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||
<bibRefCitation id="8005EDB16E7BFFFAE08CFDF7FE3C3532" author="Larsen" box="[229,388,548,572]" firstAuthor="Larsen" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" refId="ref33370" refString="Larsen, T. B. (1991) The Butterflies of Kenya and their Natural History. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 490 pp." type="book" year="1991">Larsen (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reports
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<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE18DFDF6FD833532" box="[484,571,549,572]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE18DFDF6FD833532" box="[484,571,549,572]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Justicia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on my observations. Caterpillars, probably of this species, were not able to transfer from
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<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE1E5FD9AFE58356E" box="[396,480,584,608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE1E5FD9AFE58356E" box="[396,480,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">J. flava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to
|
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<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE261FD9AFD63356E" box="[520,731,585,608]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hypoestes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="aristata">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE261FD9AFD63356E" box="[520,731,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Hypoestes aristata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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, and I was not able to rear this species through until I had
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE5E1FD9AFF77358A" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE5E1FD9AFF77358A" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">J. flava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
growing in Nairobi.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B0EBC0C86E7BFFFAE0FEF959FEAB31B1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10095922" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10095922" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10095922/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" startId="55.[151,250,1674,1697]" targetBox="[151,1436,693,1657]" targetPageId="55">
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E7BFFFAE0FEF959FEAB31B1" blockId="55.[151,1436,1674,1727]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE0FEF959FEA131AF" bold="true" box="[151,281,1674,1697]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">FIGURE 58</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE145F95FFE5B31AF" box="[300,483,1675,1697]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Hypoestes" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="triflora">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE145F95FFE5B31AF" box="[300,483,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Hypoestes triflora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a food plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E7BFFFAE2E2F958FCF731AF" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1907" box="[651,847,1675,1697]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Sarangesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haplopa">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE2E2F958FCF731AF" box="[651,847,1675,1697]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Sarangesa haplopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kakamega Forest, transplanted to Nairobi, photographed 8 Dec 1990.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E7BFFFAE0FEF936FF6231F3" blockId="55.[151,1436,1765,1897]" box="[151,218,1765,1789]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE0FEF936FF6231F3" box="[151,218,1765,1789]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Ovum</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E7BFFFAE0AEF8DAFCC33067" blockId="55.[151,1436,1765,1897]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
When newly laid the ovum is yellow, but soon turns dark orange. Similarly to other members of the family it is ribbed with 14–16 ribs. An ovum laid in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="26505EA26E7BFFFAE2E0F8FEFCB9304B" box="[649,769,1837,1861]" country="Kenya" name="Kakamega" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Kakamega</collectingRegion>
|
||
Forest (89/3) hatched after nine days under Nairobi conditions. Ova are laid on the leaf lamina upper surface (89/5, 90/88).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E7BFFFAE0FEF840FE9F30A5" blockId="55.[151,1436,1939,2034]" box="[151,295,1939,1963]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E7BFFFAE0FEF840FE9F30A5" box="[151,295,1939,1963]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Leaf shelters</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E74FFF5E0FEFF4BFEAD37BE" blockId="56.[151,1436,152,860]" box="[151,277,152,176]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E0FEFF4BFEAD37BE" box="[151,277,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Caterpillar</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E74FFF5E0AEFF6FFB0A36C1" blockId="56.[151,1436,152,860]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
This species has five instars. The newly hatched caterpillar is orange with a brown head, smooth, shiny, with a few short, pale setae. In instar 2 the head is dark brown, weakly reticulated with ridges; especially dorsally and laterally scattered pale short stalked stellate setae; ventral setae of face and sides simple; setae almost absent on face. Instar 3 is similar but on the lower part of the face the setae are in groups of 2–3 from a common origin. A fourth instar caterpillar (89/3) measured about
|
||
<quantity id="236C3DA56E74FFF5E233FE9FFD10366D" box="[602,680,332,356]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
several days after moulting. Head dark, almost black; rugose with reticulate ridges; covered with very short fine white hair-like setae in tufts of 2–4 from common origin; upper face almost bare. Body translucent dull, dark green speckled with yellow dots; narrow yellow-white dorsolateral line T2–A9; trachea visible as a faint white lateral line; legs concolorous; spiracles inconspicuous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E74FFF5E0AEFE0FFD1835C2" blockId="56.[151,1436,152,860]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The fifth instar is as shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="7CAF8CC56E74FFF5E275FE0FFD3336FA" box="[540,651,476,500]" captionStart="FIGURE 59" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,917,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-621@56.[151,1436,917,1326]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 59. Final instar caterpillar of Sarangesa haplopa. Collected as ovum observed laid on Justicia flava, Kakamega Forest, 6 Jan 1989; moulted to fifth instar 9 Feb; photographed 14 Feb, 22 mm; pupated 17–20 Feb; 89/3. 1, dorsolateral view. 2, details of head, anterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10095924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10095924/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Figure 59</figureCitation>
|
||
. When photographed in the middle of the final instar, caterpillar 89/3 measured
|
||
<quantity id="236C3DA56E74FFF5E163FE2CFEE53519" box="[266,349,511,535]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.2" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="22.0">22 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Head dark brown-black, rounded, quite deeply indented at vertex, covered with scattered short white setae in tufts of 2–4 with a common origin. Body dull translucent green, covered with scattered short, pale, stalked stellate setae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7CAF8CC56E74FFF5E1E2FD94FDAA3551" box="[395,530,583,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 59" captionStartId="56.[151,250,1347,1370]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,917,1326]" captionTargetId="figure-621@56.[151,1436,917,1326]" captionTargetPageId="56" captionText="FIGURE 59. Final instar caterpillar of Sarangesa haplopa. Collected as ovum observed laid on Justicia flava, Kakamega Forest, 6 Jan 1989; moulted to fifth instar 9 Feb; photographed 14 Feb, 22 mm; pupated 17–20 Feb; 89/3. 1, dorsolateral view. 2, details of head, anterior view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10095924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10095924/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Figure 59.2</figureCitation>
|
||
), which are visible as pale dots, and give an overall impression of whitish green; pale blue-green ventrally; diffuse white dorsolateral line from T2 to A9; darker dorsal line defined by subdorsal fat bodies visible through cuticle; pale male gonads indistinctly visible dorsally on A5–A6, reaching as far as the dorsolateral line; legs concolorous; spiracles pale.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E74FFF5E0AEFD04FE553452" blockId="56.[151,1436,152,860]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Head measurements, wide x high (number of samples): instar 1 0.52 x
|
||
<quantity id="236C3DA56E74FFF5E387FD04FBEA35E1" box="[1006,1106,727,751]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.50 mm</quantity>
|
||
(1); instar 2 0.81 x
|
||
<quantity id="236C3DA56E74FFF5E55EFD04FA2335E1" box="[1335,1435,727,751]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.1" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="0.81">0.81 mm</quantity>
|
||
(1); instar 3 1.19 x
|
||
<quantity id="236C3DA56E74FFF5E11DFD2FFE61341D" box="[372,473,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.19" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="1.19">1.19 mm</quantity>
|
||
(2); instar 4 1.88 x
|
||
<quantity id="236C3DA56E74FFF5E2D6FD2FFC9B341D" box="[703,803,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.83" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="1.83">1.83 mm</quantity>
|
||
(4); instar 5 2.68 x
|
||
<quantity id="236C3DA56E74FFF5E460FD2FFBD7341D" box="[1033,1135,764,788]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.59" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="2.59">2.59 mm</quantity>
|
||
(5). The early instars last about five days each and the final instar lasts 12–16 days. For one individual (89/3) the five caterpillar instars lasted a total of about 33 days.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B0EBC0C86E74FFF5E0FEFA90FE7B3299" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10095924" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10095924" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10095924/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" startId="56.[151,250,1347,1370]" targetBox="[151,1436,917,1326]" targetPageId="56">
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E74FFF5E0FEFA90FE7B3299" blockId="56.[151,1436,1347,1431]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E0FEFA90FEA73254" bold="true" box="[151,287,1347,1370]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">FIGURE 59.</emphasis>
|
||
Final instar caterpillar of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E74FFF5E240FA97FD553254" authorityName="Swinhoe" authorityYear="1907" box="[553,749,1348,1370]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Sarangesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="haplopa">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E240FA97FD553254" box="[553,749,1348,1370]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Sarangesa haplopa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Collected as ovum observed laid on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E74FFF5E405FA97FB4B3254" box="[1132,1267,1348,1370]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E405FA97FB4B3254" box="[1132,1267,1348,1370]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Justicia flava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Kakamega Forest, 6 Jan 1989; moulted to fifth instar 9 Feb; photographed 14 Feb, 22 mm; pupated 17–20 Feb; 89/3.
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E4C6FAB1FB033277" bold="true" box="[1199,1211,1378,1401]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">1</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsolateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E5E0FAB1FA2D3277" bold="true" box="[1417,1429,1378,1401]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">2</emphasis>
|
||
, details of head, anterior view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E74FFF5E0FEFA35FF6A32F3" blockId="56.[151,1436,1510,1714]" box="[151,210,1510,1533]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E0FEFA35FF6A32F3" box="[151,210,1510,1533]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Pupa</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E74FFF5E0AEF9DAFC2031BF" blockId="56.[151,1436,1510,1714]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The pupa (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7CAF8CC56E74FFF5E129F9DAFE08312F" box="[320,432,1545,1569]" captionStart="FIGURE 60" captionStartId="57.[151,255,502,526]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,155,483]" captionTargetId="figure-227@57.[151,1436,155,483]" captionTargetPageId="57" captionText="FIGURE 60. Pupa of Sarangesa haplopa. Collected as ovum observed laid on Justicia flava, Kakamega Forest, 6 Jan 1989; pupated 17–20 Feb; photographed 27 Feb, 15 mm; male emerged 5 Mar; 89/3. 1, dorsolateral view. 2, lateral view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10095926" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10095926/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Figure 60</figureCitation>
|
||
) is similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E74FFF5E2D9F9DAFCA7312F" authorityName="Walker" authorityYear="1870" box="[688,799,1545,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Sarangesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phidyle">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E2D9F9DAFCA7312F" box="[688,799,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">S. phidyle</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E74FFF5E33EF9DAFC07312F" baseAuthorityName="Wallengren" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[855,959,1545,1569]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Sarangesa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="motozi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E33EF9DAFC07312F" box="[855,959,1545,1569]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">S. motozi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is supported by a
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E4DEF9DAFB73312F" bold="true" box="[1207,1227,1545,1569]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Y</emphasis>
|
||
shaped girdle in a shelter of two or three leaves drawn together (in captivity). The pupa of 89/3 measured
|
||
<quantity id="236C3DA56E74FFF5E4EBF9FEFB6D314B" box="[1154,1237,1581,1605]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
; light green, covered with white waxy powder; spiracle T1 small, mat black; other spiracles brown, and less conspicuous.; erect pale, short setae on anterior and posterior parts of eye, but not on vertical line through middle of eye. The pupal stage lasts 14–16 days, giving a total life cycle of about eight weeks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E74FFF5E0FEF933FEF731F6" blockId="56.[151,1436,1760,1929]" box="[151,335,1760,1784]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E0FEF933FEF731F6" box="[151,335,1760,1784]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Natural enemies</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E42B90406E74FFF5E0AEF8D6FEEA30FA" blockId="56.[151,1436,1760,1929]" lastBlockId="56.[151,1436,1940,2036]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Two caterpillars collected on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E74FFF5E27DF8D6FDD03012" box="[532,616,1796,1820]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Acanthaceae" genus="Justicia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Lamiales" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flava">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E27DF8D6FDD03012" box="[532,616,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">J. flava</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="26505EA26E74FFF5E2E2F8D7FD793012" box="[651,705,1796,1820]" country="Kenya" name="Kisii" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Kisii</collectingRegion>
|
||
(90/88) were parasitized by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E74FFF5E46FF8D7FBCC3012" box="[1030,1140,1796,1820]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E46FF8D7FBCC3012" box="[1030,1140,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Apanteles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E4EFF8D7FB183012" box="[1158,1184,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">s.l</emphasis>
|
||
.) sp. In one example, the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E74FFF5E0ABF8FBFE88304E" box="[194,304,1832,1856]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E0ABF8FBFE88304E" box="[194,304,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Apanteles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae were visible within the final instar caterpillar, but it died without the parasitoids completing development (90/88A). A penultimate instar caterpillar, collected on the same occasion (90/88C), produced a single larva, which spun up an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E74FFF5E1A7F8A3FD843086" box="[462,572,1904,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E1A7F8A3FD843086" box="[462,572,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Apanteles</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E225F8A3FDDE3086" box="[588,614,1904,1928]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">s.l</emphasis>
|
||
.) sp. cocoon, which may represent the same or another species. The third caterpillar collected on this occasion died in the penultimate instar for no obvious reason. It is possible that these observations represent an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="2394EBC36E74FFF5E1D7F86BFDEC30DE" box="[446,596,1976,2000]" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Apanteles" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="D6E04C526E74FFF5E1D7F86BFD9430DE" box="[446,556,1976,2000]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Apanteles</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
attempting to parasitize a host outside its normal host species range, with reduced success.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |