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113 lines
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<mods:title id="0F18940E3F9BA0D3CC2F22DD8EB55428">The evolution of Metriorhynchoidea (mesoeucrocodylia, thalattosuchia): an integrated approach using geometric morphometrics, analysis of disparity, and biomechanics</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A1AD0D65C901FED9D515F32909855CC2">Young, Mark T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C5D5A29FF465F1A87216578D7CB9D3C9">Brusatte, Stephen L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="94A623A09198EF196EF0B980B7E53E04">Ruta, Marcello</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FEFAC733264604275B963B81B1DADD22">Andrade, Marco Brandalise De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="37F5BB45D3EF4347D6AEEB39663F6DE7">2010</mods:date>
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DIVERSITY OF
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<taxonomicName id="23984D3B953DFF85FB90FE37FADEFE75" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1077,1404,399,423]" class="Reptilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="845" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metriorhynchoidea">METRIORHYNCHOIDEA</taxonomicName>
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<subSubSection id="AC826533953DFF9AFB99FE00FEBCFBCC" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="817" pageId="15" pageNumber="816" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E42736B8953DFF85FB99FE00FB3DFE1E" blockId="15.[1084,1183,440,461]" box="[1084,1183,440,461]" pageId="15" pageNumber="816">
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<heading id="BF6F81D4953DFF85FB99FE00FB3DFE1E" box="[1084,1183,440,461]" centered="true" fontSize="8" level="2" pageId="15" pageNumber="816" reason="8">METHOD</heading>
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<paragraph id="E42736B8953DFF85FC9FFE66FBFAFBEB" blockId="15.[826,1442,478,1081]" pageId="15" pageNumber="816">
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Counts of taxonomic diversity (taxic diversity) have come under increasing criticism, as biases in the rock record invariably engender an underestimate of palaeobiodiversity (see
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<bibRefCitation id="80094B49953DFF85FBEDFD82FA03FD82" author="Lane A & Janis CM & Sepkoski JJ Jr." box="[1096,1441,570,592]" pageId="15" pageNumber="816" pagination="21 - 34" refId="ref27533" refString="Lane A, Janis CM, Sepkoski JJ Jr. 2005. Estimating paleodiversities: a test of the taxic and phylogenetic methods. Paleobiology 31: 21 - 34." type="journal article" year="2005">Lane, Janis & Sepkoski, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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and the references therein). To correct for this bias, phylogeny-based approaches (which take into account ‘ghost lineages’ and ‘range extensions’ implied by the phylogeny) have been introduced (e.g.
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<bibRefCitation id="80094B49953DFF85FAACFD0CFA3EFD1B" author="Norell MA" box="[1289,1436,692,714]" pageId="15" pageNumber="816" pagination="88 - 118" refId="ref29088" refString="Norell MA. 1992. Taxic origin and temporal diversity: the effect of phylogeny. In: Novacek MJ, Wheeler QD, eds. Extinction and phylogeny. New York: Columbia University Press, 88 - 118." type="book chapter" year="1992">Norell, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="80094B49953DFF85FC9FFD6BFC6BFD3B" author="Smith AB" box="[826,969,723,745]" pageId="15" pageNumber="816" refId="ref30954" refString="Smith AB. 1994. Systematics and the fossil record. Documenting evolutionary patterns. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific." type="book" year="1994">Smith, 1994</bibRefCitation>
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). As a comprehensive cladistic treatment for
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<taxonomicName id="23984D3B953DFF85FCC7FD49FB98FCD5" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[866,1082,753,775]" class="Reptilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crocodylia" pageId="15" pageNumber="845" phylum="Chordata" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Metriorhynchoidea">Metriorhynchoidea</taxonomicName>
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is now available, diversity can be investigated using phylogenetic interpolation. A new compendium of metriorhynchoid taxic diversity (see Appendix) was compiled based upon an exhaustive literature search and specimen examination. Phylogenetic diversity was compiled using the phylogeny of
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<bibRefCitation id="80094B49953DFF85FC0DFC11FB63FC6D" author="Young MT & Andrade MB" box="[936,1217,937,959]" pageId="15" pageNumber="816" pagination="551 - 585" refId="ref32180" refString="Young MT, Andrade MB. 2009. What is Geosaurus? Redescription of G. giganteus (Thalattosuchia, Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 157: 551 - 585." type="journal article" year="2009">Young & Andrade (2009)</bibRefCitation>
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to correct for ghost ranges and range extensions. Taxic and phylogenetically estimated diversity measures were then plotted against time (Bajocian–Valanginian; based upon
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<bibRefCitation id="80094B49953DFF85FAC8FBBDFBEFFBEB" author="Ogg JG & Ogg G & Gradstein FM" pageId="15" pageNumber="816" refId="ref29153" refString="Ogg JG, Ogg G, Gradstein FM. 2008. The concise geologic time scale. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press." type="book" year="2008">Ogg, Ogg & Gradstein, 2008</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E42736B8953DFF85FB9EFBCBFB3DFB55" blockId="15.[1083,1183,1139,1160]" box="[1083,1183,1139,1160]" pageId="15" pageNumber="816">RESULTS</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E42736B8953DFF85FC9FFB21FAA2F904" blockId="15.[826,1442,1177,1903]" pageId="15" pageNumber="816">
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Both observed and inferred curves of diversity track each other well during the Bajocian to the middle Callovian, and during the Tithonian to the late Valanginian (
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<figureCitation id="7CA32A3D953DFF85FC1CFB4DFC59FAD9" box="[953,1019,1269,1291]" captionStart="Figure 9" captionStartId="16.[144,223,855,874]" captionTargetBox="[303,1264,196,826]" captionTargetId="figure-180@16.[303,1264,196,826]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="Figure 9. Species diversity of Metriorhynchoidea (both taxic and phylogenetically corrected) for each stage subdivision." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5438528" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5438528/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="816">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
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). During the Bajocian–Bathonian, metriorhynchoid diversity was comparatively low (three or four species when phylogenetically corrected). However, during the Callovian there is a sharp rise in diversity, reaching seven species by the middle Callovian. From the late Callovian to late Kimmeridgian, the observed diversity departs considerably from the inferred diversity. In particular, the greatest underestimate is observed during the late Oxfordian (a fourfold underestimation). This is largely in agreement with
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<bibRefCitation id="80094B49953DFF85FCD1F99FFBB1F9EF" author="Bardet N" box="[884,1043,1575,1597]" pageId="15" pageNumber="816" pagination="313 - 324" refId="ref23279" refString="Bardet N. 1994. Extinction events among Mesozoic marine repiles. Historical Biology 7: 313 - 324." type="journal article" year="1994">Bardet (1994)</bibRefCitation>
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, who found that the fossil record of marine reptiles during the Oxfordian is only 44% complete. There is a sharp decline in metriorhynchid diversity beginning in the late Tithonian, which continues throughout the Berriasian, and is then followed by a slight increase in the Valanginian.
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</paragraph>
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Based upon the divergence between the taxic and phylogenetic diversity curves, we conclude that there are many more species of metriorhynchoids still to be discovered. The Kimmeridgian–Berriasian deposits of La Casita and La Caja formations of
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<collectingCountry id="9C8F7628953DFF85FAA3F8E1FAF4F8BD" box="[1286,1366,1881,1903]" name="Mexico" pageId="15" pageNumber="816">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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are a good example of the rich metriorhynchid fauna yet to be fully unearthed (see Buchy, 2007, 2008a, b;
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<bibRefCitation id="80094B499522FF9AFD0BFC52FEB1FBCC" author="Buchy M-C & Stinnesbeck W & Frey E & Gonzalez AHG" pageId="16" pageNumber="817" pagination="391 - 397" refId="ref23795" refString="Buchy M-C, Stinnesbeck W, Frey E, Gonzalez AHG. 2007. First occurrence of the genus Dakosaurus (Crocodyliformes, Thalattosuchia) in the Late Jurassic of Mexico. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 178: 391 - 397." type="journal article" year="2007">
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Buchy
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<emphasis id="D6ECEAAA9522FF9AFF35FBB1FF6AFBCF" box="[144,200,1032,1054]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="817">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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