225 lines
29 KiB
XML
225 lines
29 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="911D6DE2BA39DA4D9A974A48A47D2EE4">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6574F89DD23D882D5EBD42E8072AEB6B">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1A56CC64983DD23DCF5DC879625E7CA1">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3E266F7C4C553A32B2DA3C2CC11E939D">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFF26A4EFA8A90281FFAB1F6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6403394" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195628491" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6403394" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFF26A4EFA8A90281FFAB1F6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFF26A4EFA8A90281FFAB1F6" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="768" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF26A4DFA8A90281BACBDAD" box="[1398,1452,1649,1695]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DFA8A90281BACBDAD" blockId="9.[1393,2276,1649,1774]" box="[1398,1452,1649,1695]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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<heading id="9F638192FFF26A4DFA8A90281BACBDAD" box="[1398,1452,1649,1695]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFF26A4DFA8A90281BACBDAD" box="[1398,1452,1649,1695]" captionStart="Plate 55: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="3.[121,153,3361,3382]" captionTargetBox="[12,2741,18,3658]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="1. Desert Yellow Lesser House Bat (Scotoecus pallidus), 2. Dark-winged Lesser House Bat (Scotoecus hirundo), 3. Light-winged Lesser House Bat (Scotoecus albofuscus), 4. Ruppell’s Bat (Vansonia rueppellii), 5. Indochinese Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus bucephalus), 6. Dark Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus aquilus), 7. Common Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus tylopus), 8. Javan Thick-thumbed Bat (Glischropus javanus), 9. Dormer’s Bat (Scotozous dormeri), 10. Chinese Noctule (Nyctalus plancyi), 11. Bird-like Noctule (Nyctalus aviator), 12. Japanese Noctule (Nyctalus furvus), 13. Mountain Noctule (Nyctalus montanus), 14. Greater Noctule (Nyctalus lasiopterus), 15. Common Noctule (Nyctalus noctula), 16. Leisler’s Noctule (Nyctalus leisleri), 17. Azores Noctule (Nyctalus azoreum)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398500" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398500/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">16.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF26A4DFA4290281919BDAD" box="[1470,1817,1649,1695]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DFA4290281919BDAD" blockId="9.[1393,2276,1649,1774]" box="[1470,1817,1649,1695]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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<heading id="9F638192FFF26A4DFA4290281919BDAD" box="[1470,1817,1649,1695]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF26A4DFA4290281919BDAD" ID-CoL="6SCMV" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1470,1817,1649,1695]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leisleri">Leisler’s Noctule</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF26A4DF8A390281671BDAD" box="[1887,2161,1649,1695]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" type="nomenclature">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DF8A390281671BDAD" blockId="9.[1393,2276,1649,1774]" box="[1887,2161,1649,1695]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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||
<heading id="9F638192FFF26A4DF8A390281671BDAD" box="[1887,2161,1649,1695]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF26A4DF8A390281671BDAD" ID-CoL="6SCMV" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1887,2161,1649,1695]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leisleri">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF26A4DF8A390281671BDAD" box="[1887,2161,1649,1695]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">Nyctalus leisleri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF26A4DFA8F90E81991BDDC" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DFA8F90E816E3BDF4" blockId="9.[1393,2276,1649,1774]" box="[1395,2275,1713,1734]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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<heading id="9F638192FFF26A4DFA8F90E816E3BDF4" box="[1395,2275,1713,1734]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF26A4DFA8F90E81BBEBDF4" bold="true" box="[1395,1470,1713,1734]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF26A4DFA3490E8187DBDF4" ID-CoL="6SCMV" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1480,1661,1713,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leisleri">Noctule de Leisler</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF26A4DF96D90E818ECBDF4" bold="true" box="[1681,1772,1713,1734]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF26A4DF90A90E819BFBDF4" ID-CoL="6SCMV" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1782,1983,1713,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leisleri">Kleiner Abendsegler</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF26A4DF82F90E8162EBDF4" bold="true" box="[2003,2094,1713,1734]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF26A4DF7C590E816E3BDF4" ID-CoL="6SCMV" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[2105,2275,1713,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leisleri">
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF26A4DF7C590E81684BDF4" ID-CoL="6SCMV" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[2105,2180,1713,1734]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leisleri">Néctulo</vernacularName>
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pequeno
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</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DFA8E90801991BDDC" blockId="9.[1393,2276,1649,1774]" box="[1394,1937,1753,1774]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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<heading id="9F638192FFF26A4DFA8E90801991BDDC" box="[1394,1937,1753,1774]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF26A4DFA8E9080186ABDDC" bold="true" box="[1394,1642,1753,1774]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF26A4DF988908018EDBDDC" ID-CoL="6SCMV" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1652,1773,1753,1774]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leisleri">Leisler’s Bat</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFF26A4DF90090801991BDDC" ID-CoL="6SCMV" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1788,1937,1753,1774]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leisleri">Lesser Noctule</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF26A4DF82B91461426BC0E" box="[2007,2598,1823,1852]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DF82B91461426BC0E" blockId="9.[2006,2601,1823,2246]" box="[2007,2598,1823,1852]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF26A4DF82B91461672BC0E" bold="true" box="[2007,2162,1823,1852]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF26A4DF77191461421BC0E" authority=": Kuhl, 1817" authorityName=": Kuhl" authorityYear="1817" box="[2189,2593,1823,1852]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leisler">Vespertilio leisler: Kuhl, 1817</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF26A4DF82491131745BC51" box="[2008,2373,1866,1891]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DF82491131745BC51" blockId="9.[2006,2601,1823,2246]" box="[2008,2373,1866,1891]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFF26A4DF82491131745BC51" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319400" box="[2008,2373,1866,1891]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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Hanau,
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFF26A4DF7B5911316AFBC51" box="[2121,2223,1866,1891]" country="Germany" name="Hessen" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">Hessen</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF26A4DF73C91131741BC51" box="[2240,2369,1866,1891]" name="Germany" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">Germany</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF26A4DF824912B1853B224" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DF824912B1853B224" blockId="9.[2006,2601,1823,2246]" lastBlockId="9.[1394,2602,2253,3470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF26A4DF824912B16A1BCB9" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[2008,2209,1906,1931]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leisleri">Nyctalus leisleri</taxonomicName>
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1s sister to N. azorewm, with very limited genetic distinction, although N. azorewm 1s morphologically and ecologically distinctive and has been isolated on the
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFF26A4DF7C39E5E169EB31A" box="[2111,2206,2055,2088]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">Azores</collectingRegion>
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for enough time to permit some genetic variation between differ ent island populations. The insular subspecies verrucosus has sometimes been considered a distinct species but is here included in N.
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<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF26A4DF9B69E941899B3DC" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" box="[1610,1689,2253,2286]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leisleri">leisleri</taxonomicName>
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, based on cranial morphometrics and genetic data. Two subspecies recognized.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF26A4DFA8F9F7919CBB14B" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" type="distribution">
|
||
<caption id="90EB6676FFF26A4DFA8F9F7919CBB14B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397802" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397802" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397802/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" targetBox="[1392,1983,1829,2244]" targetPageId="9">
|
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DFA8F9F791904B20F" blockId="9.[1394,2602,2253,3470]" box="[1395,1796,2336,2365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF26A4DFA8F9F791904B20F" bold="true" box="[1395,1796,2336,2365]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DFA8F9F1A196FB160" blockId="9.[1394,2602,2253,3470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF26A4DFA8F9F1A196FB160" authority="Kuhl, 1817" authorityName="Kuhl" authorityYear="1817" baseAuthorityName="Kuhl" baseAuthorityYear="1817" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leisleri" subSpecies="leisleri">N.l.leisleriKuhl,1817—throughoutEuropefromIreland,GreatBritain,andIberianPeninsulaEtoSWRussia,Caucasus,Turkey,andNIran,andanisolatedpopulationinSSweden,aswellasCorsica,Cyprus,W&NCrete(recordsmaybeaccidentalmigrants),andCanaryIs(TenerifeandLaPalma),NAfricainNMorocco,NAlgeria,andarecordfromNELibya,andSCAsiainNEAfghanistan,NPakistan,andNWIndia;possiblyalsofoundonRhodesIoffWTurkeybutrecordthereisprobablyavagrantfrommainlandpopulations.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DFA889C0519CBB14B" blockId="9.[1394,2602,2253,3470]" box="[1396,1995,2652,2681]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
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||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF26A4DFA889C05191AB14B" authority="Bowditch, 1825" authorityName="Bowditch" authorityYear="1825" box="[1396,1818,2652,2681]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Nyctalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="leisleri" subSpecies="verrucosus">N. l. verrucosus Bowditch, 1825</taxonomicName>
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—
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<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFF26A4DF8C19C0519B1B14B" box="[1853,1969,2652,2681]" country="Portugal" name="Madeira" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">Madeira</collectingRegion>
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I.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF26A4DFA8F9CD1166BB761" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DFA8F9CD1166BB761" blockId="9.[1394,2602,2253,3470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF26A4DFA8F9CD11870B193" bold="true" box="[1395,1648,2696,2721]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 48-72 mm, tail 35-48 mm, ear 11-16 mm, hindfoot 9-10 mm, forearm 35-46 mm; weight 8-20 g. Dorsal pelage of Leisler’s Noctule is golden yellowish brown (hairs dark brown at base, becoming golden brown toward tip), ventral pelage is a lighter yellowish (hairs blackish brown with brown tip). Face, ears, and membranes are dark brown, and tail extends a few millimeters past uropatagium. Muzzle is short, with large glands between nostrils and eyes, and ears are short and triangular, with 4-5 folds on outer edge. Tragus is very short and rounded, mushroom-shaped,as is characteristic of the genus. Wings attach at ankle, and calcar reaches halfway to tail. Postcalcarial lobe is wide with visible T-shaped piece of cartilage. Skull is small, and rostrum is broad; lambdoid crest is weakly developed, and there is no sagittal crest; dentition is moderately weak; lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FNa = 50.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF26A4DFA8F9A001BC9B625" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4DFA8F9A001BC9B625" blockId="9.[1394,2602,2253,3470]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF26A4DFA8F9A001BE2B748" bold="true" box="[1395,1506,3161,3194]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
A variety of habitats including temperate deciduous and coniferous forests, agricultural regions, and river valleys. In North Africa, the species is found mainly in oak forests (as well as juniper-cypress forests) at elevations of 400-900 m. Leisler’s Noctules have been found at elevations from sea level to ¢.
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFF26A4DF7419A961729B7C2" box="[2237,2345,3279,3312]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" unit="m" value="2400.0">2400 m</quantity>
|
||
throughout their range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF26A4EFA8F9B7B1C8ABA9F" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="768" pageId="9" pageNumber="767" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF26A4EFA8F9B7B1C8ABA9F" blockId="9.[1394,2602,2253,3470]" lastBlockId="10.[167,1382,285,2760]" lastPageId="10" lastPageNumber="768" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF26A4DFA8F9B7B1879B60D" bold="true" box="[1395,1657,3362,3391]" pageId="9" pageNumber="767">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Insectivorous. Leisler’s Noctules feed on a variety of medium-sized flying insects, their diet consisting primarily of lepidopterans and flies (particularly Nematocera) in most parts of their range, although this is variable. They are also known to feed on a variety of other insects, including Trichoptera,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF16A4EFB8797441B20BA04" box="[1147,1312,285,310]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="768" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Neuroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF16A4EFAC897441F24BA6C" authority=", Ephemeroptera" authorityName="Ephemeroptera" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Coleoptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="768" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF16A4EFEC997181C16BA6C" authority=", Ephemeroptera" authorityName="Ephemeroptera" box="[309,534,321,350]" class="Insecta" family="Scarabaeidae" genus="Ephemeroptera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="768" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ephemeroptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF16A4EFD9B97181D2CBA6C" box="[615,812,321,350]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="768" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Leisler’s Noctule is a fast aerial hawker, generally forages above or along the canopy of forests and along vegetation or above river valleys and other open areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF16A4EFF5297EA1A25B9AB" pageId="10" pageNumber="768" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF16A4EFF5297EA1A25B9AB" blockId="10.[167,1382,285,2760]" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF16A4EFF5297EA1F34BAE6" bold="true" box="[174,308,435,468]" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Mating occurs in late summer before hibernation in late August to September and the species exhibits delayed fertilization. Parturition occurs after hibernation. Young are born around mid-summer, in June and July; lactation can occur until mid-July, with the first volant young usually recorded in July, although births have been recorded in May, with volant young in June in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF16A4EFCC394081DBFB940" box="[831,959,593,626]" name="Morocco" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Litter size is 1-2 (two is commoner). Leisler’s Noctules can apparently live up to nine years.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF16A4EFF5094C61C85BEB4" pageId="10" pageNumber="768" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF16A4EFF5094C61C85BEB4" blockId="10.[167,1382,285,2760]" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF16A4EFF5094C61F98B9F2" bold="true" box="[172,408,671,704]" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Roosts during summer are found in tree holes and rock crevices, as well as in buildings and other man-made structures, whereas in winter they are mainly in tree holes and occasionally in underground sites (e.g. tunnels and animal holes) or buildings. Leisler’s Noctule is largely nocturnal, leaving the roost after dusk and foraging throughout most of the night, going back to the roost ¢.30 minutes before dawn. It forages in two periods, one just after dusk and the other before dawn. It uses temporary night roosts between the two foraging bouts throughout the night; these are often in buildings. Leisler’s Noctules have been observed flying during the day, but this is probably only out of necessity. They are active throughout summer but enter hibernation, usually starting around mid-August to September and ending during spring, around March or April. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF16A4EFD0292701D7DBF78" box="[766,893,1065,1098]" name="Morocco" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
, the hibernation period is shorter, and individuals leave hibernation earlier. Activity peaks before and after hibernation, which is also when migrations generally occur. There are two types of search-phase calls, a QCF call shape with start frequencies of 22-26 kHz and call durations of 15-25 milliseconds, and a shallow FM call shape with start frequencies of 26-30 kHz, end frequencies of 25-26 kHz, peak frequencies of 25-26 kHz, call durations of 7-15 milliseconds, and intercall intervals of 220-550 milliseconds. Predators include diurnal raptors such as peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), Eurasian hobbies (F subbuteo), and common kestrels (F tinnunculus).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF16A4EFF5193D41F99B37F" pageId="10" pageNumber="768" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF16A4EFF5193D41F99B37F" blockId="10.[167,1382,285,2760]" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF16A4EFF5193D41D6CBE9C" bold="true" box="[173,876,1421,1454]" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Most populations of Leisler’s Noctule in central and eastern continental Europe are highly migratory and will travel hundreds to over a thousand kilometers. Most bats banded in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF16A4EFC2393821A61BECE" box="[991,1121,1499,1532]" name="Germany" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
moved in a southwest direction. Many island and southern populations, where winter is less severe, are typically non-migratory, but there are records of individuals migrating within and between
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF16A4EFEF6900B1F70BD41" box="[266,368,1618,1651]" name="Ireland" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF16A4EFE45900B1C72BD41" box="[441,626,1618,1651]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Great Britain</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Migration generally occurs after leaving hibernation in spring (March—May) and before entering hibernation in late summer and early autumn (August—early October); young are often born in the north, with hibernation generally occurring in the south. Some island records may be attributed to vagrants (e.g. on Rhodes and Crete). The longest recorded movement was of a female which traveled
|
||
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFF16A4EFED6914E1FA0BC0A" box="[298,416,1815,1848]" metricMagnitude="6" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5669999999999997" pageId="10" pageNumber="768" unit="km" value="1567.0">1567 km</quantity>
|
||
from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF16A4EFE06914E1C7CBC0A" box="[506,636,1815,1848]" name="Germany" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF16A4EFD50914E1CFCBC0A" box="[684,764,1815,1848]" name="Spain" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Average foraging area is ¢.7-4 km? but can be up to c.18-4 km*in southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF16A4EFD8D91661CA2BC52" box="[625,674,1855,1888]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">UK</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Although notterritorial throughout much of the year, males become very territorial during the mating season, when they form small mating harems in roosts of up to nine females. Roosts in summer consist mostly of maternity colonies with females and young, and bachelor colonies for males. Maternity colonies generally comprise c.10-50 individuals, but roosts of up to ¢.1000 individuals have been reported in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF16A4EFE069E5D1C63B317" box="[506,611,2052,2085]" name="Ireland" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Males and immatures roost either alone or together in smaller roosts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF16A4EFF519E0A1C1BB253" pageId="10" pageNumber="768" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF16A4EFF519E0A1C1BB253" blockId="10.[167,1382,285,2760]" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF16A4EFF519E0A1C0FB346" bold="true" box="[173,527,2131,2164]" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Leisler’s Noctule is widespread and common throughout parts ofits distribution (particularly
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF16A4EFF519EFB1F19B3F1" box="[173,281,2210,2243]" name="Ireland" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
||
), although it is considered rare in many regions, and has become locally extinct in parts of central European
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF16A4EFD619E901CF7B3D8" box="[669,759,2249,2282]" name="Russia" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The species may be threatened by the destruction of roosts in trees and buildings, as well as general loss of habitat. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFF16A4EFADD9EA81B5BB220" box="[1313,1371,2289,2322]" name="Italy" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Italy</collectingCountry>
|
||
, introduced rose-ringed parakeets (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFF16A4EFD569F411D2BB20B" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1800" box="[682,811,2328,2361]" class="Aves" family="Psittacidae" genus="Psittacula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Psittaciformes" pageId="10" pageNumber="768" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Psittacula</taxonomicName>
|
||
krameri) have been recorded killing a roosting Leisler’s Noctule.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFF16A4EFF519F291FFAB1F6" pageId="10" pageNumber="768" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFF16A4EFF519F291FFAB1F6" blockId="10.[167,1382,285,2760]" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">
|
||
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFF16A4EFF519F291F4CB2BB" bold="true" box="[173,332,2416,2441]" pageId="10" pageNumber="768">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Aulagnier (2013i), Beck (1995), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Benda, Faizolahi et al. (2012), Benda, Georgiakakis et al. (2008), Benda, Hanék et al. (2007), Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014), Boston (2008), Boston, Montgomery et al. (2015), Boston, Roué et al. (2012), Dondini & Vergari (2009), Juste & Paunovié (2016a), Kafhuch, Kristin & Kristofik (2005), Menchetti, Scalera & Mori (2014), Mikula et al. (2016), Ohlendorf et al. (2000), Palmeirim (1991), Ruczynski et al. (2010), Russ, Briffa & Montgomery (2003), Salgueiro, Coelho et al. (2004), Salgueiro, Palmeirim & Coelho (2010), Salgueiro, Ruedi et al. (2007), Shiel & Fairley (1998), Shiel, Duvergé et al. (1998), Shiel, Shiel & Fairley (1999), Spada et al. (2008), Speakman & Webb (1993), Stebbings & Griffith (1986), Sullivan et al. (1993), Waters, Jones & Furlong (1999), Waters, Rydell & Jones (1995), Zingg (1988).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |