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<document id="DB1600AAA945D2BE70EA37BD02FF035C" ID-CLB-Dataset="56755" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.6397752" ID-GBIF-Dataset="45351c32-25dd-422c-bdb2-00e73deb4943" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-19-0" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397752" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="carolina" IM.metadata_approvedBy="carolina" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="carolina" checkinTime="1648655544658" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2019" docId="4C3D87E8FFE86A50FA859A8319A5BF80" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Pipistrellus abramus" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="778" masterDocId="B004FF90FFFB6A44FFFC96591E00BB32" masterDocTitle="Vespertilionidae" masterLastPageNumber="981" masterPageNumber="716" pageNumber="777" updateTime="1718993610009" updateUser="carolina">
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<mods:titleInfo id="93F3EAD2B90E5073250D745A0DCB0B1D">
<mods:title id="DC661570FD6B9669E914F72B56CDFAB6">Vespertilionidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7ADEFC3C3773F873841532B1C835DD68">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="473730B2577571BB8DB56EC71A0E7C21">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:publisher id="2ABB94E45EC8C373E56DA48B109D27AA">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="BEF64CDEAFE642EC1EE4088C4F32B491">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats</mods:title>
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<treatment id="4C3D87E8FFE86A50FA859A8319A5BF80" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6578085" ID-GBIF-Taxon="195627997" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6578085" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4C3D87E8FFE86A50FA859A8319A5BF80" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4C3D87E8FFE86A50FA859A8319A5BF80" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="778" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFE86A57FA859A831BB1B63A" box="[1401,1457,3290,3336]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFE86A57FA859A831BB1B63A" blockId="19.[1398,2350,3290,3419]" box="[1401,1457,3290,3336]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<heading id="9F638192FFE86A57FA859A831BB1B63A" box="[1401,1457,3290,3336]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<figureCitation id="5CAF2A7BFFE86A57FA859A831BB1B63A" box="[1401,1457,3290,3336]" captionStart="Plate 56: Vespertilionidae" captionStartId="13.[123,155,3277,3298]" captionTargetBox="[12,2758,16,3657]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="18. Common Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus pipistrellus), 19. Soprano Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus pygmaeus), 20. Crete Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus creticus), 21. Hanak’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus hanaki), 22. Nathusius’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nathusii), 23. Madeira Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus maderensis), 24. Kuhl’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), 25. Dusky Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus hesperidus), 26. Rusty Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus rusticus), 27. Tiny Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus nanulus), 28. Aellen’s Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus inexspectatus), 29. Mount GarguesPipistrelle (Pipustrellus aero), 30. Dar-es-Salaam Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus permixtus), 31. Racey’s Pipistrelle (Puipustrellus raceyi), 32. Dhofar Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus dhofarensis), 33. Japanese Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus abramus), 34. Endo’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus endoi), 35. Sturdee’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus sturdeei), 36. Javan Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus javanicus), 37. Indian Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus coromandra), 38. Kelaart’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus ceylonicus), 39. Least Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus tenuis), 40. Mount Popa Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus paterculus), 41. Narrow-winged Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus stenopterus), 42. Minahassa Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus minahassae), 43. Greater Papuan Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus collinus), 44. Lesser Papuan Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus papuanus), 45. New Guinea Pipistrelle (Pipistrellus angulatus), 46. Watts’s Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus wattsi), 47. Northern Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus westralis), 48. Forest Pipistrelle (Pipustrellus adamsi)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6398502" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6398502/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">33.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFE86A57FA469A831956B63A" box="[1466,1878,3290,3336]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFE86A57FA469A831956B63A" blockId="19.[1398,2350,3290,3419]" box="[1466,1878,3290,3336]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<heading id="9F638192FFE86A57FA469A831956B63A" box="[1466,1878,3290,3336]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFE86A57FA469A831956B63A" ID-CoL="4J6JF" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1466,1878,3290,3336]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abramus">Japanese Pipistrelle</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFE86A57F8659A831709B63A" box="[1945,2313,3290,3336]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFE86A57F8659A831709B63A" blockId="19.[1398,2350,3290,3419]" box="[1945,2313,3290,3336]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<heading id="9F638192FFE86A57F8659A831709B63A" box="[1945,2313,3290,3336]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFE86A57F8659A831709B63A" ID-CoL="4J6JF" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1945,2313,3290,3336]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abramus">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFE86A57F8659A831709B63A" box="[1945,2313,3290,3336]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">Pipistrellus abramus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFE86A57FA849B401947B665" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFE86A57FA849B40172EB61C" blockId="19.[1398,2350,3290,3419]" box="[1400,2350,3353,3374]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<heading id="9F638192FFE86A57FA849B40172EB61C" box="[1400,2350,3353,3374]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFE86A57FA849B401BC3B61C" bold="true" box="[1400,1475,3353,3374]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFE86A57FA319B40188FB61C" ID-CoL="4J6JF" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1485,1679,3353,3374]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abramus">Pipistrelle abramusi</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFE86A57F9599B4018FFB61C" bold="true" box="[1701,1791,3353,3374]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFE86A57F8F49B4019FAB61C" ID-CoL="4J6JF" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1800,2042,3353,3374]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abramus">Japan-Zwergfledermaus</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFE86A57F7F29B401669B61C" bold="true" box="[2062,2153,3353,3374]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFE86A57F7889B40172EB61C" ID-CoL="4J6JF" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[2164,2350,3353,3374]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abramus">
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFE86A57F7889B4016CDB61C" ID-CoL="4J6JF" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[2164,2253,3353,3374]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abramus">Pipistrela</vernacularName>
japonesa
</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFE86A57FA8B9B1B1947B665" blockId="19.[1398,2350,3290,3419]" box="[1399,1863,3394,3415]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<heading id="9F638192FFE86A57FA8B9B1B1947B665" box="[1399,1863,3394,3415]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFE86A57FA8B9B1B186FB665" bold="true" box="[1399,1647,3394,3415]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">Other common names:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="4A9746D0FFE86A57F98B9B1B1947B665" ID-CoL="4J6JF" authority="(Temminck, 1840)" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1655,1863,3394,3415]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abramus">Japanese House Bat</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFE86A57FA8B9BDA19EEB696" box="[1399,2030,3459,3492]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFE86A57FA8B9BDA19EEB696" blockId="19.[1398,2604,3459,3504]" box="[1399,2030,3459,3492]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFE86A57FA8B9BDA180EB696" bold="true" box="[1399,1550,3459,3492]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFE86A57F9E79BDA19E9B696" ID-CoL="7FR4T" authority="Temminck, 1840" authorityName="Temminck" authorityYear="1840" box="[1563,2025,3459,3492]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Vespertilio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abramus">Vespertilio abramus Temminck, 1840</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFE86A57F80B9BDA142AB696" box="[2039,2602,3459,3492]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFE86A57F80B9BDA142AB696" blockId="19.[1398,2604,3459,3504]" box="[2039,2602,3459,3492]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
<materialsCitation id="74FC3CA3FFE86A57F80B9BDA1426B696" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3783319521" box="[2039,2598,3459,3492]" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">
“les environs de
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFE86A57F72C9BDA174AB696" box="[2256,2378,3459,3492]" country="Japan" name="Nagasaki" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">Nagasaki</collectingRegion>
,” Kyushu,
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFE86A57F62E9BDA1426B696" box="[2514,2598,3459,3492]" name="Japan" pageId="19" pageNumber="777">Japan</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEF6A50FCEE97721B34B99D" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEF6A50FCEE97721B34B99D" blockId="20.[783,1378,299,726]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FCEE97721A12BA7E" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[786,1042,299,332]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abramus">Pipistrellus abramus</taxonomicName>
is in the Eastern clade of
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FCC7970B1DC3BA41" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1829" box="[827,963,338,371]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pipistrellus</taxonomicName>
, but its exact relationship to other members of this clade is uncertain because very few species from Asia have been sequenced.
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FBE697901B21BAD8" baseAuthorityName="Temminck" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[1050,1313,457,490]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abramus">Pipistrellus abramus</taxonomicName>
has been included as a subspecies of
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FB1A97A91D39B90B" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">P. javanicus</taxonomicName>
but is clearly distinct based on morphology and karyotype. There is high genetic divergence among populations on
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FB0594321B5FB94E" box="[1273,1375,619,636]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Hainan</collectingRegion>
Island and mainland
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FBCB94D71A8CB99D" box="[1079,1164,654,687]" name="China" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">China</collectingCountry>
. Monotypic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEF6A50FCF394E01CF7B8DB" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" type="distribution">
<caption id="90EB6676FFEF6A50FCF394E01CF7B8DB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6397840" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6397840" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6397840/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" targetBox="[169,760,310,723]" targetPageId="20">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEF6A50FCF394E01CF7B8DB" blockId="20.[783,1378,299,726]" lastBlockId="20.[163,1376,731,3485]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEF6A50FCF394E01DBFB9E4" bold="true" box="[783,959,697,726]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Distribution.</emphasis>
SW Russian Far East (Ussuri region), North and
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FDF394821CC4B9CE" box="[527,708,731,764]" name="South Korea" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">South Korea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FD2E94821D27B9CE" box="[722,807,731,764]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Japan</collectingCountry>
including many offshore Is (Tsushima, Yakushima, Tanegashima, Kuchinoshima, Takarajima, Amami-Oshima, Kakeroma-Jima, Tokunoshima, Okinawajima, Miyakojima, Irabu, Ishigakijima, Iriomotejima, and Yonagunijima), C, E &amp; S
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FDEB95031C6DB841" box="[535,621,858,883]" name="China" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FD8395031CE0B841" box="[639,736,858,883]" name="Taiwan" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
and Hainan Is, N
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FC0F95031A77B841" box="[1011,1143,858,883]" name="Myanmar" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
, N
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FB5295031AF0B841" box="[1198,1264,858,883]" name="Laos" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Laos</collectingCountry>
, N &amp; C
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FF5595D81F20B8A8" box="[169,288,897,922]" name="Vietnam" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
(including Cat Ba and Kaitien Is), and scattered records in NC, SC &amp; NE
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FAC695D81ED5B8F0" name="India" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">India</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FF1095FC1FB3B8F0" box="[236,435,933,962]" country="India" name="Uttar Pradesh" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Uttar Pradesh</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FE3F95FC1CD3B8F0" box="[451,723,933,962]" country="India" name="Arunachal Pradesh" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Arunachal Pradesh</collectingRegion>
, and
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FCDD95FC1A0FB8F0" box="[801,1039,933,962]" country="India" name="Andhra Pradesh" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Andhra Pradesh</collectingRegion>
); there is a record from Sakhalin I, but this requires confirmation.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEF6A50FF5695A11B5BBED8" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" type="description">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEF6A50FF5695A11B5BBED8" blockId="20.[163,1376,731,3485]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEF6A50FF5695A11FA7BF23" bold="true" box="[170,423,1016,1041]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 38-60 mm, tail 27-45 mm, ear 8-13 mm, hindfoot 6-10 mm, forearm 29-36 mm; weight 3-8-5-8 g. Dorsum ofthe Japanese Pipistrelle is grayish olive to grayish brown, with slightly frosted appearance; venter is light grayish brown; and young are darker than adults. Ears are thin, dark, and rounded at tips; tragus is barely one-half the height of ear. Wings and uropatagium are dark, and uropatagium extends nearly to end oftail (only extreme tip is free). Baculum is very long (exceeding
<quantity id="036C9B1BFFEF6A50FEDE92851F74BFCF" box="[290,372,1244,1277]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
) and S-shaped, similar to that of Mount Popa Pipistrelle (
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FB5B92851B50BFCF" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1915" box="[1191,1360,1244,1277]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="paterculus">P. paterculus</taxonomicName>
), but thinner and more sinuous. Skull is very wide; zygomatic arches are slender; rostrum is wide and flat; braincase is barely inflated or convex above frontal region; palate is narrower than in the Javan Pipistrelle (
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FD36930B1D6BBE41" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[714,875,1362,1395]" class="Mammalia" family="Vespertilionidae" genus="Pipistrellus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Chiroptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="javanicus">P. javanicus</taxonomicName>
); I’ is more than one-half as high as I’, and both upper incisors are bicuspid; C' is strong, with weak secondary cusp; P? is visible and within tooth row; upper molars are less robust than in the Javan Pipistrelle; and lower molars are nyctalodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 26 and FN = 44.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEF6A50FF5493A91B23BDBA" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEF6A50FF5493A91B23BDBA" blockId="20.[163,1376,731,3485]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEF6A50FF5493A91F18BD23" bold="true" box="[168,280,1520,1553]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Habitat.</emphasis>
Favoring disturbed habitats and avoiding montane regions and forests, the Japanese Pipistrelle is often associated with houses and buildings. Its preferences in non-anthropogenic habitats are uncertain and difficult to establish because it is most common in anthropogenic habitats. It often forages for insects under streetlights.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEF6A50FF5490D71B01BC46" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEF6A50FF5490D71B01BC46" blockId="20.[163,1376,731,3485]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEF6A50FF5490D71FB6BD9D" bold="true" box="[168,438,1678,1711]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Japanese Pipistrelles eat various insects depending on area and season. In urban areas of
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FDDA90EC1CA2BDE4" box="[550,674,1717,1750]" country="Japan" name="Fukuoka" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Fukuoka</collectingRegion>
, southern
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FCC090EC1D93BDE4" box="[828,915,1717,1750]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Japan</collectingCountry>
, they eat
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FBDA90EC1AD6BDE4" box="[1062,1238,1717,1750]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FB1790EC1B57BDE4" box="[1259,1367,1717,1750]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FF1490841F82BDCC" box="[232,386,1757,1790]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
, butin ricefields in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FD5F90841D92BDCC" box="[675,914,1757,1790]" country="Japan" name="Kyoto" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Kyoto prefecture</collectingRegion>
, central
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FBF690841A61BDCC" box="[1034,1121,1757,1790]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Japan</collectingCountry>
, they eat
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FB1790841B57BDCC" box="[1259,1367,1757,1790]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FF55915D1F43BC17" box="[169,323,1796,1829]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FE6F915D1C58BC17" box="[403,600,1796,1829]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
. Diet reportedly change throughout the year in
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FB03915D1B56BC17" box="[1279,1366,1796,1829]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Japan</collectingCountry>
; main prey changes from
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FDF791751CA7BC7F" box="[523,679,1836,1869]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
in July to
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FCC791751DA5BC7F" box="[827,933,1836,1869]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
in October in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FB8491751EE0BC46" country="Japan" name="Fukuoka" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Fukuoka prefecture</collectingRegion>
and from
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FE8B910A1FE2BC46" box="[375,482,1875,1908]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
in June to
<taxonomicName id="03944D7DFFEF6A50FD83910A1D18BC46" box="[639,792,1875,1908]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
in September in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FBF3910A1AFDBC46" box="[1039,1277,1875,1908]" country="Japan" name="Kyoto" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Kyoto prefecture</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEF6A50FF5B91221B59B2F6" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEF6A50FF5B91221B59B2F6" blockId="20.[163,1376,731,3485]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEF6A50FF5B91221F2ABCAE" bold="true" box="[167,298,1915,1948]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Breeding.</emphasis>
Japanese Pipistrelles are seasonally monoestrous, with delayed fertilization after copulation. In
<collectingCountry id="BC83766EFFEF6A50FE8E91FB1FC7BCF1" box="[370,455,1954,1987]" name="Japan" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Japan</collectingCountry>
, mating season begins in October, but spermatogenesis has been observed as early as September. Copulation occurs in October, but sperm is stored in the uterus and oviduct. Fertilization does not occur until ovulation occurs after females awake from hibernation. Gestation lasts ¢.70 days, and littersize is 2—4 young (mean 2-6-3 young). At birth, young weigh 0-86 g. They open their eyes at 8-9 days old and are completely furred with black hair at 14 days. Young become volant after 25-30 days. First curve of baculum starts developing after ten days and second at ¢.34 days. Baculum is completely developed after 110 days (also when testes are mature). Young reach adult size in about late August. During their first year, females enter estrus and mate in their natal colony. Rate of disappearance after weaning to one year of age is 18-29% for females and 85-96% for males. Oldest individuals have been five-year-old females and three-year-old males; malestypically do not live more than ten months, whereas females often live much longer. Female mortality rate is relatively low at 1-3 years of age but increases at 4-5 years. Male mortality always seems to be higher than females, but reasons forthis are uncertain.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEF6A50FF589F931D7AB7CD" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" type="activity">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEF6A50FF589F931D7AB7CD" blockId="20.[163,1376,731,3485]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEF6A50FF589F931F89B2D9" bold="true" box="[164,393,2506,2539]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Japanese Pipistrelles begin foraging 10-30 minutes after sunset in summer, with major peak in activity soon after sunset and minor peak just before sunrise in May-August. In October, foraging was recorded only after sunset, probably because of cooler temperatures through the night. Emergence time changes based on energy consumption and needs at specific life stages, ambient temperatures, and abundance of insect prey. When ambient temperatures were lower than 15°C in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FBF39CC91B1DB183" box="[1039,1309,2704,2737]" country="Japan" name="Fukuoka" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Fukuoka prefecture</collectingRegion>
and lower than 12°C in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FE4E9CEE1CB4B1EA" box="[434,692,2743,2776]" country="Japan" name="Kagawa" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Kagawa prefecture</collectingRegion>
, individuals rarely emerged. Japanese Pipistrelles enter hibernation for winter at some point from late October to November and remain in hibernation until March. Body weight increases from summerto late autumn before hibernation by an average of 30-6% in females and 29-2% in males. During hibernation, weights decrease: 21:3-25-3% in adult females, 20-26% in yearling females, and 24-3-27-1% or 32% in yearling males. Japanese Pipistrelles roost primarily in anthropogenic settings, including narrow spaces in buildings, under rooftiles, parapet caps, small roof covers over windows, inside sliding wings, and under bridges. There are also a few reports of roosts in caves and nests of red-rumped swallows (Cecropis daurica). Call shape is FM/QCF in search phase and FM in scanning phase (or in back-cluttered space). Average peak frequencies were 43-4 kHz in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FD3D9A181DE1B750" box="[705,993,3137,3170]" country="Japan" name="Hokkaido" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Hokkaido prefecture</collectingRegion>
and 42-9 kHz in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FB2C9A181F36B7BB" country="Japan" name="Kanagawa" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Kanagawa prefecture</collectingRegion>
, and peak frequencies of 42-5-52 kHz were recorded in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FBA49A311EDEB783" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Kagoshima prefecture</collectingRegion>
. End frequencies were recorded at 43-3—45-2 kHz in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FC229AC91A76B783" box="[990,1142,3216,3249]" country="Japan" name="Kagoshima" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Kagoshima</collectingRegion>
and 40-43 kHz (mean of 41-2 kHz) in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FE1C9AEE1CC9B7EA" box="[480,713,3255,3288]" country="Japan" name="Kyoto" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Kyoto prefecture</collectingRegion>
. The besra (Accipiter virgatus) and the peregrine falcon (
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50FEF29A871F51B7CD" box="[270,337,3294,3327]" country="Venezuela" name="Falcon" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Falco</collectingRegion>
peregrinus) prey on Japanese Pipistrelles.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEF6A50FF589B5F142DB908" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEF6A50FF589B5F142DB908" blockId="20.[163,1376,731,3485]" lastBlockId="20.[1445,2653,301,1206]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEF6A50FF589B5F1D41B615" bold="true" box="[164,833,3334,3367]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Japanese Pipistrelles do not often move between roosts, even during mating season, and stay in the same roost throughout much of their lives. Make-up of colonies, however, does change throughout the year. In September and late October when mating begins, a colony had males and females, with sex ratio of 1:1. After hibernation, colonies have all or mostly females (July). In late August, adult females and young roost together, without adult males. Males might be more mobile than females and switch between roosting localities more, but lack of males in maternity colonies might also be due to higher mortality of males. Colonies are generally small (1-26 individuals in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50F997979318BCBAD9" box="[1643,1724,458,491]" country="Japan" name="Tokyo" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
and 4-36 individuals in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50F7E997931724BAD9" box="[2069,2340,458,491]" country="Japan" name="Fukuoka" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Fukuoka prefecture</collectingRegion>
) before young fly, but colony of more than 100 individuals have been found in some cases. After young fly, colony size seems to increase (1-61 in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50F8B59440199AB908" box="[1865,1946,537,570]" country="Japan" name="Tokyo" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Tokyo</collectingRegion>
and 11-27 in
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50F7A6944016CFB908" box="[2138,2255,537,570]" country="Japan" name="Fukuoka" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Fukuoka</collectingRegion>
and
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50F6E894401779B908" box="[2324,2425,537,570]" country="Japan" name="Kagawa" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Kagawa</collectingRegion>
prefectures).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEF6A50FA549419192BB9E5" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEF6A50FA549419192BB9E5" blockId="20.[1445,2653,301,1206]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEF6A50FA5494191906B953" bold="true" box="[1448,1798,576,609]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Japanese Pipistrelle is common throughout its distribution and in disturbed and urban environments. People commonly encounter them because they roost in buildings and other man-made structures.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8C8E6575FFEF6A50FA5494BE19A5BF80" pageId="20" pageNumber="778" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="C42B36FEFFEF6A50FA5494BE19A5BF80" blockId="20.[1445,2653,301,1206]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">
<emphasis id="F6E0EAECFFEF6A50FA5494BE183EB832" bold="true" box="[1448,1598,743,768]" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Abe et al. (2005), Ando et al. (1987), Bates &amp; Tsytsulina (2008), Bates et al. (2005), Chung Chul-Un, Han Sang-Hoon &amp; Lee Chong-ll (2010), Chung Chul-Un, Han Sang-Hoon, Lim Chun-Woo etal. (2010), Das &amp; Sinha (1995), Francis (2008a), Fujioka, Aihara et al. (2014), Fujioka, Mantani et al. (2011),
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50F6F3956F1744B87D" box="[2319,2372,822,847]" country="Japan" name="Fukui" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Fukui</collectingRegion>
et al. (2003), Funakoshi &amp; Uchida (1978a, 1982), Funakoshi, Katahira &amp; Ikeda (2009), Gopalakrishna &amp; Madhavan (1971),
<collectingRegion id="0650F81CFFEF6A50F661950717D0B845" box="[2461,2512,862,887]" country="Malta" name="Zebbug" pageId="20" pageNumber="778">Goto</collectingRegion>
et al. (2010), Hendrichsen, Bates, Hayes &amp; Walston (2001), Hill &amp; Harrison (1987), Hirai &amp; Kimura (2004), Hiraiwa &amp; Uchida (1955, 1956), Hiryu, Hagino, Fujioka et al. (2008), Hiryu, Hagino, Riguimaroux &amp; Watanabe (2007), Horacek et al. (2000), Huang Wenji &amp; Huang Xing (1982), Kruskop (2013a), Kumada et al. (1978), Lee Lingling (1995), Lee Yafu &amp; Lee Lingling (2005), Lin Liangkong, Motokawa &amp; Harada (2002b), Luo Feng etal. (2007), Mori &amp; Uchida (1974), Morii (1980), Obara et al. (1976), Ohdachi et al. (2009), Racey &amp; Potts (1970), Smith &amp; Xie Yan (2008), Srinivasulu et al. (2011), Takahashi et al. (2014), Takayama (1959), Tiunov (1997), Tokita (2006), Uchida et al. (1988), Wang Yingxiang (1982), Wei Li et al. (2010), Wu Yi, Harada &amp; Li Yanhong (2004), Wu Yi, Motokawa et al. (2009), Yamada et al. (1988), Yasui et al. (1997), Yoshiyuki (1989).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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