197 lines
21 KiB
XML
197 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870843" approvalRequired="304" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="45" approvalRequired_for_matCits="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="40" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="75" approvalRequired_for_treatments="69" checkinTime="1658335596803" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="3D474A54A0698705FF25AD8915EEF9C1" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Soricidae_0332.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Suncus etruscus" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="460" masterDocId="C17E322CA0288744FF8DAB47125EFFF9" masterDocTitle="Soricidae" masterLastPageNumber="551" masterPageNumber="332" pageNumber="460" updateTime="1658350298165" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Soricidae</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:originInfo>
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<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
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<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:place>
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<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
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</mods:place>
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</mods:originInfo>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>332</mods:start>
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<mods:end>551</mods:end>
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<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6870843</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6869974" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6869974" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A0698705FF25AD8915EEF9C1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0698705FF25AD8915EEF9C1" lastPageNumber="460" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<heading pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<subSubSection box="[168,247,1742,1784]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="multiple">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[162,1329,1742,1903]" box="[168,247,1742,1784]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<figureCitation box="[168,247,1742,1784]" captionStart="Plate 19: Soricidae" captionStartId="64.[118,148,3136,3161]" captionTargetBox="[11,2741,14,3634]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="182. Palawan Moss Shrew (Palawanosorex muscorum), 183. Pearson’s Long-clawed Shrew (Solisorex pearsoni), 184. Kelaart’s Long-clawed Shrew (Feroculus feroculus), 185. Etruscan Shrew (Suncus etruscus), 186. Sri Lankan Shrew (Suncus fellowesgordoni), 187. Malayan Pygmy Shrew (Suncus malayanus), 188. Bornean Pygmy Shrew (Suncus hosei), 189. Jungle Shrew (Suncus zeylanicus), 190. Asian House Shrew (Suncus murinus), 191. Sr 1 Lankan Highland Shrew (Suncus montanus), 192. Nilgir 1 Highland Shrew (Suncus niger), 193. Anderson’s Shrew (Suncus stoliczkanus), 194. Day’s Shrew (Suncus dayi), 195. Flores Shrew (Suncus mertensi), 196. Black Shrew (Suncus ater), 197. Taita Shrew (Suncus aequatorius), 198. Greater Dwarf Shrew (Suncus lixa), 199. Hutu-Tutsi Dwarf Shrew (Suncus hututsi), 200. Least Dwarf Shrew (Suncus infinitestmus), 201. Remy’s Pygmy Shrew (Suncus remyi), 202. Lesser Dwarf Shrew (Suncus varilla), 203. Climbing Shrew (Suncus megalurus), 204. Rwenzori Shrew (Ruwenzorisorex suncoides), 205. Johnston's Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex johnstoni), 206. Akaibe’s Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex akaiber), 207. Moon Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex lunaris), 208. Greater Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex ollula), 209. Lesser Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex oriundus), 210. Bioko Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex isabellae), 211. Corbet’s Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex corbeti), 212. Bamenda Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex silvanorum), 213. Rainforest Shrew (Sylvisorex pluvialis), 214. Cameroonian Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex camerunensis), 215. Mount Cameroon Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex moro), 216. Kongana Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex konganensis), 217. Volcano Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex vulcanorum), 218. Grant's Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex granti), 219. Howell's Forest Shrew (Sylvisorex howelli), 220. Armored Hero Shrew (Scutisorex somereni), 221. Thor’s Hero Shrew (Scutisorex thor), 222. Greater Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura maxima), 223. Lesser Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura schoutedeni), 224. Grauer’s Large-headed Shrew (Paracrocidura graven), 225. Piebald Shrew (Diplomesodon pulchellus)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871917" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871917/files/figure.png" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">185.</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[264,590,1742,1784]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[162,1329,1742,1903]" box="[264,590,1742,1784]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<vernacularName box="[264,590,1742,1784]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Etruscan Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection box="[660,940,1742,1784]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[162,1329,1742,1903]" box="[660,940,1742,1784]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Savi" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[660,940,1742,1784]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="etruscus">
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<emphasis box="[660,940,1742,1784]" italics="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Suncus etruscus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[162,1329,1742,1903]" box="[164,967,1802,1823]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[164,240,1802,1823]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[250,433,1802,1823]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Pachyure étrusque</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[455,545,1802,1823]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[552,734,1802,1823]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Wimperspitzmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[756,847,1802,1823]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[857,967,1802,1823]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Musaranita</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="65.[162,1329,1742,1903]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,411,1843,1864]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName box="[420,652,1843,1864]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Common Dwarf Shrew</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[666,891,1843,1864]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Etruscan Dwarf Shrew</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[905,1192,1843,1864]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Pygmy White-toothed Shrew</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Savi's Dwarf Shrew</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName box="[240,441,1879,1900]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Savi's Pygmy Shrew</vernacularName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</heading>
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<subSubSection box="[774,1289,1954,1983]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[749,1368,1954,2377]" box="[774,1289,1954,1983]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[774,929,1954,1983]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Savi, 1822" authorityName="Savi" authorityYear="1822" box="[947,1284,1954,1983]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="etruscus">Sorex etruscus Savi, 1822</taxonomicName>
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,
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[749,1368,1954,2377]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<materialsCitation country="Italy" location="Pisa" municipality="Pisa" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" specimenCount="1">
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<collectingMunicipality box="[1306,1361,1954,1983]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Pisa</collectingMunicipality>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[775,833,1988,2021]" name="Italy" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Italy</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[749,1368,1954,2377]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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Analysis of mtDNA and nDNA showed that S.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Savi" authorityYear="1822" box="[818,919,2068,2101]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="etruscus">etruscus</taxonomicName>
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separated from the common trunk of white-toothed shrews (
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<taxonomicName box="[1224,1353,2112,2141]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Crocidura" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Crocidura</taxonomicName>
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) and Asian representatives of the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1832" box="[775,867,2186,2219]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Suncus</taxonomicName>
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earlier than they differentiated into two genera; i.e. S.
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Savi" authorityYear="1822" box="[1034,1134,2234,2259]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="etruscus">etruscus</taxonomicName>
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could not be attributed to any of these genera and should be defined as a separate genus. Its distribution is one of the largest of all species of
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="65.[157,1365,2382,3477]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">shrews, but it is not continuous and represented by isolated areas. Distances between these areas can be up to several hundred kilometers. There are also many sporadic captures outside of the known areas of its distribution. During the last two decades, aboutten such captures were described. Because of presence of such an extended and fragmented distribution, a very large number of subspecies should be expected, but systematics of subspecies is underdeveloped. There are ¢.20 synonyms, but it is unclear how many of them are subspecies. Some forms that were described as subspecies are now considered species. Additional research is needed to clarify subspecific taxonomy. Seven subspecies recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6871279" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6871279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6871279/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" targetBox="[159,749,1956,2368]" targetPageId="65">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[157,1365,2382,3477]" box="[160,560,2738,2767]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,560,2738,2767]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="65.[157,1365,2382,3477]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<taxonomicName authority="Savi, 1822" authorityName="Savi" authorityYear="1822" baseAuthorityName="Savi" baseAuthorityYear="1822" box="[161,466,2776,2809]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="etruscus" subSpecies="etruscus">S.e.etruscusSavi,1822—EuropeandCaucasus;thissubspeciesprobablyalsoinTurkey(scatteredrecordsinW,N&SC).</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="65.[157,1365,2382,3477]" box="[160,759,2853,2886]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<taxonomicName authority="Stroganov, 1958" authorityName="Stroganov" authorityYear="1958" box="[160,585,2853,2886]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="etruscus" subSpecies="bactrianus">S.e.bactrianusStroganov,1958—Tajikistan.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="65.[157,1365,2382,3477]" box="[160,868,2897,2926]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<taxonomicName authority="Coquerel, 1848" authorityName="Coquerel" authorityYear="1848" baseAuthorityName="Coquerel" baseAuthorityYear="1848" box="[160,664,2897,2926]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="etruscus" subSpecies="madagascariensis">S.e.madagascariensisCoquerel,1848—Madagascar.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="65.[157,1365,2382,3477]" box="[160,683,2931,2964]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<taxonomicName authority="Blyth, 1855" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1855" box="[160,497,2931,2964]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="etruscus" subSpecies="micronyx">S.e.micronyxBlyth,1855—Himalayas.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="65.[157,1365,2382,3477]" box="[160,742,2980,3005]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<taxonomicName authority="Stroganov, 1941" authorityName="Stroganov" authorityYear="1941" box="[160,543,2980,3005]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="etruscus" subSpecies="nanula">S.e.nanulaStroganov,1941—Uzbekistan.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="65.[157,1365,2382,3477]" box="[160,650,3010,3043]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<taxonomicName authority="Blyth, 1855" authorityName="Blyth" authorityYear="1855" box="[160,483,3010,3043]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="etruscus" subSpecies="nudipes">S.e.nudipesBlyth,1855—NEIndia.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="65.[157,1365,2382,3477]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<taxonomicName authority="Duvernoy, 1842" authorityName="Duvernoy" authorityYear="1842" box="[160,563,3050,3083]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Suncus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="65" pageNumber="460" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="etruscus" subSpecies="perrottetti">S. e. perrottetti Duvernoy, 1842</taxonomicName>
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— S India. Also known from Tenerife I, many Mediterranean Is, North Africa, Arabia, Socotra I, and Central and South-east Asia, but subspecies involved not known.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[157,1365,2382,3477]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,412,3169,3202]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 33-50 mm, tail 21-30 mm, ear 4-6-2 mm, hindfoot 7-7-5 mm; weight 1-2-2.7 g. The Etruscan Shrew is one of the smallest living mammals. Tail is usually longer than 60% of head-body length and weakly bicolored. Fur is short and soft, with no clear color border between belly and back. Back is smoky gray, with pale tone, and belly issilvery gray. Dental formula for all species of Suncusis 13/2,C1/0,P2/1,M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 42 and FN = 74 (southern France) with 15 pairs of metacentric (submetacentric) autosomes and five pairs of acrocentric autosomes and FN = 78 (India) with 18 pairs of metacentric
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1440,2653,302,1595]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">(submetacentric) autosomes and two pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is medium-sized acrocentric.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1440,2653,302,1595]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1446,1555,385,410]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Habitat.</emphasis>
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[Lowlands and lower belts of mountain ranges. Due to its small size, the Etruscan Shrew is more often found in owls’ pellets than in pitfall traps. It probably prefers xeromorphic shrub thickets, vineyards, gardens, and tugai thickets (riparian forest or woodland associated with fluvial and floodplain areas in arid climates). It is much less common in dry steppes and semideserts and avoids wet habitats. The Etruscan Shrew sometimes occurs inside buildings. Data about occupation of gardens, xeromorphic forests, and vineyards are usually based on analysis of contents of owl pellets; use of open places comes from trapping data. Thus, it could be that Etruscan Shrews prefer open landscape, and xeromorphic forests and thickets are places of rest for birds of prey where they leave their pellets. Remains of Etruscan Shrew are most often found in pellets of common barn-owls (7yto alba) in Europe and northern long-eared owls (Asio otus) in Uzbekistan.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="food_feeding">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1440,2653,302,1595]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1444,1714,850,883]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
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Stomach contents from three Etruscan Shrews contained small beetles and spiders. Under experimental conditions, they attacked all invertebrates except those that were large and used chemical protection (e.g. some species of hemipterans) and avoided plant material.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="breeding">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1440,2653,302,1595]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1443,1573,1007,1040]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Breeding.</emphasis>
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Nests of Etruscan Shrews are situated in rodent holes, under heaps of brushwood, and in crevices between stones. Gestation lasts 27-28 days, and litters have 2-6 young. Newborns are naked and blind and average 0-2 g. Young are weaned at 19-21 days old. Females can have up to six litters during theirlife and breeding occurs only after their first winter. Very few individuals probably survive to breed after a second winter in the wild.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="activity">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1440,2653,302,1595]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1441,1678,1204,1237]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
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The Etruscan Shrew is active mainly at night, with peak of mobility during dawn. Cold temperatures and food shortages can cause torpor.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1440,2653,302,1595]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[1442,2119,1283,1316]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
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The Etruscan Shrew is solitary and aggressive outside the breeding season. Territoriality is established by vocalizations and fights.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="conservation">
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<paragraph blockId="65.[1440,2653,302,1595]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1442,1790,1362,1395]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Etruscan Shrew is very rare or infrequent throughout its distribution. It is listed in the regional Kazakhstan Red Book.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="65" pageNumber="460" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="65.[1440,2653,302,1595]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1442,1595,1490,1515]" pageId="65" pageNumber="460">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Alekseev & Sheftel (2017), Aswathanarayana et al. (1987), Dubey, Salamin et al. (2008), Fons (1974), Kahmann & Altner (1956), Krystufek & Vohralik (2001), Meylan (1968b), Molur et al. (2005), Omar etal. (2011), Spitzenberger (1990d), Zima et al. (1998).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |