212 lines
23 KiB
XML
212 lines
23 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843" ID-ISBN="978-84-16728-08-4" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870843" approvalRequired="304" approvalRequired_for_illustrations="45" approvalRequired_for_matCits="75" approvalRequired_for_taxonomicNames="40" approvalRequired_for_textStreams="75" approvalRequired_for_treatments="69" checkinTime="1658335596803" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Russell A. Mittermeier & Don E. Wilson" docDate="2018" docId="3D474A54A0248749FA08AE9816CAFB0E" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_8_Soricidae_0332.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Sorex trowbridgii Baird 1858" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="406" masterDocId="C17E322CA0288744FF8DAB47125EFFF9" masterDocTitle="Soricidae" masterLastPageNumber="551" masterPageNumber="332" pageNumber="405" updateTime="1658350298165" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Soricidae</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:dateIssued>2018</mods:dateIssued>
|
||
<mods:dateOther type="pubDate">2018-07-31</mods:dateOther>
|
||
<mods:publisher>Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
|
||
<mods:place>
|
||
<mods:placeTerm>Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
|
||
</mods:place>
|
||
</mods:originInfo>
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 8 Insectivores, Sloths and Colugos</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>332</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>551</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>book chapter</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870843</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="ISBN">978-84-16728-08-4</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">6870843</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6869644" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6869644" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A0248749FA08AE9816CAFB0E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/3D474A54A0248749FA08AE9816CAFB0E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="406" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<heading pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1413,1469,1503,1549]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1411,2468,1503,1591]" box="[1413,1469,1503,1549]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1413,1469,1503,1549]" captionStart="Plate 15: Soricidae" captionStartId="2.[139,168,3219,3244]" captionTargetBox="[12,2756,14,3635]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="0. Radde’s Shrew (Sorex raddei), 1. Alpine Shrew (Sorex alpinus), 2. Ussuri Shrew (Sorex mwrabilis), 3. Chinese Highland Shrew (Sorex excelsus), 4. Greater Striped Shrew (Sorex cylindricauda), 5. Lesser Striped Shrew (Sorex bedfordiae), 7. Flat-skulled Shrew (Sorex roboratus), 8. Eurasian Least Shrew (Sorex munutissimus), 9. Azumi Shrew (Sorex hosonoi), 10. Slender Shrew (Sorex gracillimus), 11. Laxmann’s Shrew (Sorex caecutiens), 12. Shinto Shrew (Sorex shinto), 13. Taiga Shrew (Sorex isodon), 14. Long-clawed Shrew (Sorex unguiculatus), 15. Chinese Shrew (Sorex sinalis), 16. Common Shrew (Sorex araneus), 17. Iberian Shrew (Sorex granarius), 18. Valais Shrew (Sorex antinorn), 19. Crowned Shrew (Sorex coronatus), 20. Caucasian Shrew (Sorex satunin), 21. Siberian Large-toothed Shrew (Sorex daphaenodon), 22. Gansu Shrew (Sorex cansulus), 23. Tundra Shrew (Sorex tundrensis), 24. Tian Shan Shrew (Sorex asper), 25. Apennine Shrew (Sorex samniticus), 26. Arctic Shrew (Sorex arcticus), 27. Maritime Shrew (Sorex maritimensis), 28. Eurasian Pygmy Shrew (Sorex minutus), 29. Caucasian Pygmy Shrew (Sorex volnuchini), 30. Buchara Shrew (Sorex buchariensis), 31. Tibetan Shrew (Sorex thibetanus), 32. Kashmir Shrew (Sorex planiceps), 33. Trowbridge’s Shrew (Sorex trowbridgu), 34. Arizona Shrew (Sorex arizonae), 35. Merriam’s Shrew (Sorex merriami), 36. Alto Shrew (Sorex altoensis), 37. Jalisco Shrew (Sorex mediopua), 38. Saussure’s Shrew (Sorex saussurei), 39. San Cristobal Shrew (Sorex cristobalensis), 40. McCarthy's Shrew (Sorex mccarthyi), 41. Salvin’s Shrew (Sorex salvini), 42. Sclater’s Shrew (Sorex sclateri), 43. Pale-toothed Shrew (Sorex stizodon)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870999" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6870999/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">33.</figureCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1486,1898,1503,1549]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1411,2468,1503,1591]" box="[1486,1898,1503,1549]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1486,1898,1503,1549]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Trowbridge’s Shrew</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1950,2260,1503,1549]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1411,2468,1503,1591]" box="[1950,2260,1503,1549]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Baird, 1858" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[1950,2260,1503,1549]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus" species="trowbridgii">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1950,2260,1503,1549]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Sorex trowbridgu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1412,2467,1566,1587]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" type="vernacular_names">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1411,2468,1503,1591]" box="[1412,2467,1566,1587]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1412,1488,1566,1587]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">French:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1497,1761,1566,1587]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Musaraigne de Trowbridge</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1782,1872,1566,1587]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">German:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[1878,2100,1566,1587]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Trowbridge-Spitzmaus</vernacularName>
|
||
/
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2121,2213,1566,1587]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Spanish:</emphasis>
|
||
<vernacularName box="[2223,2467,1566,1587]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Musarana de Trowbridge</vernacularName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2024,2614,1640,1665]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[2024,2619,1640,2059]" box="[2024,2614,1640,1665]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[2024,2179,1640,1665]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Baird, 1858" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[2202,2609,1640,1665]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trowbridgii">Sorex trowbridgii Baird, 1858</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[2025,2482,1671,1704]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[2024,2619,1640,2059]" box="[2025,2482,1671,1704]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<materialsCitation box="[2025,2482,1671,1704]" county="Clatsop Co." location="Astoria" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Oregon">
|
||
“
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3D474A54A0248749FA08AE9816CAFB0E:B031AD99A0248748F87BADC01A09F951" box="[2038,2135,1671,1704]" county="Clatsop Co." name="Astoria" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" stateProvince="Oregon">Astoria</location>
|
||
[
|
||
<collectingCounty box="[2157,2326,1671,1704]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Clatsop Co.</collectingCounty>
|
||
],
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[2353,2463,1671,1704]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Oregon</collectingRegion>
|
||
.”
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="405" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[2024,2619,1640,2059]" lastBlockId="12.[1413,2623,2067,3477]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
Placement of S. trowbridgui is currently uncertain, but itis included as the only member of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[2185,2319,1789,1822]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="trowbridgii">trowbridgii</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, which seems to be a separate lineage of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2429,2494,1829,1862]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sorex</taxonomicName>
|
||
close to the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1892" box="[2084,2200,1868,1901]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saussurei">saussurei</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. It is not currently assigned to either of the recognized subgenera but might require a new subgenus to hold it and the other unplaced groups (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Dobson" authorityYear="1890" box="[2037,2156,2030,2059]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="merriami">merriami</taxonomicName>
|
||
group,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1892" box="[2286,2402,2030,2059]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="saussurei">saussurei</taxonomicName>
|
||
group,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2532,2619,2030,2059]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="salvini">salvini</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Alston" authorityYear="1877" box="[1580,1707,2067,2100]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="veraepacis">veraepacis</taxonomicName>
|
||
group). Five subspecies recognized.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="405" type="synonymic_list">
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6870925" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6870925" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6870925/files/figure.png" inLine="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" targetBox="[1410,2001,1642,2056]" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1413,2623,2067,3477]" box="[1413,1813,2107,2140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1413,1813,2107,2140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1413,2623,2067,3477]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Baird, 1858" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[1415,1789,2153,2178]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="trowbridgu" subSpecies="trowbridgii">S.t.trowbridgiiBaird,1858—SWBritishColumbia(SWCanada),WWashington,WOregon,andNWCalifornia(USA).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1413,2623,2067,3477]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Scheffer & Dalquest, 1942" authorityName="Scheffer & Dalquest" authorityYear="1942" box="[1415,2007,2232,2257]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="trowbridgu" subSpecies="destructioni">S.t.destructioniScheffer&Dalquest,1942—DestructionI,offNWWashington(NWUSA).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1413,2623,2067,3477]" box="[1415,2354,2303,2336]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="H. H. T. Jackson, 1922" authorityName="H. H. T. Jackson" authorityYear="1922" box="[1415,1972,2303,2336]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="trowbridgu" subSpecies="humboldtensis">S.t.humboldtensisH.H.T.Jackson,1922—NWCalifornia(WUSA).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1413,2623,2067,3477]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Grinnell, 1913" authorityName="Grinnell" authorityYear="1913" box="[1415,1827,2350,2375]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="trowbridgu" subSpecies="mariposae">S.t.mariposaeGrinnell,1913—SCOregon,N&CCalifornia,andWCNevada(WUSA).</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1413,2623,2067,3477]" box="[1416,2214,2425,2454]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Merriam, 1895" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1895" box="[1416,1856,2425,2454]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="trowbridgu" subSpecies="montereyensis">S. t. montereyensis Merriam, 1895</taxonomicName>
|
||
— W California (W USA).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="405" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1413,2623,2067,3477]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1414,1663,2468,2493]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 57-75 mm, tail 50-64 mm, hindfoot 13-16 mm; weight 4-6 g. Trowbridge’s Shrew is relatively small. Dorsum varies considerably between gray, grayish brown, and dark charcoal-gray, and venter is generally about the same color of dorsum but slightly paler and grayer. Pelage is grayer in winter and browner in summer. Feet are whitish; ears are short and barely extend past fur. Tail is ¢.85% of headbody length and sharply bicolored (unlike most other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2364,2435,2657,2690]" class="Mammalia" family="Soricidae" genus="Sorex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Soricomorpha" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Sorex</taxonomicName>
|
||
), being dark brown above and lighter below. There are five unicuspids, and teeth are pigmented dark red; third and fifth unicuspids are significantly smaller than first, second, and fourth. Chromosomal complement is rather variable and has 2n = 31-42, FN = 56-60.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="405" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1413,2623,2067,3477]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1415,1526,2814,2847]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Various habitats with abundant ground litter or vegetation, including dry and moist mature forests, forested canyons and ravines, swampy woods, riparian fringe areas, chaparral (near southern California), and even logged forest with sufficient ground cover at elevations up to 1820 m. On Destruction Island, Washington, USA, Trowbridge’s Shrew is found in deep rank grass near salmonberry (
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2392,2613,2972,3005]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Rubus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="spectabilis">Rubus spectabilis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1417,1546,3011,3044]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) thickets. It is often associated with conifer forests dominated by Douglas fir (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E.A.Carriere" authorityYear="1867" box="[1428,1710,3055,3084]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="menziesii">Pseudotsuga menziesii</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1726,1857,3055,3084]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="406" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[1413,2623,2067,3477]" lastBlockId="13.[155,1366,291,1276]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="406" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1416,1676,3090,3123]" pageId="12" pageNumber="405">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Trowbridge’s Shrew feeds on various small invertebrates and seeds, along with other plant material and fungi on occasion. Unlike most other species of shrews, Trowbridge’s Shrews eat large amounts of vegetation and are considered feeding generalists. Their prey generally includes various insects (Neuroptera,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2391,2546,3208,3241]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Coleoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Hemiptera" authorityName="Hemiptera" box="[1488,1828,3247,3280]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Lepidoptera, Hemiptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1908,2105,3247,3280]" class="Insecta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Hymenoptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
), arachnids, centipedes, earthworms, snails, and Planaria flatworms. Seeds of conifers are generally eaten, including those from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="E.A.Carriere" authorityYear="1867" box="[1495,1650,3330,3359]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pseudotsuga" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pseudotsuga</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Picea, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1811,1884,3330,3359]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Pinus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, those from
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2063,2128,3330,3359]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Abies</taxonomicName>
|
||
are sometimes eaten but not when the other three are abundant. Trowbridge’s Shrews also eat hypogeous
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[2415,2620,3365,3398]" family="Endogonaceae" kingdom="Fungi" order="Endogonales" pageId="12" pageNumber="405" phylum="Zygomycota" rank="family">Endogonaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
fungi. In captivity, they have been known to hoard seeds by burying them in a different area; in the wild, this would disperse seeds for the trees. Seeds and other vegetation are fed on more commonly in winter. Non-breeding individuals eat c.1-43 g of food/g of body mass/day, and breeding individuals eat c.0-91 g of food/g of body mass/day.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="406" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[155,1366,291,1276]" pageId="13" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[158,292,370,403]" pageId="13" pageNumber="406">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Reproduction of Trowbridge’s Shrew tends to occur from late winter until late spring or early summer: March-May in Washington, February until early June in Nevada, and February—June in California. Breeding season is longer in southern parts of the distribution. Litters have 3-6 young, and in warmer areas, sexual maturity is reached at younger ages. Trowbridge’s Shrews only live ¢.18 months.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="406" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[155,1366,291,1276]" pageId="13" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[156,392,568,601]" pageId="13" pageNumber="406">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Trowbridge’s Shrews are active day and night, but they are more active during periods of darkness. They sleep often during 24hours and are active for c.39% of this time. Bursts of activity are generally short and occur about every hour throughout the day and night. Breeding shrews are generally more active but eat significantly less because they spend more time looking for mates.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="406" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[155,1366,291,1276]" pageId="13" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,881,765,798]" pageId="13" pageNumber="406">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Trowbridge’s Shrews are solitary when not breeding or rearing young. They burrow more often than many other species of shrews in North America to find hypogeal prey and bury seeds under organic matter or leaf litter. Overall population size in autumn is generally twice that of the population size in spring.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="406" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[155,1366,291,1276]" pageId="13" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[157,517,962,995]" pageId="13" pageNumber="406">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Trowbridge’s Shrews are common throughout the relatively wide distribution and do not seem to have any identifiable threats. Logging can either have a positive or negative affect on overall abundance, so they seem to be resilient. They might be locally threatened by domestic cats that are known to kill them but do not eat them, possibly because of their pungent smell.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="13" pageNumber="406" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="13.[155,1366,291,1276]" pageId="13" pageNumber="406">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[158,311,1207,1232]" pageId="13" pageNumber="406">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Brown (1974), Carraway (1987), Cassola (2016s), Esteva et al. (2010), George (1989), Ivanitskaya (1994), Jackson (1928), Jameson (1955), Junge & Hoffmann (1981), Rust (1978), Terry (1981).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |