treatments-xml/data/09/2F/87/092F87C10647DB0BFF28CFB02C44F99F.xml

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<mods:title id="16AE27F82DC330F70A16DE437A945947">Aspects of the taxonomy of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) and associated interspecific hybrids in southern Madagascar, with the description of a new nothospecies, K. × descoingsii (= K. laetivirens × K. tubiflora)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A486C2324B7BA86DD8A35F55F59FA481">Shtein, Ronen</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="AD20E120D28C168683C92BC88D558453">The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Tel Aviv University, Klausner St 12, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="7A8060E803C7426324D3AD615DA723B6">Smith, Gideon F.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5ECD89C8639EB62A282C4AE6234D54A0">Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, P. O. Box 77000, Gqeberha [Port Elizabeth], 6031 South Africa. smithgideon 1 @ gmail. com; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 5417 - 9208</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6FEB4E63E3243179C2F8A0B61A974C51">Ikeda, Jun</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="A98A2EE32AA54E2A94334D926835FB58">Touhoku 2 - 30 - 7, Niiza-shi, Saitama-ken, Japan.</mods:affiliation>
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2. 
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<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFF04CFB02ED9FF37" bold="true" box="[164,416,158,185]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Kalanchoe laetivirens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
.
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</paragraph>
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Treated as 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFCBFCFB12C40FF36" box="[799,825,159,184]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">K.</emphasis>
× 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540647DB0CFCEFCFB02CBDFF36" ID-CoL="6NJZZ" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[847,964,158,184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFCEFCFB02CBDFF36" box="[847,964,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by 
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Smith (
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: 105)
</bibRefCitation>
(
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520647DB0CFB79CFB02A64FF37" box="[1241,1309,158,185]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1326,1348]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,671,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-239@10.[151,1436,671,1302]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Kalanchoe laetivirens. A–B. Plants growing in habitat, in the Isalo Massif, Madagascar, with some desiccated peduncles visible, showing the colouration and growth habit characteristic of the species. C–D. Plant grown in culture, in Israel, showing the characteristic light green colouration, often pinkish abaxial leaf surface, a multitude of bulbils and bulbil pedestals per leaf, erect leaf blade base auricles, basally thick stem and leaf petioles, and pink flowers with a small calyx and a calyx tube about as long as the free sepal segments. Photographs: A–B, Jun Ikeda; C–D, Ronen Shtein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656397" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656397/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
).
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFF28CFC42E37FE8E" box="[136,334,234,256]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Homotypic synonym</emphasis>
:— 
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<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFECDCFC42D2FFF71" box="[365,598,234,255]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Bryophyllum laetivirens</emphasis>
(Desc.) 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260647DB0CFD0ECFC42C1BFE8E" author="Byalt, V. V." box="[686,866,234,256]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" pagination="461 - 465" refId="ref16558" refString="Byalt, V. V. (2008) New combinations in the genera Bryophyllum and Kalanchoe (Crassulaceae). Botanicheskii Zhurnal 93 (3): 461 - 465. [In Russian]" type="journal article" year="2008">Byalt (2008: 463)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFCCECFC42CD9FF71" bold="true" box="[878,928,234,255]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Type</emphasis>
:— 
<materialsCitation id="31EE3C8A0647DB0CFC1CCFC42E39FE1E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3400136306" collectingDate="1994-11-25" collectorName="[B. M.] Descoings" country="Madagascar" location="a quelques km au sud sur la route d'Anantsono (Saint Augustin)" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Toliara" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCountry id="F99176470647DB0CFC1CCFC42B14FF71" box="[956,1133,234,255]" name="Madagascar" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
. Environs de 
<collectingRegion id="4342F8350647DB0CFB57CFC42A42FE8E" box="[1271,1339,234,256]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Toliara</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingRegion id="4342F8350647DB0CFAEBCFC42AF7FE8E" box="[1355,1422,234,256]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Tulear</collectingRegion>
), 
<location id="8459600C0647DB0CFA01CFC42C7EFEAA" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:092F87C10647DB0BFF28CFB02C44F99F:8459600C0647DB0CFA01CFC42C7EFEAA" country="Madagascar" name="a quelques km au sud sur la route d'Anantsono (Saint Augustin)" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" stateProvince="Toliara">à quelques km au sud sur la route d’Anantsono (Saint Augustin)</location>
, bord de chemin, plante échappé du jardin de l’auberge “La Mangrove”, 
<date id="F53810170647DB0CFF1DCE1C2E08FEC9" box="[189,369,306,328]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" value="1994-11-25">
<collectingDate id="E57CE9FF0647DB0CFF1DCE1C2E08FEC9" box="[189,369,306,328]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" value="1994-11-25">25 novembre 1994</collectingDate>
</date>
, [English: “ 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470647DB0CFE40CE1C2DF4FEC9" box="[480,653,306,327]" name="Madagascar" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">MADAGASCAR</collectingCountry>
. Surroundings of 
<collectingRegion id="4342F8350647DB0CFC94CE1C2C0FFEC6" box="[820,886,306,328]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Toliara</collectingRegion>
(
<collectingRegion id="4342F8350647DB0CFC23CE1C2CBDFEC6" box="[899,964,306,328]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Tulear</collectingRegion>
), 
<location id="8459600C0647DB0CFC75CE1C2E1CFEE2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:092F87C10647DB0BFF28CFB02C44F99F:8459600C0647DB0CFC75CE1C2E1CFEE2" country="Madagascar" name="a few km to the south on the road to d'Anantsono (Saint Augustine)" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" stateProvince="Toliara">a few km to the south on the road to d’Anantsono (Saint Augustine)</location>
, roadside, plant escaped from the garden of the inn “La Mangrove”, 
<date id="F53810170647DB0CFC54CE782BD7FEE5" box="[1012,1198,341,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" value="1994-11-25">
<collectingDate id="E57CE9FF0647DB0CFC54CE782BD7FEE5" box="[1012,1198,341,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" value="1994-11-25">25 November 1994</collectingDate>
</date>
”] 
<collectorName id="2C7353010647DB0CFB64CE782A13FEE5" box="[1220,1386,341,364]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">
[
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFB6CCE792B83FEE2" box="[1228,1274,343,364]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">B.M.</emphasis>
] 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFAA8CE782A13FEE5" box="[1288,1386,342,363]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Descoings</emphasis>
</collectorName>
28234 (
<typeStatus id="5E3D88750647DB0CFF64CE542E61FE1E" box="[196,280,378,400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
<collectionCode id="E797AE120647DB0CFEBDCE542E54FE1E" box="[285,301,378,400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">P</collectionCode>
†)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFEE9CE542EE2FE01" bold="true" box="[329,411,378,399]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">
<typeStatus id="5E3D88750647DB0CFEE9CE542EE2FE01" box="[329,411,378,399]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
:—Ex hort. South Africa. Gauteng Province, Pretoria, 
<date id="F53810170647DB0CFC37CE542B6EFE01" box="[919,1047,378,399]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" value="2020-05-17">
<collectingDate id="E57CE9FF0647DB0CFC37CE542B6EFE01" box="[919,1047,378,399]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" value="2020-05-17">17 May 2020</collectingDate>
</date>
, 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFB80CE542BCEFE01" box="[1056,1207,378,399]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">G.F. Smith 1107</emphasis>
(PRU), 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFAA5CE542ADBFE01" bold="true" box="[1285,1442,378,400]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">designated here</emphasis>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C99C655C0647DB0CFF28CE962DFAF826" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="813936D70647DB0CFF28CE962A7BFDEC" blockId="10.[136,1452,439,610]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFF28CE962E29FE5C" bold="true" box="[136,336,440,466]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Notes on the type</emphasis>
:—The 
<typeStatus id="5E3D88750647DB0CFE05CE992D7EFE5F" box="[421,519,439,465]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of the name 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540647DB0CFD32CE962C5FFE5F" authorityName="Byalt" authorityYear="2008" baseAuthorityName="Desc." box="[658,806,439,465]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Bryophyllum" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFD32CE962C5FFE5F" box="[658,806,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a specimen, 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFC6BCE962BBFFE5C" box="[971,1222,440,466]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">B.M. Descoings 28234</emphasis>
, dated 
<date id="F53810170647DB0CFAB4CE992FBAFE78" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" value="1994-11-25">25 November 1994</date>
, which 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260647DB0CFEBCCEF52E9AFE78" author="Descoings, B." box="[284,483,475,502]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" pagination="79 - 89" refId="ref16682" refString="Descoings, B. (1997) Note sur quelques especes nouvelles de Kalanchoe de Madagascar. Journal de Botanique de la Societe de Botanique de France 4: 79 - 89, plates 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1997">Descoings (1997)</bibRefCitation>
stated to have deposited at Herb. P (
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260647DB0CFC26CEF52B15FE78" author="Descoings, B." box="[902,1132,475,502]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" pagination="79 - 89" refId="ref16682" refString="Descoings, B. (1997) Note sur quelques especes nouvelles de Kalanchoe de Madagascar. Journal de Botanique de la Societe de Botanique de France 4: 79 - 89, plates 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1997">Descoings 1997: 85</bibRefCitation>
). However, this specimen is not extant at that repository (Florian Jabbour, pers. comm.). Apart from the specimen 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFBE8CD2E2A38FD94" box="[1096,1345,512,538]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">B.M Descoings 28234</emphasis>
, no other material that would qualify as original in the sense of 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260647DB0CFD4ACD0D2CB7FDB0" author="Turland, N. J. &amp; Wiersema, J. H. &amp; Barrie, F. R. &amp; Greuter, W. &amp; Hawksworth, D. L. &amp; Herendeen, P. S. &amp; Knapp, S. &amp; Kusber, W. - H. &amp; Li, D. - Z. &amp; Marhold, K. &amp; May, T. W. &amp; McNeill, J. &amp; Monro, A. M. &amp; Prado, J. &amp; Price, M. J. &amp; Smith, G. F." box="[746,974,547,574]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" refId="ref20283" refString="Turland, N. J., Wiersema, J. H., Barrie, F. R., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D. L., Herendeen, P. S., Knapp, S., Kusber, W. - H., Li, D. - Z., Marhold, K., May, T. W., McNeill, J., Monro, A. M., Prado, J., Price, M. J. &amp; Smith, G. F. (2018) International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017. Koeltz Botanical Books, Oberreifenberg. [Regnum Vegetabile 159]. https: // doi. org / 10.12705 / Code. 2018" type="journal volume" year="2018">
Turland 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFCE9CD0A2C02FDB3" box="[841,891,547,573]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">et al</emphasis>
. (2018
</bibRefCitation>
: Art. 9.4) could be traced. We accordingly here neotypify (see above) the name 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540647DB0CFD86CD662DC2FDEF" authorityName="Byalt" authorityYear="2008" baseAuthorityName="Desc." box="[550,699,583,609]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Bryophyllum" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFD86CD662DC2FDEF" box="[550,699,583,609]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFD45CD662CE0FDEC" box="[741,921,583,610]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">G.F. Smith 1107</emphasis>
, a specimen held at Herb. PRU.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D5F9665F0647DB0CFF28CA002DAFFA5A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656397" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5656397" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656397/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" startId="10.[136,229,1326,1348]" targetBox="[151,1436,671,1302]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="813936D70647DB0CFF28CA002DAFFA5A" blockId="10.[136,1451,1326,1492]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFF28CA002E79FACD" bold="true" box="[136,256,1326,1348]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="46864D540647DB0CFEA8CA002EA5FACD" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[264,476,1326,1347]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFEA8CA002EA5FACD" box="[264,476,1326,1347]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Kalanchoe laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFE4ACA002D64FACD" bold="true" box="[490,541,1326,1347]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">A–B.</emphasis>
Plants growing in habitat, in the Isalo Massif, Madagascar, with some desiccated peduncles visible, showing the colouration and growth habit characteristic of the species. 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFC05CA7C2CA0FAE6" bold="true" box="[933,985,1362,1384]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">C–D.</emphasis>
Plant grown in culture, in Israel, showing the characteristic light green colouration, often pinkish abaxial leaf surface, a multitude of bulbils and bulbil pedestals per leaf, erect leaf blade base auricles, basally thick stem and leaf petioles, and pink flowers with a small calyx and a calyx tube about as long as the free sepal segments. Photographs: A–B, Jun Ikeda; C–D, Ronen Shtein.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="813936D70647DB0CFF1DC92C2DFAF826" blockId="10.[136,1452,1538,2069]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">
The 
<typeStatus id="5E3D88750647DB0CFF50C92C2E2BF992" box="[240,338,1538,1564]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540647DB0CFED6C92D2D72F992" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[374,523,1538,1564]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFED6C92D2D72F992" box="[374,523,1538,1564]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was prepared from plants located a few km to the south of 
<collectingRegion id="4342F8350647DB0CFB3FC92C2B88F992" box="[1183,1265,1538,1564]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Toliara</collectingRegion>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470647DB0CFB5CC92C2AFCF992" box="[1276,1413,1538,1564]" name="Madagascar" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, on the road to Saint Augustine, which likely escaped from the garden of the inn “La Mangrove” (
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260647DB0CFB18C9082AE7F9CF" author="Descoings, B." box="[1208,1438,1574,1601]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" pagination="79 - 89" refId="ref16682" refString="Descoings, B. (1997) Note sur quelques especes nouvelles de Kalanchoe de Madagascar. Journal de Botanique de la Societe de Botanique de France 4: 79 - 89, plates 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1997">Descoings 1997: 85</bibRefCitation>
). The inn “La Mangrove” probably refers to the Sarodrano Hotel, located in a mangrove forest on a small peninsula near Saint Augustine. Indeed, as of 2018, 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540647DB0CFDC5C9412D85F906" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[613,764,1646,1672]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFDC5C9412D85F906" box="[613,764,1646,1672]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is still growing along the road adjacent to the peninsula just north of Saint Augustine, and is still being cultivated at the nearby lodge (pers. obs. by one of us, JI). The 
<typeStatus id="5E3D88750647DB0CFAF3C9BD2AD5F923" box="[1363,1452,1683,1709]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
material designated here was possibly derived from clonal material of the garden-based Arboretum d’Antsokay, 
<collectingRegion id="4342F8350647DB0CFF28C9F42FA2F97A" box="[136,219,1754,1780]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Toliara</collectingRegion>
. This garden-based population of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540647DB0CFDFFC9F52D8FF97A" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[607,758,1754,1780]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFDFFC9F52D8FF97A" box="[607,758,1754,1780]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was reportedly originally derived from the Isalo Massif (see “Natural distribution”, below), and later sampled by O. Olsen and introduced into cultivation around the world as ISI 95-36, HBG 70004 (
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260647DB0CFECDC80C2D6EF8B3" author="Shaw, J. M. H." box="[365,535,1826,1853]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" pagination="17 - 79" refId="ref18651" refString="Shaw, J. M. H. (2008) An investigation of the cultivated Kalanchoe daigremontiana group, with a checklist of Kalanchoe cultivars. Hanburyana 3: 17 - 79." type="journal article" year="2008">Shaw 2008: 25</bibRefCitation>
, and see also http://media.huntington.org/ISI/corrections.html). It is likely that the populations that escaped from the garden of the inn “La Mangrove” from which the 
<typeStatus id="5E3D88750647DB0CFB87C8682BF0F8EE" box="[1063,1161,1862,1888]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of the name 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540647DB0CFAB7C8692AD2F8EE" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[1303,1451,1862,1888]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50647DB0CFAB7C8692AD2F8EE" box="[1303,1451,1862,1888]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was prepared, were also propagated from populations cultivated in 
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, and therefore originated from the same population that was later distributed globally.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C99C655C0647DB0DFF1DC89C2D5DF9DE" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="813936D70647DB0CFF1DC89C2A3EF79B" blockId="10.[136,1452,1538,2069]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">
<materialsCitation id="31EE3C8A0647DB0CFF1DC89C2A3AF79B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3400136302" country="Madagascar" location="Isalo Massif" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
Vegetative reproduction through the copious number of leaf marginal bulbils is the most common reproductive strategy in this species and seed fertility is low. It is likely therefore that the material preserved as both the 
<typeStatus id="5E3D88750647DB0CFA9BC8F82AD9F87E" box="[1339,1440,2006,2032]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
† and as the 
<typeStatus id="5E3D88750647DB0CFF5FC8D52E21F79B" box="[255,344,2043,2069]" pageId="10" pageNumber="245" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
originated from the same natural population in the 
<location id="8459600C0647DB0CFC38C8D42B5DF79A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:092F87C10647DB0BFF28CFB02C44F99F:8459600C0647DB0CFC38C8D42B5DF79A" box="[920,1060,2042,2068]" country="Madagascar" name="Isalo Massif" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Isalo Massif</location>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470647DB0CFB90C8D42BCEF79A" box="[1072,1207,2042,2068]" name="Madagascar" pageId="10" pageNumber="245">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
(see below)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="D5F9665F0646DB0DFF28CC9E2DC0FBF5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656401" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5656401" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656401/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" startId="11.[136,229,944,966]" targetBox="[151,1436,190,920]" targetPageId="11">
<paragraph id="813936D70646DB0DFF28CC9E2DC0FBF5" blockId="11.[136,1452,944,1147]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFF28CC9E2E79FC4B" bold="true" box="[136,256,944,966]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="46864D540646DB0DFEA9CC9F2EB2FC48" authorityName="Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[265,459,945,966]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sanctula">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFEA9CC9F2EB2FC48" box="[265,459,945,966]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Kalanchoe sanctula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in cultivation, in Israel. 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFD64CC9E2DA5FC4B" bold="true" box="[708,732,944,965]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">A.</emphasis>
Apex of a plant showing the characteristic yellowish or brownish green colouration and dark leaf margins. 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFE7BCCFB2E88FC64" bold="true" box="[475,497,981,1002]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">B.</emphasis>
A peltate leaf, bearing numerous bulbils and bulbil pedestals; also showing bulbils bearing bulbils themselves, as well as roots. 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFE3ACCD62EC8FB80" bold="true" box="[410,433,1016,1038]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">C.</emphasis>
Plants at early anthesis with peduncular leaves still present, transitioning from ovate auriculate to attenuate lanceolate. Flowers have a small calyx and a highly medially inflated, green-infused, pink corolla that is much wider than the calyx in width. 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFF6BCB6F2F9AFBD8" bold="true" box="[203,227,1089,1110]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">D.</emphasis>
Flower colour later in anthesis. 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFDBBCB6F2D4BFBD8" bold="true" box="[539,562,1089,1110]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">E.</emphasis>
Plant in flower, displaying yellow leaf colouration, a comparatively large reproductive part, and wilted peduncular leaves. Photographs: Ronen Shtein.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="813936D70646DB0DFF1DCB872D5DF9DE" blockId="11.[136,1452,1193,2083]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFF1DCB872ED6FB4D" bold="true" box="[189,431,1193,1219]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Natural distribution</emphasis>
:—Southern 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470646DB0DFD9ECB872DBEFB4D" box="[574,711,1193,1219]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, Isalo Massif (
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520646DB0DFCC9CB872CD4FB4D" box="[873,941,1193,1219]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[136,229,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[183,1421,954,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-390@15.[157,1432,929,1838]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9.All documented occurrences of representatives of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex, and associated interspecific hybrids, in southern Madagascar. The precise locality of the type of K. tubiflora in Madagascar is insufficiently known to be placed (see Figueiredo &amp; Smith 2017: 771). Overlapping markers are separated using Point Displacement in QGIS, except of the marker of the locality of the neotype of K. sanctula which is overlapped by the marker of the type of the name and is not displayed. © OpenStreetMap contributors. Locality information is included in the Supplementary file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656403/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). At the time that 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260646DB0DFBD4CB872A40FB4D" author="Descoings, B." box="[1140,1337,1193,1219]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" pagination="79 - 89" refId="ref16682" refString="Descoings, B. (1997) Note sur quelques especes nouvelles de Kalanchoe de Madagascar. Journal de Botanique de la Societe de Botanique de France 4: 79 - 89, plates 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1997">Descoings (1997)</bibRefCitation>
described 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540646DB0DFF28CBE02E67FB69" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[136,286,1229,1255]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFF28CBE02E67FB69" box="[136,286,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
he had not seen material of this species in the wild. Regarding the natural distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540646DB0DFAAECBE02E0CFA82" authority=", Descoings (1997: 85)" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityPageNumber="85" authorityYear="1997" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFAAECBE02ADDFB69" box="[1294,1444,1229,1255]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260646DB0DFF28CBDF2E0CFA82" author="Descoings, B." box="[136,373,1265,1292]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" pagination="79 - 89" refId="ref16682" refString="Descoings, B. (1997) Note sur quelques especes nouvelles de Kalanchoe de Madagascar. Journal de Botanique de la Societe de Botanique de France 4: 79 - 89, plates 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1997">Descoings (1997: 85)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
stated the following: “ 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFDCFCBDC2D8EFA85" box="[623,759,1266,1291]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">
<subScript id="1D0234920646DB0DFDCFCBDC2D97FA85" attach="left" box="[623,750,1266,1291]" fontSize="7" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">RÉPaRTITION</subScript>
:
</emphasis>
la localité d’origine se situe au col des Tapia, à environ 
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au nord-est de 
<collectingRegion id="4342F8350646DB0DFE8ECA3B2E04FAA1" box="[302,381,1301,1327]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Toliara</collectingRegion>
sur la route d’Ihosy et 
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, aux portes du massif gréseux de l’Isalo. Cette information nous a été donnée par Monsieur Hermann PETIGNAT qui cultive cette espèce à 
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, dans son jardin botanique de l’Arboretum d’Antsokai. Les plantes vues à Saint Augustin proviennent de ce jardin. [English: “DISTRIBUTION: the place of origin is located at the Tapia Pass, about 
<quantity id="467E9B320646DB0DFD19CAAF2C76FA15" box="[697,783,1409,1435]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" unit="km" value="170.0">170 km</quantity>
northeast of 
<collectingRegion id="4342F8350646DB0DFC04CAAF2C8AFA15" box="[932,1011,1409,1435]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Toliara</collectingRegion>
on the road to Ihosy and 
<collectingRegion id="4342F8350646DB0DFAB5CAAF2ADEFA15" box="[1301,1447,1409,1435]" country="Madagascar" name="Fianarantsoa" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Fianarantsoa</collectingRegion>
, at the entrance to the sandstone massif of Isalo. This information was given to us [B.M. Descoings] by Mr Hermann PETIGNAT who cultivates this species in 
<collectingRegion id="4342F8350646DB0DFDE3CAE72DECFA6D" box="[579,661,1481,1507]" country="Madagascar" name="Toliara" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Toliara</collectingRegion>
, in his botanical garden in the Arboretum d’Antsokay. The plants seen in Saint Augustine [from where material deposited as the 
<typeStatus id="5E3D88750646DB0DFCBECAC32CF9F989" box="[798,896,1517,1543]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
was collected] come from this garden.”] One of us (JI) observed the species at the locality from where Mr Hermann Petignat reported it (
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520646DB0DFBCBC93F2B9CF9A5" box="[1131,1253,1553,1579]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1326,1348]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,671,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-239@10.[151,1436,671,1302]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Kalanchoe laetivirens. A–B. Plants growing in habitat, in the Isalo Massif, Madagascar, with some desiccated peduncles visible, showing the colouration and growth habit characteristic of the species. C–D. Plant grown in culture, in Israel, showing the characteristic light green colouration, often pinkish abaxial leaf surface, a multitude of bulbils and bulbil pedestals per leaf, erect leaf blade base auricles, basally thick stem and leaf petioles, and pink flowers with a small calyx and a calyx tube about as long as the free sepal segments. Photographs: A–B, Jun Ikeda; C–D, Ronen Shtein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656397" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656397/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Fig. 7A–B</figureCitation>
), as well as at the Arboretum d’Antsokay (
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520646DB0DFE3CC91B2D61F9DE" box="[412,536,1589,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[136,229,992,1014]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,968]" captionTargetId="figure-22@6.[151,1436,190,968]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Some bulbiliferous kalanchoes in the Arboretum d’Antsokay, Madagascar. A–C. Kalanchoe laetivirens. D–F. Kalanchoe ×descoingsii. Both taxa show some abaxially pinkish leaves, especially towards the margin, almost acaulescent pseudo-rosulate growth habit, and apically obtuse to rounded leaves. While K. laetivirens is otherwise of green colouration and showing broad rounded-triangular leaves that are unspotted abaxially, K. ×descoingsii is of a darker colouration and shows narrowly elliptical, abaxially maculate leaves. Photographs: Jun Ikeda." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656393" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656393/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Fig. 5A–C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C99C655C0646DB0BFF1DC9742C44F99F" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="248" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="813936D70646DB0DFF1DC9742D32F8C5" blockId="11.[136,1452,1193,2083]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">
Numerous recent observations additionally place 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540646DB0DFC91C9742CAFF9FD" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[817,982,1625,1651]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFC91C9742CAFF9FD" box="[817,982,1625,1651]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in populous or urban areas across 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470646DB0DFF28C9532E68F919" box="[136,273,1661,1687]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, specifically, in Ifaty [https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/56394567], and Manasoa [https:// www.inaturalist.org/observations/12919994] in southwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470646DB0DFCF2C98F2CA2F935" box="[850,987,1697,1723]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, as well as in Anjajavy [https://www. inaturalist.org/observations/2633188] in northwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470646DB0DFCA4C9EB2CF4F951" box="[772,909,1733,1759]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingRegion id="4342F8350646DB0DFC78C9EB2B26F951" box="[984,1119,1733,1759]" country="Madagascar" name="Antsiranana" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Antsiranana</collectingRegion>
[https://www.inaturalist.org/ observations/55629658] in northeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470646DB0DFDFBC9C72D9DF88D" box="[603,740,1769,1795]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
. These observations suggest that 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540646DB0DFBD2C9C42A75F88D" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[1138,1292,1769,1795]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFBD2C9C42A75F88D" box="[1138,1292,1769,1795]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
may now be established, possibly as escapes from cultivation across 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470646DB0DFD4BC8232C0DF8A9" box="[747,884,1805,1831]" name="Madagascar" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, well beyond the range communicated to Descoings by Hermann Petignat (
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260646DB0DFE25C81F2D47F8C5" author="Descoings, B." box="[389,574,1841,1867]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" pagination="79 - 89" refId="ref16682" refString="Descoings, B. (1997) Note sur quelques especes nouvelles de Kalanchoe de Madagascar. Journal de Botanique de la Societe de Botanique de France 4: 79 - 89, plates 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1997">Descoings 1997</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="813936D70646DB0AFF1DC87B2F98FF52" blockId="11.[136,1452,1193,2083]" lastBlockId="12.[136,1452,158,2093]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="247" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFF1DC87B2EF4F8E1" bold="true" box="[189,397,1877,1903]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Taxonomic notes</emphasis>
:—The proposed connection between 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540646DB0DFCF3C8782C96F8E1" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[851,1007,1877,1903]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFCF3C8782C96F8E1" box="[851,1007,1877,1903]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the hybrid with the formula 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540646DB0DFA32C8782E43F81D" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFA32C8782E43F81D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540646DB0DFEF9C8542EA3F81D" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[345,474,1913,1939]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFEF9C8542EA3F81D" box="[345,474,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was created and illustrated by 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260646DB0DFC2AC8572BAAF81D" author="Resende, F. &amp; Viana, M. J." box="[906,1235,1913,1940]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" pagination="159 - 210" refId="ref18326" refString="Resende, F. &amp; Viana, M. J. (1965) Photo- and thermoperiodism, their interaction for the phenogenesis 1. Portugaliae Acta Biologica, ser. A, 9: 159 - 210." type="journal article" year="1965">Resende &amp; Viana (1965: 180</bibRefCitation>
, 195 [Fig. 35], 196 [Fig. 36]) and referred to as ‘ 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540646DB0DFE7FC8B32D09F839" box="[479,624,1949,1975]" class="Gymnostomatea" family="Spathidiidae" genus="Bryophyllum" kingdom="Chromista" order="Spathidiida" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" phylum="Ciliophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFE7FC8B32D09F839" box="[479,624,1949,1975]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">Bryophyllum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFD29C8B32CF7F839" box="[649,910,1949,1975]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">crenodaigremontianum</emphasis>
’, was mentioned in 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260646DB0DFBDDC8B32A44F836" author="Shaw, J. M. H." box="[1149,1341,1949,1976]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" pagination="17 - 79" refId="ref18651" refString="Shaw, J. M. H. (2008) An investigation of the cultivated Kalanchoe daigremontiana group, with a checklist of Kalanchoe cultivars. Hanburyana 3: 17 - 79." type="journal article" year="2008">Shaw (2008: 25)</bibRefCitation>
and later investigated by 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260646DB0DFE9DC8EF2D67F852" author="Smith, G. F." box="[317,542,1985,2012]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref19154" refString="Smith, G. F. (2020 g) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe × laetivirens (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further invasive nothospecies from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 97 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 460.1.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Smith (
<quantity id="467E9B320646DB0DFE30C8EF2EA5F855" box="[400,476,1985,2011]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.02" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" unit="g" value="2020.0">2020g</quantity>
: 105)
</bibRefCitation>
. As noted in 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260646DB0DFD16C8EF2C24F855" author="Smith, G. F." box="[694,861,1985,2011]" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref19154" refString="Smith, G. F. (2020 g) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe × laetivirens (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further invasive nothospecies from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 97 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 460.1.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Smith (
<quantity id="467E9B320646DB0DFCA9C8EF2C2CF855" box="[777,853,1985,2011]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.02" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" unit="g" value="2020.0">2020g</quantity>
)
</bibRefCitation>
, material of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540646DB0DFC4EC8EC2BFCF855" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[1006,1157,1985,2011]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFC4EC8EC2BFCF855" box="[1006,1157,1985,2011]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540646DB0DFB1FC8EC2AEAF855" box="[1215,1427,1985,2011]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFB1FC8EC2AEAF855" box="[1215,1427,1985,2011]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540646DB0DFF28C8C82E70F871" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[136,265,2021,2047]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="11" pageNumber="246" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50646DB0DFF28C8C82E70F871" box="[136,265,2021,2047]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="246">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are indeed remarkably similar, especially in their broad, large, bright green leaves that, at least adaxially, are generally unmarked by any maculation or colour patterning other than towards the margins, as well as in the general size of mature leaves, the thick, herbaceous stems of the material, and the extensive inflorescences of the two entities.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="813936D70641DB0AFF1DCFC82A46FE3B" blockId="12.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">
Nevertheless, several diagnostically significant differences can be observed between these plants (
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260641DB0AFAB1CFC82FD1FEAA" author="Smith, G. F." pageId="12" pageNumber="247" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref19154" refString="Smith, G. F. (2020 g) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe × laetivirens (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further invasive nothospecies from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 97 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 460.1.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Smith 
<quantity id="467E9B320641DB0AFAFECFC82AD1FE8E" box="[1374,1448,230,256]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.02" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" unit="g" value="2020.0">2020g</quantity>
: 99
</bibRefCitation>
). To allow a better comparison of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFDE3CE252DA4FEAA" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[579,733,266,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFDE3CE252DA4FEAA" box="[579,733,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with the hybrid 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFC06CE252B04FEAA" box="[934,1149,266,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFC06CE252B04FEAA" box="[934,1149,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFB03CE252A51FEAA" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[1187,1320,266,292]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFB03CE252A51FEAA" box="[1187,1320,266,292]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
created by 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260641DB0AFF28CE002EDBFEC7" author="Resende, F. &amp; Viana, M. J." box="[136,418,302,329]" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" pagination="159 - 210" refId="ref18326" refString="Resende, F. &amp; Viana, M. J. (1965) Photo- and thermoperiodism, their interaction for the phenogenesis 1. Portugaliae Acta Biologica, ser. A, 9: 159 - 210." type="journal article" year="1965">Resende &amp; Viana (1965)</bibRefCitation>
, one of us (RS) recreated this combination in cultivation in 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470641DB0AFBE9CE002BFEFEC6" box="[1097,1159,302,328]" name="Israel" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">Israel</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520641DB0AFB37CE002B95FEC6" box="[1175,1260,302,328]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[136,229,1009,1031]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,985]" captionTargetId="figure-22@16.[151,1436,190,985]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. A hybrid between Kalanchoe daigremontiana and K. laxiflora, created and cultivated, in Israel. A. Young plant in vegetative growth, showing some peltate leaves and almost exclusively mid-greencolouration.B.A mature plant (top) compared to K.daigremontiana (bottom), showing heterosis with both leaf size and plant height greatly exceeding that of either parent. No bulbil pedestals are present, and a single bulbil is visible at the leaf apex. C. Close up of the abaxial leaf blade surface almost devoid of the dark purple-brown stripes characteristic of K. daigremontiana. D. Deep red flowers with a calyx tube longer than the free sepal segments. Photographs: Ronen Shtein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656407/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
). In addition, we were able to access a similar hybrid, 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFD95CE7D2C70FEE2" box="[565,777,338,364]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFD95CE7D2C70FEE2" box="[565,777,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFC8BCE7D2E78FE1F" authority="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie (1915: 75)" authorityName="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie" authorityPageNumber="75" authorityYear="1915" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fedtschenkoi">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFC8BCE7D2CA3FEE2" box="[811,986,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. fedtschenkoi</emphasis>
Raymond-Hamet &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260641DB0AFB6CCE7C2E78FE1F" author="Perrier de la Bathie" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" pagination="63 - 117" refId="ref18238" refString="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie, [J. M.] H. [A.] (1915) Troisieme contribution a l'etude des Crassulacees Malgaches. Annales de l'Institut Botanico-Geologique Colonial de Marseille, ser. 3. 3: 63 - 117." type="journal article" year="1915">Perrier de la Bâthie (1915: 75)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, for examination. The latter material was created by Sheng Jian Lu and Hung I Lu, separately, in 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470641DB0AFAF9CE582AD2FE1E" box="[1369,1451,374,400]" name="Taiwan" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
(
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520641DB0AFF30CEB42F9BFE3A" box="[144,226,410,436]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[136,229,1776,1798]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,971,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-366@17.[151,1436,971,1751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. Two hybrids of the combination Kalanchoe daigremontiana × K. fedtschenkoi, created by Hung I Lu in cultivation in Israel (A, B), and created by Sheng Jian Lu in cultivation in Taiwan (C, D). A. Plant in bud with no bulbil formation or bulbil pedestals visible, though few occasional bulbils are produced. B. Two trilobate leaves, only barely auriculate. C. Dense inflorescences. D. Close up of the salmon-coloured flowers, showing a calyx tube longer than the free sepal segments. In the background, dentate, basally cuneate leaves are visible. Photographs:A–B, Ronen Shtein; C–D, Sheng Jian Lu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656411/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
). Significant differences observed between 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFD6CCEB52C1BFE3A" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[716,866,410,436]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFD6CCEB52C1BFE3A" box="[716,866,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the two hybrids mentioned above are:
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="813936D70641DB0AFF1DCE902D00FCCE" blockId="12.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">
1. Resende and Viana’s hybrid (
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFD86CE912D80FE56" box="[550,761,446,472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFD86CE912D80FE56" box="[550,761,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFCB8CE912CE0FE56" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[792,921,446,472]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFCB8CE912CE0FE56" box="[792,921,446,472]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) is not constitutively bulbiliferous, whereas 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFA32CE912F84FE72" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFA32CE912F84FE72" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is (see 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260641DB0AFEF4CECC2D5EFE72" author="Garces, H. M. P. &amp; Champagne, C. E. M. &amp; Townsley, B. T. &amp; Park, S. &amp; Malho, R. &amp; Pedroso, M. C. &amp; Harada, J. J. &amp; Sinha, N. R." box="[340,551,482,509]" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" pagination="15578 - 15583" refId="ref16970" refString="Garces, H. M. P., Champagne, C. E. M., Townsley, B. T., Park, S., Malho, R., Pedroso, M. C., Harada, J. J. &amp; Sinha, N. R. (2007) Evolution of asexual reproduction in leaves of the genus Kalanchoe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 15578 - 15583. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0704105104" type="journal article" year="2007">
Garcês 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFE09CECD2EA2FE72" box="[425,475,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFD99CECC2C56FE72" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[569,815,482,508]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFD99CECC2C56FE72" box="[569,815,482,508]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">Kalanchoe laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is one of the most strongly phyllo-bulbiliferous species, producing many dozens of large-sized, many-foliated bulbils on each mature leaf. Bulbil production in 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFAB5CD292AD2FDAE" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[1301,1451,518,544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFAB5CD292AD2FDAE" box="[1301,1451,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs on dedicated, well-developed pedestals that are spathulate in shape and down-curved towards the abaxial leaf blade surface to facilitate the placement, especially once severed from the pedestals, of the bulbils on, or at least closer to, the ground and therefore below the substantial dentations along the leaf blade margins, which are subducted by the bulbil pedestals. However, the hybrid of Resende and Viana is at most induced or semi-constitutively bulbiliferous, and pedestals and/or bulbil formation cannot be readily observed (
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260641DB0AFCC3CD942B11FD5B" author="Resende, F. &amp; Viana, M. J." box="[867,1128,698,725]" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" pagination="159 - 210" refId="ref18326" refString="Resende, F. &amp; Viana, M. J. (1965) Photo- and thermoperiodism, their interaction for the phenogenesis 1. Portugaliae Acta Biologica, ser. A, 9: 159 - 210." type="journal article" year="1965">Resende &amp; Viana 1965</bibRefCitation>
: Figs 35 &amp; 36). Observations of live F 
<subScript id="1D0234920641DB0AFF4CCDDF2F8DFD71" attach="left" box="[236,244,753,767]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">1</subScript>
material of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFE25CDF12D23FD76" box="[389,602,734,760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFE25CDF12D23FD76" box="[389,602,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFDDDCDF12C78FD76" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[637,769,734,760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFDDDCDF12C78FD76" box="[637,769,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFC9DCDF12B6BFD76" box="[829,1042,734,760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFC9DCDF12B6BFD76" box="[829,1042,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFB95CDF12B9CFD76" authorityName="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie" authorityYear="1915" box="[1077,1253,734,760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fedtschenkoi">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFB95CDF12B9CFD76" box="[1077,1253,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. fedtschenkoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
shows that these combinations produce induced phyllo-bulbiliferous hybrids, that 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFCC9CC2C2CA3FC93" box="[873,986,770,797]" form="very" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" rank="form">form very</taxonomicName>
reduced, sessile, and indistinct pedestals after bulbil formation, and never ahead of it.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="813936D70641DB0AFF1DCC642B85FC5F" blockId="12.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">
2. The F 
<subScript id="1D0234920641DB0AFEBACC732E5BFCE5" attach="left" box="[282,290,861,875]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">1</subScript>
hybrids of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFE01CC652D0AFCEA" box="[417,627,842,868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFE01CC652D0AFCEA" box="[417,627,842,868]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFD30CC652C69FCEA" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[656,784,842,868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFD30CC652C69FCEA" box="[656,784,842,868]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFCE6CC652B61FCEA" box="[838,1048,842,868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFCE6CC652B61FCEA" box="[838,1048,842,868]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFB95CC652B98FCEA" authorityName="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie" authorityYear="1915" box="[1077,1249,842,868]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fedtschenkoi">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFB95CC652B98FCEA" box="[1077,1249,842,868]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. fedtschenkoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that we observed, as well as 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFF5ECC412EF9FC06" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[254,384,878,904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFF5ECC412EF9FC06" box="[254,384,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFE18CC412D1CFC06" authorityName="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie" authorityYear="1915" box="[440,613,878,904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fedtschenkoi">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFE18CC412D1CFC06" box="[440,613,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. fedtschenkoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, are perennials. In contrast, both 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFC40CC412BCAFC06" box="[992,1203,878,904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFC40CC412BCAFC06" box="[992,1203,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFB4BCC412AF8FC06" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[1259,1409,878,904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFB4BCC412AF8FC06" box="[1259,1409,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are multi-annuals that only flower once in their life cycles, following the culmination of one to three years of vegetative growth. However, it is not clear whether Resende and Viana’s hybrid was perennial or (multi-)annual.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="813936D70641DB0AFF1DCCF42D8FFA9A" blockId="12.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">
3. Though impossible to tell from the illustrations provided by Resende and Viana, the live F 
<subScript id="1D0234920641DB0AFB12CCC32BC3FC75" attach="left" box="[1202,1210,1005,1019]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">1</subScript>
material we observed do not share the unique growth habit and phenological development of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFC06CCD12B45FB96" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[934,1084,1022,1048]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFC06CCD12B45FB96" box="[934,1084,1022,1048]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(and of 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFB3ACCD12A35FB96" box="[1178,1356,1022,1048]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. ×descoingsii</emphasis>
, for that matter; see below). 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFECBCB0C2D1BFBB2" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[363,610,1058,1084]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFECBCB0C2D1BFBB2" box="[363,610,1058,1084]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">Kalanchoe laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and hybrids derived from it are low-growing for most of their vegetative life span, forming wide, densely foliated, solitary pseudo-rosettes, with the leaves presenting especially thick, short petioles, and large, broad leaf blades. Then, during the year in which they will flower, the plants can increase in height for up to more than a factor of ×4, developing leaves bearing longer petioles and shorter, narrower leaf blades. The hybrids we observed, as well as 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFDA3CB9D2DFFFB42" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[515,646,1202,1228]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFDA3CB9D2DFFFB42" box="[515,646,1202,1228]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFD6ACB9D2C03FB42" authorityName="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie" authorityYear="1915" box="[714,890,1202,1228]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fedtschenkoi">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFD6ACB9D2C03FB42" box="[714,890,1202,1228]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. fedtschenkoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, gradually elongate in a manner more typical of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFF28CBF82E78FB7E" authorityName="Adanson" authorityYear="1763" box="[136,257,1238,1264]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFF28CBF82E78FB7E" box="[136,257,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">Kalanchoe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in general during their development, do not remain as low-growing rosettes for most of their vegetative stage, and often branch just prior to, or after, flowering.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="813936D70641DB0AFF1DCA302B18FA2B" blockId="12.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">
4. 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFF7BCA302EABFAB6" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[219,466,1310,1336]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFF7BCA302EABFAB6" box="[219,466,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">Kalanchoe laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique among representatives of 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFCCFCA312CF3FAB6" box="[879,906,1311,1336]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K.</emphasis>
sect. 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFC6DCA312B40FAB6" box="[973,1081,1311,1336]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">Invasores</emphasis>
by the basal portion of the stem being extremely wide. Furthermore, the lower leaves are distinctly thick-petiolate and amplexicaul, resulting in nodal scars that give the stems a quadrangular appearance. These traits are absent in Resende and Viana’s hybrid and the hybrids we observed, as well as in 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFDAECAA52D98FA2A" box="[526,737,1418,1444]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFDAECAA52D98FA2A" box="[526,737,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFD4FCAA52C09FA2A" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[751,880,1418,1444]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFD4FCAA52C09FA2A" box="[751,880,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFC0DCAA52B23FA2A" authorityName="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie" authorityYear="1915" box="[941,1114,1418,1444]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fedtschenkoi">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFC0DCAA52B23FA2A" box="[941,1114,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. fedtschenkoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="813936D70641DB0AFF1DCA802D54F966" blockId="12.[136,1452,158,2093]" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">
5. In Resende and Viana’s hybrid and the ones with the same or a similar parentage that we observed, the leaves transition more gradually towards the peduncle when compared to those of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFC17CAFD2B30FA62" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[951,1097,1490,1516]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFC17CAFD2B30FA62" box="[951,1097,1490,1516]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K.laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.Though also usually auriculate, in the hybrids the auricules are often shorter, especially in lower leaves. The basal leaves of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFB2ECAD92A5AF99E" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[1166,1315,1526,1552]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFB2ECAD92A5AF99E" box="[1166,1315,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
tend to also be extremely broad, more so than in the hybrid of Resende and Viana, and the hybrids we observed. Notably, 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFA32C9352F84F9D6" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFA32C9352F84F9D6" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
does not produce lobed leaves, whereas some of Resende’s F 
<subScript id="1D0234920641DB0AFC08C97F2CC9F9D1" attach="left" box="[936,944,1617,1631]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">2</subScript>
hybrids are conspicuously trilobate (
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260641DB0AFAEBC9102E18F9F2" author="Resende, F. &amp; Viana, M. J." pageId="12" pageNumber="247" pagination="159 - 210" refId="ref18326" refString="Resende, F. &amp; Viana, M. J. (1965) Photo- and thermoperiodism, their interaction for the phenogenesis 1. Portugaliae Acta Biologica, ser. A, 9: 159 - 210." type="journal article" year="1965">Resende &amp; Viana 1965: 196</bibRefCitation>
, Fig. 36). Moreover, we observed basally trilobate leaves, though only barely so, in F 
<subScript id="1D0234920641DB0AFA89C95B2A48F90D" attach="left" box="[1321,1329,1653,1667]" fontSize="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">1</subScript>
hybrids of both 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFF63C9A92EEEF92E" box="[195,407,1670,1696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFF63C9A92EEEF92E" box="[195,407,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFE19C9A92D42F92E" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[441,571,1670,1696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFE19C9A92D42F92E" box="[441,571,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFDD6C9A92C33F92E" box="[630,842,1670,1696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFDD6C9A92C33F92E" box="[630,842,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
× 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFCCCC9A92B63F92E" authorityName="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie" authorityYear="1915" box="[876,1050,1670,1696]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fedtschenkoi">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFCCCC9A92B63F92E" box="[876,1050,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. fedtschenkoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as well as in 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFB62C9A92A0FF92E" box="[1218,1398,1670,1696]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. ×descoingsii</emphasis>
(see below). This suggests that while the leaves of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFD25C9852C2FF94A" box="[645,854,1706,1732]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFD25C9852C2FF94A" box="[645,854,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFC2BC9852B66F94A" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[907,1055,1706,1732]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFC2BC9852B66F94A" box="[907,1055,1706,1732]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not trilobate, their hybrids most often tend to be so, at least obscurely.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="813936D70641DB0BFF1DC9DC2ECFFF52" blockId="12.[136,1452,158,2093]" lastBlockId="13.[136,1452,158,1553]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="248" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">
6. 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFF78C9DC2EB5F882" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[216,460,1778,1804]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFF78C9DC2EB5F882" box="[216,460,1778,1804]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">Kalanchoe laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differs from the hybrid of Resende and Viana and the similar hybrids we observed in some flower traits, including colour. The calyx of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFD77C8392C14F8BE" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[727,877,1814,1840]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFD77C8392C14F8BE" box="[727,877,1814,1840]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is particularly short and small, similar to that of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFA32C8392E43F8DA" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFA32C8392E43F8DA" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFED3C8152E8DF8DA" authorityName="Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[371,500,1850,1876]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sanctula">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFED3C8152E8DF8DA" box="[371,500,1850,1876]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. sanctula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, whereas the calyx and calyx tube of the hybrids are intermediate between those of the larger ones of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFEF8C8712EA3F8F6" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[344,474,1886,1912]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFEF8C8712EA3F8F6" box="[344,474,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFDB5C8712DBAF8F6" authorityName="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie" authorityYear="1915" box="[533,707,1886,1912]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fedtschenkoi">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFDB5C8712DBAF8F6" box="[533,707,1886,1912]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. fedtschenkoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and is therefore longer, with the calyx tube of the hybrids being especially elongated in comparison. The succulent calyx texture of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFCD1C8AD2B7FF812" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[881,1030,1922,1948]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFCD1C8AD2B7FF812" box="[881,1030,1922,1948]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
further differs from the flimsier calyx texture in the hybrids. Finally, 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFE4EC8892DFFF84E" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[494,646,1958,1984]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFE4EC8892DFFF84E" box="[494,646,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFD37C8892C15F84E" box="[663,876,1958,1984]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFD37C8892C15F84E" box="[663,876,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFC0EC8892B48F84E" authorityName="Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[942,1073,1958,1984]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sanctula">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFC0EC8892B48F84E" box="[942,1073,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. sanctula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
flower in shades of pink-purple, often with whitish green infusion, but lacking orange pigmentation (
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520641DB0AFCDFC8E42CA3F86B" box="[895,986,1994,2021]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1326,1348]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,671,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-239@10.[151,1436,671,1302]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Kalanchoe laetivirens. A–B. Plants growing in habitat, in the Isalo Massif, Madagascar, with some desiccated peduncles visible, showing the colouration and growth habit characteristic of the species. C–D. Plant grown in culture, in Israel, showing the characteristic light green colouration, often pinkish abaxial leaf surface, a multitude of bulbils and bulbil pedestals per leaf, erect leaf blade base auricles, basally thick stem and leaf petioles, and pink flowers with a small calyx and a calyx tube about as long as the free sepal segments. Photographs: A–B, Jun Ikeda; C–D, Ronen Shtein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656397" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656397/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">Figs 7D</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520641DB0AFBAFC8E42B2DF86A" box="[1039,1108,1994,2020]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[136,229,944,966]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,920]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[151,1436,190,920]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Kalanchoe sanctula in cultivation, in Israel. A. Apex of a plant showing the characteristic yellowish or brownish green colouration and dark leaf margins. B. A peltate leaf, bearing numerous bulbils and bulbil pedestals; also showing bulbils bearing bulbils themselves, as well as roots. C. Plants at early anthesis with peduncular leaves still present, transitioning from ovate auriculate to attenuate lanceolate. Flowers have a small calyx and a highly medially inflated, green-infused, pink corolla that is much wider than the calyx in width. D. Flower colour later in anthesis. E. Plant in flower, displaying yellow leaf colouration, a comparatively large reproductive part, and wilted peduncular leaves. Photographs: Ronen Shtein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656401" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656401/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">8C–D</figureCitation>
, and as 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260641DB0AFB0CC8E42A0FF86A" author="Smith, G. F." box="[1196,1398,1994,2020]" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref19154" refString="Smith, G. F. (2020 g) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe × laetivirens (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further invasive nothospecies from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 97 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 460.1.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Smith 
<quantity id="467E9B320641DB0AFB56C8E42A39F86A" box="[1270,1344,1994,2020]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.02" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" unit="g" value="2020.0">2020g</quantity>
: 102
</bibRefCitation>
, 104 recorded and illustrated for 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFE62C8C12D21F786" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[450,600,2030,2056]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFE62C8C12D21F786" box="[450,600,2030,2056]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), whereas the flower colour of the hybrids we observed is often salmon- to deep red (
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520641DB0AFF5AC73C2E1DF7A2" box="[250,356,2066,2092]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[136,229,1009,1031]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,985]" captionTargetId="figure-22@16.[151,1436,190,985]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. A hybrid between Kalanchoe daigremontiana and K. laxiflora, created and cultivated, in Israel. A. Young plant in vegetative growth, showing some peltate leaves and almost exclusively mid-greencolouration.B.A mature plant (top) compared to K.daigremontiana (bottom), showing heterosis with both leaf size and plant height greatly exceeding that of either parent. No bulbil pedestals are present, and a single bulbil is visible at the leaf apex. C. Close up of the abaxial leaf blade surface almost devoid of the dark purple-brown stripes characteristic of K. daigremontiana. D. Deep red flowers with a calyx tube longer than the free sepal segments. Photographs: Ronen Shtein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656407" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656407/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">Figs 10D</figureCitation>
and 
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520641DB0AFE3DC73C2E88F7A2" box="[413,497,2066,2092]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="17.[136,229,1776,1798]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,971,1751]" captionTargetId="figure-366@17.[151,1436,971,1751]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 11. Two hybrids of the combination Kalanchoe daigremontiana × K. fedtschenkoi, created by Hung I Lu in cultivation in Israel (A, B), and created by Sheng Jian Lu in cultivation in Taiwan (C, D). A. Plant in bud with no bulbil formation or bulbil pedestals visible, though few occasional bulbils are produced. B. Two trilobate leaves, only barely auriculate. C. Dense inflorescences. D. Close up of the salmon-coloured flowers, showing a calyx tube longer than the free sepal segments. In the background, dentate, basally cuneate leaves are visible. Photographs:A–B, Ronen Shtein; C–D, Sheng Jian Lu." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656411/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">11C–D</figureCitation>
), a combination of pink-purple with the orange flower colour of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0AFB76C73D2A21F7A2" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[1238,1368,2066,2092]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0AFB76C73D2A21F7A2" box="[1238,1368,2066,2092]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540641DB0BFA32C73D2E6DFF36" authorityName="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie" authorityYear="1915" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="248" order="Saxifragales" pageId="12" pageNumber="247" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fedtschenkoi">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50641DB0BFA32C73D2E6DFF36" italics="true" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="248" pageId="12" pageNumber="247">K. fedtschenkoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Note though that some forms of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFD3ACFB12C4BFF36" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[666,818,158,184]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFD3ACFB12C4BFF36" box="[666,818,158,184]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
produce flowers with substantial white sections (
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFAC7CFB02FAAFF52" author="Smith, G. F." pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref19154" refString="Smith, G. F. (2020 g) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe × laetivirens (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further invasive nothospecies from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 97 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 460.1.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Smith 
<quantity id="467E9B320640DB0BFF28CFEC2FAAFF52" box="[136,211,194,220]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.02" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" unit="g" value="2020.0">2020g</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
: 
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520640DB0BFF7DCFEC2E5DFF53" box="[221,292,194,221]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="6.[136,229,992,1014]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,968]" captionTargetId="figure-22@6.[151,1436,190,968]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 5. Some bulbiliferous kalanchoes in the Arboretum d’Antsokay, Madagascar. A–C. Kalanchoe laetivirens. D–F. Kalanchoe ×descoingsii. Both taxa show some abaxially pinkish leaves, especially towards the margin, almost acaulescent pseudo-rosulate growth habit, and apically obtuse to rounded leaves. While K. laetivirens is otherwise of green colouration and showing broad rounded-triangular leaves that are unspotted abaxially, K. ×descoingsii is of a darker colouration and shows narrowly elliptical, abaxially maculate leaves. Photographs: Jun Ikeda." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656393" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656393/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">Figs 5</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520640DB0BFE90CFEC2E39FF52" box="[304,320,194,220]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="7.[136,229,1054,1076]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,1029]" captionTargetId="figure-17@7.[151,1436,190,1029]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 6. Some bulbiliferous kalanchoes in the Arboretum d’Antsokay. A–B. Kalanchoe daigremontiana showing deeply peltate, longtriangular leaves that are apically acute.Abaxially, the leaves are greyish, and maculate with dark blotches especially towards the margins. The overall khaki green colouration and spotted petiole may suggest some influence from K. tubiflora. More conspicuously admixtured plants are known from other localities in the Toliara and Onilahy regions of Madagascar, as discussed in the text.C–E. Kalanchoe tubiflora showing some variation in the overall colouration of the plants. It is not known which of the forms of K. tubiflora that are cultivated in the Arboretum are native to the Toliara region, and which were introduced from elsewhere in Madagascar. Photographs: Jun Ikeda." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656395" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656395/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">6</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520640DB0BFEECCFEC2E22FF52" box="[332,347,194,220]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="11.[136,229,944,966]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,920]" captionTargetId="figure-18@11.[151,1436,190,920]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 8. Kalanchoe sanctula in cultivation, in Israel. A. Apex of a plant showing the characteristic yellowish or brownish green colouration and dark leaf margins. B. A peltate leaf, bearing numerous bulbils and bulbil pedestals; also showing bulbils bearing bulbils themselves, as well as roots. C. Plants at early anthesis with peduncular leaves still present, transitioning from ovate auriculate to attenuate lanceolate. Flowers have a small calyx and a highly medially inflated, green-infused, pink corolla that is much wider than the calyx in width. D. Flower colour later in anthesis. E. Plant in flower, displaying yellow leaf colouration, a comparatively large reproductive part, and wilted peduncular leaves. Photographs: Ronen Shtein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656401" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656401/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">8</figureCitation>
, and 9).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="813936D70640DB0BFF1DCFC92BB9FEE2" blockId="13.[136,1452,158,1553]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">
We conclude that 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFE28CFC92D67FE8E" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[392,542,230,256]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFE28CFC92D67FE8E" box="[392,542,230,256]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
not only differs from the hybrid of Resende and Viana and combinations similar to it in several diagnostic traits, but also possesses some unique traits among representatives of 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFB16CE252BA8FEAA" box="[1206,1233,267,292]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K.</emphasis>
sect. 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFAB1CE252A04FEAA" box="[1297,1405,267,292]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">Invasores</emphasis>
, for example its unique phenology, thickened lower stem and leaves, as well as its calyx morphology (discussed above). Many of the traits present in 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFE6CCE7D2D18FEE2" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[460,609,338,364]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFE6CCE7D2D18FEE2" box="[460,609,338,364]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not intermediate between any two related species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="813936D70640DB0BFF1DCE582E0CFC92" blockId="13.[136,1452,158,1553]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">
Given their multiple, specialised reproductive strategies, including the production of large numbers of bulbils on leaf margins, multi-annual representatives of 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFD12CEB52DBCFE3A" box="[690,709,411,436]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K</emphasis>
. sect. 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFCB0CEB52C05FE3A" box="[784,892,411,436]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">Invasores</emphasis>
, including 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFC5ECEB52BAAFE3A" box="[1022,1235,410,436]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFC5ECEB52BAAFE3A" box="[1022,1235,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFAADCEB52ADDFE3A" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[1293,1444,410,436]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFAADCEB52ADDFE3A" box="[1293,1444,410,436]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, do not rely exclusively on sexual reproduction to ensure the establishment of the next generation. Aspects of the reproductive biology of these species, such as the reduced viability of seed and the occurrence of a high frequency of deformed flowers (
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFEDFCD282D6DFDAE" author="Smith, G. F." box="[383,532,518,544]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref19154" refString="Smith, G. F. (2020 g) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe × laetivirens (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further invasive nothospecies from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 97 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 460.1.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Smith 
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</bibRefCitation>
, reported for 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFD0FCD292C3FFDAE" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[687,838,518,544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFD0FCD292C3FFDAE" box="[687,838,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), also commonly occur in 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFBD8CD292A35FDAE" box="[1144,1356,518,544]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFBD8CD292A35FDAE" box="[1144,1356,518,544]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFAFCCD282E7EFDCA" author="Garces, H. M. P. &amp; Champagne, C. E. M. &amp; Townsley, B. T. &amp; Park, S. &amp; Malho, R. &amp; Pedroso, M. C. &amp; Harada, J. J. &amp; Sinha, N. R." pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="15578 - 15583" refId="ref16970" refString="Garces, H. M. P., Champagne, C. E. M., Townsley, B. T., Park, S., Malho, R., Pedroso, M. C., Harada, J. J. &amp; Sinha, N. R. (2007) Evolution of asexual reproduction in leaves of the genus Kalanchoe. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 15578 - 15583. https: // doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0704105104" type="journal article" year="2007">
Garcês 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFF28CD052FC5FDCA" box="[136,188,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">et al</emphasis>
. 2007
</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFEB5CD052D5DFDCA" author="Herrera, I. &amp; Nassar, J. M." box="[277,548,554,581]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="978 - 986" refId="ref17482" refString="Herrera, I. &amp; Nassar, J. M. (2009) Reproductive and recruitment traits as indicators of the invasive potential of Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Crassulaceae) and Stapelia gigantea (Apocynaceae) in a Neotropical arid zone. Journal of Arid Environments 73 (11): 978 - 986. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. jaridenv. 2009.05.004" type="journal article" year="2009">Herrera &amp; Nassar 2009</bibRefCitation>
, pers. obs. by the authors), and in 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFC17CD052B40FDCA" authorityName="Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[951,1081,554,580]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sanctula">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFC17CD052B40FDCA" box="[951,1081,554,580]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. sanctula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A decreased reliance on sexual reproduction, as opposed to vegetative reproduction, likely resulted in a reduction in the maintenance of uniform and viable fertile structures. However, the evolution of asexual reproduction in the genus, particularly in constitutively phyllo-bulbiliferous species, such as 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFD90CDB92C7CFD3E" box="[560,773,662,688]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFD90CDB92C7CFD3E" box="[560,773,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFCE1CDB92CA0FD3E" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[833,985,662,688]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFCE1CDB92CA0FD3E" box="[833,985,662,688]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, is not yet fully understood. Regardless, as noted by 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFEB1CD942E99FD5A" author="Smith, G. F." box="[273,480,698,724]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref19154" refString="Smith, G. F. (2020 g) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe × laetivirens (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further invasive nothospecies from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 97 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 460.1.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Smith (
<quantity id="467E9B320640DB0BFEC4CD942ED6FD5A" box="[356,431,698,724]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.02" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" unit="g" value="2020.0">2020g</quantity>
: 97)
</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFDB8CD942C37FD5A" author="Shtein, R. &amp; Smith, G. F." box="[536,846,698,724]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="93 - 120" refId="ref18685" refString="Shtein, R. &amp; Smith, G. F. (2021) A revision of the climbing kalanchoes (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Madagascar including the description of K. sect. Invasores and K. ser. Vilana. Phytotaxa 482 (2): 93 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 482.2.1" type="journal article" year="2021">Smith &amp; Shtein (2021: 247</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520640DB0BFCFACD942CC8FD5A" box="[858,945,698,724]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[136,229,1740,1762]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,785,1715]" captionTargetId="figure-333@4.[151,1436,785,1715]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. Habit and inflorescences of Kalanchoe ×descoingsii (R. Shtein 501). A. Apical view of plant in bud, showing the green, small-sized, succulent, acute-tipped flower buds. B. Lateral view of plant showing the unusual phenological transition in leaf shape and node spacing, and the indistinct stem-peduncle transition. C. Leaves in the apical ¼ of the stem; the leaves are dark purple-coloured, well-spaced, attenuate, oblanceolate, and the margins subentire, except apically. D. Basal portion of the stem, showing extremely short nodes and densely arranged, conspicuous leaf scars. The striped and distinctly auriculate base of the leaf blade in side view, with bulbils and bulbil pedestals visible. E. Detail of the flower-bearing portion of the inflorescence at early anthesis, showing the purple-tanned buds and pink corollas that are whitish green when emerging. F. Close-up of the fairly short dichasial cyme, and pink flowers. G. Details of the internally medially orange and apically pink corolla, the yellow pollen, the cuneate carpels dressed with short, rounded nectar scales, and the rounded calyx. Photographs: Ronen Shtein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656389" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656389/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">Fig. 3D</figureCitation>
) for 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFC4ACD952BC4FD5A" box="[1002,1213,698,724]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFC4ACD952BC4FD5A" box="[1002,1213,698,724]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and as shown in this paper for 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFF58CDF12EF6FD76" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[248,399,734,760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFF58CDF12EF6FD76" box="[248,399,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFE79CDF12DD4FD76" box="[473,685,734,760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFE79CDF12DD4FD76" box="[473,685,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFD46CDF12C04FD76" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[742,893,734,760]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFD46CDF12C04FD76" box="[742,893,734,760]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
do produce at least some viable seed, and ample interspecific hybrids.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="813936D70640DB0BFF1DCC082C4DFA46" blockId="13.[136,1452,158,1553]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">
The type specimen of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFE1FCC092D2FFCCE" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[447,598,806,832]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFE1FCC092D2FFCCE" box="[447,598,806,832]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was collected as a garden escape and not in the wild (
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFB6CCC082AE6FCCE" author="Smith, G. F." box="[1228,1439,806,832]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref19154" refString="Smith, G. F. (2020 g) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe × laetivirens (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further invasive nothospecies from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 97 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 460.1.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Smith 
<quantity id="467E9B320640DB0BFABACC082A1CFCCE" box="[1306,1381,806,832]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.02" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" unit="g" value="2020.0">2020g</quantity>
: 100
</bibRefCitation>
). However, 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFF59CC642E9DFCEB" author="Descoings, B." box="[249,484,842,869]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="79 - 89" refId="ref16682" refString="Descoings, B. (1997) Note sur quelques especes nouvelles de Kalanchoe de Madagascar. Journal de Botanique de la Societe de Botanique de France 4: 79 - 89, plates 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1997">Descoings (1997: 85)</bibRefCitation>
was informed that the species originated from the Isalo Massif (see ‘Natural distribution’ of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFF0ACC412E3DFC06" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[170,324,878,904]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFF0ACC412E3DFC06" box="[170,324,878,904]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, above), where one of us (JI) photographed it (
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520640DB0BFCD6CC402C8FFC06" box="[886,1014,878,904]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[136,229,1326,1348]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,671,1302]" captionTargetId="figure-239@10.[151,1436,671,1302]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Kalanchoe laetivirens. A–B. Plants growing in habitat, in the Isalo Massif, Madagascar, with some desiccated peduncles visible, showing the colouration and growth habit characteristic of the species. C–D. Plant grown in culture, in Israel, showing the characteristic light green colouration, often pinkish abaxial leaf surface, a multitude of bulbils and bulbil pedestals per leaf, erect leaf blade base auricles, basally thick stem and leaf petioles, and pink flowers with a small calyx and a calyx tube about as long as the free sepal segments. Photographs: A–B, Jun Ikeda; C–D, Ronen Shtein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656397" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656397/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">Fig. 7A–B</figureCitation>
). The natural distribution range of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFA32CC412F84FC22" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFA32CC412F84FC22" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is therefore not known to be sympatric with those of either 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFC14CCBD2BF1FC22" box="[948,1160,914,940]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFC14CCBD2BF1FC22" box="[948,1160,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see below regarding the occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFE88CC992E83FC5E" box="[296,506,950,976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFE88CC992E83FC5E" box="[296,506,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at “Isalo”.) or 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFD01CC992C58FC5E" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" box="[673,801,950,976]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFD01CC992C58FC5E" box="[673,801,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, two species offered as possible parents of 
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFAA6CC992A60FC5E" box="[1286,1305,951,976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K</emphasis>
. × 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFA96CC982E17FC7B" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFA96CC982AD2FC5E" box="[1334,1451,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">laetivirens</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFF30CCF42E1FFC7B" author="Smith, G. F." box="[144,358,986,1013]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="97 - 109" refId="ref19154" refString="Smith, G. F. (2020 g) Taxonomy and nomenclature of Kalanchoe × laetivirens (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae), a further invasive nothospecies from Madagascar. Phytotaxa 460 (1): 97 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 460.1.6" type="journal article" year="2020">
Smith 
<quantity id="467E9B320640DB0BFF7FCCF42E53FC7A" box="[223,298,986,1012]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.02" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" unit="g" value="2020.0">2020g</quantity>
: 105
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Note though that hybridisation between species grown in a garden is a common occurrence (see ‘Introduction’ for references). While both 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFD3BCCD12C16FB96" box="[667,879,1022,1048]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFD3BCCD12C16FB96" box="[667,879,1022,1048]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFC08CCD12B46FB96" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[936,1087,1022,1048]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFC08CCD12B46FB96" box="[936,1087,1022,1048]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occur naturally in southwestern 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470640DB0BFF28CB0C2E68FBB2" box="[136,273,1058,1084]" name="Madagascar" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, the original habitat of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFDB5CB0D2DD2FBB2" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[533,683,1058,1084]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFDB5CB0D2DD2FBB2" box="[533,683,1058,1084]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the Isalo Massif, as reported to 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFB90CB0C2A5AFBB3" author="Descoings, B." box="[1072,1315,1058,1085]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="79 - 89" refId="ref16682" refString="Descoings, B. (1997) Note sur quelques especes nouvelles de Kalanchoe de Madagascar. Journal de Botanique de la Societe de Botanique de France 4: 79 - 89, plates 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1997">Descoings (1997: 85)</bibRefCitation>
, is over 
<quantity id="467E9B320640DB0BFA21CB0C2FD5FBEE" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" unit="km" value="100.0">100 km</quantity>
away from the closest recorded 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFDBCCB692D96FBEE" box="[540,751,1094,1120]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFDBCCB692D96FBEE" box="[540,751,1094,1120]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurrence to the south, the 
<typeStatus id="5E3D88750640DB0BFB96CB692B1FFBEF" box="[1078,1126,1095,1121]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">type</typeStatus>
locality of the latter species, the Androhiboalava Mountain, near Benenitra, as well as from the Marosavoha Mountain in the same region (
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFAF5CB442FBDFB26" author="Cristini, M." pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="309 - 313" refId="ref16594" refString="Cristini, M. (2020) The distribution of Kalanchoe daigremontiana Raym. - Hamet &amp; H. Perrier in Madagascar. CactusWorld 38 (4): 309 - 313." type="journal article" year="2020">Cristini 2020</bibRefCitation>
), and over 
<quantity id="467E9B320640DB0BFEE2CBA02EE1FB26" box="[322,408,1166,1193]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" unit="km" value="150.0">150 km</quantity>
away from the closest recorded occurrence of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFC0ACBA12B04FB26" box="[938,1149,1166,1192]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFC0ACBA12B04FB26" box="[938,1149,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the north, in the Makay Massif (
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFF43CB9C2D74FB42" author="Shtein, R. &amp; Smith, G. F." box="[227,525,1202,1228]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="93 - 120" refId="ref18685" refString="Shtein, R. &amp; Smith, G. F. (2021) A revision of the climbing kalanchoes (Crassulaceae subfam. Kalanchooideae) of Madagascar including the description of K. sect. Invasores and K. ser. Vilana. Phytotaxa 482 (2): 93 - 120. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / phytotaxa. 482.2.1" type="journal article" year="2021">Smith &amp; Shtein 2021: 246</bibRefCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520640DB0BFDB7CB9C2D12FB43" box="[535,619,1202,1229]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[136,229,993,1015]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,190,969]" captionTargetId="figure-17@3.[151,1436,190,969]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Comparison between two forms of Kalanchoe ×houghtonii Morphotype D, which is alternatively treated as K. daigremontiana and potentially represent K. daigremontiana × K.×houghtonii. Both forms lack the large, medially inflated, orange, red or magenta flowers of the other K. ×houghtonii Morphotypes discussed in this paper, the leaf arrangement generally remains decussate, and the leaf blade base is peltate when plants reach maturity. A–D. A form originating from the Toliara region, southern Madagascar, showing saddle-shaped, peltate leaf blade bases on mature leaves, subentire margins on leaves of young plants, abaxial maculation patterns resembling those of K. daigremontiana, and uniquely, sepals that are barely fused. E–H. Kalanchoe ‘Parsel Tongue’, reportedly a garden hybrid that arose spontaneously, showing funnel-shaped peltate leaf blade bases on mature leaves, dentate margins even on leaves of young plants, uniquely granular abaxial maculation patterns distinct from those of any other kalanchoe of the K. daigremontiana species complex, and sepals that are fused for half of their length, as observed in K. daigremontiana. Also note that these two forms differ significantly in the length of their corollae. Photographs: Ronen Shtein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656387" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656387/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">Fig. 2A</figureCitation>
)—three out of four occurrences mentioned by Raymond-Hamet &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFAFFCB9C2EEFFB7E" author="Perrier de la Bathie, J. M. H. A." pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="113 - 207" refId="ref18172" refString="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie, J. M. H. A. (1914) Nouvelle contribution a l'etude des Crassulacees malgaches. Annales du Musee Colonial de Marseille, ser. 3, 2: 113 - 207. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 23004 # page / 551 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1914">Perrier de la Bâthie (1914: 131)</bibRefCitation>
in the protologue of 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFDDECBF92C36FB7E" box="[638,847,1238,1264]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFDDECBF92C36FB7E" box="[638,847,1238,1264]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A fourth occurrence observed by Perrier de la Bâthie, in the Isalo region, was also mentioned. However, no exsiccata or recent photographic evidence or other observations exist to corroborate this (see Supplementary file). It is possible that Perrier de la Bâthie (in Raymond-Hamet &amp; 
<bibRefCitation id="E5174B260640DB0BFAFFCA302E35FAD2" author="Perrier de la Bathie, J. M. H. A." pageId="13" pageNumber="248" pagination="113 - 207" refId="ref18172" refString="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie, J. M. H. A. (1914) Nouvelle contribution a l'etude des Crassulacees malgaches. Annales du Musee Colonial de Marseille, ser. 3, 2: 113 - 207. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 23004 # page / 551 / mode / 1 up]" type="journal article" year="1914">Perrier de la Bâthie 1914</bibRefCitation>
) might in fact have referred to 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFD04CA6D2C40FAD2" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[676,825,1346,1372]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFD04CA6D2C40FAD2" box="[676,825,1346,1372]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which was then still undescribed, when he documented this locality for 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFEE6CA492D65FA0E" box="[326,540,1382,1408]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFEE6CA492D65FA0E" box="[326,540,1382,1408]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, or that the latter species is indeed also present there (
<figureCitation id="19BD2A520640DB0BFB04CA482B95FA0E" box="[1188,1260,1382,1408]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[136,229,1862,1884]" captionTargetBox="[183,1421,954,1818]" captionTargetId="figure-390@15.[157,1432,929,1838]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9.All documented occurrences of representatives of the Kalanchoe daigremontiana species complex, and associated interspecific hybrids, in southern Madagascar. The precise locality of the type of K. tubiflora in Madagascar is insufficiently known to be placed (see Figueiredo &amp; Smith 2017: 771). Overlapping markers are separated using Point Displacement in QGIS, except of the marker of the locality of the neotype of K. sanctula which is overlapped by the marker of the type of the name and is not displayed. © OpenStreetMap contributors. Locality information is included in the Supplementary file." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5656403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5656403/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
). In contrast, 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFA32CA492F91FA2A" authorityName="Baker" authorityYear="1887" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laxiflora">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFA32CA492F91FA2A" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laxiflora</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is only known to naturally occur in east-central and southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F99176470640DB0BFC49CAA42B0BFA2A" box="[1001,1138,1418,1444]" name="Madagascar" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
, though some forms of the related species, 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFE9ACA812E9EFA46" authorityName="Raymond-Hamet &amp; Perrier de la Bathie" authorityYear="1915" box="[314,487,1454,1480]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="fedtschenkoi">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFE9ACA812E9EFA46" box="[314,487,1454,1480]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. fedtschenkoi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, do occur in the Isalo Massif.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="813936D70640DB0BFF1DCAFC2C44F99F" blockId="13.[136,1452,158,1553]" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">
These morphological and geographical considerations suggest that 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFC0ACAFD2B46FA62" authorityName=", Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[938,1087,1490,1516]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="laetivirens">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFC0ACAFD2B46FA62" box="[938,1087,1490,1516]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. laetivirens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
should be treated as an accepted species, closely related to 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFE0DCAD92DF9F99E" box="[429,640,1526,1552]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="daigremontiana">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFE0DCAD92DF9F99E" box="[429,640,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. daigremontiana</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="46864D540640DB0BFD16CAD92C4FF99E" authorityName="Descoings" authorityYear="1997" box="[694,822,1526,1552]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Crassulaceae" genus="Kalanchoe" kingdom="Plantae" order="Saxifragales" pageId="13" pageNumber="248" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="sanctula">
<emphasis id="B3F2EAC50640DB0BFD16CAD92C4FF99E" box="[694,822,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="248">K. sanctula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>