plazi/treatments-xml
2
0
Fork 0
Code Issues Pull requests Releases Activity
treatments-xml/data/94/0B/90/940B903296595B10BEB96D28A49C2853.xml
maintenance 182ac18f80 added 94
2024-06-21 12:44:28 +02:00

658 lines
77 KiB
XML
Raw Blame History

This file contains ambiguous Unicode characters

This file contains Unicode characters that might be confused with other characters. If you think that this is intentional, you can safely ignore this warning. Use the Escape button to reveal them.

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.32822" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8bd911c4-a027-4a72-a69b-f37bc46b24b9" ID-PMC="PMC7669820" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-989-79" ID-Pensoft-UUID="65AB71A5B3985F5E9FBF8CD56BC96143" ID-PubMed="33223897" ID-ZooBank="F78F6D879DDB4CD98E4C60E4883A59B6" ModsDocID="1313-2970-989-79" checkinTime="1604986516813" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Selz, Oliver M., Doenz, Carmela J., Vonlanthen, Pascal &amp; Seehausen, Ole" docDate="2020" docId="940B903296595B10BEB96D28A49C2853" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 989: 79-162" docOrigin="ZooKeys 989" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.32822" docTitle="Coregonus acrinasus Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen 2020, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docUuid="FEB8CAC5-E55D-4A8C-8E21-94E4DB0E77B2" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="6" id="65AB71A5B3985F5E9FBF8CD56BC96143" lastPageNumber="124" masterDocId="65AB71A5B3985F5E9FBF8CD56BC96143" masterDocTitle="A taxonomic revision of the whitefish of lakes Brienz and Thun, Switzerland, with descriptions of four new species (Teleostei, Coregonidae)" masterLastPageNumber="162" masterPageNumber="79" pageNumber="120" updateTime="1668169826672" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>A taxonomic revision of the whitefish of lakes Brienz and Thun, Switzerland, with descriptions of four new species (Teleostei, Coregonidae)</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Selz, Oliver M.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution &amp; Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland &amp; Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2210-5909</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">oliver.selz@eawag.ch</mods:nameIdentifier>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Doenz, Carmela J.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution &amp; Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland &amp; Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Vonlanthen, Pascal</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution &amp; Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland &amp; Aquabios GmbH, Les Fermes 57, 1792 Cordast, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Seehausen, Ole</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution, Centre for Ecology, Evolution &amp; Biogeochemistry, Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 6047 Kastanienbaum, Switzerland &amp; Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland</mods:affiliation>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>989</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>79</mods:start>
<mods:end>162</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.32822</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.989.32822</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-989-79</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">F78F6D879DDB4CD98E4C60E4883A59B6</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">65AB71A5B3985F5E9FBF8CD56BC96143</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168961871" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FEB8CAC5-E55D-4A8C-8E21-94E4DB0E77B2" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/940B903296595B10BEB96D28A49C2853" lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="120" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName LSID="940B9032-9659-5B10-BEB9-6D28A49C2853" authority="Selz, Dönz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Teleostei" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus" status="sp. nov.">
Coregonus acrinasus Selz,
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="41" pageNumber="120">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="120" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus" order="Teleostei" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
&quot;Albock&quot;:
<bibRefCitation author="Kirchhofer, A" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Special Issues Advances in Limnology" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="61 - 70" refId="B35" refString="Kirchhofer, A, 1995. Growth characteristics of coregonid populations in three lakes with different trophic states and decreasing nutrient concentrations. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Special Issues Advances in Limnology 46: 61 - 70" title="Growth characteristics of coregonid populations in three lakes with different trophic states and decreasing nutrient concentrations." volume="46" year="1995">Kirchhofer 1995</bibRefCitation>
(see also synonymy of
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. alpinus" order="Teleostei" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="alpinus">C. alpinus</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. steinmanni" order="Teleostei" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="steinmanni">C. steinmanni</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus" order="Teleostei" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
&quot;Albock&quot;, &quot;THU1&quot;: Douglas et al. 1999;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" author="Douglas, MR" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B16" refString="Douglas, MR, Brunner, PC, 2002. Biodiversity of central alpine Coregonus (Salmoniformes): impact of one-hundred years of management. Ecological Applications 12: 154-172. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" title="Biodiversity of central alpine Coregonus (Salmoniformes): impact of one-hundred years of management. Ecological Applications 12: 154 - 172." url="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" year="2002">Douglas and Brunner 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" author="Douglas, MR" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B17" refString="Douglas, MR, Brunner, PC, Bernatchez, L, 2003. Doassemblages of Coregonus (Teleostei: Salmoniformes) in the Central Alpine region of Europe represent species flocks? Molecular Ecology 8: 589-603. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" title="Doassemblages of Coregonus (Teleostei: Salmoniformes) in the Central Alpine region of Europe represent species flocks? Molecular Ecology 8: 589 - 603." url="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" year="2003">Douglas et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
(see also synonymy of
<taxonomicName family="Coregonidae" higherTaxonomySource="treatment-meta" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="C. fatioi" order="Teleostei" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="fatioi">C. fatioi</taxonomicName>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Kottelat" authorityYear="1997" class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus fatioi" order="Teleostei" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fatioi">Coregonus fatioi</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0925" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="58 - 66" refId="B28" refString="Hudson, AG, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2011. Rapid parallel adaptive radiation from a single hybridogenic ancestral population. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 58 - 66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0925" title="Rapid parallel adaptive radiation from a single hybridogenic ancestral population." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0925" volume="278" year="2011">Hudson et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-108" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="BMC Evolutionary Biology" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="1 - 108" refId="B27" refString="Hudson, AG, Vonlanthen, P, Bezault, E, Seehausen, O, 2013. Genomic signatures of relaxed disruptive selection associated with speciation reversal in whitefish. BMC Evolutionary Biology 13: 1 - 108, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-108" title="Genomic signatures of relaxed disruptive selection associated with speciation reversal in whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-108" volume="13" year="2013">2013</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B26" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: fine- scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10: 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: fine- scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Ingram, T" journalOrPublisher="Advances in Limnology" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" refId="B30" refString="Ingram, T, Hudson, AG, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2012. Does water depth or diet divergence predict progress towards ecological speciation in whitefish radiations? Evolutionary Ecology Research 14: 487-502." title="Does water depth or diet divergence predict progress towards ecological speciation in whitefish radiations? Evolutionary Ecology Research 14: 487 - 502." year="2012">Ingram et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10824" author="Vonlanthen, P" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" pagination="357 - 363" refId="B64" refString="Vonlanthen, P, Bittner, D, Hudson, A, Young, KA, Mueller, R, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Roy, D, Di Piazza, S, Largiader, CR, Seehausen, O, 2012. Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations. Nature 482: 357 - 363, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10824" title="Eutrophication causes speciation reversal in whitefish adaptive radiations." url="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10824" volume="482" year="2012">Vonlanthen et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName class="Actinopterygii" family="Coregonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus" order="Teleostei" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Coregonus</taxonomicName>
sp. &quot;Albock&quot;: Doenz et al. 2018
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="120" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3023655305" collectionCode="NMBE" country="Switzerland" latitude="46.666668" location="Lake Thun" longLatPrecision="1122" longitude="7.7666664" specimenCode="NMBE-1077271" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-male="1" typeStatus="holotype">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<typeStatus>Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode>NMBE-1077271</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry>Switzerland</collectingCountry>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:940B903296595B10BEB96D28A49C2853:F601877FA58431B685EA6A21F01FB510" country="Switzerland" latitude="46.666668" longLatPrecision="1122" longitude="7.7666664" name="Lake Thun">Lake Thun</location>
(
<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="46.666668">46°40'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="7.7666664">7°46'E</geoCoordinate>
), 239.5 mm SL,
<specimenCount type="male">male</specimenCount>
.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3023655307" collectionCode="NMBE" country="Switzerland" latitude="46.666668" location="Lake Thun" longLatPrecision="1122" longitude="7.7666664" specimenCode="NMBE-1077238-1077240, NMBE-1077268-1077270, NMBE-1077272-1077290" specimenCount="25" typeStatus="paratype">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<typeStatus>Paratypes</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<specimenCode>NMBE-1077238-1077240</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode>NMBE-1077268-1077270</specimenCode>
,
<specimenCode>NMBE-1077272-1077290</specimenCode>
,
<collectingCountry>Switzerland</collectingCountry>
,
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:940B903296595B10BEB96D28A49C2853:546FAEA7284FC4CE5B9943C754CCB897" country="Switzerland" latitude="46.666668" longLatPrecision="1122" longitude="7.7666664" name="Lake Thun">Lake Thun</location>
(
<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="46.666668">46°40'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="7.7666664">7°46'E</geoCoordinate>
), N =
<specimenCount>25</specimenCount>
, 197-278 mm SL.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="41" pageNumber="120" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Coregonus acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a medium-sized whitefish with moderate pigmentation of all fins and body; dark greenish blue colour on the flanks above the lateral line; moderate to many pigmented small dots on the scales; tip of the snout pointy; long head; small eye with a thick and triangular shaped eye socket; many and moderately long gill rakers.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" type="differential diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Differential diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Coregonus acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
only occurs in Lake Thun and shows ancestry contributions from whitefish of Lake Constance, besides its Lake Thun ancestry. These derive from historically documented introductions of at least two whitefish species (
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. wartmanni" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. macrophthalmus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. macrophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) into Lake Thun. Since, historically undocumented introductions of other whitefish from Lake Constance cannot be excluded and since there is no clear genetic assignment of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. wartmanni" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. macrophthalmus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. macrophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as likely source of the allochthonous introgression we compare the characters of this species with those of all whitefish species from Lake Constance and all other whitefish species from Lake Thun. The differential diagnoses against
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alpinus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. fatioi" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="fatioi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. fatioi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. steinmanni" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="steinmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. steinmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are given under those
<normalizedToken originalValue="species’">species'</normalizedToken>
accounts.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Lake Constance comparison.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">Coregonus acrinasus</taxonomicName>
-all four Lake Constance species
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
The wider underjaw of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(9.2-14.3% HL, mean = 12.2) differentiates it from all other species from Lake Constance,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gutturosus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="gutturosus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. gutturosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(6.8-9.9% HL, mean = 7.7),
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. arenicolus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="arenicolus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. arenicolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(7.8-8.5% HL, mean = 8.1),
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. macrophthalmus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. macrophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(6.4-8.8% HL, mean = 8) and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. wartmanni" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(8.1% HL) (Tables
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="T9" captionText="Table 9. Morphological and meristic data of C. acrinasus from Lake Thun, NMBE- 1077271, male, holotype; paratypes N = 25. For males and for both sexes, the range and mean include the holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" tableUuid="630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9">9</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 12" captionStartId="T12" captionText="Table 12. Morphological and meristic data of C. gutturosus Gmelin, 1818, C. arenicolus Kottelat, 1997, C. macrophthalmus Nuesslin, 1882 and C. wartmanni Bloch, 1784 from Lake Constance. Coregonus gutturosus Gmelin, 1818, non-types N = 10. Coregonus arenicolus Kottelat, 1997, holotype, NMBE- 1076223 (Eawag- 239 - 1), sex unknown; paratypes N = 3. Coregonus macrophthalmus Nuesslin, 1882, syntypes N = 7. C. wartmanni Bloch, 1784, non- type, NMBE- 1076206, female." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EAA622810A998C159518B4C928F070BB" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" tableUuid="EAA622810A998C159518B4C928F070BB">12</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">Coregonus acrinasus</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Bloch" authorityYear="1784" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus wartmanni" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wartmanni">Coregonus wartmanni</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Coregonus acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. wartmanni" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a larger eye and eye cavity (eye diameter: 21.6-25.5% HL, mean = 23.7 vs. 18.9% HL; eye cavity: 26-29.6% HL, mean = 27.7 vs. 23.9% HL; eye height: 21.7-24.8% HL, mean = 22.9 vs. 19% HL) (Tables
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="T9" captionText="Table 9. Morphological and meristic data of C. acrinasus from Lake Thun, NMBE- 1077271, male, holotype; paratypes N = 25. For males and for both sexes, the range and mean include the holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" tableUuid="630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9">9</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 12" captionStartId="T12" captionText="Table 12. Morphological and meristic data of C. gutturosus Gmelin, 1818, C. arenicolus Kottelat, 1997, C. macrophthalmus Nuesslin, 1882 and C. wartmanni Bloch, 1784 from Lake Constance. Coregonus gutturosus Gmelin, 1818, non-types N = 10. Coregonus arenicolus Kottelat, 1997, holotype, NMBE- 1076223 (Eawag- 239 - 1), sex unknown; paratypes N = 3. Coregonus macrophthalmus Nuesslin, 1882, syntypes N = 7. C. wartmanni Bloch, 1784, non- type, NMBE- 1076206, female." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EAA622810A998C159518B4C928F070BB" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" tableUuid="EAA622810A998C159518B4C928F070BB">12</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">Coregonus acrinasus</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Nuesslin" authorityYear="1882" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus macrophthalmus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">Coregonus macrophthalmus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Coregonus acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. macrophthalmus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. macrophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having a wider head (43.9- 56.2% HL, mean = 49.6 vs. 39.3-43.3% HL, mean = 41.6) (Tables
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="T9" captionText="Table 9. Morphological and meristic data of C. acrinasus from Lake Thun, NMBE- 1077271, male, holotype; paratypes N = 25. For males and for both sexes, the range and mean include the holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" tableUuid="630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9">9</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 12" captionStartId="T12" captionText="Table 12. Morphological and meristic data of C. gutturosus Gmelin, 1818, C. arenicolus Kottelat, 1997, C. macrophthalmus Nuesslin, 1882 and C. wartmanni Bloch, 1784 from Lake Constance. Coregonus gutturosus Gmelin, 1818, non-types N = 10. Coregonus arenicolus Kottelat, 1997, holotype, NMBE- 1076223 (Eawag- 239 - 1), sex unknown; paratypes N = 3. Coregonus macrophthalmus Nuesslin, 1882, syntypes N = 7. C. wartmanni Bloch, 1784, non- type, NMBE- 1076206, female." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EAA622810A998C159518B4C928F070BB" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" tableUuid="EAA622810A998C159518B4C928F070BB">12</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">Coregonus acrinasus</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Gmelin" authorityYear="1818" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus gutturosus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gutturosus">Coregonus gutturosus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Coregonus acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gutturosus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="gutturosus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. gutturosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having more and longer gill rakers (upper arch gill raker number: 10-15, mode = 13 vs. 7-9, mode = 7; lower arch gill raker number: 20-26, mode = 24 vs. 9-12, mode = 10; total gill raker number: 30-40, mode = 36 vs. 16- 21, mode = 19; middle gill raker length: 9.1-16.6% HL, mean = 13.4 vs. 4.1-8.7% HL, mean = 6.9; longest gill raker length: 11.4- 16.9, mean = 14.5 vs. 6.7-10.6% HL, mean = 8.2), a longer lower jaw (38.6-47% HL, mean = 40.9 vs. 34.3-39.1% HL, mean = 36.6) and a shorter head (13.8-16.1% HL, mean = 15.2 vs. 15.4-18.1% HL, mean = 16.8) (Tables
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="T9" captionText="Table 9. Morphological and meristic data of C. acrinasus from Lake Thun, NMBE- 1077271, male, holotype; paratypes N = 25. For males and for both sexes, the range and mean include the holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" tableUuid="630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9">9</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 12" captionStartId="T12" captionText="Table 12. Morphological and meristic data of C. gutturosus Gmelin, 1818, C. arenicolus Kottelat, 1997, C. macrophthalmus Nuesslin, 1882 and C. wartmanni Bloch, 1784 from Lake Constance. Coregonus gutturosus Gmelin, 1818, non-types N = 10. Coregonus arenicolus Kottelat, 1997, holotype, NMBE- 1076223 (Eawag- 239 - 1), sex unknown; paratypes N = 3. Coregonus macrophthalmus Nuesslin, 1882, syntypes N = 7. C. wartmanni Bloch, 1784, non- type, NMBE- 1076206, female." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EAA622810A998C159518B4C928F070BB" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" tableUuid="EAA622810A998C159518B4C928F070BB">12</tableCitation>
, Suppl. material 1: Table S7).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">Coregonus acrinasus</taxonomicName>
-
<taxonomicName authorityName=", Kottelat" authorityYear="1997" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus arenicolus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arenicolus">Coregonus arenicolus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="42" lastPageNumber="121" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">Coregonus acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be differentiated from
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. arenicolus" pageId="41" pageNumber="120" rank="species" species="arenicolus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="120">C. arenicolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having more and longer gill rakers (lower arch gill raker number: 20-26, mode = 24 vs. 13-19;
<pageBreakToken pageId="42" pageNumber="121" start="start">total</pageBreakToken>
gill raker number: 30-40, mode = 36 vs. 22-31; middle gill raker length: 9.1-16.6% HL, mean = 13.4 vs. 9.8- 10.6% HL, mean = 10.2; longest gill raker length: 11.4-16.9, mean = 14.5 vs. 10.9-12% HL, mean = 11.5), a larger eye (eye diameter: 21.6-25.5% HL, mean = 23.7 vs. 17.3-19.6% HL, mean = 17.7; eye cavity: 26-29.6% HL, mean = 27.7 vs. 24.1-25.7% HL, mean = 25; eye height: 21.7-24.8% HL, mean = 22.9 vs. 18.8-20.8% HL, mean = 19.6) and a shorter anal fin (9.2-13% HL, mean = 11.6 vs. 12.9-13.8 % HL, mean = 13.3) (Tables
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="T9" captionText="Table 9. Morphological and meristic data of C. acrinasus from Lake Thun, NMBE- 1077271, male, holotype; paratypes N = 25. For males and for both sexes, the range and mean include the holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9" pageId="42" pageNumber="121" tableUuid="630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9">9</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 12" captionStartId="T12" captionText="Table 12. Morphological and meristic data of C. gutturosus Gmelin, 1818, C. arenicolus Kottelat, 1997, C. macrophthalmus Nuesslin, 1882 and C. wartmanni Bloch, 1784 from Lake Constance. Coregonus gutturosus Gmelin, 1818, non-types N = 10. Coregonus arenicolus Kottelat, 1997, holotype, NMBE- 1076223 (Eawag- 239 - 1), sex unknown; paratypes N = 3. Coregonus macrophthalmus Nuesslin, 1882, syntypes N = 7. C. wartmanni Bloch, 1784, non- type, NMBE- 1076206, female." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EAA622810A998C159518B4C928F070BB" pageId="42" pageNumber="121" tableUuid="EAA622810A998C159518B4C928F070BB">12</tableCitation>
, Suppl. material 1: Table S7).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="42" pageNumber="121" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="121">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="121">
General appearance is shown in Figure 10. Morphological and meristic characters of both sexes can be found in Tables
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 9" captionStartId="T9" captionText="Table 9. Morphological and meristic data of C. acrinasus from Lake Thun, NMBE- 1077271, male, holotype; paratypes N = 25. For males and for both sexes, the range and mean include the holotype." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9" pageId="42" pageNumber="121" tableUuid="630F49D117E098C3FF92B828F712F7B9">9</tableCitation>
,
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 12" captionStartId="T12" captionText="Table 12. Morphological and meristic data of C. gutturosus Gmelin, 1818, C. arenicolus Kottelat, 1997, C. macrophthalmus Nuesslin, 1882 and C. wartmanni Bloch, 1784 from Lake Constance. Coregonus gutturosus Gmelin, 1818, non-types N = 10. Coregonus arenicolus Kottelat, 1997, holotype, NMBE- 1076223 (Eawag- 239 - 1), sex unknown; paratypes N = 3. Coregonus macrophthalmus Nuesslin, 1882, syntypes N = 7. C. wartmanni Bloch, 1784, non- type, NMBE- 1076206, female." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/EAA622810A998C159518B4C928F070BB" pageId="42" pageNumber="121" tableUuid="EAA622810A998C159518B4C928F070BB">12</tableCitation>
, and Suppl. material 1: Tables S6, S7 and first- and second-best ratios for both sexes combined can be found in Table
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 10" captionStartId="T10" captionText="Table 10. The first- and second-best ratios retrieved from the LDA ratio extractor of either head or body characters (see Table 1) alone or combined, used for pair-wise comparisons of all contemporary specimens from the six whitefish species of Lake Thun. For some comparisons only a subset of characters could be used (a-d); the respective characters that were excluded are listed at the end of the table. Only external characters were used for the LDA comparisons, since internal characters (gill raker and gill arch length) cannot be measured on live specimens, and are thus not informative to assign specimens to species in the field. Additionally, species were combined to find first- and second-best ratios that distinguish one species or a combination of species vs. all other species. For multi-species comparisons, only the comparisons that yielded distinguishing ratios are shown. δ is a measure of how good shape discriminates in comparison to size (i. e., the smaller δ the less allometry). Ratios marked with an asterisk * have very little (for the pairwise species comparisons not more than one specimen of one species overlaps with the other species) or no overlap and were thus eligible for use in the species key and the diagnoses." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/1221F02E5B903E9544AEB92AE83A0152" pageId="42" pageNumber="121" tableUuid="1221F02E5B903E9544AEB92AE83A0152">10</tableCitation>
. The description is valid for both sexes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="121">Shape</emphasis>
: Only slightly deep bodied with greatest body depth anterior of the dorsal fin. Dorsal and ventral profile equally arched such that both the dorsal profile from the tip of snout to the anterior origin of dorsal fin and the ventral profile from the interorbital area to the pelvic fin origin are moderately convex. Head long. Mouth (i.e., width of upper and lower jaw) is thick, moderately long and often sub-terminal and only rarely terminal. Rostral plate is mostly wider than deep, not strongly pronounced and the tip of the snout is often pointy in the sagittal plane. Eye-socket thick and triangular (i.e., sickle-shaped). Pectoral fin moderately tapered. Anterior unbranched ray of the erected dorsal fin has an approx. 40-60° angle to body axis and from the middle to the end of the ray it is moderately bent posteriorly. Caudal peduncle stout and moderately long. Caudal fin forked and sometimes slightly asymmetrical with the ventral part being longer. Unbranched ray of anal fin mostly straight and only sometimes slightly bent posteriorly. Anal fin is longest anteriorly and progressively shortening posteriorly with the outer margin of the anal fin slightly concave.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="42" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="121">Meristics</emphasis>
: Many and moderately long gill rakers.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="122" pageId="42" pageNumber="121">
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="121">Colour</emphasis>
: Pigmentation of fins and body overall moderately strong in live specimens. Pectoral fin is mostly transparent to moderately pigmented with a yellowish faint pigmentation and only very rarely strongly pigmented. Dorsal, adipose, pelvic, anal, and caudal fins are moderately to strongly pigmented. Fish have a silvery ap
<pageBreakToken pageId="43" pageNumber="122" start="start">pearance</pageBreakToken>
along the flanks with moderate to many pigmented small dots on the scales. Dots along the flank and the dorsum. Distribution of the dots is bound to the scale patterning such that the dots are found at the edge of the scales or at the boundary point of two scales. Dorsally above the lateral line the silvery appearance changes to dark greenish blue colour (e.g., RGB (7,168,125)). The snout around the nostrils is strongly pigmented with a gap of very little pigmentation posteriorly of the nostrils up to the height of the middle of the eyes. Pre-operculum and operculum are silvery with one black dot on the lower margin of the pre- operculum. For a comparison to the main colouration found in the other species see Suppl. material 1: Figure S8. Preserved specimens are pale in colouration with similar pigmentation as described for live specimens. Silvery, translucent, not coloured or unpigmented parts of the body become brown-yellowish (e.g., RGB (239, 210, 40)), whereas the pigmented parts are conserved and the coloured parts (dorsally above the lateral line) become brownish (e.g., RGB (186, 140, 100)).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="43" pageNumber="122">Distribution and notes on biology.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="44" lastPageNumber="123" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">Coregonus acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in Lake Thun (
<geoCoordinate degrees="46" direction="north" minutes="40" orientation="latitude" precision="925" value="46.666668">46°40'N</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="east" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" precision="925" value="7.7666664">7°46'E</geoCoordinate>
). Based on isotopic signatures
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most likely feeds on a mix of benthic prey and zooplankton (
<bibRefCitation author="Selz, OM" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitschrift fuer Hydrologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" refId="B56" refString="Selz, OM, 2008. Building a link between dN and dC stable isotopes signatures and the ecological phenotypic forms of Whitefish (Coregonuslaveratus (L.)) in 4 Swiss Lakes. B.Sc. Thesis: University of Bern, Bern." title="Building a link between dN and dC stable isotopes signatures and the ecological phenotypic forms of Whitefish (Coregonuslaveratus (L. )) in 4 Swiss Lakes. B. Sc. Thesis: University of Bern, Bern." year="2008">Selz 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" refId="B25" refString="Hudson, AG, 2011. Population genomics and ecology of parallel adaptive radiations: the Alpine lake whitefish. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." title="Population genomics and ecology of parallel adaptive radiations: the Alpine lake whitefish. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." year="2011">Hudson 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Ingram, T" journalOrPublisher="Advances in Limnology" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" refId="B30" refString="Ingram, T, Hudson, AG, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2012. Does water depth or diet divergence predict progress towards ecological speciation in whitefish radiations? Evolutionary Ecology Research 14: 487-502." title="Does water depth or diet divergence predict progress towards ecological speciation in whitefish radiations? Evolutionary Ecology Research 14: 487 - 502." year="2012">Ingram et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
) and based on the size-at-age data
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
must have a rather fast growth rate (Suppl. material 1: Figures S4-S6). The gill raker number and length of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(many gill rakers and moderately long gill rakers) suggests, based on the functional properties of the number of gill rakers on feeding on different prey items (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12063" author="Lundsgaard-Hansen, B" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Evolutionary Biology" pageId="55" pageNumber="134" pagination="483 - 498" refId="B41" refString="Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Matthews, B, Vonlanthen, P, Taverna, A, Seehausen, O, 2013. Adaptive plasticity and genetic divergence in feeding efficiency during parallel adaptive radiation of whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 26: 483 - 498, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12063" title="Adaptive plasticity and genetic divergence in feeding efficiency during parallel adaptive radiation of whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12063" volume="26" year="2013">Lundsgaard-Hansen et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12166" author="Roesch, C" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Evolutionary Biology" pageId="55" pageNumber="134" pagination="1578 - 1587" refId="B50" refString="Roesch, C, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Vonlanthen, P, Taverna, A, Seehausen, O, 2013. Experimental evidence for trait utility of gill raker number in adaptive radiation of a north temperate fish. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 26: 1578 - 1587, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12166" title="Experimental evidence for trait utility of gill raker number in adaptive radiation of a north temperate fish." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/jeb.12166" volume="26" year="2013">Roesch et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
), that
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
feeds more on zooplankton and less on benthic prey, but this assumption needs to be verified in the future with stomach content analyses. The relative species abundances in the pelagic and benthic habitat from a habitat-stratified random sampling of Lake Thun (mid-October 2013:
<bibRefCitation author="Vonlanthen, P" journalOrPublisher="Projet Lac, Eawag, Kastanien- baum" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" refId="B63" refString="Vonlanthen, P, Periat, G, Doenz, C, Hellmann, J, Alexander, TJ, Seehausen, O, 2015. Artenvielfalt und Zusammensetzung der Fischpopulation im Thunersee. Projet Lac, Eawag, Kastanien- baum" title="Artenvielfalt und Zusammensetzung der Fischpopulation im Thunersee." year="2015">Vonlanthen et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
) also points to this.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">Coregonus acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occupies only the shallow waters of the benthic habitat (15 m;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">N</emphasis>
= 1) and the moderately deep pelagic waters (approx. 10-35 m;
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">N</emphasis>
= 9) (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). However, the habitat-stratified sampling needs to be treated with caution since it only shows a snapshot in time (one month) of the spatial distribution of this and the other species.
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">Coregonus acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
phenotypically resembles to some extent
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alpinus" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. steinmanni" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="steinmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. steinmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The average size (total length) at three years of age for specimens in this study of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 304
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
21 mm (mean and standard deviation, N = 9) (Suppl. material 1: Figures S4, S6).The average size at 3 years of age for the specimens of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from this study is similar to that for the years 2004-2005 (322.8
<normalizedToken originalValue="±">+/-</normalizedToken>
18 mm,
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">N</emphasis>
= 50) (Bittner et al. unpublished; Vonlanthen et al. unpublished). The size of 3-year-old specimens of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is smaller to that of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alpinus" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. steinmanni" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="steinmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. steinmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and considerably larger than that of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. fatioi" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="fatioi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. fatioi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Suppl. material 1: Figure S6).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">Coregonus acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a short spawning season in late December and very rarely have ripe individuals been caught in late autumn or winter (Suppl. material 1: Figure S3;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
).
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">Coregonus acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spawns mostly in moderately shallow waters of 10m down to approx. 100 m (Suppl. material 1: Figure S3;
<bibRefCitation author="Bittner, D" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B12" refString="Bittner, D, 2009. Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." title="Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." year="2009">Bittner 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). The spawning season and depth of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="43" pageNumber="122" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="122">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
overlaps
<pageBreakToken pageId="44" pageNumber="123" start="start">largely</pageBreakToken>
with that of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. alpinus" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="alpinus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. alpinus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. steinmanni" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="steinmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. steinmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. fatioi" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="fatioi">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. fatioi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and to a much lesser extent with that of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. albellus" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="albellus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. albellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. profundus" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="profundus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. profundus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="45" lastPageNumber="124" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">
<taxonomicName authorityName="Selz, Doenz, Vonlanthen &amp; Seehausen" authorityYear="2020" class="Actinopterygii" family="Salmonidae" genus="Coregonus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Coregonus acrinasus" order="Salmoniformes" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">Coregonus acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
appears to be a species of partially allochthonous origin, closely related to the radiation of Lake Constance with genetic contributions from Lake Thun. Indications of this situation were seen in several earlier genetic studies (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" author="Douglas, MR" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B16" refString="Douglas, MR, Brunner, PC, 2002. Biodiversity of central alpine Coregonus (Salmoniformes): impact of one-hundred years of management. Ecological Applications 12: 154-172. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" title="Biodiversity of central alpine Coregonus (Salmoniformes): impact of one-hundred years of management. Ecological Applications 12: 154 - 172." url="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" year="2002">Douglas and Brunner 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" author="Douglas, MR" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B17" refString="Douglas, MR, Brunner, PC, Bernatchez, L, 2003. Doassemblages of Coregonus (Teleostei: Salmoniformes) in the Central Alpine region of Europe represent species flocks? Molecular Ecology 8: 589-603. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" title="Doassemblages of Coregonus (Teleostei: Salmoniformes) in the Central Alpine region of Europe represent species flocks? Molecular Ecology 8: 589 - 603." url="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" year="2003">Douglas et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Bittner, D" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B12" refString="Bittner, D, 2009. Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." title="Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." year="2009">Bittner 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0925" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="58 - 66" refId="B28" refString="Hudson, AG, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2011. Rapid parallel adaptive radiation from a single hybridogenic ancestral population. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 58 - 66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0925" title="Rapid parallel adaptive radiation from a single hybridogenic ancestral population." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0925" volume="278" year="2011">Hudson et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
) and this was clearly confirmed with large sample sizes recently (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B26" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: fine- scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10: 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: fine- scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">Hudson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). Historical records mention the stocking of alevins of the Lake Constance endemics
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. wartmanni" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. macrophthalmus" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. macrophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
into Lake Thun. To fully understand the relationship of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to the Lake Constance species, we compared the morphology of
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with that of all four described species of Lake Constance,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. wartmanni" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. macrophthalmus" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. macrophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. arenicolus" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="arenicolus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. arenicolus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the now extinct
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. gutturosus" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="gutturosus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. gutturosus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Our data clearly reveal
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as distinct from all Lake Constance species based on morphological characters. Historical records from
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.124573" author="Fatio, V" journalOrPublisher="V, 2 partie). In: Georg H (Ed.) Genf und Basel" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B19" refString="Fatio, V, 1890. Faune des Vertebres de la Suisse (Vol. V, 2partie). In: Georg H (Ed.) Genf und Basel, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.124573" title="Faune des Vertebres de la Suisse (Vol." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.124573" year="1890">Fatio (1890)</bibRefCitation>
in his book on Swiss fish (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.124573" author="Fatio, V" journalOrPublisher="V, 2 partie). In: Georg H (Ed.) Genf und Basel" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B19" refString="Fatio, V, 1890. Faune des Vertebres de la Suisse (Vol. V, 2partie). In: Georg H (Ed.) Genf und Basel, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.124573" title="Faune des Vertebres de la Suisse (Vol." url="https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.124573" year="1890">Fatio 1890</bibRefCitation>
: Page 123) and from
<bibRefCitation author="Heuscher, J" journalOrPublisher="Zwingli, Pfaeffikon" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" refId="B23" refString="Heuscher, J, 1901. Thuner- und Brienzer-See. Ihre Biologischen und Fischerei-Verhaeltnisse. Druck E. Zwingli, Pfaeffikon" title="Thuner- und Brienzer-See. Ihre Biologischen und Fischerei-Verhaeltnisse. Druck E." year="1901">Heuscher (1901)</bibRefCitation>
in his report on the biology of lakes Thun and Brienz (
<bibRefCitation author="Heuscher, J" journalOrPublisher="Zwingli, Pfaeffikon" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" refId="B23" refString="Heuscher, J, 1901. Thuner- und Brienzer-See. Ihre Biologischen und Fischerei-Verhaeltnisse. Druck E. Zwingli, Pfaeffikon" title="Thuner- und Brienzer-See. Ihre Biologischen und Fischerei-Verhaeltnisse. Druck E." year="1901">Heuscher 1901</bibRefCitation>
: Pages 69-70, 103) report several incidences of introductions of whitefish from other lakes. Evidence for additional introductions comes from historical records from a fisheries club that was responsible for the propagation of whitefish in lakes Thun and Brienz before stocking with allochthonous fish was forbidden in Lake Thun (nothing is stated regarding Lake Brienz) in 1946 by the local fisheries authorities (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" author="Douglas, MR" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B17" refString="Douglas, MR, Brunner, PC, Bernatchez, L, 2003. Doassemblages of Coregonus (Teleostei: Salmoniformes) in the Central Alpine region of Europe represent species flocks? Molecular Ecology 8: 589-603. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" title="Doassemblages of Coregonus (Teleostei: Salmoniformes) in the Central Alpine region of Europe represent species flocks? Molecular Ecology 8: 589 - 603." url="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" year="2003">Douglas et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). Since 1991 such introductions were banned in all of Switzerland through federal law (BGF 6 I b). These historical records reveal that in 1888, 1889, and 1934 in Lake Thun and 1892 in Lake Brienz between 20'000 and 750'000 (Lake Thun) and once 39'000 (Lake Brienz) fry of either
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. macrophthalmus" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="macrophthalmus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. macrophthalmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(only Lake Thun) or
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. wartmanni" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="wartmanni">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. wartmanni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(both lakes) were stocked.
<bibRefCitation author="Heuscher, J" journalOrPublisher="Zwingli, Pfaeffikon" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" refId="B23" refString="Heuscher, J, 1901. Thuner- und Brienzer-See. Ihre Biologischen und Fischerei-Verhaeltnisse. Druck E. Zwingli, Pfaeffikon" title="Thuner- und Brienzer-See. Ihre Biologischen und Fischerei-Verhaeltnisse. Druck E." year="1901">Heuscher (1901</bibRefCitation>
: Page 70) further noted that the introductions of 1888, 1889, and 1892 were unsuccessful in both lakes, as fishermen did not catch adult fish of either of the Lake Constance species ever after those introductions.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" author="Steinmann, P" journalOrPublisher="Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie" pageId="56" pageNumber="135" pagination="340 - 491" refId="B57" refString="Steinmann, P, 1950. Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil. Schweizerische Zeitung fuer Hydrologie 12: 340 - 491, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" title="Monographie der schweizerischen Koregonen. Beitrag zum Problem der Entstehung neuer Arten. Spezieller Teil." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02489885" volume="12" year="1950">Steinmann (1950)</bibRefCitation>
in his monograph on Swiss whitefish diversity did not mention any species from Lake Constance to be present in Lake Thun or in Lake Brienz.
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. (2018)
</bibRefCitation>
could recently show with genetic data from scales dating back to 1972 and earlier that
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="44" pageNumber="123" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="44" pageNumber="123">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was completely absent in catches of that period. The first qualitative reports of this species in spawning fisheries catches are from around the year 2000 (Douglas et al. 1999;
<bibRefCitation author="Bittner, D" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B12" refString="Bittner, D, 2009. Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." title="Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." year="2009">Bittner 2009</bibRefCitation>
), and our own genetic data from samples of more than 2000 whitefish from Lake Thun confirm the presence of the species. Based on a recent lake-wide quantitative survey in 2015
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. (2018)
</bibRefCitation>
showed that this species accounts for ca. 10% of all whitefish in Lake Thun in abundance when based on genetic assignments. Several independent multilocus microsatellite and AFLP data sets suggest that it has genetic contributions from the endemic Lake Thun species and cannot clearly be designated genetically to one of the Lake Constance species (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" author="Douglas, MR" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B16" refString="Douglas, MR, Brunner, PC, 2002. Biodiversity of central alpine Coregonus (Salmoniformes): impact of one-hundred years of management. Ecological Applications 12: 154-172. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" title="Biodiversity of central alpine Coregonus (Salmoniformes): impact of one-hundred years of management. Ecological Applications 12: 154 - 172." url="https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[0154:BOCACS]2.0.CO;2" year="2002">Douglas and Brunner 2002</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" author="Douglas, MR" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B17" refString="Douglas, MR, Brunner, PC, Bernatchez, L, 2003. Doassemblages of Coregonus (Teleostei: Salmoniformes) in the Central Alpine region of Europe represent species flocks? Molecular Ecology 8: 589-603. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" title="Doassemblages of Coregonus (Teleostei: Salmoniformes) in the Central Alpine region of Europe represent species flocks? Molecular Ecology 8: 589 - 603." url="https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00581.x" year="2003">Douglas et al. 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation author="Bittner, D" journalOrPublisher="Oxford University Press, Oxford" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" refId="B12" refString="Bittner, D, 2009. Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." title="Gonad deformations in whitefish (Coregonus spp.) from Lake Thun, Switzerland - A population genetic and transcriptomic approach. PhD Thesis, University of Bern, Bern." year="2009">Bittner 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0925" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="58 - 66" refId="B28" refString="Hudson, AG, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2011. Rapid parallel adaptive radiation from a single hybridogenic ancestral population. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278: 58 - 66, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0925" title="Rapid parallel adaptive radiation from a single hybridogenic ancestral population." url="https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.0925" volume="278" year="2011">Hudson et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" author="Hudson, AG" journalOrPublisher="Evolutionary Applications" pageId="54" pageNumber="133" pagination="251 - 266" refId="B26" refString="Hudson, AG, Lundsgaard-Hansen, B, Lucek, K, Vonlanthen, P, Seehausen, O, 2016. Managing cryptic biodiversity: fine- scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.). Evolutionary Applications 10: 251 - 266, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" title="Managing cryptic biodiversity: fine- scale intralacustrine speciation along a benthic gradient in Alpine whitefish (Coregonus spp.)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12446" volume="10" year="2016">Hudson et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" author="Doenz, CJ" journalOrPublisher="Ecology and Evolution" pageId="53" pageNumber="132" pagination="1 - 15" refId="B15" refString="Doenz, CJ, Bittner, D, Vonlanthen, P, Wagner, CE, Seehausen, O, 2018. Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish. Ecology and Evolution 2018: 1 - 15, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" title="Rapid buildup of sympatric species diversity in Alpine whitefish." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.4375" volume="2018" year="2018">
<normalizedToken originalValue="Dönz">Doenz</normalizedToken>
et al. 2018
</bibRefCitation>
). This suggests that some individuals of one or several of the introduced species from Lake
<pageBreakToken pageId="45" pageNumber="124" start="start">Constance</pageBreakToken>
must have successfully reproduced in Lake Thun and hybridized with one or several of the local species.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="124" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="124">Etymology.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="124">
The name
<taxonomicName lsidName="C. acrinasus" pageId="45" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="acrinasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="124">C. acrinasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a combination of the ablative case of the Latin adjective
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="124">acer</emphasis>
resulting in
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="124">acri</emphasis>
, which means pointed and the noun
<taxonomicName lsidName="nasus" pageId="45" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="nasus">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="124">nasus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for nose. The name
<taxonomicName lsidName="acrinasus" pageId="45" pageNumber="124" rank="species" species="acrinasus">acrinasus</taxonomicName>
refers to a phenotypic feature of this species, which often has a pointed snout when viewed in the sagittal plane.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="124" type="common name">
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="124">Common name.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="124">Albock</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
Reference in a new issue View git blame Copy permalink