556 lines
77 KiB
XML
556 lines
77 KiB
XML
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<taxonomicName id="0EE118870433FFB0FF33FEBD74B511BC" ID-CoL="SBM2" ID-ENA="337417" authority="(Philippi, 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[151,679,368,395]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
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<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FF33FEBD77FA11BC" bold="true" box="[151,488,368,395]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Centrostephanus longispinus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FE53FEBD748C11BC" author="Philippi" box="[503,670,368,395]" firstAuthor="Philippi" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="344 - 359" refId="ref197741" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1845) Beschreibung einiger neuer Echinodermen nebst kritischen Bemerckungen ʾ ber einige weniger bekannte Arten. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, 11, 344 - 359." type="journal article" year="1845">Philippi, 1845</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="81FB308F0433FFB0FF33FE5876E81198" box="[151,250,405,431]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C95E63040433FFB0FF33FE5876E81198" blockId="99.[151,679,368,431]" box="[151,250,405,431]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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(
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<figureCitation id="51DA7F810433FFB0FF04FE5876E31198" box="[160,241,405,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1213,1238]" captionTargetBox="[168,1430,512,1186]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[151,1436,489,1194]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 21. Centrostephanus longispinus (Philippi, 1845) (DBUA-ECH 001: A–D; DOP 5467: E; MB-NMHN 422–20798: F). Aboral view (A); oral view (B); lateral view (C); detail of the apical area showing claviform spines (D); aboral view of a juvenile (E); aboral view of a dry specimen (F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3342203/files/figure.png" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
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)
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<heading id="9216D4680433FFB0FF33FE14778111C6" bold="true" box="[151,403,472,497]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FF33FE14778111C6" bold="true" box="[151,403,472,497]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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Reports for the
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<collectingRegion id="0B25ADE60433FFB0FEE4FE15779C11C6" box="[320,398,472,497]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Azores</collectingRegion>
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:
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C95E63040433FFB0FF33FE3573431227" blockId="99.[151,1437,472,681]" box="[151,1361,502,528]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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<taxonomicName id="0EE118870433FFB0FF33FE35745D1227" ID-CoL="SBM2" authority="(Peters, 1855)" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1855" box="[151,591,503,528]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
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<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FF33FE3577AF1227" box="[151,445,504,528]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Centrostephanus longispinus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FE6EFE35745A1227" author="Peters" box="[458,584,503,528]" firstAuthor="Peters" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="101 - 119" refId="ref197585" refString="Peters, W. (1855) Uber die an der K ʾ ste von Mossambique beobachteten Seeigel und insbesondere ʾ ber die Gruppe der Diademen. Abhandlungen der preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1854, 101 - 119." type="journal article" year="1855">Peters, 1855</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FDD6FE3A750D1227" author="Barrois" box="[626,799,503,528]" firstAuthor="Barrois" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="31 - 33" refId="ref173365" refString="Barrois, T. (1888) Liste des Echinodermes recueillis aux Acores durant les mois d'Ao r t et September 1887. Revue Biologique du Nord de la France, 1, 31 - 33 + 69 - 75 + 109 - 115." type="journal article" year="1888">Barrois 1888: 74</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FC8EFE3A75F81227" author="Koehler" box="[810,1002,503,528]" firstAuthor="Koehler" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 317" refId="ref185837" refString="Koehler, R. (1909) Echinodermes provenant des campagnes du yacht Princesse-Alice (Asteries, Ophiures, Echinides et Crinoides). Resultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier Prince Souverain de Monaco, 34, 1 - 317." type="journal article" year="1909">Koehler 1909: 220</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 31, fig. 20, 1921b: 113, fig. 74;
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C95E63040433FFB0FF33FDDB72CB129E" blockId="99.[151,1437,472,681]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
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<taxonomicName id="0EE118870433FFB0FF33FDDB74761218" ID-CoL="SBM2" authority="(Philippi, 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[151,612,534,559]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
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<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FF33FDDB77AC1219" box="[151,446,534,558]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Centrostephanus longispinus</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FE69FDDB744F1218" author="Philippi" box="[461,605,534,559]" firstAuthor="Philippi" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="344 - 359" refId="ref197741" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1845) Beschreibung einiger neuer Echinodermen nebst kritischen Bemerckungen ʾ ber einige weniger bekannte Arten. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, 11, 344 - 359." type="journal article" year="1845">Philippi, 1845</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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—
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FDDAFDDB75431218" author="Koehler" box="[638,849,534,559]" firstAuthor="Koehler" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="127 - 303" refId="ref185931" refString="Koehler, R. (1914 b) Echinoderma I: Asteroidea, ophiuroidea et Echnoidea. In: Michaelsen, W. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. 1 (2). L. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg, pp. 127 - 303." type="book chapter" year="1914" yearSuffix="b">Koehler 1914b: 277</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FCF8FDDA72571218" author="Mortensen" box="[860,1093,535,559]" firstAuthor="Mortensen" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref192564" refString="Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841" type="book" year="1927" yearSuffix="a">Mortensen 1927a: 277</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FBF4FDDA72EA1218" author="Mortensen" box="[1104,1272,535,559]" firstAuthor="Mortensen" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref192926" refString="Mortensen, T. (1940 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 1. Aulodonta, with Additions to Vol. II (Lepidocentroida and Stirodonta). C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 pp." type="book" year="1940" yearSuffix="a">1940a: 300–307</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 95c, 154– 156, pl. 34, figs. 1–11, pl. 35, figs. 11–12, pl. 75, figs. 5–24;
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FCF2FDF97239127A" author="Chapman" box="[854,1067,564,589]" firstAuthor="Chapman" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="398 - 400" refId="ref175601" refString="Chapman, G. (1955) Aspects of the Fauna and Flora of the Azores, IV: Echinodermata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 8 (89), 398 - 400. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935508655657" type="journal article" year="1955">Chapman 1955: 399</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FB9CFDFB72F8127A" author="Harvey" box="[1080,1258,564,590]" firstAuthor="Harvey" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref183538" refString="Harvey, E. B. (1956) The American Arbacia and other sea urchins. Princeton University Press. Princeton, viii + 298. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 7234" type="book" year="1956">Harvey 1956: 63</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FB52FDFB7733125B" author="Tortonese" firstAuthor="Tortonese" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref202694" refString="Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp." type="book" year="1965">Tortonese 1965: 311–312</bibRefCitation>
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, figs. 143–145;
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FE6FFD99746B125B" author="Marques" box="[459,633,596,620]" firstAuthor="Marques" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref189697" refString="Marques, V. M. (1983) Peuplements benthiques de Acores, 1 - echinoderms. Arquivo do Museu Bocage, AII (I), 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1983">Marques 1983: 4</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 5;
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FD61FD9975DA125B" author="Pawson & Miller" box="[709,968,595,620]" firstAuthor="Pawson" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref195319" refString="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E. (1983) Systematics and Ecology of the Sea urchin Genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 20, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.20.1" type="journal article" year="1983">Pawson & Miller 1983: 4</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 1;
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FBB8FD9E7334125B" author="Wirtz & Martins" box="[1052,1318,595,620]" firstAuthor="Wirtz" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="55 - 63" refId="ref204598" refString="Wirtz, P. & Martins, H. M. (1993) Notes on some rare and little known marine invertebrates from the Azores, with a discussion of the zoogeography of the region. Arquipelago, Life and Marine Sciences, 11 A, 55 - 63." type="journal article" year="1993">Wirtz & Martins 1993: 59</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FA9CFD99775612BC" author="Morton" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morton" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref193344" refString="Morton, B., Britton, J. C. & Martins, A. F. M. (1998) Ecologia costeira dos Acores. Sociedade Afonso Chaves, Ponta Delgada, 249 pp." type="book" year="1998">
|
||
Morton
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FA2EFD9876C912BD" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1998: 76
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 4.2H;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FE13FDBF747C12BC" author="Pereira" box="[439,622,626,651]" firstAuthor="Pereira" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="331 - 337" refId="ref195814" refString="Pereira, M. (1997) Checklist of the littoral echinoderms of the Azores. Acoreana, 8 (3), 331 - 337." type="journal article" year="1997">Pereira 1997: 333</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="3E94CE4C0433FFB0FDDDFDBD74921249" attach="right" box="[633,640,624,638]" fontSize="6" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">$</superScript>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FD24FDBF75B112BC" author="Wirtz & Debelius" box="[640,931,626,651]" firstAuthor="Wirtz" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref204573" refString="Wirtz, P. & Debelius, H. (2003) Mediterranean and Atlantic invertebrate guide. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 305 pp." type="book" year="2003">Wirtz & Debelius 2003: 257</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="3E94CE4C0433FFB0FC0AFDBD75A71249" attach="right" box="[942,949,624,638]" fontSize="6" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">$</superScript>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FC11FDBF729912BC" author="Micael" box="[949,1163,626,651]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Micael" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="307 - 316" refId="ref190514" refString="Micael, J., Azevedo, J. M. N. & Costa, A. C. (2006) Biological characterisation of a subtidal tunnel in S. Miguel island (Azores). Marine, Freshwater, and Wetlands Biodiversity Conservation, 4, 307 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5734 - 2 _ 20" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Micael
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FBA6FDBE723D12BD" box="[1026,1071,626,650]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006: 5
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<superScript id="3E94CE4C0433FFB0FB32FDBD728F1249" attach="right" box="[1174,1181,624,638]" fontSize="6" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">$</superScript>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FB39FDBF738B12BC" author="Mironov" box="[1181,1433,626,651]" firstAuthor="Mironov" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="96 - 133" refId="ref191675" refString="Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133." type="book chapter" year="2006">Mironov 2006: 104–106</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FF63FD5D7789129E" author="Schultz" box="[199,411,656,681]" firstAuthor="Schultz" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref199860" refString="Schultz, H. (2006) Sea Urchins - a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. 3 rd Edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications, 484 pp." type="book" year="2006">Schultz 2006: 91–93</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, figs. 164–168;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FD9AFD5D7573129E" author="Haddad & Barreiros" box="[574,865,656,681]" firstAuthor="Haddad" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref183170" refString="Haddad Jr, V. & Barreiros, J. P. (2008) Dangerous Azorean Marine Animals: a field guide. Blu Edicies, Terceira, Acores, 60 pp." type="book" year="2008">Haddad & Barreiros 2008: 9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FCC8FD5D7269129E" author="Micael & Costa" box="[876,1147,656,681]" firstAuthor="Micael" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="321 - 323" refId="ref190649" refString="Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323." type="book chapter" year="2010">
|
||
Micael &
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0B25ADE60433FFB0FC77FD5C721F129E" box="[979,1037,657,681]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Costa</collectingRegion>
|
||
2010: 323
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FB22FD5C72C7129E" author="Micael & Costa" box="[1158,1237,657,681]" firstAuthor="Micael" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="49" refId="ref190819" refString="Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534" type="journal article" year="2012">2012: 4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="81FB308F0433FFB0FF33FD15724C1449" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040433FFB0FF33FD15747A12C5" blockId="99.[151,1437,727,2014]" box="[151,616,727,754]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FF33FD15772B12C5" bold="true" box="[151,313,727,754]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<typeStatus id="165ADDA60433FFB0FF33FD1576C012C5" box="[151,210,728,754]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Sicily, Mediterranean Sea.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040433FFB0FF63FD36732B1321" blockId="99.[151,1437,727,2014]" box="[199,1337,763,790]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FF63FD3676EB1321" bold="true" box="[199,249,763,790]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">See:</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FEA4FD3177C21321" author="Mortensen" box="[256,464,764,790]" firstAuthor="Mortensen" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref192926" refString="Mortensen, T. (1940 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 1. Aulodonta, with Additions to Vol. II (Lepidocentroida and Stirodonta). C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 pp." type="book" year="1940" yearSuffix="a">Mortensen (1940a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FE7FFD3674841321" author="Mortensen" box="[475,662,763,790]" firstAuthor="Mortensen" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="293 - 303" refId="ref193231" refString="Mortensen, T. (1951 a) Report on the Echinoidea collected by the " Atlantide " Expedition. Atlantide Report, 2, 293 - 303." type="journal article" year="1951" yearSuffix="a">1951a: 296–297</bibRefCitation>
|
||
);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FD0DFD3175AD1321" author="Pawson & Miller" box="[681,959,763,790]" firstAuthor="Pawson" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref195319" refString="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E. (1983) Systematics and Ecology of the Sea urchin Genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 20, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.20.1" type="journal article" year="1983">Pawson & Miller (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FC6EFD3672931321" author="Mironov" box="[970,1153,763,790]" firstAuthor="Mironov" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="96 - 133" refId="ref191675" refString="Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133." type="book chapter" year="2006">Mironov (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FB28FD3673271321" author="Schultz" box="[1164,1333,763,790]" firstAuthor="Schultz" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref199860" refString="Schultz, H. (2006) Sea Urchins - a guide to worldwide shallow-water species. 3 rd Edition. Heinke & Peter Schultz Partner Scientific Publications, 484 pp." type="book" year="2006">Schultz (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040433FFB0FF63FCD2725E13D9" blockId="99.[151,1437,727,2014]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FF63FCD2774E130D" bold="true" box="[199,348,799,826]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Occurrence:</emphasis>
|
||
Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic, in the East Atlantic from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B1F623940433FFB0FC5AFCED7271130D" box="[1022,1123,800,826]" name="Morocco" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Morocco</collectingCountry>
|
||
south to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B1F623940433FFB0FB6AFCD27332130E" box="[1230,1312,799,825]" name="Angola" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Angola</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FA95FCD277151369" author="Cherbonnier" firstAuthor="Cherbonnier" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="37 - 59" refId="ref175801" refString="Cherbonnier, G. (1959) Echinides: Expedition Oceanographique Belege dans les Eaux Cotiers Africaines de l'Atlantique Sud. 1948 - 1949. Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de. Belgique, Resultats Scientifiques, 3 (6), 37 - 59." type="journal article" year="1959">Cherbonnier 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FEB7FC8977D71369" author="Tortonese" box="[275,453,835,862]" firstAuthor="Tortonese" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref202694" refString="Tortonese, E. (1965) Fauna D'Italia-Echinodermata. Edizioni Calderini, Bologna, 422 pp." type="book" year="1965">Tortonese 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including the Azores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FD73FC89756D1369" author="Marques" box="[727,895,836,862]" firstAuthor="Marques" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref189697" refString="Marques, V. M. (1983) Peuplements benthiques de Acores, 1 - echinoderms. Arquivo do Museu Bocage, AII (I), 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1983">Marques 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Madeira (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FBA6FC8E72841369" author="Augier" box="[1026,1174,835,862]" firstAuthor="Augier" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="86 - 129" refId="ref173191" refString="Augier, H. (1985) Premier contribution a l'etude et a la cartigraphe des biocenoses marines benthiques de l'ile de Madere. Boletim do Museu Municipal do Funchal (Hist. Nat.), 37 (168), 86 - 129." type="journal article" year="1985">Augier 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Canary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FAA9FC8E76E613B5" author="Bacallado" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bacallado" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="149 - 151" refId="ref173237" refString="Bacallado, J. J., Moreno, E. & Perez-Ruzafa, A. (1985) Echinodermata (Canary Islands) provisional Check-list. In: Keegan, B. F. & O'Connor, B. D. S. (Eds.), Echinodermata; Proceedings of the 5 th International Echinoderm Conference, Galway, September 1984. A. A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 149 - 151." type="book chapter" year="1985">
|
||
Bacallado
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FA2CFC8976BF13B5" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1985
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B1F623940433FFB0FE97FCA577A613B6" box="[307,436,871,898]" name="Cape Verde" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Cape Verde</collectingCountry>
|
||
archipelagos (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FDF3FCA5750D13B5" author="Mortensen" box="[599,799,871,898]" firstAuthor="Mortensen" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="21 - 34" refId="ref192604" refString="Mortensen, T. (1927 b) Sur les echinides recueillis par l'expedition du " Travailleur " et du " Talisman. " Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 2 (6), 21 - 34." type="journal article" year="1927" yearSuffix="b">Mortensen 1927b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Ampere, Gorringe, Josephine, Seine, Great Meteor, Dacia and Conception seamounts (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FDB2FC4674AF1391" author="Mironov" box="[534,701,907,934]" firstAuthor="Mironov" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="96 - 133" refId="ref191675" refString="Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133." type="book chapter" year="2006">Mironov 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); in the western Atlantic, reported from the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B1F623940433FFB0FB55FC4673551392" box="[1265,1351,907,933]" name="Mexico" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Caribbean to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B1F623940433FFB0FE8BFC62776413FE" box="[303,374,943,969]" name="Brazil" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, including the Brazilian island of Trindade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FCC3FC7D727C13FD" author="Pawson & Miller" box="[871,1134,943,970]" firstAuthor="Pawson" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref195319" refString="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E. (1983) Systematics and Ecology of the Sea urchin Genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 20, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.20.1" type="journal article" year="1983">Pawson & Miller 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; belonging to the Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, not to be confused with the Caribbean island
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B1F623940433FFB0FC78FC1E725313D9" box="[988,1089,979,1006]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040433FFB0FF63FC35757E1425" blockId="99.[151,1437,727,2014]" box="[199,876,1015,1042]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FF63FC3577081425" bold="true" box="[199,282,1016,1042]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Depth:</emphasis>
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FE85FC3A77801425" box="[289,402,1015,1042]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.86" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="0.12" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="186.0" valueMax="360.0" valueMin="12.0">12–360 m</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FE04FC3A745A1425" author="Mironov" box="[416,584,1015,1042]" firstAuthor="Mironov" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="96 - 133" refId="ref191675" refString="Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133." type="book chapter" year="2006">Mironov 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); AZO:
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FD06FC3A75171425" box="[674,773,1015,1042]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.37" metricValueMax="4.68" metricValueMin="0.06" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="237.0" valueMax="468.0" valueMin="6.0">6–468 m</quantity>
|
||
(herein).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040433FFB0FF63FBD67766146D" blockId="99.[151,1437,727,2014]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FF63FBD6773E1401" bold="true" box="[199,300,1051,1078]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Habitat:</emphasis>
|
||
detritic and rocky substrates (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FD2EFBD175851401" author="Pawson & Miller" box="[650,919,1051,1078]" firstAuthor="Pawson" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref195319" refString="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E. (1983) Systematics and Ecology of the Sea urchin Genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 20, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.20.1" type="journal article" year="1983">Pawson & Miller 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); feeds on bottom detritic material and algae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FF3BFB8D777A146D" author="Mortensen" box="[159,360,1088,1114]" firstAuthor="Mortensen" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" refId="ref192926" refString="Mortensen, T. (1940 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 1. Aulodonta, with Additions to Vol. II (Lepidocentroida and Stirodonta). C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 pp." type="book" year="1940" yearSuffix="a">Mortensen 1940a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040433FFB0FF63FBA9724C1449" blockId="99.[151,1437,727,2014]" box="[199,1118,1123,1150]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FF63FBA977771449" bold="true" box="[199,357,1124,1150]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Larval stage:</emphasis>
|
||
probably planktotrophic (inferred from the genus; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50433FFB0FC6FFBAE72431449" author="Emlet" box="[971,1105,1123,1150]" firstAuthor="Emlet" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" pagination="476 - 489" refId="ref179967" refString="Emlet, R. B. (1995) Developmental mode and species geographic range in regular sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Evolution, 49 (3), 476 - 489. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1995. tb 02280. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Emlet 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="81FB308F0433FFB0FF63FB4A758615A9" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040433FFB0FF63FB4A758615A9" blockId="99.[151,1437,727,2014]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FF63FB4A77A21495" bold="true" box="[199,432,1159,1186]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10433FFB0FE10FB4574571495" box="[436,581,1160,1186]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
001 (Piscina da Lagoa,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10433FFB0FCE1FB4575961495" box="[837,900,1160,1186]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10433FFB0FC28FB4575DA1495" box="[908,968,1160,1186]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FC75FB4575F61496" box="[977,996,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FC4DFB4572661495" box="[1001,1140,1160,1186]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="44" orientation="latitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="29" value="37.74139">37°44’29”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FBD9FB4A731D1495" box="[1149,1295,1159,1186]" degrees="25" direction="west" minutes="34" orientation="longitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="27" value="-25.574167">25°34’27”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="BD5F45C40433FFB0FAB3FB4A738A1495" box="[1303,1432,1159,1186]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="1996-07-25">
|
||
1996.07.
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FADEFB4A738A1495" box="[1402,1432,1159,1186]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5149999999999997" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="25.15">25</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 15 m; 2 spms, D =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FED7FB6677D514F1" box="[371,455,1195,1222]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="59.0">59 mm</quantity>
|
||
); DOP 5467 (Condor Seamount,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10433FFB0FCE4FB61756E14F1" box="[832,892,1196,1222]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FC2DFB61720714F1" box="[905,1045,1196,1222]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="32" orientation="latitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="13" value="38.536945">38°32’13”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FB85FB6672A114F1" box="[1057,1203,1195,1222]" degrees="28" direction="west" minutes="59" orientation="longitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="06" value="-28.985">28°59’06”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="BD5F45C40433FFB0FB64FB66735214F2" box="[1216,1344,1195,1221]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="2010-08-06">2010.08.06</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FAE9FB66738A14F1" box="[1357,1432,1195,1222]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.68" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="468.0">468 m</quantity>
|
||
; 1 spm, D =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FE8EFB1D779314DD" box="[298,385,1232,1258]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
); EMEPC-LUSO L09D9B03S01 (Gorringe Bank, NE Atlantic,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FBCFFB0272E514DE" box="[1131,1271,1231,1257]" degrees="36" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="49" value="36.71361">36°42’49”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FAA2FB02738514DD" box="[1286,1431,1231,1258]" degrees="11" direction="west" minutes="09" orientation="longitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="54" value="-11.165">11°09’54”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="BD5F45C40433FFB0FF33FB39770A1539" box="[151,280,1268,1294]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="2009-09-13">
|
||
2009.09.
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FF59FB39770A1539" box="[253,280,1268,1294]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.313" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="13.13">13</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 130 m; 1 spm, D =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FE4FFB3E742E1539" box="[491,572,1267,1294]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
); MB-NMHN 382–20758 (Caloura,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10433FFB0FC68FB3972191539" box="[972,1035,1268,1294]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10433FFB0FBB0FB3972421539" box="[1044,1104,1268,1294]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FBFDFB39727E153A" box="[1113,1132,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FBD5FB3E72EF153A" box="[1137,1277,1267,1293]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="46" value="37.71278">37°42’46”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FAA2FB3E73851539" box="[1286,1431,1267,1294]" degrees="25" direction="west" minutes="29" orientation="longitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="44" value="-25.495556">25°29’44”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FF33FAD577181505" box="[151,266,1304,1330]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9777999999999998" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="1977.8">1977, 8 m</quantity>
|
||
; 1 spm, D =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FE32FADA77FA1505" box="[406,488,1303,1330]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.3" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="53.0">53 mm</quantity>
|
||
); MB-NMHN 388–20764 [Varadouro (submarine cave), FAY,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10433FFB0FB0FFAD572F51505" box="[1195,1255,1304,1330]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FB56FAD573171506" box="[1266,1285,1304,1329]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FAA8FAD573851505" box="[1292,1431,1304,1330]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="33" orientation="latitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="49" value="38.56361">38°33’49”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FF33FAF6773B1562" box="[151,297,1339,1365]" degrees="28" direction="west" minutes="46" orientation="longitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="28" value="-28.774445">28°46’28”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="BD5F45C40433FFB0FE93FAF177AA1561" box="[311,440,1340,1366]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" value="1979-08-02">1979.08.02</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FE62FAF677E51561" box="[454,503,1339,1366]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="6.0">6 m</quantity>
|
||
; 1 spm, D =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FD31FAF174FE1561" box="[661,748,1339,1366]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
]; MB-NMHN 422–20798 (Ponta da Galera,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10433FFB0FB55FAF173221561" box="[1265,1328,1340,1366]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10433FFB0FA9AFAF173681561" box="[1342,1402,1340,1366]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FA2DFAF1738E1562" box="[1417,1436,1340,1365]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FF33FAAD7731154D" box="[151,291,1376,1402]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="20" value="37.705555">37°42’20”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FE96FA9277D6154D" box="[306,452,1375,1402]" degrees="25" direction="west" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="33" value="-25.509167">25°30’33”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FE76FAAD7448154D" box="[466,602,1376,1402]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.97918" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="m" value="1979.18">1979, 18 m</quantity>
|
||
; 1 spm, D =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FD5DFA927542154D" box="[761,848,1375,1402]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.7" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="57.0">57 mm</quantity>
|
||
); MB-NMHN 435–20811 (Ponta Delgada harbour,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10433FFB0FF33FA4976C415A9" box="[151,214,1412,1438]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10433FFB0FF46FA49770C15A9" box="[226,286,1412,1438]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FE8DFA49772F15AA" box="[297,317,1412,1437]" italics="true" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FEE0FA4977DD15A9" box="[324,463,1412,1438]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="44" orientation="latitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="13" value="37.736946">37°44’13”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30433FFB0FE7FFA4E747F15A9" box="[475,621,1411,1438]" degrees="25" direction="west" minutes="39" orientation="longitude" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" precision="15" seconds="26" value="-25.657223">25°39’26”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 1982; 1 spm, D =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FCE7FA4E759A15A9" box="[835,904,1411,1438]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="81FB308F0433FFB7FF63FA6A7507129C" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040433FFB7FF63FA6A7507129C" blockId="99.[151,1437,727,2014]" lastBlockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" lastPageId="100" lastPageNumber="101" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160433FFB0FF63FA6A774915F5" bold="true" box="[199,347,1447,1474]" pageId="99" pageNumber="100">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
test circular, flattened above and below, height about 50%D, though in most of larger specimens the test tends to be somewhat inflated adapically, reaching as much as 72%D. Ambulacra tuberculation typically composed of a single primary tubercle about the same size as the primary tubercles in the corresponding interambulacra (absent in the area above the ambitus), and one conspicuous smaller secondary tubercle located in the perradial median zone; pore pairs in a straight line adapically, changing to arcs of three closer to the ambitus and crowded at the peristomial edge; ambulacral area about 65 to 75% of the interambulacral area at the ambitus. In interambulacra, large primary tubercle occupying most of the plate; the small interradial space occupied by small secondary tubercles; the adradial area occupied by a larger secondary tubercle reaching a considerable size at the ambitus of larger specimens. Apical disc about 33 to 40%D; in larger specimens the ocular plates are insert; in the smallest specimen (MB-NMHN 435–20811, D =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FD66F92675161731" box="[706,772,1771,1798]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
) some of the plates are still exsert and no periproctal scales exist. In the second smallest specimen (DOP–5467, D =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FCB1F8DD7574171D" box="[789,870,1808,1834]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
) some plates are already present in the periproctal membrane and ocular plates I, IV, and V are insert; ocular plates naked or with one spine in the smallest specimens to up to two spines in the largest specimens; genital plates (madreporite inflated) bear up to three spines, with the exception of the smallest specimens in which the plates are naked or bear a single spine; the periproct is covered with small naked scales in the two smaller specimens; all other specimens have scales with spines, especially in the area surrounding the anal opening; gonopores not open in the two smallest individuals (±
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10433FFB0FB0EF80972E817E9" box="[1194,1274,1988,2014]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="99" pageNumber="100" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
D). Peristome larger in the smaller individuals, about 50%D diminishing proportionally in larger specimens to about 37%D; buccal membrane with plates particularly numerous in the ambulacral areas; paired buccal plates bear pedicellariae. Most of the spines were broken in all specimens, particularly in the ambital area; primary spines hollow, verticilate, and very fragile; spines on the oral side terminate in a crown shaped tip; on the apical side, the uppermost spines small club-shaped (claviform spines) with bright purple to pink tips (with the exception of the smallest specimen in which such spines are not yet present). Larger specimens black to dark brown or light brown in the case of the dry specimens from Museu Bocage; specimens of intermediate sizes (DOP–5467, EMEPC-LUSO L09D9B03) with the same pattern as the larger specimens, with the exception of the presence of a white line in the median area of both ambulacra and interambulacra; the smallest specimen (MB-NMHN 435–20811) almost white coloured, with the primary tubercles and the apical plating of a darker pinkish colour; spine colouration highly variable; the largest individuals (DBUA-ECH 001) with conspicuous dark coloured spines, though some of the spines presented a weak lighter red banding; spines of the largest dry specimens (MB-NMHN 422–20798 and MB-NMHN 382–20758) of a light brown colour at the basis, progressively changing to a more purplish tone or interchanging distally between the two colours, forming a banded pattern in many spines; all specimens of intermediate to smaller sizes with conspicuous yellow and purple to pinkish banded spines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="81FB308F0434FFB7FF63FD78755D1390" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040434FFB7FF63FD78755D1390" blockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FF63FD78772F12F8" bold="true" box="[199,317,693,719]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
until recently, the occasional reports of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FCB6FD7875EA12F8" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1845" box="[786,1016,693,719]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FCB6FD7875EA12F8" box="[786,1016,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Diadema antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0B25ADE60434FFB7FBCAFD7872AF12F8" box="[1134,1213,693,719]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Azores</collectingRegion>
|
||
were most likely a result of confusions with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FE1BFD14751A12C4" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[447,776,729,755]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FE1BFD14751A12C4" box="[447,776,729,755]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Centrostephanus longispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. As was one time noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FBF7FD14738A12C4" author="Wirtz & Martins" box="[1107,1432,728,755]" firstAuthor="Wirtz" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="55 - 63" refId="ref204598" refString="Wirtz, P. & Martins, H. M. (1993) Notes on some rare and little known marine invertebrates from the Azores, with a discussion of the zoogeography of the region. Arquipelago, Life and Marine Sciences, 11 A, 55 - 63." type="journal article" year="1993">Wirtz & Martins (1993: 59)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, ‘at least those along the coasts of Faial seen by us are a black colour morph of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FB80FD3073791320" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1060,1387,765,791]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FB80FD3073791320" box="[1060,1387,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Centrostephanus longispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and not
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FF66FCEC77B4130C" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1845" box="[194,422,801,827]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Diadema" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="antillarum">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FF66FCEC77B4130C" box="[194,422,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Diadema antillarum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’. Nevertheless, and aside from morphological similarity between the two species, another possible source for such misidentifications is the unusual depth at which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FC63FC88727A1368" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[967,1128,837,863]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FC63FC88727A1368" box="[967,1128,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">C. longispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can occur in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0B25ADE60434FFB7FA8CFC8873681368" box="[1320,1402,837,863]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Azores</collectingRegion>
|
||
, as low as
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10434FFB7FF41FCA5771D13B4" box="[229,271,872,899]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="m" value="5.0">5 m</quantity>
|
||
in sheltered areas such as ports or underwater cave-like habitats (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FC40FCA4728013B4" author="Chapman" box="[996,1170,872,899]" firstAuthor="Chapman" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="398 - 400" refId="ref175601" refString="Chapman, G. (1955) Aspects of the Fauna and Flora of the Azores, IV: Echinodermata. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 12, 8 (89), 398 - 400. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222935508655657" type="journal article" year="1955">Chapman 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FB39FCA4738513B4" author="Wirtz & Martins" box="[1181,1431,873,899]" firstAuthor="Wirtz" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="55 - 63" refId="ref204598" refString="Wirtz, P. & Martins, H. M. (1993) Notes on some rare and little known marine invertebrates from the Azores, with a discussion of the zoogeography of the region. Arquipelago, Life and Marine Sciences, 11 A, 55 - 63." type="journal article" year="1993">Wirtz & Martins 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FF33FC40777E1390" author="Morton" box="[151,364,909,935]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Morton" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref193344" refString="Morton, B., Britton, J. C. & Martins, A. F. M. (1998) Ecologia costeira dos Acores. Sociedade Afonso Chaves, Ponta Delgada, 249 pp." type="book" year="1998">
|
||
Morton
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FF56FC4377311390" box="[242,291,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FEDCFC4074551390" author="Micael" box="[376,583,909,935]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Micael" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="307 - 316" refId="ref190514" refString="Micael, J., Azevedo, J. M. N. & Costa, A. C. (2006) Biological characterisation of a subtidal tunnel in S. Miguel island (Azores). Marine, Freshwater, and Wetlands Biodiversity Conservation, 4, 307 - 316. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 5734 - 2 _ 20" type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Micael
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FE69FC4377EC1390" box="[461,510,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FDF6FC40752D1390" box="[594,831,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">personal observation</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040434FFB7FF63FC7C73701560" blockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
|
||
The unusual black colour shown by some of the Azorean individuals in opposition to the typical lighter colours, as described for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="165ADDA60434FFB7FEDFFC1877B913D8" box="[379,427,981,1007]" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens from the Mediterranean Sea [
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FCD3FC18720413D8" author="Philippi" box="[887,1046,980,1007]" firstAuthor="Philippi" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="344 - 359" refId="ref197741" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1845) Beschreibung einiger neuer Echinodermen nebst kritischen Bemerckungen ʾ ber einige weniger bekannte Arten. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, 11, 344 - 359." type="journal article" year="1845">Philippi 1845</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FBE4FC18738113D8" box="[1088,1427,981,1007]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Cidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispina" subGenus="Diadema">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FBE4FC18728613D8" box="[1088,1172,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Cidaris</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FB01FC18731E13D8" box="[1189,1292,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Diadema</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FAB9FC18738113D8" box="[1309,1427,981,1007]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">longispina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] is another reason for confusion. H.L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FD9FFC3474CB1423" author="Clark" box="[571,729,1017,1044]" firstAuthor="Clark" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="103 - 121" refId="ref177300" refString="Clark, H. L. (1921 b) Report on the Echinoidea Collected by the Barbados-Antigua Expedition from the University of Iowa in 1918. University of Iowa Studies in Natural History, 9 (5), 103 - 121." type="journal article" year="1921" yearSuffix="b">Clark (1921b)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described a closely resembling species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FB3AFC3473451424" box="[1182,1367,1017,1043]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Cidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="rubricingulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FB3AFC3472A31424" box="[1182,1201,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FB1BFC3473451424" box="[1215,1367,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">rubricingulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from the Caribbean, which according to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FD96FBD0751E1400" author="Mortensen" box="[562,780,1053,1079]" firstAuthor="Mortensen" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref192926" refString="Mortensen, T. (1940 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 1. Aulodonta, with Additions to Vol. II (Lepidocentroida and Stirodonta). C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 pp." type="book" year="1940" yearSuffix="a">Mortensen (1940a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
could only be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FB07FBD0735A1400" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1187,1352,1053,1079]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FB07FBD072A41400" box="[1187,1206,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FB63FBD0735A1400" box="[1223,1352,1053,1079]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">longispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the interambulacral tuberculation, spine structure and pedicellaria morphology. The later author considered the colour pattern in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FEAAFBA877A01448" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[270,434,1125,1151]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FEAAFBA877331448" box="[270,289,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FE95FBA877A01448" box="[305,434,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">longispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
far too variable to be considered as a diagnostic character. However, H.L. Clark’s and Mortensen’s descriptions were based on very few specimens available at the time. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FB23FB44738E1494" author="Pawson & Miller" box="[1159,1436,1161,1187]" firstAuthor="Pawson" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref195319" refString="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E. (1983) Systematics and Ecology of the Sea urchin Genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 20, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.20.1" type="journal article" year="1983">Pawson & Miller (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
based on new material agreed with
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FD8EFB6074BA14F0" author="Fell" box="[554,680,1196,1223]" firstAuthor="Fell" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="179 - 193" refId="ref180458" refString="Fell, F. J. (1975) The echinoid genus Centrostephanus in the South Pacific Ocean with a description of a new species. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 5, 179 - 193. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03036758.1975.10419371" type="journal article" year="1975">Fell (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
to treat the East Atlantic species as a subspecies of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FB5DFB60738E14F0" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1273,1436,1197,1223]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FB5DFB60731E14F0" box="[1273,1292,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FABFFB60738E14F0" box="[1307,1436,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">longispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
since they could not support any of the diagnostic characters pointed out by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FC5FFB1C72C714DC" author="Mortensen" box="[1019,1237,1233,1259]" firstAuthor="Mortensen" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref192926" refString="Mortensen, T. (1940 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 1. Aulodonta, with Additions to Vol. II (Lepidocentroida and Stirodonta). C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 pp." type="book" year="1940" yearSuffix="a">Mortensen (1940a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In addition, they concluded that the colour of the spines is a diagnostic character that can distinguish the western solid dark colour spines from the lighter banded colour spines of the eastern subspecies. Nevertheless,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FBDAFAD4738E1504" author="Pawson & Miller" box="[1150,1436,1305,1331]" firstAuthor="Pawson" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref195319" refString="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E. (1983) Systematics and Ecology of the Sea urchin Genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 20, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.20.1" type="journal article" year="1983">Pawson & Miller (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
alerted that the absence of banding could only be expected in individuals larger than
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10434FFB7FBE9FAF1728E1560" box="[1101,1180,1340,1367]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
in total diameter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040434FFB6FF63FAAC721C1150" blockId="100.[151,1437,152,2016]" lastBlockId="101.[151,1437,153,467]" lastPageId="101" lastPageNumber="102" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">
|
||
In the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0B25ADE60434FFB7FEB4FAAC7770154C" box="[272,354,1377,1403]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Azores</collectingRegion>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FECAFAAC7402154C" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[366,528,1377,1403]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FECAFAAC7793154C" box="[366,385,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FE2BFAAC7402154C" box="[399,528,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">longispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can adopt a large spectrum of colours from purplish with whitish-banded spines to solid black colour pattern, with no conspicuous banding of spines (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FC77FA48726A15A8" author="Marques" box="[979,1144,1413,1439]" firstAuthor="Marques" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref189697" refString="Marques, V. M. (1983) Peuplements benthiques de Acores, 1 - echinoderms. Arquivo do Museu Bocage, AII (I), 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1983">Marques 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FB20FA48738315A8" author="Wirtz & Debelius" box="[1156,1425,1413,1439]" firstAuthor="Wirtz" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" refId="ref204573" refString="Wirtz, P. & Debelius, H. (2003) Mediterranean and Atlantic invertebrate guide. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 305 pp." type="book" year="2003">Wirtz & Debelius 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unfortunately, due to the very fragile nature of the spines in this species, the specimens herein examined were lacking most of the spines. Nevertheless, it was possible to confirm the presence of banding pattern in the spines of all but one specimen (DBUA-ECH 001, D =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10434FFB7FD37FA3D74F4163C" box="[659,742,1520,1547]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" unit="mm" value="59.0">59 mm</quantity>
|
||
). However, understanding that in larger specimens banding is not a constant trait of all spines in one individual and that frequently banding is present in the distal part of the spine only, it was impossible to determine whether this specimen could have any banded pattern present if all its spines had survived intact. The colour in the eastern form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FD4FF990759E1640" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[747,908,1629,1655]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FD4FF99074EC1640" box="[747,766,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FCAFF990759E1640" box="[779,908,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">longispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to change under exposure to different light conditions, and the activity of black chromatophores is well studied in this species (
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FB09F94F72CE16AC" box="[1197,1244,1666,1691]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FB43F94C738516AC" author="Dambach" box="[1255,1431,1665,1691]" firstAuthor="Dambach" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="400 - 406" refId="ref177946" refString="Dambach, M. (1969) Die Reaktion der Chromatophoren des Seeigels Centrostephanus longispinus auf Licht. Zeitschrift f ̡ r vergleichende Physiologie, 64, 400 - 406. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00340434" type="journal article" year="1969">Dambach 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FF33F96877A51688" author="Weber & Dambach" box="[151,439,1701,1727]" firstAuthor="Weber" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="437 - 440" refId="ref204463" refString="Weber, W. & Dambach, M. (1974) Light-sensitivity of isolated pigment cells of the sea urchin Centrostephanus longispinus. Cell and Tissue Research, 148 (3), 437 - 440. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00224270" type="journal article" year="1974">Weber & Dambach 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FE60F96874BC1688" author="Gras & Weber" box="[452,686,1701,1727]" firstAuthor="Gras" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="165 - 176" refId="ref182616" refString="Gras, H. & Weber, W. (1977) Light-induced alterations in cell shape and pigment displacement in chromatophores of the sea urchin Centrostephanus longispinus. Cell and Tissue Research, 182, 165 - 176. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / BF 00220586" type="journal article" year="1977">Gras & Weber 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additionally,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FCC4F96872641688" author="Pawson & Miller" box="[864,1142,1701,1727]" firstAuthor="Pawson" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref195319" refString="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E. (1983) Systematics and Ecology of the Sea urchin Genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 20, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.20.1" type="journal article" year="1983">Pawson & Miller (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned that bleaching spines (
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FF54F90776EA16D4" box="[240,248,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">i</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FF5BF907771916D4" box="[255,267,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">e</emphasis>
|
||
. removal of black pigment) from western Atlantic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870434FFB7FCF9F904721316D4" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[861,1025,1737,1763]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FCF9F904756216D4" box="[861,880,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160434FFB7FC24F904721316D4" box="[896,1025,1737,1763]" italics="true" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">longispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens uncover the presence of a banding pattern, in otherwise solid dark individuals. The material herein examined reveals yet another source of colour variation, the method of preservation.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FD19F8DC7560171C" author="Marques" box="[701,882,1809,1835]" firstAuthor="Marques" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref189697" refString="Marques, V. M. (1983) Peuplements benthiques de Acores, 1 - echinoderms. Arquivo do Museu Bocage, AII (I), 1 - 7." type="book chapter" year="1983">Marques (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described the specimens collected at the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0B25ADE60434FFB7FAE9F8DC738E171C" box="[1357,1436,1809,1835]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Azores</collectingRegion>
|
||
during a 1979’s expedition as solid black with no banding pattern. On figure 5 presented by Marques one can clearly recognize specimen MB-NMHN 422–20798, the same specimen that now can be characterized by spines possessing a clear banding pattern (
|
||
<figureCitation id="51DA7F810434FFB7FE00F8B0741517A0" box="[420,519,1917,1943]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1213,1238]" captionTargetBox="[168,1430,512,1186]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[151,1436,489,1194]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 21. Centrostephanus longispinus (Philippi, 1845) (DBUA-ECH 001: A–D; DOP 5467: E; MB-NMHN 422–20798: F). Aboral view (A); oral view (B); lateral view (C); detail of the apical area showing claviform spines (D); aboral view of a juvenile (E); aboral view of a dry specimen (F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3342203/files/figure.png" pageId="100" pageNumber="101">Fig. 21F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Thus, methods of preservation such as dehydration seems to mimic the effects of bleaching, possible due to the shrinkage or destruction of the black pigment chromatophores and tissue degradation, turning once black specimen into a ‘banded’ animal.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50434FFB7FD52F80875B917D7" author="Mironov" box="[758,939,1989,2016]" firstAuthor="Mironov" pageId="100" pageNumber="101" pagination="96 - 133" refId="ref191675" refString="Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133." type="book chapter" year="2006">Mironov (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
studied the variation of reported diagnostic characters reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50435FFB6FE3CFF54747C1084" author="Mortensen" box="[408,622,153,179]" firstAuthor="Mortensen" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" refId="ref192926" refString="Mortensen, T. (1940 a) A Monograph of the Echinoidea. III. 1. Aulodonta, with Additions to Vol. II (Lepidocentroida and Stirodonta). C. A. Reitzel, Copenhagen, 370 pp." type="book" year="1940" yearSuffix="a">Mortensen (1940a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50435FFB6FD01FF5475AB1084" author="Pawson & Miller" box="[677,953,153,179]" firstAuthor="Pawson" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref195319" refString="Pawson, D. L. & Miller, J. E. (1983) Systematics and Ecology of the Sea urchin Genus Centrostephanus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific Oceans. Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, 20, 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 01960768.20.1" type="journal article" year="1983">Pawson & Miller (1983)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
in specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870435FFB6FBDCFF5473081084" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[1144,1306,153,179]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160435FFB6FBDCFF5472991084" box="[1144,1163,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160435FFB6FB3DFF5473081084" box="[1177,1306,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">longispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
throughout its geographical range. Although he did find some indication for a geographical gradient from east to west in the primary spines colouration of adult specimens, he regarded it as far too inconsistent to retain the subspecies. Our results agree with Mironov and we thus refrain from assigning the Azorean specimens to either subspecies. In contrast to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50435FFB6FEB1FEE477DB1173" author="Mironov" box="[277,457,297,324]" firstAuthor="Mironov" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" pagination="96 - 133" refId="ref191675" refString="Mironov, A. N. (2006) Echinoids from seamounts of the north-eastern Atlantic, onshore / offshore gradients in species distribution. In: Mironov, A. N., Gebruk, A. V. & Southward, A. J. (Eds.), Biogeography of the North Atlantic Seamounts. KMK Scientific Press, Russian Academy of Sciences, P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Moscow, pp. 96 - 133." type="book chapter" year="2006">Mironov (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who noted that the minimum total diameter at which the genital pores were developed was of
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10435FFB6FF4CFE8077391150" box="[232,299,333,359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="mm" value="9.0">9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, the specimen of
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10435FFB6FE4BFE80742C1150" box="[495,574,333,359]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
D examined by us had no gonopores yet.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040435FFB6FF63FEBC775B11E4" blockId="101.[151,1437,153,467]" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870435FFB6FF63FEBC777B11BC" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[199,361,369,395]" class="Echinoidea" family="Diadematidae" genus="Centrostephanus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diadematoida" pageId="101" pageNumber="102" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longispinus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160435FFB6FF63FEBC76C811BC" box="[199,218,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">C</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160435FFB6FF4CFEBC777B11BC" box="[232,361,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">longispinus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be easily distinguished from other sea-urchin species inhabiting the Azorean coastal waters by its very long spines and the presence of conspicuous bright purple to pink claviform spines around the apical disc (
|
||
<figureCitation id="51DA7F810435FFB6FF70FE74772E11E4" box="[212,316,441,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="101.[151,250,1213,1238]" captionTargetBox="[168,1430,512,1186]" captionTargetId="figure@101.[151,1436,489,1194]" captionTargetPageId="101" captionText="FIGURE 21. Centrostephanus longispinus (Philippi, 1845) (DBUA-ECH 001: A–D; DOP 5467: E; MB-NMHN 422–20798: F). Aboral view (A); oral view (B); lateral view (C); detail of the apical area showing claviform spines (D); aboral view of a juvenile (E); aboral view of a dry specimen (F)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3342203/files/figure.png" pageId="101" pageNumber="102">Fig. 21D</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</treatment>
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</document> |