624 lines
79 KiB
XML
624 lines
79 KiB
XML
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<taxonomicName id="0EE118870418FF9BFF33FB6E747F148A" ID-CoL="5W85T" authority="Sladen, 1883" authorityName="$ Sladen" authorityYear="1883" box="[151,621,1186,1213]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hermatophilus">
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<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFF33FB6E77DD148A" bold="true" box="[151,463,1186,1213]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Astropecten hermatophilus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFE72FB6F747F148A" author="Sladen" box="[470,621,1186,1213]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="214 - 269" refId="ref200581" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of H. M. S. Challenger Expedition. Part II, Astropectinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x" type="journal article" year="1883">Sladen, 1883</bibRefCitation>
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<subSubSection id="81FB308F0418FF9BFF33FB0A77811514" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="description">
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<paragraph id="C95E63040418FF9BFF33FB0A76EB14D6" blockId="72.[151,621,1186,1249]" box="[151,249,1222,1249]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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(
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<figureCitation id="51DA7F810418FF9BFF04FB0A76E314D6" box="[160,241,1222,1249]" captionStart="FIGURE 15" captionStartId="74.[151,250,1695,1720]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,705,1676]" captionTargetId="figure@74.[151,1436,705,1676]" captionTargetPageId="74" captionText="FIGURE 15. Astropecten hermatophilus Sladen, 1883 (DBUA-ECH 059). Dorsal view (A); ventral view (B); detail of the arm dorsal view (C); detail of the oral area and arm (D)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3342191/files/figure.png" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="C95E63040418FF9BFF33FAC677811514" blockId="72.[151,1437,1290,1561]" box="[151,403,1290,1315]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFF33FAC677811514" bold="true" box="[151,403,1290,1315]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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Reports for the
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<collectingRegion id="0B25ADE60418FF9BFEE4FAC7779C1514" box="[320,398,1290,1315]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Azores</collectingRegion>
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:
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="0EE118870418FF9BFF33FAE775541575" ID-CoL="5W85T" authority="$ Sladen, 1883: 257 - 259" authorityName="$ Sladen" authorityPageNumber="257" authorityYear="1883" box="[151,838,1319,1346]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hermatophilus">
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<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFF33FAE777B51575" box="[151,423,1322,1346]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Astropecten hermatophilus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFE11FAE474B31575" author="Sladen" box="[437,673,1321,1346]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="214 - 269" refId="ref200581" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of H. M. S. Challenger Expedition. Part II, Astropectinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x" type="journal article" year="1883">Sladen, 1883: 257–259</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFD0FFAE775541575" author="Sladen" box="[683,838,1322,1346]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref200640" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Challenger series of reports, Zoology, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">1889: 207–208</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, pl. 33, figs. 5–6, pl. 37, figs. 7–9;
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<superScript id="3E94CE4C0418FF9BFB00FAEA72B91502" attach="right" box="[1188,1195,1319,1333]" fontSize="6" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">$</superScript>
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFB08FAE4738A1575" author="D ˆ derlein, L." box="[1196,1432,1321,1346]" journalOrPublisher="Siboga Expedition, 46 a" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 190" refId="ref179024" refString="D ˆ derlein, L. (1917) Die Asteriden der Siboga-Expedition. 1. Die Gattung Astropecten und ihre Stammesgeschichte. Siboga Expedition, 46 a, 1 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11319" title="Die Asteriden der Siboga-Expedition. 1. Die Gattung Astropecten und ihre Stammesgeschichte" type="book chapter" year="1917">D̂derlein 1917: 91–92</bibRefCitation>
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, 172, pl. 3, figs. 8,9, 9a;
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFE12FA8474821556" author="Mortensen" box="[438,656,1352,1377]" firstAuthor="Mortensen" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refId="ref192564" refString="Mortensen, T. (1927 a) Handbook of the echinoderms of the British Isles. Oxford University Press, viii + 471 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 6841" type="book" year="1927" yearSuffix="a">Mortensen 1927a: 57</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<superScript id="3E94CE4C0418FF9BFD3EFA8B74B31563" attach="right" box="[666,673,1350,1364]" fontSize="6" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">$</superScript>
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A.M.
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFD79FA8575FF1556" author="Clark & Downey" box="[733,1005,1352,1377]" firstAuthor="Clark" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refId="ref176986" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey 1992: 36</bibRefCitation>
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, figs. 11h–j, pl. 8, figs. D, E;
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFAB1FA8576E21548" author="Pereira, M." firstAuthor="Pereira" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="331 - 337" refId="ref195814" refString="Pereira, M. (1997) Checklist of the littoral echinoderms of the Azores. Acoreana, 8 (3), 331 - 337." type="journal article" year="1997">Pereira 1997: 335</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFF5FFAAB74181548" author="Micael & Costa" box="[251,522,1382,1407]" firstAuthor="Micael" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="321 - 323" refId="ref190649" refString="Micael, J. & Costa A. C. (2010) Echinodermata. In: Borges, P. A. V., Costa, A., Cunha, R., Gabriel, R., Goncalves, V., Martins, A. F., Melo, I., Parente, M., Raposeiro, P., Rodrigues, P., Santos, R. S., Silva, L., Vieira, P. & Vieira, V. (Eds.), A list of the terrestrial and marine biota from the Azores. Principia, Oeiras, pp. 321 - 323." type="book chapter" year="2010">
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||
Micael &
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<collectingRegion id="0B25ADE60418FF9BFEC5FAAA77891548" box="[353,411,1383,1407]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Costa</collectingRegion>
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2010: 322
|
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</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFDB1FAAB74FB1548" author="Micael" box="[533,745,1382,1407]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Micael" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="49" refId="ref190819" refString="Micael, J., Alves, M. J., Jones, M. B. & Costa, A. C. (2012) Diversity of shallow-water asteroids (Echinodermata) in the Azorean Archipelago. Marine Biodiversity Records, 5, e 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 1755267211000534" type="journal article" year="2012">
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Micael
|
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<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFDC5FAA5749C1548" box="[609,654,1383,1407]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">et al</emphasis>
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. 2012: 5
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
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; non
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870418FF9BFF60FA4B747C15A9" ID-CoL="HRLH" authority="(Philippi, 1837)" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1837" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[196,622,1413,1438]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pentacanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFF60FA4B77DB15A9" box="[196,457,1414,1438]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Astropecten pentacanthus</emphasis>
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||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFE72FA48747515A9" author="Philippi" box="[470,615,1413,1438]" firstAuthor="Philippi" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="193 - 194" refId="ref197705" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1837) Ueber die mit Asterias aurantiaca verwandten und verwechselten Asterien der sicilianischen K ʾ ste. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, 3, 193 - 194." type="journal article" year="1837">Philippi, 1837</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
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<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFD34FA48755D15A9" author="Simroth" box="[656,847,1413,1438]" firstAuthor="Simroth" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="179 - 234" refId="ref200446" refString="Simroth, H. (1888) Zur kenntnis der Azorenfauna. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 54 (1), 179 - 234." type="journal article" year="1888">Simroth 1888: 231</bibRefCitation>
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||
[misidentification]; non
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870418FF9BFF61FA6874B4158A" ID-CoL="HRLH" authority="(Delle Chiaje, 1827)" authorityName="Delle Chiaje" authorityYear="1827" baseAuthorityName="Delle Chiaje" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[197,678,1444,1469]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pentacanthus">
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<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFF61FA6877DF158B" box="[197,461,1444,1468]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Astropecten pentacanthus</emphasis>
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(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFE78FA69748C158A" author="Delle Chiaje" box="[476,670,1444,1469]" firstAuthor="Delle Chiaje" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 444" refId="ref178426" refString="Delle Chiaje, S. (1827) Memoire sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di Napoli. Societa Tipographica, Napoli, 2, 1 - 444." type="journal article" year="1827">Delle Chiaje, 1827</bibRefCitation>
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)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFD64FA69758E158B" author="Ludwig" box="[704,924,1444,1469]" firstAuthor="Ludwig" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 491" refId="ref187897" refString="Ludwig, H. (1897) Die Seesterne des Mittelmeeres. Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 24, i-viii + 1 - 491." type="journal article" year="1897">Ludwig 1897: 39–47</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, pl. 2, fig. 5, pl. 6, fig. 8: 231 [based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFAEEFA6976ED15EC" author="Simroth, H." firstAuthor="Simroth" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="179 - 234" refId="ref200446" refString="Simroth, H. (1888) Zur kenntnis der Azorenfauna. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 54 (1), 179 - 234." type="journal article" year="1888">Simroth 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
]; non
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870418FF9BFF60FA2F750315CD" ID-CoL="5DLXZ" authority="(Delle Chiaje, 1827)" authorityName="Delle Chiaje" authorityYear="1827" baseAuthorityName="Delle Chiaje" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[196,785,1505,1530]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="irregularis" subSpecies="pentacanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFF60FA2F742F15CD" box="[196,573,1506,1530]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Astropecten irregularis pentacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFDEFFA2C751915CD" author="Delle Chiaje" box="[587,779,1505,1530]" firstAuthor="Delle Chiaje" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 444" refId="ref178426" refString="Delle Chiaje, S. (1827) Memoire sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di Napoli. Societa Tipographica, Napoli, 2, 1 - 444." type="journal article" year="1827">Delle Chiaje, 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFC88FA2C75E815CD" author="Koehler" box="[812,1018,1505,1530]" firstAuthor="Koehler" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="127 - 303" refId="ref185931" refString="Koehler, R. (1914 b) Echinoderma I: Asteroidea, ophiuroidea et Echnoidea. In: Michaelsen, W. (Ed.), Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Meeresfauna Westafrikas. 1 (2). L. Friederichsen & Co., Hamburg, pp. 127 - 303." type="book chapter" year="1914" yearSuffix="b">Koehler 1914b: 273</bibRefCitation>
|
||
[based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFBCEFA2C72E815CD" author="Simroth" box="[1130,1274,1505,1530]" firstAuthor="Simroth" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="179 - 234" refId="ref200446" refString="Simroth, H. (1888) Zur kenntnis der Azorenfauna. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, Berlin, 54 (1), 179 - 234." type="journal article" year="1888">Simroth 1888</bibRefCitation>
|
||
];
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFAAFFA2C738F15CD" author="Madsen, F. J." box="[1291,1437,1505,1530]" firstAuthor="Madsen" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="167 - 222" refId="ref189080" refString="Madsen, F. J. (1950) The echinoderms collected by the Atlantide Expedition, 1945 - 46. 1. Asteroidea. Atlantide Reports, 1, 167 - 222." type="journal article" year="1950">Madsen 1950:</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040418FF9BFF63F9CD7434162F" blockId="72.[151,1437,1290,1561]" box="[199,550,1536,1561]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
169–170 [based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFE2AF9CD7409162F" author="Ludwig" box="[398,539,1536,1561]" firstAuthor="Ludwig" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 491" refId="ref187897" refString="Ludwig, H. (1897) Die Seesterne des Mittelmeeres. Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 24, i-viii + 1 - 491." type="journal article" year="1897">Ludwig 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="81FB308F0418FF9AFF33F98A747E1150" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040418FF9BFF33F98A74CB1656" blockId="72.[151,1437,1606,2029]" box="[151,729,1606,1633]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFF33F98A77291656" bold="true" box="[151,315,1606,1633]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<typeStatus id="165ADDA60418FF9BFF33F98A76C61656" box="[151,212,1607,1633]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="0B25ADE60418FF9BFEE6F98A77831656" box="[322,401,1607,1633]" country="Portugal" name="Acores" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Azores</collectingRegion>
|
||
(
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30418FF9BFE05F98A743F1656" box="[417,557,1607,1633]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="38" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="15" seconds="00" value="38.633335">38°38’00”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30418FF9BFD9DF98A74DF1656" box="[569,717,1607,1633]" degrees="28" direction="west" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="15" seconds="30" value="-28.475">28°28’30”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040418FF9BFF63F9A7755D16B2" blockId="72.[151,1437,1606,2029]" box="[199,847,1642,1669]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFF63F9A776EB16B2" bold="true" box="[199,249,1642,1669]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">See:</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFEA4F9A6778516B2" author="Sladen" box="[256,407,1643,1669]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="214 - 269" refId="ref200581" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of H. M. S. Challenger Expedition. Part II, Astropectinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x" type="journal article" year="1883">Sladen (1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFE06F9A677CC16B2" author="Sladen" box="[418,478,1643,1669]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref200640" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Challenger series of reports, Zoology, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFD91F9A6755816B2" author="Clark & Downey" box="[565,842,1643,1669]" firstAuthor="Clark" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refId="ref176986" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey (1992)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040418FF9BFF63F943750916FA" blockId="72.[151,1437,1606,2029]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFF63F943774E169E" bold="true" box="[199,348,1678,1705]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Occurrence:</emphasis>
|
||
Northeast Atlantic; known from the Azores (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFCF2F94275F4169E" author="Sladen" box="[854,998,1679,1705]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="214 - 269" refId="ref200581" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of H. M. S. Challenger Expedition. Part II, Astropectinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x" type="journal article" year="1883">Sladen 1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Canaries (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFBCEF94276C216FA" author="Moreno-Batet & Bacallado" firstAuthor="Moreno-Batet" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="123 - 126" refId="ref192183" refString="Moreno-Batet E. & Bacallado, J. J. (1980) Sur une collection d'asteries del'Archipel des Canaries In: Jangoux, M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the European colloquium on Echinoderms, Brussels, 3 - 8 September 1979. A. A. Balkema, Amsterdam, pp. 123 - 126." type="book chapter" year="1980">Moreno-Batet & Bacallado 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B1F623940418FF9BFECCF97E77AB16FA" box="[360,441,1715,1741]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFDAFF97E751D16FA" author="Clark & Downey" box="[523,783,1715,1741]" firstAuthor="Clark" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" refId="ref176986" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040418FF9BFF63F91A753116C5" blockId="72.[151,1437,1606,2029]" box="[199,803,1750,1778]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFF63F91A770816C6" bold="true" box="[199,282,1751,1777]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Depth:</emphasis>
|
||
10–165(?823) m (
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFE4DF91A743516C6" box="[489,551,1751,1777]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFD97F91A74D316C6" author="Sladen" box="[563,705,1751,1777]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="214 - 269" refId="ref200581" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of H. M. S. Challenger Expedition. Part II, Astropectinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x" type="journal article" year="1883">Sladen 1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, herein).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040418FF9BFF63F93775C1170D" blockId="72.[151,1437,1606,2029]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFF63F937773E1722" bold="true" box="[199,300,1786,1813]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Habitat:</emphasis>
|
||
buried in soft substrates, mud or sand, feeding on small infaunal fauna,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFBF0F93172911722" box="[1108,1155,1788,1813]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
bivalve
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870418FF9BFB40F9367747170E" authority="(Montagu, 1803)" authorityName="Montagu" authorityYear="1803" baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1803" class="Bivalvia" family="Semelidae" genus="Ervilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="castanea">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFB40F936738F1722" box="[1252,1437,1787,1813]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Ervilia castanea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFF3BF8D2775F170E" author="Montagu" box="[159,333,1823,1849]" firstAuthor="Montagu" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="293 - 606" refId="ref192079" refString="Montagu, G. (1803). Testacea Britannica or Natural History of British Shells, Marine, Land, and Fresh-Water, Including the Most Minute: Systematically Arranged and Embellished with Figures. Vol. 2. J. White, London, 314 pp. [pp. 293 - 606] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 33927" type="book chapter" year="1803">Montagu, 1803</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFEC0F8D277E1170E" author="Sladen" box="[356,499,1823,1849]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref200640" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Challenger series of reports, Zoology, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen 1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50418FF9BFE5AF8D27563170E" author="Moreno-Batet & Bacallado" box="[510,881,1823,1849]" firstAuthor="Moreno-Batet" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" pagination="123 - 126" refId="ref192183" refString="Moreno-Batet E. & Bacallado, J. J. (1980) Sur une collection d'asteries del'Archipel des Canaries In: Jangoux, M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the European colloquium on Echinoderms, Brussels, 3 - 8 September 1979. A. A. Balkema, Amsterdam, pp. 123 - 126." type="book chapter" year="1980">Moreno-Batet & Bacallado 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, herein).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040418FF9AFF63F88F747E1150" blockId="72.[151,1437,1606,2029]" lastBlockId="73.[151,1437,152,2015]" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFF63F88F77A1176A" bold="true" box="[199,435,1858,1885]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFE1EF88E7459176A" box="[442,587,1859,1885]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
056 (Horta harbour, FAY,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFC24F88E75AE176A" box="[896,956,1859,1885]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFC63F88975C9176A" box="[967,987,1860,1885]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30418FF9BFC46F88F727C176A" box="[994,1134,1858,1885]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="15" seconds="51" value="38.530834">38°31’51”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30418FF9BFBDEF88E731E176A" box="[1146,1292,1859,1885]" degrees="28" direction="west" minutes="37" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="15" seconds="23" value="-28.623056">28°37’23”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="BD5F45C40418FF9BFAB3F88E738A176A" box="[1303,1432,1859,1885]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="2009-12-03">2009.12.03</date>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10418FF9BFF33F8AA76C117B6" box="[151,211,1895,1921]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="10.0">10 m</quantity>
|
||
; 2 dry spms, R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10418FF9BFE32F8AA740317B6" box="[406,529,1895,1921]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.4" metricValueMin="1.6" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="20.0" valueMax="24.0" valueMin="16.0">16–24 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10418FF9BFDE7F8AB74B617B6" box="[579,676,1894,1921]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFD13F8AA755A17B6" box="[695,840,1895,1921]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
057 [Cerco, Caloura (buried in sand),
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFB53F8AA732417B6" box="[1271,1334,1895,1921]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFAE5F8AA736F17B6" box="[1345,1405,1895,1921]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFA2DF8A5738E17B6" box="[1417,1436,1896,1921]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30418FF9BFF33F84677311792" box="[151,291,1931,1957]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="15" seconds="26" value="37.707222">37°42’26”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30418FF9BFE8AF84777D21792" box="[302,448,1930,1957]" degrees="25" direction="west" minutes="30" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="15" seconds="37" value="-25.510279">25°30’37”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="BD5F45C40418FF9BFE6FF84674591792" box="[459,587,1931,1957]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" value="2010-08-13">
|
||
2010.08.
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10418FF9BFD94F84674591792" box="[560,587,1931,1957]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3199999999999998" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="m" value="13.2">13</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 20 m; 1 dry spm; R = 7, r =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10418FF9BFC28F84675C31792" box="[908,977,1930,1957]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
];
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFC40F84672671792" box="[996,1141,1931,1957]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
059 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFB17F84672E61792" box="[1203,1268,1931,1957]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFB5BF846732E1792" box="[1279,1340,1931,1957]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
; 2 spms, R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10418FF9BFF68F862775A17FE" box="[204,328,1967,1993]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="23.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="20.0">20–27 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10418FF9BFE25F86277F617FE" box="[385,484,1967,1993]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6–8 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFE5DF862749817FE" box="[505,650,1967,1993]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
060 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFD6AF862751D17FE" box="[718,783,1967,1993]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFCB8F862754B17FE" box="[796,857,1967,1993]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
; 2 spms, R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10418FF9BFC5FF862726A17FE" box="[1019,1144,1967,1993]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.95" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="19.5" valueMax="20.0" valueMin="19.0">19–20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r = 7);
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFB7CF862737B17FE" box="[1240,1385,1967,1993]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
061 (Vila
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B1F623940418FF9BFF7CF81E773617DA" box="[216,292,2003,2029]" name="France" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Franca</collectingCountry>
|
||
do Campo,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFE0AF81E77FF17DA" box="[430,493,2003,2029]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFE5DF81E742717DA" box="[505,565,2003,2029]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160418FF9BFDE5F819744617DA" box="[577,596,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30418FF9BFDF8F81F74FA17DA" box="[604,744,2002,2029]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="15" seconds="50" value="37.71389">37°42’50”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30418FF9BFD57F81F759717DA" box="[755,901,2002,2029]" degrees="25" direction="west" minutes="25" orientation="longitude" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" precision="15" seconds="58" value="-25.432777">25°25’58”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 3 spms, R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10418FF9BFBBBF81E726D17DA" box="[1055,1151,2003,2029]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="6.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="8.0" valueMin="6.0">6–8 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10418FF9BFB16F81E72EA17DA" box="[1202,1272,2003,2029]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" unit="mm" value="3.0">3 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10418FF9BFAA8F81E738F17DA" box="[1292,1437,2003,2029]" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
062 (Água d’Alto,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFED7FF5477A01084" box="[371,434,153,179]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFE64FF5477EE1084" box="[448,508,153,179]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFDADFF57740F1084" box="[521,541,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30419FF9AFD82FF5574A01084" box="[550,690,152,179]" degrees="37" direction="north" minutes="42" orientation="latitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="15" seconds="55" value="37.71528">37°42’55”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30419FF9AFD1BFF5575401084" box="[703,850,152,179]" degrees="25" direction="west" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="15" seconds="27" value="-25.474167">25°28’27”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="BD5F45C40419FF9AFCFBFF5475F31084" box="[863,993,153,179]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="1993-07-29">1993.07.29</date>
|
||
; 7 spms, R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFB20FF5472E11084" box="[1156,1267,153,179]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="10.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="10.0" valueMin="7.0">7–10 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFA88FF5473821084" box="[1324,1424,153,179]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFF33FF70773A10E0" box="[151,296,189,215]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
098 (Horta, FAY,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFE5DFF70742710E0" box="[505,565,189,215]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFD9BFF73744110E0" box="[575,595,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30419FF9AFDFDFF7174F610E0" box="[601,740,188,215]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="15" seconds="51" value="38.530834">38°31’51”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30419FF9AFD4BFF70759310E0" box="[751,897,189,215]" degrees="28" direction="west" minutes="37" orientation="longitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="15" seconds="23" value="-28.623056">28°37’23”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="BD5F45C40419FF9AFC2FFF7175EC10E0" box="[907,1022,188,215]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" value="2010-06-25">
|
||
2010.6.
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFC44FF7175EC10E0" box="[992,1022,188,215]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5149999999999997" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="25.15">25</quantity>
|
||
</date>
|
||
, 15 m; 1 spm, R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFB68FF70730E10E0" box="[1228,1308,189,215]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFAE8FF70738210E0" box="[1356,1424,189,215]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFF33FF2C773A10CC" box="[151,296,225,251]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
099 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFECEFF2C77B910CC" box="[362,427,225,251]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFE13FF2C77E610CC" box="[439,500,225,251]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
; 1 spm, R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFD22FF2D74CA10CC" box="[646,728,224,251]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFCA9FF2C754110CC" box="[781,851,225,251]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFCCCFF2C75EB10CC" box="[872,1017,225,251]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
101 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFB9EFF2C726910CC" box="[1082,1147,225,251]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFB23FF2C72D610CC" box="[1159,1220,225,251]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
; 2 spm, R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFAF2FF2C76D71128" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.35" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="23.5" valueMax="27.0" valueMin="20.0">20–27 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFF52FEC877451128" box="[246,343,261,287]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" metricValueMax="9.0" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="8.0" valueMax="9.0" valueMin="7.0">7–9 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFECEFEC877E91128" box="[362,507,261,287]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
102 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFD9EFEC874691128" box="[570,635,261,287]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFD21FEC874D01128" box="[645,706,261,287]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
; 1 spm, R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFCE9FEC8758C1128" box="[845,926,261,287]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFC6BFEC872061128" box="[975,1044,261,287]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFB83FEC872AA1128" box="[1063,1208,261,287]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
116 (Horta harbour, FAY,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFF7AFEE477081174" box="[222,282,297,323]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFE83FEE777281174" box="[295,314,298,323]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">c.</emphasis>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30419FF9AFEE6FEE577DF1174" box="[322,461,296,323]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="31" orientation="latitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="15" seconds="51" value="38.530834">38°31’51”N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30419FF9AFE7EFEE4747E1174" box="[474,620,297,323]" degrees="28" direction="west" minutes="37" orientation="longitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="15" seconds="23" value="-28.623056">28°37’23”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 2011.07,
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFD46FEE4750D1174" box="[738,799,297,323]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
; 1 spm, R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFC15FEE475E71174" box="[945,1013,297,323]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="4.0">4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFB8EFEE472621174" box="[1066,1136,297,323]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="2.0">2 mm</quantity>
|
||
);
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFB21FEE473041174" box="[1157,1302,297,323]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">DBUA-ECH</collectionCode>
|
||
167 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFAF3FEE4738A1174" box="[1367,1432,297,323]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">SMG</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="AFF0FBC10419FF9AFF33FE8076C61150" box="[151,212,333,359]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">AZO</collectionCode>
|
||
; 3 spms, R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFEC9FE8177DE1150" box="[365,460,332,359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="6.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="6.0" valueMin="5.0">5–6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, r =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFE5AFE80744D1150" box="[510,607,333,359]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="3.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="2.5" valueMax="3.0" valueMin="2.0">2–3 mm</quantity>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="81FB308F0419FF9AFF63FEBD75F01448" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040419FF9AFF63FEBD75F01448" blockId="73.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFF63FEBD774911BC" bold="true" box="[199,347,368,395]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
body pentagonal, flattened dorsoventrally, with five broadly triangular arms. R/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFB54FEBC732411BC" box="[1264,1334,369,395]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="ratio">r ratio</taxonomicName>
|
||
between 2.2–2.3 in the smaller specimens (R <
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFDE1FE5874951198" box="[581,647,405,431]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) to 3.2–3.4 in the larger (R>
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFC77FE5872341198" box="[979,1062,405,431]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="16.0">16 mm</quantity>
|
||
); paxillar area much broader than the marginal one, densely covered by paxillae, particularly in the area of the epiproctal cone, which is especially prominent in smaller individuals (R <
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFDE2FE10748B11C0" box="[582,665,477,503]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
). Paxillar spinelets with swollen rounded blunt tips giving an overall granulose aspect to the paxillar area; maximum number of paxillar spinelets present variable, from less than six marginal spinelets with no central spinelet in the smaller specimens (R <
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFC12FDE875E41208" box="[950,1014,549,575]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
|
||
) to ten to eleven spinelets surrounding up to six central spinelets in the larger specimens (R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFCA7FD8475441254" box="[771,854,585,611]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
|
||
); central spinelets shorter and more rounded (blunt) than the marginal ones. Madreporite oval. Superomarginal plates small, narrow, tumid, vertical and granulose with a stubby spine or larger tubercle on some or all plates; occasionally a second spine is also present in one or two of the innermost plates on each side of the median interradial line. Number of superomarginal plates (SM) varies proportionally with size, from about 0,5–0,7 SM/R in smaller specimens (R <
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFBA3FD14725B12C4" box="[1031,1097,729,755]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
|
||
) up to 1,0–1,2 SM/R in larger specimens (R>
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFEEEFD30778E1320" box="[330,412,765,791]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="19.0">19 mm</quantity>
|
||
). In smaller specimens (R <
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFD72FD30753A1320" box="[726,808,765,791]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="10.0">10 mm</quantity>
|
||
), each inferomarginal plate has a compressed, lanceolate spine followed by a similar spine, which is about two-thirds shorter. Both spines are aligned slightly oblique to the median line of the plate and become progressively slender towards the tip of the arm. In larger specimens, a third spine is generally present, though its maximum size is less than half the size of the adjacent spine and it tends to disappear distally. On the inferomarginal plates towards the tip of the arm, in larger specimens (R>
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFB54FC4173501390" box="[1264,1346,908,935]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="15.0">15 mm</quantity>
|
||
), a third spine is sometimes present next to the largest spine, though very short (a third or less the size of the largest spine) and very slender, having thus the appearance of a supplementary spinelet. Three adambulacral furrow spines truncate or rounded. Subambulacral spines in two rows, broadly truncate, larger than furrow spines; on few of the innermost plates of the larger specimens (>
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFE5BFBD074421400" box="[511,592,1053,1079]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
) one or two supplementary spinelets may be present; no pedicellaria; dorsal paxillar area whitish-yellow to brown with supermaginals and ventral surface white. Shells of the marine bivalve
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFF33FBA877421448" box="[151,336,1125,1151]" class="Bivalvia" family="Semelidae" genus="Ervilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="castanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFF33FBA877421448" box="[151,336,1125,1151]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Ervilia castanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found in the stomachs of the many of the specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="81FB308F0419FF99FF63FB4475DF129C" lastPageId="74" lastPageNumber="75" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E63040419FF9AFF63FB44757C17E8" blockId="73.[151,1437,152,2015]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFF63FB44772F1494" bold="true" box="[199,317,1161,1187]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFEE7FB4477DB1494" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[323,457,1161,1187]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFEE7FB4477DB1494" box="[323,457,1161,1187]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Astropecten</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with over 150 described species worldwide (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFC1FFB4472DE1494" author="Zulliger & Lessios" box="[955,1228,1161,1187]" firstAuthor="Zulliger" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref205376" refString="Zulliger, D. E. & Lessios, H. A. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Astropecten Gray (Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) on a global scale: molecular evidence for morphological convergence, species-complexes and possible cryptic speciation. Zootaxa, 2504 (1), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2504.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Zulliger & Lessios 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is one of the most difficult shallow-water asteroid genera, encompassing highly polymorphic species with several described subspecies, local varieties and intermediate forms among sympatric species. Thorough the years several authors attempted to revise this genus (
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFEC1FB3B77861538" box="[357,404,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFE38FB39745D1538" author="D ˆ derlein, L." box="[412,591,1268,1295]" journalOrPublisher="Siboga Expedition, 46 a" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 190" refId="ref179024" refString="D ˆ derlein, L. (1917) Die Asteriden der Siboga-Expedition. 1. Die Gattung Astropecten und ihre Stammesgeschichte. Siboga Expedition, 46 a, 1 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11319" title="Die Asteriden der Siboga-Expedition. 1. Die Gattung Astropecten und ihre Stammesgeschichte" type="book chapter" year="1917">D̂derlein 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFD3AFB3875B61538" author="Clark & Downey" box="[670,932,1269,1295]" firstAuthor="Clark" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref176986" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFC14FB3872D41538" author="Zulliger & Lessios" box="[944,1222,1269,1295]" firstAuthor="Zulliger" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref205376" refString="Zulliger, D. E. & Lessios, H. A. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Astropecten Gray (Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) on a global scale: molecular evidence for morphological convergence, species-complexes and possible cryptic speciation. Zootaxa, 2504 (1), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2504.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Zulliger & Lessios 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) though the matter still remains far from resolved. The history of the echinoderm faunal studies in the Azores is a good example of how difficult this genus is. Of a total of five species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFD7FFAF075731560" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[731,865,1341,1367]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFD7FFAF075731560" box="[731,865,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Astropecten</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
reported at one time to the archipelago, two were dismissed as erroneous since they proved to have been based on misidentifications [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFBC6FAAC776F15A8" authority="(Delle Chiaje, 1827)" authorityName="Delle Chiaje" authorityYear="1827" baseAuthorityName="Delle Chiaje" baseAuthorityYear="1827" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="irregularis" subSpecies="pentacanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFBC6FAAC7261154C" box="[1122,1139,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFB20FAAC738E154C" box="[1156,1436,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">irregularis pentacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFF3BFA48776415A8" author="Delle Chiaje" box="[159,374,1412,1439]" firstAuthor="Delle Chiaje" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 444" refId="ref178426" refString="Delle Chiaje, S. (1827) Memoire sulla storia e notomia degli animali senza vertebre del regno di Napoli. Societa Tipographica, Napoli, 2, 1 - 444." type="journal article" year="1827">Delle Chiaje, 1827</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] or on invalid synonymy [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFD07FA4875DF15A8" authority="(Otto, 1823)" authorityName="Otto" authorityYear="1823" baseAuthorityName="Otto" baseAuthorityYear="1823" box="[675,973,1412,1439]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="bispinosus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFD07FA48752515A8" box="[675,823,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">A. bispinosus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFCE2FA4875D615A8" author="Otto" box="[838,964,1412,1439]" firstAuthor="Otto" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="273 - 314" refId="ref194846" refString="Otto, A. W. (1823) Beschreibung einiger neueu Mollusken und Zoophyten. Nova Acta Physico-Medica Academiae Caesareae Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosum, 11 (2), 273 - 314. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 118700" type="journal article" year="1823">Otto, 1823</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]; another two were considered as dubious due to substantiated concerns on the validity of the identifications or on the provenance of the reported specimens [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFF05FA00741715D0" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[161,517,1484,1511]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="aranciacus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFF05FA0076A015D0" box="[161,178,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFF65FA03772F15D0" box="[193,317,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">aranciacus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFEE9FA0077EF15D0" author="Linnaeus" box="[333,509,1484,1511]" firstAuthor="Linnaeus" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref187346" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae. 1. 10 th Edition. Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus, 1758</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFD99FA0075A815D0" authority="(Philippi, 1837)" authorityName="Philippi" authorityYear="1837" baseAuthorityName="Philippi" baseAuthorityYear="1837" box="[573,954,1484,1511]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="platyacanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFD99FA00745C15D0" box="[573,590,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFDF9FA0074E815D0" box="[605,762,1485,1511]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">platyacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFCAEFA0075A315D0" author="Philippi" box="[778,945,1484,1511]" firstAuthor="Philippi" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="193 - 194" refId="ref197705" refString="Philippi, R. A. (1837) Ueber die mit Asterias aurantiaca verwandten und verwechselten Asterien der sicilianischen K ʾ ste. Archiv f ̡ r Naturgeschichte, 3, 193 - 194." type="journal article" year="1837">Philippi, 1837</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]. Ultimately, the only astropectinid known with certainty from the Azores is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFDB5FA3C74C0163C" authorityName="$ Sladen" authorityYear="1883" box="[529,722,1521,1547]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hermatophilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFDB5FA3C7430163C" box="[529,546,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFD94FA3C74C0163C" box="[560,722,1521,1547]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">hermatophilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This species was described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFB9EFA3C72C3163C" author="Sladen" box="[1082,1233,1521,1547]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="214 - 269" refId="ref200581" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of H. M. S. Challenger Expedition. Part II, Astropectinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x" type="journal article" year="1883">Sladen (1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFB79FA3C7304163C" author="Sladen" box="[1245,1302,1521,1547]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref200640" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Challenger series of reports, Zoology, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) based on a specimen collected by H.M.S.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFE56F9D874621618" box="[498,624,1557,1583]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Challenger</emphasis>
|
||
in the Azores (sta 75:
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30419FF9AFCD4F9D875C61618" box="[880,980,1557,1583]" degrees="38" direction="north" minutes="38" orientation="latitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="925" value="38.633335">38°38’N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="ACD505C30419FF9AFC44F9D872601618" box="[992,1138,1557,1583]" degrees="28" direction="west" minutes="28" orientation="longitude" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" precision="15" seconds="30" value="-28.475">28°28’30”W</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFBD9F9D872DB1618" box="[1149,1225,1557,1583]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.23" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="m" value="823.0">823 m</quantity>
|
||
). In 1888, Simroth included the Mediterranean
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFE7CF9F4749C1664" baseAuthorityName="Delle Chiaje" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[472,654,1593,1619]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="pentacanthus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFE7CF9F477FB1664" box="[472,489,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFE5DF9F4749C1664" box="[505,654,1593,1619]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">pentacanthus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
among the species collected by him in the Azores. Later,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFA88F9F576F01640" author="D ˆ derlein, L." journalOrPublisher="Siboga Expedition, 46 a" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 190" refId="ref179024" refString="D ˆ derlein, L. (1917) Die Asteriden der Siboga-Expedition. 1. Die Gattung Astropecten und ihre Stammesgeschichte. Siboga Expedition, 46 a, 1 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11319" title="Die Asteriden der Siboga-Expedition. 1. Die Gattung Astropecten und ihre Stammesgeschichte" type="book chapter" year="1917">D̂derlein (1917)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
re-identified Simroth material as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFDC6F99075361640" authorityName="$ Sladen" authorityYear="1883" box="[610,804,1629,1655]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hermatophilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFDC6F99074611640" box="[610,627,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFD26F99075361640" box="[642,804,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">hermatophilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Almost one hundred years later,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFB03F990737B1640" authorityName="$ Sladen" authorityYear="1883" box="[1191,1385,1629,1655]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hermatophilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFB03F99072AA1640" box="[1191,1208,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFB63F990737B1640" box="[1223,1385,1629,1655]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">hermatophilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also reported from the Canaries (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFDA2F94C756A16AC" author="Moreno-Batet & Bacallado" box="[518,888,1665,1691]" firstAuthor="Moreno-Batet" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="123 - 126" refId="ref192183" refString="Moreno-Batet E. & Bacallado, J. J. (1980) Sur une collection d'asteries del'Archipel des Canaries In: Jangoux, M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the European colloquium on Echinoderms, Brussels, 3 - 8 September 1979. A. A. Balkema, Amsterdam, pp. 123 - 126." type="book chapter" year="1980">Moreno-Batet & Bacallado 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the Gulf of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="B1F623940419FF9AFB9DF94C729816AC" box="[1081,1162,1665,1691]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Guinea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFB78F94C76C11688" author="Clark & Downey" firstAuthor="Clark" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref176986" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The latter species is only known from small animals; the
|
||
<typeStatus id="165ADDA60419FF9AFCD8F96875BE1688" box="[892,940,1701,1727]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimen as described by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFB45F96873931688" author="Sladen" box="[1249,1409,1701,1727]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref200640" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Challenger series of reports, Zoology, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
is one of the largest specimens known (R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFDC0F90574A616D4" box="[612,692,1736,1763]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
|
||
) (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFC8DF90575C916D4" author="D ˆ derlein, L." box="[809,987,1736,1763]" journalOrPublisher="Siboga Expedition, 46 a" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 190" refId="ref179024" refString="D ˆ derlein, L. (1917) Die Asteriden der Siboga-Expedition. 1. Die Gattung Astropecten und ihre Stammesgeschichte. Siboga Expedition, 46 a, 1 - 190. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11319" title="Die Asteriden der Siboga-Expedition. 1. Die Gattung Astropecten und ihre Stammesgeschichte" type="book chapter" year="1917">D̂derlein 1917</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFC41F904734516D4" author="Moreno-Batet & Bacallado" box="[997,1367,1737,1763]" firstAuthor="Moreno-Batet" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="123 - 126" refId="ref192183" refString="Moreno-Batet E. & Bacallado, J. J. (1980) Sur une collection d'asteries del'Archipel des Canaries In: Jangoux, M. (Ed.), Proceedings of the European colloquium on Echinoderms, Brussels, 3 - 8 September 1979. A. A. Balkema, Amsterdam, pp. 123 - 126." type="book chapter" year="1980">Moreno-Batet & Bacallado 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFF33F920778D1730" author="Clark & Downey" box="[151,415,1773,1799]" firstAuthor="Clark" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref176986" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This feature led some authors to question the validity of the species (
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFB61F92372F41730" box="[1221,1254,1774,1799]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">e.g</emphasis>
|
||
., A.M.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFAE4F920772B171C" author="Clark & Downey" firstAuthor="Clark" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" refId="ref176986" refString="Clark, A. M. & Downey, M. E. (1992) Starfishes of the Atlantic. Natural History Museum Publications. Chapman & Hall, London, 794 pp." type="book" year="1992">Clark & Downey 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFEE3F8DC7473171C" author="Zulliger & Lessios" box="[327,609,1809,1835]" firstAuthor="Zulliger" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 19" refId="ref205376" refString="Zulliger, D. E. & Lessios, H. A. (2010) Phylogenetic relationships in the genus Astropecten Gray (Paxillosida: Astropectinidae) on a global scale: molecular evidence for morphological convergence, species-complexes and possible cryptic speciation. Zootaxa, 2504 (1), 1 - 19. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 2504.1.1" type="journal article" year="2010">Zulliger & Lessios 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Regardless, on comparing our largest specimen (R =
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE10419FF9AFB77F8DC7337171C" box="[1235,1317,1809,1835]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
|
||
) we could clearly recognize the original description and illustrations by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF50419FF9AFCF8F8F875ED1778" author="Sladen" box="[860,1023,1845,1871]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref200640" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Challenger series of reports, Zoology, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">Sladen (1889)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. As our sample included specimens covering a relatively large size spectrum, it was possible to conclude that deviations from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="165ADDA60419FF9AFB4FF89473091744" box="[1259,1307,1881,1907]" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">type</typeStatus>
|
||
were sizedependent (
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFEB8F8B3775917A0" box="[284,331,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">e.g.,</emphasis>
|
||
number of paxillar spinelets, number of inferomarginal fringe spines). Additionally, some of the specimens observed herein had shells of the bivalve
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE118870419FF9AFD48F86C75B7178C" box="[748,933,1953,1979]" class="Bivalvia" family="Semelidae" genus="Ervilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Veneroida" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="castanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF160419FF9AFD48F86C75B7178C" box="[748,933,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Ervilia castanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in their stomachs and in many instances the shells of this little bivalve were almost as big as the sea star disc.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="C95E6304041AFF99FF63FF5475DF129C" blockId="74.[151,1437,153,683]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">
|
||
The depth range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE11887041AFF99FE0BFF5474F31084" authorityName="$ Sladen" authorityYear="1883" box="[431,737,153,179]" class="Asteroidea" family="Astropectinidae" genus="Astropecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Paxillosida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="hermatophilus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF16041AFF99FE0BFF5474F31084" box="[431,737,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Astropecten hermatophilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems quite remarkable.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF5041AFF99FBAEFF5472B61084" author="Sladen" box="[1034,1188,153,179]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="214 - 269" refId="ref200581" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1883) The Asteroidea of H. M. S. Challenger Expedition. Part II, Astropectinidae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 17, 214 - 269. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1883. tb 02022. x" type="journal article" year="1883">Sladen (1883</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF5041AFF99FB17FF5472FE1084" author="Sladen" box="[1203,1260,153,179]" firstAuthor="Sladen" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 893" refId="ref200640" refString="Sladen, W. P. (1889) Report on the Asteroidea collected by H. M. S. Challenger during the years 1873 - 1876. Challenger series of reports, Zoology, 30, 1 - 893." type="journal article" year="1889">1889</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) described this species on the basis of an animal collected by H.M.S.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF16041AFF99FD4AFF70757E10E0" box="[750,876,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Challenger</emphasis>
|
||
, between Faial and S„o Jorge islands at a reported depth of
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE1041AFF99FF5DFF2C772D10CC" box="[249,319,225,251]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.23" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="m" value="823.0">823 m</quantity>
|
||
(450 ftms). Interestingly, at the same station he identified as well
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE11887041AFF99FBBEFF2C76CB1117" authority="(Lamarck, 1816)" authorityName="Lamarck" authorityYear="1816" baseAuthorityName="Lamarck" baseAuthorityYear="1816" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Ophidiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="ophidianus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF16041AFF99FBBEFF2C733010CC" box="[1050,1314,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Ophidiaster ophidianus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF5041AFF99FA94FF2C76C21117" author="Lamarck" firstAuthor="Lamarck" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refId="ref186715" refString="Lamarck, J. - B. (1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres. Tome Second. Verdiere, Paris, 568 pp." type="book" year="1816">Lamarck, 1816</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE11887041AFF99FEBCFEC874661128" authority="Gray, 1840" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[280,628,261,287]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Hacelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="attenuata">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF16041AFF99FEBCFEC877F41128" box="[280,486,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Hacelia attenuata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF5041AFF99FE56FEC874661128" author="Gray" box="[498,628,261,287]" firstAuthor="Gray" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="175 - 184" refId="ref182776" refString="Gray, J. E. (1840) A synopsis of the genera and species of the class Hypostoma (Asterias Linnaeus). Annals of the Magazine of Natural History, 6, 175 - 184 + 275 - 290. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03745484009443296" type="journal article" year="1840">Gray, 1840</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(=
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE11887041AFF99FD01FEC875B91128" baseAuthorityName="Gray" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[677,939,261,287]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ophidiasteridae" genus="Ophidiaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="attenuatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF16041AFF99FD01FEC875B91128" box="[677,939,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Ophidiaster attenuatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), both strictly littoral species. Sladen also reported
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE11887041AFF99FF5FFEE474B61174" authority="(Bruzelius, 1805)" authorityName="Bruzelius" authorityYear="1805" baseAuthorityName="Bruzelius" baseAuthorityYear="1805" box="[251,676,296,323]" class="Asteroidea" family="Chaetasteridae" genus="Chaetaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="longipes">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF16041AFF99FF5FFEE477C91174" box="[251,475,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Chaetaster longipes</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF5041AFF99FE4DFEE4748E1174" author="Bruzelius" box="[489,668,296,323]" firstAuthor="Bruzelius" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" refId="ref175119" refString="Bruzelius, N. (1805) Dissertatio sistens species cognitas asteriarum, quam, sub praesidio A. J. Retzii. exhibet N. Bruzelius. Berlingianis, Lundae, 37 pp." type="book" year="1805">Bruzelius, 1805</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the same station; though not littoral this species tends to occur at much shallower waters than
|
||
<specimenCount id="DFE7A88D041AFF99FE73FE8074371150" box="[471,549,333,359]" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE1041AFF99FE73FE8074331150" box="[471,545,333,359]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.2" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="m" value="820.0">820 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
At first instance, it seems that the depth data presented for station 75 should be much shallower than the one presented by Sladen. In contrast,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF5041AFF99FCF4FEBC75E811BC" author="Agassiz" box="[848,1018,369,395]" firstAuthor="Agassiz" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 321" refId="ref171039" refString="Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321." type="journal article" year="1881">Agassiz (1881)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
working with the H.M.S.
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF16041AFF99FABAFEBC738E11BC" box="[1310,1436,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Challenger</emphasis>
|
||
echinoids indicated two sets of depth values of
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE1041AFF99FD02FE5975051198" box="[678,791,404,431]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.285" metricValueMax="1.65" metricValueMin="0.9199999999999999" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="m" value="128.5" valueMax="165.0" valueMin="92.0">92–165 m</quantity>
|
||
(50–90 ftms) and
|
||
<quantity id="0E19CEE1041AFF99FC40FE5872381198" box="[996,1066,405,431]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.23" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" unit="m" value="823.0">823 m</quantity>
|
||
(450 ftms) for station 75, though the species identified by the author among the material from station 75 have a wider known bathymetrical range than the species mentioned above (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="0EE11887041AFF99FDC6FE10721E11CF" authority="Agassiz, 1869" authorityName="Agassiz" authorityYear="1869" box="[610,1036,477,504]" class="Echinoidea" family="Trigonocidaridae" genus="Genocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Camarodonta" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="maculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF16041AFF99FDC6FE10754C11C0" box="[610,862,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Genocidaris maculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF5041AFF99FCC3FE10721E11CF" author="Agassiz" box="[871,1036,477,504]" firstAuthor="Agassiz" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="253 - 308" refId="ref170793" refString="Agassiz, A. (1869) Preliminary report on the echini and star-fishes dredged in deep water between Cuba and the Florida Reef, by L. F. de Pourtales, Assist. U. S. Coast Survey. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zo ˆ logy at Harvard College, 1 (9), 253 - 308." type="journal article" year="1869">Agassiz, 1869</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Thus, the echinoderms altogether found at this station indicate problems relating to the depth data, and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF5041AFF99FC6CFDCC7298122C" author="Agassiz's" box="[968,1162,513,539]" firstAuthor="Agassiz's" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 321" refId="ref171039" refString="Agassiz, A. (1881) Report on the Echinoidea dredged by H. M. S. Challenger 1873 - 76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H. M. S. Challenger, Zoology, 3, 1 - 321." type="journal article" year="1881">Agassiz’s (1881)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shallower depth values appear more realistic. One has to keep in mind that HMS
|
||
<emphasis id="FB95BF16041AFF99FCBBFDE8758F1208" box="[799,925,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="74" pageNumber="75">Challenger</emphasis>
|
||
dredged three times at station 75, which is in an area of high bottom relief and thus delivered material from different depths (namely 50, 90, and 450 fathoms according to the ship log (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="AD701EF5041AFF99FE12FDA074CB12B0" author="Thomson & Murray" box="[438,729,620,647]" firstAuthor="Thomson" pageId="74" pageNumber="75" pagination="1 - 2" refId="ref202496" refString="Thomson, W. & Murray, J. (1885) Report on the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S. " Challenger " during the years 1875 - 1876. Narrative, 1 (1 - 2), i-liv + 1 - 1110." type="journal article" year="1885">Thomson & Murray 1885</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Apparently, all the material resulting from these three dredges was attributed to station 75, thus causing the confusion mentioned above.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |