206 lines
47 KiB
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206 lines
47 KiB
XML
<document id="14B6E01F226A77C36465505086A162C1" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.1755.1.1" ID-ISSN="11755334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5123630" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1627002299643" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ingrisch, Sigfrid" docDate="2008" docId="0638878CFFC4FFED19ECFDA0FED8ABE1" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01755p034.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1755 (1)" docSource="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1755.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Paramacroxiphus C. Willemse 1961" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="5" masterDocId="FA01FFF4FFC7FFE9197BFFD2FFBBAC03" masterDocTitle="Revision of the genera Paramacroxiphus C. Willemse 1961 and Pseudomacroxiphus C. Willemse 1961 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae: Agraeciini)" masterLastPageNumber="34" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1699013632116" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="D2FD310BB068934F3D047E794BD3AD9E">Revision of the genera Paramacroxiphus C. Willemse 1961 and Pseudomacroxiphus C. Willemse 1961 (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae: Conocephalinae: Agraeciini)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B0B955B9A7E4308922A06DF4CE5BFA45">Ingrisch, Sigfrid</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C30E0457BB9A034FFBAEA864D5C37D57">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="7D46D9D6C8175BF2101B5E22C8D6A399">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="54AE66D373DF059897FAB80879632C92">2008-04-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="AE217665774B2944176B5AC800F61478">1755</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="30DD356B8655537AAD19DA9F5062EC51">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="2D44B5C8BCA652D06D793B93425A1E04" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.1755.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<subSubSection id="C68B6511FFC4FFEA19ECFDA0FDF4AE8F" box="[151,591,626,652]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC4FFEA19ECFDA0FDF4AE8F" blockId="3.[151,591,626,652]" box="[151,591,626,652]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="D56681F6FFC4FFEA19ECFDA0FDF4AE8F" bold="true" box="[151,591,626,652]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="49914D19FFC4FFEA19ECFDA0FDF4AE8F" ID-CoL="8NWVS" authority="C. Willemse, 1961" authorityName="C. Willemse" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,591,626,652]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Paramacroxiphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC4FFEA19ECFDA0FDF4AE8F" bold="true" box="[151,591,626,652]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC4FFEA19ECFDA0FED4AE8F" bold="true" box="[151,367,626,652]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paramacroxiphus</emphasis>
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C.Willemse, 1961
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C68B6511FFC4FFEA19ECFD6FFBBFAED7" box="[151,1028,701,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC4FFEA19ECFD6FFBBFAED7" blockId="3.[151,1028,701,756]" box="[151,1028,701,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<typeStatus id="512A8838FFC4FFEA19ECFD6FFF77AED7" box="[151,204,701,724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="49914D19FFC4FFEA1856FD6FFCB8AED7" authority="Willemse, 1961" authorityName="C. Willemse" authorityYear="1961" box="[301,771,701,724]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Paramacroxiphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aberrans">
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<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC4FFEA1856FD6FFDE9AED7" box="[301,594,701,724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paramacroxiphus aberrans</emphasis>
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Willemse, 1961
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C68B6511FFC4FFEA19ECFD0FFC09AEF7" box="[151,946,733,756]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC4FFEA19ECFD0FFC09AEF7" blockId="3.[151,1028,701,756]" box="[151,946,733,756]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="49914D19FFC4FFEA19ECFD0FFD98AEF7" ID-CoL="8NWVS" authority="C. Willemse 1961 a" authorityName="C. Willemse" authorityYear="1961" box="[151,547,733,756]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Paramacroxiphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC4FFEA19ECFD0FFEEEAEF7" box="[151,341,733,756]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Paramacroxiphus</emphasis>
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C.
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<bibRefCitation id="EA004B6BFFC4FFEA180BFD0FFD98AEF7" author="Willemse, C." box="[368,547,733,756]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="1960 - 1961" refId="ref17659" refString="Willemse, C. (1961 a) Description of some new Orthoptera from the Indo-Malayan region (Tettigonioidea). Publicaties van het Natuurhistorisch Genootschap in Limburg 12 [1960 - 1961], 28 - 35; Maastricht." type="journal article" year="1961">Willemse 1961a</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, Publ. natuurh. Gen.
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<collectingRegion id="4C55F878FFC4FFEA1A7EFD0FFCD9AEF7" box="[773,866,733,756]" country="Netherlands" name="Limburg" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Limburg</collectingRegion>
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12: 32.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C68B6511FFC4FFED19ECFCF7FAE7AD29" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC4FFEA19ECFCF7FB11A96C" blockId="3.[151,1437,805,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC4FFEA19ECFCF7FE94AF3C" bold="true" box="[151,303,805,831]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description.</emphasis>
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Fastigium verticis conical, shorter than scapus; ventral margin separated by a shallow sinuosity from fastigium frontis. Frons subsmooth, with shallow, scattered or more dense impressed dots, more distinct towards genae (
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<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC4FFEA1834FCA7FE7AAF8C" box="[335,449,885,911]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[175,1396,203,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-46@7.[151,1436,156,1940]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Habitus (1–2), ovipositor (3), and face (4–6) of Paramacroxiphus species: 1–4, P. aberrans (1, 4, male paratype; 2–3, female paratype); 5, P. tessellatus female holotype; 6, P. bifasciatus male holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123632/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 4–6</figureCitation>
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). Pronotum shining, faintly rugose towards margins; disc broadly rounded into paranota, posterior area often faintly raised, flat and shouldered; anterior margin broadly rounded but faintly concave or truncate in middle; posterior margin rounded (often almost straight in middle); transverse sulcus little impressed but entire; second transverse sulcus deeply cut on paranota, widening to a shallow furrow on disc; paranota with ventral margin slightly concave, strongly descending posteriorly; posterior angle rounded; auditory swelling distinct, ovoid; humeral sinus little indicated. Fully winged, tegmen surpassing hind knees, with approaching margins in basal half, subparallel margins in apical half, in some species slightly widening again towards apex, apex rounded (
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<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC4FFEA1B7EFB5FFDE9A8A4" box="[517,594,1165,1191]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[175,1396,203,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-46@7.[151,1436,156,1940]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Habitus (1–2), ovipositor (3), and face (4–6) of Paramacroxiphus species: 1–4, P. aberrans (1, 4, male paratype; 2–3, female paratype); 5, P. tessellatus female holotype; 6, P. bifasciatus male holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123632/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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). Prosternal spines medium to long (somewhat variable, but always shorter than coxa), apex acute. Mesosternal lobes conical, metasternal lobes short-conical; medial plate with a spine at both posterior angles. Anterior tibia with dorsal angles broadly rounded, only near apex little angular. All femora with spines on both ventral margins; on ventro-internal margin of postfemur numerous and distributed over the whole femur length. Knee lobes of profemur triangular or rarely obtuse on external, spinose on internal side; of mesofemur spinose on both sides; of postfemur bi-spinose on both sides.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC4FFEA19BDFAAFFD8CA9E4" blockId="3.[151,1437,805,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Male. Stridulatory file curved in about middle; basal half with large teeth, gradually turned into narrow teeth in apical half (
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<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC4FFEA18FBFA77FDBAA9BC" box="[384,513,1445,1471]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 7–10" captionStart-1="FIGURES 11–15" captionStartId-0="8.[151,269,1394,1418]" captionStartId-1="11.[151,269,1461,1485]" captionTargetBox-0="[177,1389,200,1386]" captionTargetBox-1="[184,1400,194,1421]" captionTargetId-0="figure-209@8.[151,1436,168,1409]" captionTargetId-1="figure-120@11.[151,1436,147,1473]" captionTargetPageId-0="8" captionTargetPageId-1="11" captionText-0="FIGURES 7–10. Stridulatory files on underside of left tegmen of Paramacroxiphus males: 7, P.aberrans paratype; 8, P. rufus holotype; 9, P. maculatus holotype; 10, P. securiformis holotype." captionText-1="FIGURES 11–15. Stridulatory files on underside of left tegmen of Paramacroxiphus males: 11, P.armatus holotype; 12, P. bifasciatus holotype; 13, P. brunneus holotype; 14, P. elongatus holotype; 15, P. irregularius holotype." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123634" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123638" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5123634/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5123638/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 7–15</figureCitation>
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). Dorsal area of right tegmen behind mirror with a field of minute spinules sitting on veins and veinlets (
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<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC4FFEA18A9FA1FFD90A9E4" box="[466,555,1485,1511]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–44" captionStartId="16.[151,269,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,183,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-81@16.[153,1433,164,1750]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 35–44. Male subgenital plate (35–43) and stridulatory area of right tegmen (44) of Paramacroxiphus species: 35, P. elongatus holotype; 36, P. irregularius holotype; 37, P.rufus holotype; 38, P. securiformis holotype; 39, P.armatus holotype; 40, P. bifasciatus holotype; 41, P. maculatus holotype; 42, P. aberrans holotype; 43, P. brunneus holotype; 44, P.aberransparatype. Abbreviations: m mirror, s scrapper, sp field of spinules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123646/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC4FFEA19BDFA27FC87AAAC" blockId="3.[151,1437,805,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Tenth abdominal tergite varying in size and shape between species, short or prolonged, globular or almost flat; apical margin excised or with projections of various shape (
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<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC4FFEA1AF2F9CFFBCBAA34" box="[905,1136,1565,1591]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–28" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1902,1926]" captionTargetBox="[200,1388,191,1860]" captionTargetId="figure-78@12.[180,1419,155,1874]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 16–28. Male cercus and tenth abdominal tergite of Paramacroxiphus species: 16, 19, 22, 26, cercus in dorsal view; 17, 20, 23, do. ventral view; 24, 27, do. internal view; 18, 21, 25, 28, male tenth abdominal tergite in dorso-apical (18) or dorsal view (21, 25, 28).—16–18, P.aberrans holotype; 19–21, P.rufus holotype; 22–25, P. maculatus holotype; 26–28, P. securiformis holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123640" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123640/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 18, 21, 25, 28</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC4FFEA1D07F9CFFB71AA34" box="[1148,1226,1565,1591]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="13.[151,269,1896,1920]" captionTargetBox="[188,1416,187,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-75@13.[151,1436,152,1872]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Male abdominal apex of Paramacroxiphus species in dorsal view (31, in dorso-lateral view; 34, left cercus): 29, P. brunneus holotype; 30, P.armatus holotype; 31, P. elongatus holotype; 32, P. bifasciatus holotype; 33–34, P. irregularius holotype. The arrow points at the baso-internal tooth of the cercus. 10t tenth abdominal tergite; ce cercus; pa process of paraproct; sg subgenital plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123642" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123642/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">29–33</figureCitation>
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). Subgenital plate with convex and ascending lateral areas; with obtuse lateral carinae; central area between and including carinae or carinae alone prolonged behind, in some species very long; resulting shapes strongly differing between species (
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<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC4FFEA1987F947FE37AAAC" box="[252,396,1685,1711]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–44" captionStartId="16.[151,269,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,183,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-81@16.[153,1433,164,1750]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 35–44. Male subgenital plate (35–43) and stridulatory area of right tegmen (44) of Paramacroxiphus species: 35, P. elongatus holotype; 36, P. irregularius holotype; 37, P.rufus holotype; 38, P. securiformis holotype; 39, P.armatus holotype; 40, P. bifasciatus holotype; 41, P. maculatus holotype; 42, P. aberrans holotype; 43, P. brunneus holotype; 44, P.aberransparatype. Abbreviations: m mirror, s scrapper, sp field of spinules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123646/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 35–43</figureCitation>
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). Epiproct and cerci species specific.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC4FFEA19BDF96FFD63AAFC" blockId="3.[151,1437,805,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Titillators with basal parts simple; apical parts widened and to varying degree divided into two branches (
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<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC4FFEA19E4F937FE8BAAFC" box="[159,304,1765,1791]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 45–49" captionStart-1="FIGURES 50–56" captionStart-2="FIGURES 57–66" captionStartId-0="19.[151,269,1907,1931]" captionStartId-1="20.[151,269,1594,1618]" captionStartId-2="22.[151,269,1898,1922]" captionTargetBox-0="[200,1385,188,1875]" captionTargetBox-1="[205,1393,196,1561]" captionTargetBox-2="[279,1301,197,1858]" captionTargetId-0="figure-77@19.[192,1397,183,1884]" captionTargetId-1="figure-184@20.[186,1410,170,1590]" captionTargetId-2="figure-81@22.[270,1309,185,1864]" captionTargetPageId-0="19" captionTargetPageId-1="20" captionTargetPageId-2="22" captionText-0="FIGURES 45–49. Male titillators of Paramacroxiphus species in ventro-distal view: 45, P. brunneus holotype; 46, P. bifasciatus holotype; 47, P. irregularius holotype; 48, P. elongatus holotype; 49, P.armatus holotype (surface structure indicated at apex). Baso-lateral sclerite only shown on one side. Abbreviations: ap apical part of titillator; bp basal part of titillator; br bristles; bs baso-lateral sclerite; m membranous part of phallus." captionText-1="FIGURES 50–56. Male titillators of Paramacroxiphus species in lateral view (50, 53), dorso-proximal view (51–52, 55– 56) and detail of apical part (54): 50–51, P.armatus holotype; 52, P. bifasciatus holotype; 53–54, P. brunneus holotype; 55, P. elongatus holotype; 56, P. irregularius holotype. Abbreviations: ap apical part of titillator; bp basal part of titillator; br bristles; bs baso-lateral sclerite; m membranous part of phallus. Scale bars = 1 mm.(ZMB); 1 female, do. 67, Pionierlager, 1.v.–30.vi.1912, Bürgers (ZMB); 1 female, do. [label unreadable], Bürgers (ZMB)." captionText-2="FIGURES 57–66. Male titillators of Paramacroxiphus species in ventro-distal view (57, 60, 63, 65), dorso-proximal view (58, 61, 64, 66), lateral view (59), and view on apex (62): 57–59, P. aberrans holotype; 60–62, P. securiformis holotype; 63–64, P. maculatus holotype; 65–66, P. rufus holotype. Abbreviations: ap apical part of titillator; as apico-lateral sclerite; bp basal part of titillator; bs baso-lateral sclerite. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123648" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123652" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123654" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5123648/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5123652/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5123654/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Figs. 45–66</figureCitation>
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). With large separate basal sclerites.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC4FFEA19BDF8DFFD53ABC4" blockId="3.[151,1437,805,1991]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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Female. Tenth abdominal tergite transverse. Epiproct rounded or triangular, surface shallowly depressed. Cerci long, conical, slightly curved, apex acute. Ovipositor long, compressed, blade-shaped, highest in or slightly before or behind middle, faintly curved dorsad in basal half, and ventrad in apical half (
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC4FFEA1C7EF88FFAF7AB74" box="[1285,1356,1885,1911]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[175,1396,203,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-46@7.[151,1436,156,1940]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Habitus (1–2), ovipositor (3), and face (4–6) of Paramacroxiphus species: 1–4, P. aberrans (1, 4, male paratype; 2–3, female paratype); 5, P. tessellatus female holotype; 6, P. bifasciatus male holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123632/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Subgenital plate transverse, divided in midline by a narrow membranous suture; apex with a membranous lobe of varies shape and often stiffened apical projections.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC3FFED19BDFF45FAE7AD29" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC3FFED19BDFF45FEEEACB2" bold="true" box="[198,341,151,177]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Coloration.</emphasis>
|
||
Often uniformly ochre, some species tessellate (dark brown with ochre). Frons often concolorous, clypeus often yellow, mandibles dark brown or black; some species with black vertical bands or other dark pattern. Tegmen light brown with little conspicuous brown spots, or strikingly tessellate in the dark colour form. Ovipositor brown. Female subgenital plate black, suture and membranous apical area light.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C68B6511FFC3FFED19BDFEE5FED8ABE1" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC3FFED19BDFEE5FEC4AF59" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC3FFED19BDFEE5FEE9AD52" bold="true" box="[198,338,311,337]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
The genus contains large, robust species. It is characterised by the pronotum with deep paranota, weak humeral sinus and moderately prolonged apical area, covering not more than the base of the stridulatory area in male (
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED18F1FE5AFE6AADA1" box="[394,465,392,418]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="7.[151,269,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[175,1396,203,1917]" captionTargetId="figure-46@7.[151,1436,156,1940]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Habitus (1–2), ovipositor (3), and face (4–6) of Paramacroxiphus species: 1–4, P. aberrans (1, 4, male paratype; 2–3, female paratype); 5, P. tessellatus female holotype; 6, P. bifasciatus male holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123632" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123632/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). Characteristic for the male stridulatory apparatus is the sinuate stridulatory file with rather large teeth (
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED18CBFE62FD8AADC9" box="[432,561,432,458]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–10" captionStartId="8.[151,269,1394,1418]" captionTargetBox="[177,1389,200,1386]" captionTargetId="figure-209@8.[151,1436,168,1409]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 7–10. Stridulatory files on underside of left tegmen of Paramacroxiphus males: 7, P.aberrans paratype; 8, P. rufus holotype; 9, P. maculatus holotype; 10, P. securiformis holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123634" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123634/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 7–10</figureCitation>
|
||
) and the dorsal field of the right tegmen, which carries a field of minute spinules behind the mirror area (
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1B63FE0AFDCAADF1" box="[536,625,472,498]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–44" captionStartId="16.[151,269,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,183,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-81@16.[153,1433,164,1750]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 35–44. Male subgenital plate (35–43) and stridulatory area of right tegmen (44) of Paramacroxiphus species: 35, P. elongatus holotype; 36, P. irregularius holotype; 37, P.rufus holotype; 38, P. securiformis holotype; 39, P.armatus holotype; 40, P. bifasciatus holotype; 41, P. maculatus holotype; 42, P. aberrans holotype; 43, P. brunneus holotype; 44, P.aberransparatype. Abbreviations: m mirror, s scrapper, sp field of spinules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123646/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 44</figureCitation>
|
||
). The male abdominal terminalia and internal genitalia show species specific modifications. The cerci are short, conical or cylindrical with internal teeth of variable number and shape. The titillators have the apical parts often divided into two branches, the surface with a very fine striation or granulation and the margins crenulated. The baso-lateral sclerites are large and elongate; the apico-lateral sclerites usually small or reduced. In some species the titillators are provided with bunches of hairs, bristles or short spines. The female subgenital plate has the apical area membranous or prolonged into a median process or a pair of spines; the basal sclerite is divided or furrowed in midline. The ovipositor varies from little longer to twice as long as the hind femur, is slightly curved down, and highest in middle of length. All known species are fully winged with the tegmen surpassing the abdomen but do not reach the apex of the stretched hind tibia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC3FFED19BDFCBAFAE8AA01" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The male tenth abdominal tergite and male and female subgenital plates show evolutionary trends within the genus. The male tenth abdominal tergite is in the simplest form little longer than the preceding sclerites, and with moderately emarginated hind margin as in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49914D19FFC3FFED1B86FC6AFCC0AFD2" authorityName="Ingrisch" authorityYear="2008" box="[765,891,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Paramacroxiphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC3FFED1B86FC6AFCC0AFD2" box="[765,891,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. armatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1AF0FC6AFC58AFD1" box="[907,995,952,978]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="13.[151,269,1896,1920]" captionTargetBox="[188,1416,187,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-75@13.[151,1436,152,1872]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Male abdominal apex of Paramacroxiphus species in dorsal view (31, in dorso-lateral view; 34, left cercus): 29, P. brunneus holotype; 30, P.armatus holotype; 31, P. elongatus holotype; 32, P. bifasciatus holotype; 33–34, P. irregularius holotype. The arrow points at the baso-internal tooth of the cercus. 10t tenth abdominal tergite; ce cercus; pa process of paraproct; sg subgenital plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123642" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123642/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 30</figureCitation>
|
||
). There are two main trends of modification: the tergite is prolonged (most expressed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49914D19FFC3FFED1A6FFC32FC7BAFFA" authorityName="Ingrisch" authorityYear="2008" box="[788,960,992,1017]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Paramacroxiphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="irregularius">
|
||
<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC3FFED1A6FFC32FC7BAFFA" box="[788,960,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. irregularius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1AA8FC32FB91AFF9" box="[979,1066,992,1018]" captionStart="FIGURES 29–34" captionStartId="13.[151,269,1896,1920]" captionTargetBox="[188,1416,187,1869]" captionTargetId="figure-75@13.[151,1436,152,1872]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="FIGURES 29–34. Male abdominal apex of Paramacroxiphus species in dorsal view (31, in dorso-lateral view; 34, left cercus): 29, P. brunneus holotype; 30, P.armatus holotype; 31, P. elongatus holotype; 32, P. bifasciatus holotype; 33–34, P. irregularius holotype. The arrow points at the baso-internal tooth of the cercus. 10t tenth abdominal tergite; ce cercus; pa process of paraproct; sg subgenital plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123642" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123642/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 33</figureCitation>
|
||
) or it becomes globular (most expressed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49914D19FFC3FFED184AFBDAFE03A822" authorityName="C. Willemse" authorityYear="1961" box="[305,440,1032,1057]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Paramacroxiphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aberrans">
|
||
<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC3FFED184AFBDAFE03A822" box="[305,440,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. aberrans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED18BCFBDAFDA6A821" box="[455,541,1032,1058]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–28" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1902,1926]" captionTargetBox="[200,1388,191,1860]" captionTargetId="figure-78@12.[180,1419,155,1874]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 16–28. Male cercus and tenth abdominal tergite of Paramacroxiphus species: 16, 19, 22, 26, cercus in dorsal view; 17, 20, 23, do. ventral view; 24, 27, do. internal view; 18, 21, 25, 28, male tenth abdominal tergite in dorso-apical (18) or dorsal view (21, 25, 28).—16–18, P.aberrans holotype; 19–21, P.rufus holotype; 22–25, P. maculatus holotype; 26–28, P. securiformis holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123640" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123640/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 18</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, the lobes resulting from the apical emargination can become separately prolonged and modified (e.g. in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49914D19FFC3FFED1BDAFBE2FD46A84A" authorityName="Ingrisch" authorityYear="2008" box="[673,765,1072,1097]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Paramacroxiphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC3FFED1BDAFBE2FD46A84A" box="[673,765,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. rufus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1A75FBE2FCD3A849" box="[782,872,1072,1098]" captionStart="FIGURES 16–28" captionStartId="12.[151,269,1902,1926]" captionTargetBox="[200,1388,191,1860]" captionTargetId="figure-78@12.[180,1419,155,1874]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURES 16–28. Male cercus and tenth abdominal tergite of Paramacroxiphus species: 16, 19, 22, 26, cercus in dorsal view; 17, 20, 23, do. ventral view; 24, 27, do. internal view; 18, 21, 25, 28, male tenth abdominal tergite in dorso-apical (18) or dorsal view (21, 25, 28).—16–18, P.aberrans holotype; 19–21, P.rufus holotype; 22–25, P. maculatus holotype; 26–28, P. securiformis holotype." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123640" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123640/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 21</figureCitation>
|
||
). With regard to the male subgenital plate, the most primitive form also occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49914D19FFC3FFED1B48FB8AFD0BA872" authorityName="Ingrisch" authorityYear="2008" box="[563,688,1112,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Paramacroxiphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC3FFED1B48FB8AFD0BA872" box="[563,688,1112,1137]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">P. armatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1BBBFB8AFCAFA871" box="[704,788,1112,1138]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–44" captionStartId="16.[151,269,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,183,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-81@16.[153,1433,164,1750]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 35–44. Male subgenital plate (35–43) and stridulatory area of right tegmen (44) of Paramacroxiphus species: 35, P. elongatus holotype; 36, P. irregularius holotype; 37, P.rufus holotype; 38, P. securiformis holotype; 39, P.armatus holotype; 40, P. bifasciatus holotype; 41, P. maculatus holotype; 42, P. aberrans holotype; 43, P. brunneus holotype; 44, P.aberransparatype. Abbreviations: m mirror, s scrapper, sp field of spinules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123646/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 39</figureCitation>
|
||
) with only little prolonged medial area and moderately excised apex. The main trend goes via intermediate forms (
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1A33FB52FC6EA899" box="[840,981,1152,1178]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–44" captionStartId="16.[151,269,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,183,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-81@16.[153,1433,164,1750]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 35–44. Male subgenital plate (35–43) and stridulatory area of right tegmen (44) of Paramacroxiphus species: 35, P. elongatus holotype; 36, P. irregularius holotype; 37, P.rufus holotype; 38, P. securiformis holotype; 39, P.armatus holotype; 40, P. bifasciatus holotype; 41, P. maculatus holotype; 42, P. aberrans holotype; 43, P. brunneus holotype; 44, P.aberransparatype. Abbreviations: m mirror, s scrapper, sp field of spinules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123646/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 40–41</figureCitation>
|
||
) to a strong prolongation of the central area of the subgenital plate (
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED189EFB7AFDCDA8C1" box="[485,630,1192,1218]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–44" captionStartId="16.[151,269,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,183,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-81@16.[153,1433,164,1750]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 35–44. Male subgenital plate (35–43) and stridulatory area of right tegmen (44) of Paramacroxiphus species: 35, P. elongatus holotype; 36, P. irregularius holotype; 37, P.rufus holotype; 38, P. securiformis holotype; 39, P.armatus holotype; 40, P. bifasciatus holotype; 41, P. maculatus holotype; 42, P. aberrans holotype; 43, P. brunneus holotype; 44, P.aberransparatype. Abbreviations: m mirror, s scrapper, sp field of spinules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123646/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 35–38</figureCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, the apical excision can become longer to the extreme that the prolongation is only formed by the lateral carinae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1A3DFB02FC6DA8E9" box="[838,982,1232,1258]" captionStart="FIGURES 35–44" captionStartId="16.[151,269,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[171,1404,183,1732]" captionTargetId="figure-81@16.[153,1433,164,1750]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 35–44. Male subgenital plate (35–43) and stridulatory area of right tegmen (44) of Paramacroxiphus species: 35, P. elongatus holotype; 36, P. irregularius holotype; 37, P.rufus holotype; 38, P. securiformis holotype; 39, P.armatus holotype; 40, P. bifasciatus holotype; 41, P. maculatus holotype; 42, P. aberrans holotype; 43, P. brunneus holotype; 44, P.aberransparatype. Abbreviations: m mirror, s scrapper, sp field of spinules." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123646" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123646/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 42–43</figureCitation>
|
||
). The female subgenital plate shows in several species a membranous apical area without (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1A59FB2AFCCCA911" box="[802,887,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURES 67–79" captionStartId="23.[151,269,1793,1817]" captionTargetBox="[253,1346,205,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-135@23.[245,1347,197,1761]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 67–79. Female subgenital plate of Paramacroxiphus species in ventral view (67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78), lateral view (68, 71, 73, 75, 77) or recurved (79): 67–68, P. aberrans allotype (67) and paratype (68); 69, P. tessellatus holotype [the white arrow points at the apical cones]; 70–71, P. maculatus allotype; 72–73, P. uniformis holotype; 74–75, P. securiformis allotype; 76–77, P.rufus allotype (76) and paratype (77); 78, P.armatus paratype; 79, P. brunneus allotype. Abbreviations: ac apical cone; m membranous area; po pits at very base of ovipositor; ps pits at lateral area of subgenital plate; sd inner [= dorsal] surface of recurved subgenital plate; vv base of ventral valves of ovipositor usually hidden under subgenital plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123658/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 72</figureCitation>
|
||
) or with (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1D65FB2AFB1FA911" box="[1054,1188,1272,1298]" captionStart="FIGURES 67–79" captionStartId="23.[151,269,1793,1817]" captionTargetBox="[253,1346,205,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-135@23.[245,1347,197,1761]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 67–79. Female subgenital plate of Paramacroxiphus species in ventral view (67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78), lateral view (68, 71, 73, 75, 77) or recurved (79): 67–68, P. aberrans allotype (67) and paratype (68); 69, P. tessellatus holotype [the white arrow points at the apical cones]; 70–71, P. maculatus allotype; 72–73, P. uniformis holotype; 74–75, P. securiformis allotype; 76–77, P.rufus allotype (76) and paratype (77); 78, P.armatus paratype; 79, P. brunneus allotype. Abbreviations: ac apical cone; m membranous area; po pits at very base of ovipositor; ps pits at lateral area of subgenital plate; sd inner [= dorsal] surface of recurved subgenital plate; vv base of ventral valves of ovipositor usually hidden under subgenital plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123658/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 67-68</figureCitation>
|
||
) sclerotised cones or horns at the apical angles. Two evolutionary hypotheses are plausible, (1) a reduction: apical lobes of the subgenital plate (as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1800FA9AFE6AA961" box="[379,465,1352,1378]" captionStart="FIGURES 67–79" captionStartId="23.[151,269,1793,1817]" captionTargetBox="[253,1346,205,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-135@23.[245,1347,197,1761]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 67–79. Female subgenital plate of Paramacroxiphus species in ventral view (67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78), lateral view (68, 71, 73, 75, 77) or recurved (79): 67–68, P. aberrans allotype (67) and paratype (68); 69, P. tessellatus holotype [the white arrow points at the apical cones]; 70–71, P. maculatus allotype; 72–73, P. uniformis holotype; 74–75, P. securiformis allotype; 76–77, P.rufus allotype (76) and paratype (77); 78, P.armatus paratype; 79, P. brunneus allotype. Abbreviations: ac apical cone; m membranous area; po pits at very base of ovipositor; ps pits at lateral area of subgenital plate; sd inner [= dorsal] surface of recurved subgenital plate; vv base of ventral valves of ovipositor usually hidden under subgenital plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123658/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
|
||
) developed into acute cones (as in
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1A0EFA9AFC70A961" box="[885,971,1352,1378]" captionStart="FIGURES 67–79" captionStartId="23.[151,269,1793,1817]" captionTargetBox="[253,1346,205,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-135@23.[245,1347,197,1761]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 67–79. Female subgenital plate of Paramacroxiphus species in ventral view (67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78), lateral view (68, 71, 73, 75, 77) or recurved (79): 67–68, P. aberrans allotype (67) and paratype (68); 69, P. tessellatus holotype [the white arrow points at the apical cones]; 70–71, P. maculatus allotype; 72–73, P. uniformis holotype; 74–75, P. securiformis allotype; 76–77, P.rufus allotype (76) and paratype (77); 78, P.armatus paratype; 79, P. brunneus allotype. Abbreviations: ac apical cone; m membranous area; po pits at very base of ovipositor; ps pits at lateral area of subgenital plate; sd inner [= dorsal] surface of recurved subgenital plate; vv base of ventral valves of ovipositor usually hidden under subgenital plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123658/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 78</figureCitation>
|
||
), sclerotisation of the area between the cones and the wider basal area got lost (e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1BDCFAA2FC83A989" box="[679,824,1392,1418]" captionStart="FIGURES 67–79" captionStartId="23.[151,269,1793,1817]" captionTargetBox="[253,1346,205,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-135@23.[245,1347,197,1761]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 67–79. Female subgenital plate of Paramacroxiphus species in ventral view (67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78), lateral view (68, 71, 73, 75, 77) or recurved (79): 67–68, P. aberrans allotype (67) and paratype (68); 69, P. tessellatus holotype [the white arrow points at the apical cones]; 70–71, P. maculatus allotype; 72–73, P. uniformis holotype; 74–75, P. securiformis allotype; 76–77, P.rufus allotype (76) and paratype (77); 78, P.armatus paratype; 79, P. brunneus allotype. Abbreviations: ac apical cone; m membranous area; po pits at very base of ovipositor; ps pits at lateral area of subgenital plate; sd inner [= dorsal] surface of recurved subgenital plate; vv base of ventral valves of ovipositor usually hidden under subgenital plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123658/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 67, 74</figureCitation>
|
||
), and finally also the cones were reduced (
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1C4FFAA2FF03A9B1" captionStart="FIGURES 67–79" captionStartId="23.[151,269,1793,1817]" captionTargetBox="[253,1346,205,1755]" captionTargetId="figure-135@23.[245,1347,197,1761]" captionTargetPageId="23" captionText="FIGURES 67–79. Female subgenital plate of Paramacroxiphus species in ventral view (67, 69, 70, 72, 74, 76, 78), lateral view (68, 71, 73, 75, 77) or recurved (79): 67–68, P. aberrans allotype (67) and paratype (68); 69, P. tessellatus holotype [the white arrow points at the apical cones]; 70–71, P. maculatus allotype; 72–73, P. uniformis holotype; 74–75, P. securiformis allotype; 76–77, P.rufus allotype (76) and paratype (77); 78, P.armatus paratype; 79, P. brunneus allotype. Abbreviations: ac apical cone; m membranous area; po pits at very base of ovipositor; ps pits at lateral area of subgenital plate; sd inner [= dorsal] surface of recurved subgenital plate; vv base of ventral valves of ovipositor usually hidden under subgenital plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123658/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 70, 72</figureCitation>
|
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); (2) the membranous apical area is a newly evolved structure that might have resulted from an outgrowth of the dorsal surface of the subgenital plate behind the apical margin. In the latter case, subgenital plates with simple membranous apical area would be the most primitive, those fully sclerotised the most advanced.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC3FFED19BDF9C2FC3CAB41" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
The titillators are very complex. However, the titillators proper are simple clips that form the basal parts. They are fused with formerly probably membranous lobes of the phallus that became sclerotised to a varying degree forming the complex apical parts. Basal and apical parts can be readily recognised as separate units when sclerotisation of the apical parts is less pronounced (
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1A44F95AFC74AAA1" box="[831,975,1672,1698]" captionStart="FIGURES 57–66" captionStartId="22.[151,269,1898,1922]" captionTargetBox="[279,1301,197,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-81@22.[270,1309,185,1864]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 57–66. Male titillators of Paramacroxiphus species in ventro-distal view (57, 60, 63, 65), dorso-proximal view (58, 61, 64, 66), lateral view (59), and view on apex (62): 57–59, P. aberrans holotype; 60–62, P. securiformis holotype; 63–64, P. maculatus holotype; 65–66, P. rufus holotype. Abbreviations: ap apical part of titillator; as apico-lateral sclerite; bp basal part of titillator; bs baso-lateral sclerite. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123654/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 60–66</figureCitation>
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||
), while in other species both parts form a single strongly sclerotised sclerite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="16AA2A1FFFC3FFED1B35F962FD64AAC9" box="[590,735,1712,1738]" captionStart="FIGURES 57–66" captionStartId="22.[151,269,1898,1922]" captionTargetBox="[279,1301,197,1858]" captionTargetId="figure-81@22.[270,1309,185,1864]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURES 57–66. Male titillators of Paramacroxiphus species in ventro-distal view (57, 60, 63, 65), dorso-proximal view (58, 61, 64, 66), lateral view (59), and view on apex (62): 57–59, P. aberrans holotype; 60–62, P. securiformis holotype; 63–64, P. maculatus holotype; 65–66, P. rufus holotype. Abbreviations: ap apical part of titillator; as apico-lateral sclerite; bp basal part of titillator; bs baso-lateral sclerite. Scale bars = 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5123654" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5123654/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figs. 57–59</figureCitation>
|
||
). The surface of the apical parts shows a very fine striation or granulation while the margins are coarsely granular. Similar titillators can also be found in other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49914D19FFC3FFED1C5BF90AFA27AAF1" authorityName="Karny" authorityYear="1907" box="[1312,1436,1752,1778]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Agraeciini">Agraeciini</taxonomicName>
|
||
genera of the Indo-Australian region, e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49914D19FFC3FFED1BF4F8D2FCE5AB19" authority="Stal, 1877" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1877" box="[655,862,1792,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Axylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC3FFED1BF4F8D2FD66AB1A" box="[655,733,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Axylus</emphasis>
|
||
Stål, 1877
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49914D19FFC3FFED1AF1F8D2FB63AB19" authority="Karny, 1912" authorityName="Karny" authorityYear="1912" box="[906,1240,1792,1818]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Pseudonicsara" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC3FFED1AF1F8D2FB83AB1A" box="[906,1080,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Pseudonicsara</emphasis>
|
||
Karny, 1912
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="49914D19FFC3FFED1C2CF8D2FE96AB42" authorityName="C. Willemse" authorityYear="1961" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Paramacroxiphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="BCE5EA88FFC3FFED1C2CF8D2FE96AB42" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Paramacroxiphus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are characterised by the two-branched apical parts.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8E2E369AFFC3FFED19BDF882FED8ABE1" blockId="4.[151,1437,151,2018]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">The male stridulatory file is rather uniform between species apart from differences in size. The modified male internal genitalia show characteristic differences between species. However, all species known so far can also be differentiated by external characters as the male tenth abdominal tergite and cerci and male and female subgenital plates.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |