279 lines
32 KiB
XML
279 lines
32 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4882baaf-3747-4865-87e1-49e725955118" ID-PMC="PMC3361087" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-195-1" ID-PubMed="22679386" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-195-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 195" ModsDocTitle="The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)" checkinTime="1451249010182" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Miller, Jeremy A., Griswold, Charles E., Scharff, Nikolaj, Řezac, Milan, Szűts, Tamas & Marhabaie, Mohammad" docDate="2012" docId="BCFE8E4925D8ABE5D014170C4897E4CC" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 195: 1-144" docOrigin="ZooKeys 195" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342" docTitle="Stegodyphus Simon" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="83" masterDocId="FFABFFD09B65FF5EFFA6FFE4FFE1FFC2" masterDocTitle="The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="79" updateTime="1668153919305" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Miller, Jeremy A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Griswold, Charles E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Scharff, Nikolaj</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Řezac, Milan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Szűts, Tamas</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Marhabaie, Mohammad</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>195</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>144</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-195-1</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152035661" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:BCFE8E4925D8ABE5D014170C4897E4CC" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/BCFE8E4925D8ABE5D014170C4897E4CC" lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Stegodyphus" authority="Simon" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus Simon</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Simon, E" journalOrPublisher="Memoires de la Societe royale des sciences de Liege Deuxieme Serie" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 174" title="Araneides nouveaux ou peu connus du midi de l'Europe. (2 e memoire)." volume="5" year="1873">Simon 1873</bibRefCitation>
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: 336;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="78" pageNumber="79">1892</bibRefCitation>
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: 253;
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<bibRefCitation author="Lehtinen, PT" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici Fennici" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="199 - 468" title="Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families." volume="4" year="1967">Lehtinen 1967</bibRefCitation>
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: 265. Type species
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Eresus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eresus lineatus" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineatus">Eresus lineatus</taxonomicName>
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Latreille, 1817.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Magunia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Magunia" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Magunia</taxonomicName>
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Lehtinen, 1967: 246. Synonymy in
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<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" type="note">
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<paragraph pageId="78" pageNumber="79">Note.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="80" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">
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With the transfer of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus annulipes" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="annulipes">Stegodyphus annulipes</taxonomicName>
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to the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Loureedia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loureedia" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Loureedia</taxonomicName>
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gen. n., the genus
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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contains 20 recognized species from Africa, southern Europe and Asia, plus a single species from Brazil (
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<bibRefCitation author="Platnick, N" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" title="The world spider catalog, Version 11.5. American Museum of Natural History, online at http: // research. amnh. org / iz / spiders / catalog" url="10.5531/db.iz.0001." year="2011">Platnick 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). The genus
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Magunia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Magunia" order="Araneae" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Magunia</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Lehtinen, PT" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici Fennici" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="199 - 468" title="Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families." volume="4" year="1967">Lehtinen 1967</bibRefCitation>
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was
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<pageBreakToken pageId="79" pageNumber="80" start="start">established</pageBreakToken>
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to accommodate
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus tentoriicola" order="Araneae" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentoriicola">Stegodyphus tentoriicola</taxonomicName>
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Purcell, 1904 and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus dumicola" order="Araneae" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dumicola">Stegodyphus dumicola</taxonomicName>
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Pocock, 1898, both of which have a bifurcated conductor including a hook-shaped sclerotized branch (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
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: figs 245, 248).
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<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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rejected this genus on the grounds that it would require dividing
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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sensu lato into at least three genera, which they considered needless. Molecular analyses have corroborated the monophyly of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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sensu lato and nested taxa representing
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Magunia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Magunia" order="Araneae" pageId="79" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Magunia</taxonomicName>
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<pageBreakToken pageId="80" pageNumber="81" start="start">within</pageBreakToken>
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(not sister to) a monophyletic
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Johannesen, J" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="231 - 237" title="The age and evolution of sociality in Stegodyphus spiders: a molecular phylogenetic perspective." url="10.1098/rspb.2006.3699" volume="274" year="2007">Johannesen et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Miller, JA" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="786 - 804" title="Phylogeny of entelegyne spiders: Affinities of the family Penestomidae (NEW RANK), generic phylogeny of Eresidae, and asymmetric rates of change in spinning organ evolution (Araneae, Araneoidea, Entelegynae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.021" volume="55" year="2010 a">Miller et al. 2010a</bibRefCitation>
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). We therefore concur with
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<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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in treating
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Magunia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Magunia" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Magunia</taxonomicName>
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as a subjective junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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We studied specimens representing three
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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selected to cover a wide range of the variation present in the genus. Our exemplars were
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus lineatus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineatus">Stegodyphus lineatus</taxonomicName>
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, the type species for the genus, based on specimens from Afghanistan, Israel, and Turkey,
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus mimosarum" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimosarum">Stegodyphus mimosarum</taxonomicName>
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based on specimens from Madagascar and Malawi, and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus sarasinorum" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sarasinorum">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</taxonomicName>
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based on specimens from Myanmar. Our identification was based on the revision of
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<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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; we did not seek to examine type material.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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Distinguished from other eresids except
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea presleyi" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="presleyi">Paradonea presleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. by the median eye group, which has large, subequal eyes (AME/PME> 0.6) with clear separation on the horizontal axis and significant overlap on the vertical axis (Fig. 11A, C, E, G, I, K); distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea presleyi" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="presleyi">Paradonea presleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n. by the long, acute clypeal hood (short, slightly obtuse in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea presleyi" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="presleyi">Paradonea presleyi</taxonomicName>
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sp. n., Fig. 70I). Classically diagnosed by having the PER noticeably more narrow (65-90%) than the AER (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Simon 1892</bibRefCitation>
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); however,
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Adonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Adonea" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Adonea</taxonomicName>
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, and some
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Eresus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eresus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eresus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paradonea</taxonomicName>
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species approach or even overlap with some
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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species. Further distinguished from other eresids except
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dresserus</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Gandanameno" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gandanameno" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gandanameno</taxonomicName>
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, and some
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paradonea</taxonomicName>
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by the advanced position of the PLE (<0.29;> 0.31 in other eresids).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" type="distinguishing species">
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<paragraph pageId="80" pageNumber="81">Distinguishing species.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="82" lastPageNumber="83" pageId="80" pageNumber="81">
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Therevisionary monograph by
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<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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remains the key resource for identifying
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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species.
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<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus (1988)</bibRefCitation>
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divided
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
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into three species groups, each with one non-territorial permanently social species. In a molecular phylogenetic study,
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<bibRefCitation author="Johannesen, J" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="231 - 237" title="The age and evolution of sociality in Stegodyphus spiders: a molecular phylogenetic perspective." url="10.1098/rspb.2006.3699" volume="274" year="2007">Johannesen et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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suggested that
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus lineatus" order="Araneae" pageId="80" pageNumber="81" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineatus">Stegodyphus lineatus</taxonomicName>
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is distinctive enough to warrant its own monotypic species group, but otherwise their findings were congruent with the earlier morphological study of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="81" pageNumber="82" start="start">Kraus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
and Kraus (1988)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and supported the hypothesis that sociality in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been independently derived multiple times. The
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus africanus" order="Araneae" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">Stegodyphus africanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group contains seven species including our exemplar, the social species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus mimosarum" order="Araneae" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mimosarum">Stegodyphus mimosarum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Males of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus africanus" order="Araneae" pageId="81" pageNumber="82" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">Stegodyphus africanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have the palpal conductor as a distally-projecting complex comprising an outer leaf and a longer, less sclerotized, inner leaf. The embolic division is longer than the tegular division. The epigynum has the posterior part of median lobe raised,
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="82" pageNumber="83" start="start">membranous</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, and wider than long. The median eyes in both sexes are relatively heterogenous (AME/PME ca. 0.6-0.8; data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus dufouri" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dufouri">Stegodyphus dufouri</taxonomicName>
|
||
group contains four or five species (depending on whether
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus pacificus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pacificus">Stegodyphus pacificus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus dufouri" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dufouri">Stegodyphus dufouri</taxonomicName>
|
||
are considered distinct) including our exemplar, the social species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus sarasinorum" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sarasinorum">Stegodyphus sarasinorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Males of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus dufouri" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dufouri">Stegodyphus dufouri</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have a spiral conductor that lacks a free inner leaf and is shorter than the tegular division. The median eyes in both sexes are relatively homogenous (AME/PME usually ca. 0.7-1.0, rarely ca. 0.6; data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus mirandus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirandus">Stegodyphus mirandus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group contains six species including our exemplar,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus lineatus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lineatus">Stegodyphus lineatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the type species of the genus (but see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Johannesen, J" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="231 - 237" title="The age and evolution of sociality in Stegodyphus spiders: a molecular phylogenetic perspective." url="10.1098/rspb.2006.3699" volume="274" year="2007">Johannesen et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Males of the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus mirandus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirandus">Stegodyphus mirandus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group have complex conductors with a membranous inner lobe similar to that found in the
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus africanus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="africanus">Stegodyphus africanus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group, although it is characteristically more spiral (as opposed to distally-projecting) and the embolic division is shorter than the tegular division. In some species (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus tentoriicola" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tentoriicola">Stegodyphus tentoriicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus dumicola" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dumicola">Stegodyphus dumicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
), a sclerotized hook-like apophysis arises from the inner lobe of the conductor. The median eyes in both sexes are relatively homogenous (AME/PME ca. 0.8-0.9) except in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus tibialis" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tibialis">Stegodyphus tibialis</taxonomicName>
|
||
(AME/PME ca. 0.5-0.6; data from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The epigynum of some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus mirandus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirandus">Stegodyphus mirandus</taxonomicName>
|
||
group species is more or less rotated into vertical position (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="82" pageNumber="83" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Natural history.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
are known from a variety of warm, dry habitats and include both solitary and social species. The solitary species make webs with a central, funnel-like retreat and an irregular cribellate mass appressed to the substrate or multiple cribellate sheets in different planes on which they walk. The social species make a large nest of silk, plant debris and chitinous remains of their insect prey, and large sheets of cribellate silk may extend out in several directions (Fig. 4
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="J–L">J-L</normalizedToken>
|
||
). The spiders walk upon or hang beneath these sheets. The cribellate silk carding leg is braced with a mobile leg IV, and the margins of the cribellate band are entire (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Griswold, CE" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="1 - 324" title="Atlas of phylogenetic data for entelegyne spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae: Entelegynae) with comments on their phylogeny." volume="56" year="2005">Griswold et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We have never observed them to wrap captured prey. The fine structure of the cribellate silk of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="82" pageNumber="83" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
was studied by
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="82" pageNumber="83">Kullmann (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
who recorded both axial fibers and reserve warp and noted that the cribellar fibrils are cylindrical in cross section. Prey include a variety of arthropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dewar, M" journalOrPublisher="American Zoologist" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="476 - 477" title="Behaviour of South African social spiders: prey capture." volume="10" year="1970">Dewar and Koopowitz 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); social spiders hunting cooperatively are more effective than solitary hunters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ward, PI" journalOrPublisher="Behaviour" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="167 - 182" title="Conflict and cooperation in the group feeding of the social spider Stegodyphus mimosarum." url="10.1163/156853985X00325" volume="94" year="1985">Ward and Enders 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Juveniles feed on the bodies of dead females (Fig. 3D), which may or may not be their mother in social species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Schneider, J" journalOrPublisher="Animal Behaviour" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="649 - 658" title="The effect of reproductive state on care-giving in Stegodyphus (Araneae: Eresidae) and the implications on the evolution of sociality." url="10.1006/anbe.2001.1961" volume="63" year="2002">Schneider 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The sex ratio is female biased (more than 4:1) in social species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="82" pageNumber="83">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Avilés">Aviles</normalizedToken>
|
||
1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Social colonies last for 7-8 years. Mating in many species occurs in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="December–February">December-February</normalizedToken>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kraus, O" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="151 - 254" title="The genus Stegodyphus (Arachnida, Araneae). Sibling species, species groups, and parallel origins of social living." volume="30" year="1988">Kraus and Kraus 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |