409 lines
51 KiB
XML
409 lines
51 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="0DB2829FC1D42A84219DFE3B54C3C359">Taxonomic revision of the semi-aquatic skink Parvoscincus leucospilos (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae), with description of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C5449E6B045DF0E87DA7759EAFB0E3CE">Siler, Cameron D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A8D3018BF9051DC72CDA53A23933A50A">Watters, Jessa L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="95D2B92E0716C4DACF9F89C49921291F">Diesmos, Arvin C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2E6E3C993CD9DB951818CC8D35A0713B">Brown, Rafe M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:number id="507ABF1657F9789C28B7FA4A7F805A5D">3847</mods:number>
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<treatment id="6A643564967DF103FF71FAD482B0326C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5620906" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119585527" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5620906" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6A643564967DF103FF71FAD482B0326C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A643564967DF103FF71FAD482B0326C" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="397" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">
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<paragraph id="E2728472967DF10FFF71FAD4810A3462" blockId="5.[151,624,1337,1397]" box="[151,624,1337,1363]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">
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<heading id="B93A331E967DF10FFF71FAD4810A3462" bold="true" box="[151,624,1337,1363]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFF71FAD4810A3462" authority="Peters 1872" authorityName="Peters" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,624,1337,1363]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
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<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFF71FAD4810A3462" bold="true" box="[151,624,1337,1363]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">
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<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFF71FAD482BE3462" bold="true" box="[151,452,1337,1363]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Parvoscincus leucospilos</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="865CF983967DF10FFE32FAD4811D3462" author="Peters" box="[468,615,1337,1363]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" refString="Peters, W. C. H. (1872) Uber eine neue von Hrn. Dr. A. B. Meyer auf Luzon entdeckte Art von Eidechsen (Lygosoma (Hinulia) leucospilos) und eine von demselben in Nordcelebes gefundene neue Schlangengattung (Allophis nigricaudus). Monatsberichte der Koniglich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1872, 684 - 687." type="journal article" year="1872">Peters 1872</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E2728472967DF10FFF71FAB1826B3444" blockId="5.[151,624,1337,1397]" box="[151,273,1372,1397]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">
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(
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<figureCitation id="7AF698F7967DF10FFF79FAB182733444" box="[159,265,1372,1397]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1983,2005]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,1660,1682]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,250,1054,1076]" captionTargetBox-0="[340,1246,409,1929]" captionTargetBox-1="[180,1426,191,1638]" captionTargetBox-2="[158,1430,193,1041]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[340,1247,409,1962]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[180,1427,187,1639]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[158,1430,193,1042]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Dorsal views of representative specimen heads and flanks, exhibiting pigmentation pattern variation among species." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Photographs of heads from dorsal and lateral perspectives to show pigmentation and scale pattern variation among species. With the exception of P. leucospilos (KU 313870), all photographs are of the holotypes of the new species." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Photographs in life of (A) P. leucospilos (Mt. Banahao; TNHC 62683); (B) P. leucospilos (Angat Watershed; KU 329388); (C) P. manananggalae sp. nov. (PNM 9794); and (D) P. tikbalangi sp. nov. (Holotype; PNM 9795)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/226286/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/226287/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/226288/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Figs. 3–5</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F9967DF10FFF71FA48875434C6" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="E2728472967DF10FFF71FA4881E8348B" blockId="5.[151,1364,1444,1527]" box="[151,658,1444,1466]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C2DDA35C967DF10FFF71FA4881E8348B" box="[151,658,1444,1466]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">
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<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFF71FA4881F5348B" authority="Peters, 1872:684" authorityName="Peters" authorityPageNumber="684" authorityYear="1872" box="[151,655,1444,1466]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Lygosoma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos" subGenus="Hinulia">
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<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFF71FA488384348B" box="[151,254,1445,1466]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Lygosoma</emphasis>
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(
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<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFEEBFA498220348B" box="[269,346,1444,1466]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Hinulia</emphasis>
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)
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<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFE8FFA4982A1348B" box="[361,475,1444,1466]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">leucospilos</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="636CA263967DF10FFE07FA4881F5348B" author="Peters" box="[481,655,1444,1466]" page="684" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" year="1872">
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<bibRefCitation id="865CF983967DF10FFE07FA48811B348B" author="Peters" box="[481,609,1444,1466]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" refString="Peters, W. C. H. (1872) Uber eine neue von Hrn. Dr. A. B. Meyer auf Luzon entdeckte Art von Eidechsen (Lygosoma (Hinulia) leucospilos) und eine von demselben in Nordcelebes gefundene neue Schlangengattung (Allophis nigricaudus). Monatsberichte der Koniglich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1872, 684 - 687." type="journal article" year="1872">Peters, 1872</bibRefCitation>
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:684
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E2728472967DF10FFF71FA2F875434C6" blockId="5.[151,1364,1444,1527]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="C2DDA35C967DF10FFF71FA2F875434C6" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">
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<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFF71FA2F81A534E9" authority="Brown and Alcala, 1980:172" authorityName="Brown and Alcala" authorityPageNumber="172" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,735,1474,1496]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Sphenomorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
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<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFF71FA2F82C834E9" box="[151,434,1474,1496]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Sphenomorphus leucospilos</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="636CA263967DF10FFE5EFA2E81A534E9" author="Brown" box="[440,735,1474,1496]" page="172" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" year="1980">
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<bibRefCitation id="865CF983967DF10FFE5EFA2E81CE34E9" author="Brown" box="[440,692,1474,1496]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" refString="Brown, W. C. & Alcala, A. C. (1980) Philippine Lizards of the Family Scincidae. Silliman University Press, Dumaguete City, Philippines, 264 pp." type="book" year="1980">Brown and Alcala, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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:172
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
; Bauer
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||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFCCBFA2E801A34E9" box="[813,864,1474,1496]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">et al.</emphasis>
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, 1995;
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<bibRefCitation id="865CF983967DF10FFC4AFA2F870C34E9" author="Linkem" box="[940,1142,1474,1496]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" refString="Linkem, C. W., Diesmos, A. C. & Brown, R. M. (2011) Molecular systematics of the Philippine forest skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Sphenomorphus): testing morphological hypotheses of interspecific relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163, 1217 - 1243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00747. x" type="journal article" year="2011">
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Linkem
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||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFBE7FA2E874F34E9" box="[1025,1077,1474,1496]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2011
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="865CF983967DF10FFB66FA2F862A34E9" author="McLeod" box="[1152,1360,1474,1496]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" refString="McLeod, D. S., Siler, C. D., Diesmos, A. C., Diesmos, M. L. D., Garcia, V. S., Arkonceo, A. O., Balaquit, K. L., Uy, C. C., Villaseran, M. M., Yarra, E. C. & Brown, R. M. (2011) Amphibians and Reptiles of Luzon Island, V: the herpetofauna of Angat Dam Watershed, Bulacan Province, Luzon Island, Philippines. Asian Herpetological Research, 2011, 177 - 198. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3724 / sp. j. 1245.2011.00177" type="journal article" year="2011">
|
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McLeod
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFB3AFA2E867534E9" box="[1244,1295,1474,1496]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFF71FA0F818234C6" authority="Linkem, Diesmos & Brown, 2011" authorityName="Linkem, Diesmos & Brown" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,760,1505,1527]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
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<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFF71FA0F82ED34C6" box="[151,407,1505,1527]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Parvoscincus leucospilos</emphasis>
|
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<bibRefCitation id="865CF983967DF10FFE78FA0C818234C6" author="Linkem" box="[414,760,1505,1527]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" refString="Linkem, C. W., Diesmos, A. C. & Brown, R. M. (2011) Molecular systematics of the Philippine forest skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Sphenomorphus): testing morphological hypotheses of interspecific relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163, 1217 - 1243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00747. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Linkem, Diesmos & Brown, 2011</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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; Linkem & Brown 2013 (part)
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F9967DF10FFF71F9C9824C37B4" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" type="materials_examined">
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<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFF71F9C98215370C" bold="true" box="[151,367,1572,1597]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">
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<typeStatus id="3D763AD0967DF10FFF71F9C983A8370C" box="[151,210,1572,1597]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Type</typeStatus>
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designation.
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</emphasis>
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Based on
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<collectionCode id="84DC1CB7967DF10FFE13F9C9814C370D" box="[501,566,1572,1596]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">ICZN</collectionCode>
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articles 74.1 and 74.7 and in accordance with recommendation 74D we designate
|
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<collectionCode id="84DC1CB7967DF10FFEF6F9A58237376E" box="[272,333,1608,1631]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/8syf-d21i" name="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">ZMB</collectionCode>
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7467 as the
|
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<typeStatus id="3D763AD0967DF10FFE1DF9AA81183751" box="[507,610,1607,1632]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
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of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFD71F9AA80C63751" box="[663,956,1607,1632]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">Parvoscincus leucospilos</taxonomicName>
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. Specimen
|
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64232 is designated a
|
||
<typeStatus id="3D763AD0967DF10FFF71F981824837B4" box="[151,306,1644,1669]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F9967DF10CFF21F96287393329" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="394" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" type="diagnosis">
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||
<paragraph id="E2728472967DF10FFF21F96281C236B1" blockId="5.[151,1436,1572,2029]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFF21F96282403799" bold="true" box="[199,314,1679,1704]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFEADF97C81103799" box="[331,618,1679,1704]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFEADF97C81103799" box="[331,618,1679,1704]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Parvoscincus leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) body size medium (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="25352997967DF10FFDBBF959807F37FD" box="[605,773,1716,1741]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.4399999999999995" metricValueMin="4.26" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" unit="mm" value="48.5" valueMax="54.4" valueMin="42.6">42.6–54.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
); (2) Toe-IV lamellae 15–17; (3) supralabials six or seven; (4) infralabials 6–9; (5) midbody scale rows 30–34; (6) paravertebral scale rows 61–67; (7) prefrontals in medial contact; (8) prefrontals contact first supraocular; (9) frontoparietals fused; (10) head pigmentation heavily mottled; (11) upper arm pigmentation absent; (12) subcaudal pigmentation absent; (13) dorsal white spots large, welldefined; (14) dorsal white bands 9–13; (15) lateral body coloration bright reddish-orange; (16) tail dorsolaterally compressed; and (17) semi-aquatic (Tables 2, 3).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E2728472967DF10CFF21F86187393329" blockId="5.[151,1436,1572,2029]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="394" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFF21F861821F3694" bold="true" box="[199,357,1932,1957]" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
. Characters distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFD48F86080A83694" box="[686,978,1932,1957]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFD48F86080A83694" box="[686,978,1932,1957]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Parvoscincus leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFB32F86086113695" box="[1236,1387,1933,1956]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFB32F86086113695" box="[1236,1387,1933,1956]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Parvoscincus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are summarized in Tables 2 and 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFDA4F85C801136F8" box="[578,875,1968,1993]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFDA4F85C801136F8" box="[578,875,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">Parvoscincus leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFB57F85C861636F8" box="[1201,1388,1968,1993]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duwendorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFB57F85C861636F8" box="[1201,1388,1968,1993]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">P. duwendorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFA61F85C823136DC" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFA61F85C823136DC" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">P. manananggalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFE7CF838814D36DC" box="[410,567,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFE7CF838814936DC" box="[410,563,2004,2029]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tikbalangi">P. tikbalangi</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967DF10FFD24F838801E36DC" box="[706,868,2004,2029]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="393" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967DF10FFD24F838801E36DC" box="[706,868,2004,2029]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="393">P. leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from these three taxa by having head pigmentation heavily mottled (vs. moderately mottled;
|
||
<figureCitation id="7AF698F7967EF10CFCF8FF7A800B3181" box="[798,881,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[180,1426,191,1638]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[180,1427,187,1639]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photographs of heads from dorsal and lateral perspectives to show pigmentation and scale pattern variation among species. With the exception of P. leucospilos (KU 313870), all photographs are of the holotypes of the new species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226287/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="7AF698F7967EF10CFC64FF7A80EB3181" box="[898,913,151,176]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1054,1076]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,193,1041]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[158,1430,193,1042]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photographs in life of (A) P. leucospilos (Mt. Banahao; TNHC 62683); (B) P. leucospilos (Angat Watershed; KU 329388); (C) P. manananggalae sp. nov. (PNM 9794); and (D) P. tikbalangi sp. nov. (Holotype; PNM 9795)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226288/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">5</figureCitation>
|
||
), and by the absence (vs. presence) of dark pigmentation on the upper arm surface.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFD90FF5080ED31E4" box="[630,919,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFD90FF5080ED31E4" box="[630,919,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">Parvoscincus leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
further differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFB75FF50863C31E4" box="[1171,1350,188,213]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duwendorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFB75FF50863C31E4" box="[1171,1350,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">P. duwendorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFA61FF50823631C9" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFA61FF50823631C9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">P. manananggalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having prefrontals in medial contact (vs. separated); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFBE3FF0C87C931C9" box="[1029,1203,223,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duwendorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFBE3FF0C87C931C9" box="[1029,1203,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">P. duwendorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFB0DFF0C860331C9" box="[1259,1401,223,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tikbalangi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFB0DFF0C860331C9" box="[1259,1401,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">P. tikbalangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having dorsal white spots large and well-defined (vs. faint); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFC44FEE8870D302C" box="[930,1143,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFC44FEE8870D302C" box="[930,1143,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">P. manananggalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFB53FEE8863C302C" box="[1205,1350,260,285]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tikbalangi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFB53FEE8863C302C" box="[1205,1350,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">P. tikbalangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the presence of bright reddish-orange lateral coloration (vs. absence of coloration [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFBA7FEC4866D3071" box="[1089,1303,295,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFBA7FEC4866D3071" box="[1089,1303,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">P. manananggalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], presence, reduced, tan [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFEC9FEA082C63054" box="[303,444,332,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tikbalangi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFEC9FEA082C63054" box="[303,444,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">P. tikbalangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFDFCFEA081BC3054" box="[538,710,332,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duwendorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFDFCFEA081BC3054" box="[538,710,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">P. duwendorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a greater number of Toe-IV lamellae (15–17 vs. 12), a greater number of paravertebral scale rows (61–67 vs. 60), a greater number of midbody scale rows (30–34 vs. 26), a tendency towards a greater number of longitudinal ventral scale rows (41–47 vs. 41), and fewer dorsal white bands (9–13 vs. 15); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFE2FFE5481E130E1" box="[457,667,439,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFE2FFE5481E130E1" box="[457,667,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">P. manananggalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the absence of subcaudal dark pigmentation (vs. presence); and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFF33FE30821930C4" box="[213,355,476,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tikbalangi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFF33FE30821930C4" box="[213,355,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">P. tikbalangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a tendency towards a greater number of paravertebral scale rows (61–67 vs. 58–63) and a tendency towards a greater number of midbody scale rows (30–34 vs. 28–32).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F9967EF102FF21FDC98029364E" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="396" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="E2728472967EF10CFF21FDC986253521" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFF21FDC982493351" bold="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">
|
||
Redescription (based on examination of
|
||
<typeStatus id="3D763AD0967EF10CFD4EFDC98037330C" box="[680,845,548,573]" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="84DC1CB7967EF10CFCBCFDC980E8330C" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34700" box="[858,914,548,573]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15690" name="California Academy of Sciences" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">CAS</collectionCode>
|
||
64232, and 10 recently collected specimens, Appendix 2).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Details of the head scalation of an adult male (KU 313870) are shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="7AF698F7967EF10CFB74FDAA878F3351" box="[1170,1269,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[180,1426,191,1638]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[180,1427,187,1639]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photographs of heads from dorsal and lateral perspectives to show pigmentation and scale pattern variation among species. With the exception of P. leucospilos (KU 313870), all photographs are of the holotypes of the new species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226287/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
, and scientific illustrations of the dorsal and lateral views of the head of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3D763AD0967EF10CFCA3FD8180A633B4" box="[837,988,620,645]" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
are shown in Figure 6. A medium sized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF1967EF10CFF71FD7C82543399" box="[151,302,657,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFF71FD7C82543399" box="[151,302,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">Parvoscincus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SVL
|
||
<quantity id="25352997967EF10CFE9BFD62815F3396" box="[381,549,655,680]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.85" metricValueMax="5.4399999999999995" metricValueMin="4.26" pageId="6" pageNumber="394" unit="mm" value="48.5" valueMax="54.4" valueMin="42.6">42.6–54.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, with clawed, pentadactyl limbs. Head distinct from next, with enlarged jaw adductor musculature in the temporal region. Snout pointed in dorsal aspect, rounded in lateral aspect; rostral wide forming a nearly perpendicular margin with frontonasal, slightly rounded margin with nasals; frontonasal wider than long, in contact with nasals, rostral, anterior loreal, and prefrontal scales; prefrontals in broad medial contact, in contact with anterior and posterior loreals, frontal, frontonasal, and first supraocular, and in some specimens, in point contact with first supraciliary; frontal greatly longer than wide, in contact with two supraoculars on right, two on left, rounded anteriorly, pointed posteriorly; four enlarged supraoculars, first largest; single, large frontoparietal, in contact with supraoculars II–IV or III and IV; interparietal arrowhead-shaped; parietals in moderate to broad medial contact, in contact with fourth supraocular, postsupraoculars, and primary and secondary temporals; primary temporals two, ventral largest, overlapping dorsal; secondary temporals two, large, dorsal largest, ventral overlapping dorsal; tertiary temporals two, dorsal largest, ventral overlapping dorsal; auricular opening large.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E2728472967EF10CFF21FBF182E43591" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">Nasal pierced in center by large naris, surrounded anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by frontonasal, posteriorly by anterior loreal, and ventrally by first supralabial; anterior loreal one, posterior loreal roughly equal in size; preoculars two; supralabials six or seven; lower eyelid scaly, semi-transparent, nonscaled “window” absent; ear large, moderately sunk.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E2728472967EF10CFF21FB41860935D9" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">Infralabials 6–9, decreasing in size posteriorly in series; mental small, forming straight suture with single, large postmental and first infralabials; enlarged chin shields in three pairs; gular scales slightly smaller than ventrals.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E2728472967EF10CFF21FB19878634AC" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">Body elongate, cylindrical, slender, with 30–34 equal sized midbody scales, limbs overlapping when adpressed; paravertebral scales 61–67, imbricate, smooth, without striations, keels or pits. Tail elongate, dorsolaterally compressed, longer than body (TL/SVL 0.99–1.57 [1.26 ± 0.18]); subcaudal scales similar to lateral scales for basal half of tail, enlarged for distal half of original tail. Precloacal region with series of enlarged scales between pelvic region and cloaca, more elongate than ventral scales; medial precloacal scales larger.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E2728472967EF10CFF21FA4A878D3744" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">
|
||
Forelimbs smaller than hind limbs, pentadactyl; forelimb scales slightly smaller in size than body scales, imbricate and smooth, reducing slightly in size closer to manus; lamellae becoming slightly keeled distally on each digit; relative digit length I <V <II <III = IV; palmar scales irregular, raised, forming ventral protrusions from palmar surface.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9ADAC4E2967EF10CFEB7F9F982F3371C" box="[337,393,1556,1581]" name="India" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limbs small, pentadactyl; hind limb scales equal in size and shape to body scales; dorsal scales on digits multiple. Lamellae keeled proximally and distally, flat for a few scales in between on Toe IV; Toe IV lamellae 15–17; relative digit length I <II <V <III <IV; plantar scales irregular, slightly raised.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E2728472967EF10DFF21F99281953054" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="395" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967EF10CFF21F992817D37A9" bold="true" box="[199,519,1663,1688]" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">Coloration in preservative</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="7AF698F7967EF10CFDFDF992811737A9" box="[539,621,1663,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1983,2005]" captionTargetBox="[340,1246,409,1929]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[340,1247,409,1962]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 3. Dorsal views of representative specimen heads and flanks, exhibiting pigmentation pattern variation among species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226286/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="7AF698F7967EF10CFD9BF96D81F437A9" box="[637,654,1664,1688]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[180,1426,191,1638]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[180,1427,187,1639]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photographs of heads from dorsal and lateral perspectives to show pigmentation and scale pattern variation among species. With the exception of P. leucospilos (KU 313870), all photographs are of the holotypes of the new species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226287/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="394">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). The dorsal background color is medium brown, with pronounced mottling of various shades of brown. Three longitudinal rows of cream spots, ringed with darker brown, start just behind the head and run the length of the body with faint light brown longitudinal stripes between. Spotting and striping fade into a solid medium brown color approximately halfway down the tail. On the lateral surface of the body, spots merge to become indistinct perpendicular cream stripes, with mottled medium brown between. This pattern fades indistinctly into the solid cream present on the ventral surface. The distinctive forelimb spot is pronounced and continues nearly to the first joint. Otherwise, the mottled pattern present on the dorsal surface of the body continues down the dorsal surface of the fore- and hind limbs. The ventral surface of the limbs is a solid cream, with the exception of very faint light brown mottling present on the hands and feet. The solid ventral cream color of the body extends to about halfway down the length of the tail, then transitions to thin medium brown perpendicular stripes. The stripes become increasingly close together as they approach the tail tip, which is a solid medium brown. The dorsal surface of the head is mottled the same as the dorsal surface of the body, with various shades of brown. Three small cream spots are arranged in a triangle on the head just posterior to the eyes. A series of distinct cream spots are visible on the labial scales, one row on the supralabial series and one on the infralabial series. A slightly lighter brown mottling occurs just below the eye and is present between the spots. The ventral surface of the head and body are solid cream in color.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="B6B2D4FA967FF10DFF71F852839D36C5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226286/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="395" targetBox="[340,1246,409,1929]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="E2728472967FF10DFF71F852839D36C5" blockId="7.[151,1436,1983,2036]" pageId="7" pageNumber="395">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B95860967FF10DFF71F852826D36E5" bold="true" box="[151,279,1983,2005]" pageId="7" pageNumber="395">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal views of representative specimen heads and flanks, exhibiting pigmentation pattern variation among species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="B6B2D4FA9670F102FF71F991865D3780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226287/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="396" targetBox="[180,1426,191,1638]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729670F102FF71F991865D3780" blockId="8.[151,1436,1660,1713]" pageId="8" pageNumber="396">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609670F102FF71F991826837A0" bold="true" box="[151,274,1660,1682]" pageId="8" pageNumber="396">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
Photographs of heads from dorsal and lateral perspectives to show pigmentation and scale pattern variation among species. With the exception of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19670F102FE28F97181233780" box="[462,601,1691,1713]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="8" pageNumber="396" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609670F102FE28F97181233780" box="[462,601,1691,1713]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="396">P. leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(KU 313870), all photographs are of the holotypes of the new species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729670F102FF21F93B8029364E" blockId="8.[151,1436,1750,2027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="396">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609670F102FF21F93B82DB37DE" bold="true" box="[199,417,1750,1775]" pageId="8" pageNumber="396">Coloration in life (</emphasis>
|
||
Differences from preserved specimens;
|
||
<figureCitation id="7AF698F79670F102FCB8F93B80DB37DE" box="[862,929,1750,1775]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1054,1076]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,193,1041]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[158,1430,193,1042]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photographs in life of (A) P. leucospilos (Mt. Banahao; TNHC 62683); (B) P. leucospilos (Angat Watershed; KU 329388); (C) P. manananggalae sp. nov. (PNM 9794); and (D) P. tikbalangi sp. nov. (Holotype; PNM 9795)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226288/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="396">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). On the lateral surfaces of the body, the dark brown, mottled ground coloration is replaced with a vivid reddish-orange ground color, with randomly distributed small cream spots. The non-mottled patch on the upper forelimb proximate to the body is also a solid reddishorange color. The cream and brown mottling on the lateral surface of the head and the body anterior to the forelimb insertion is replaced by a pale blue and brown mottled pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F99670F102FF21F867825F36DA" pageId="8" pageNumber="396" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729670F102FF21F867825F36DA" blockId="8.[151,1436,1750,2027]" pageId="8" pageNumber="396">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609670F102FF21F867801D3692" bold="true" box="[199,871,1930,1955]" pageId="8" pageNumber="396">
|
||
Measurements and scale counts of
|
||
<typeStatus id="3D763AD09670F102FD8BF867806A3692" box="[621,784,1930,1955]" pageId="8" pageNumber="396" type="paralectotype">paralectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in mm
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. SVL 44.2; AGD 23.2; TotL 101.0; TL 56.8; HL 6.1; HW 5.4; SnFa 16.5; ED 2.2; SNL 3.7;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9ADAC4E29670F102FD98F85D81CA36F6" box="[638,688,1968,1991]" name="India" pageId="8" pageNumber="396">IND</collectingCountry>
|
||
1.0; FLL 4.3; HLL 6.2; MBSR 31; PVSR 63; ToeIVlam 17; SL 7; IFL 7; SO 4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F99671F103FF21FF7A873633C1" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729671F103FF21FF7A80A2309C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FF21FF7A81A83181" bold="true" box="[199,722,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">Distribution, ecology and natural history.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19671F103FD06FF74877E3181" box="[736,1028,151,176]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FD06FF74877E3181" box="[736,1028,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">Parvoscincus leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known from south-central and southeastern Luzon Island (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7AF698F79671F103FE28FF51816A31E5" box="[462,528,188,213]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1939,1961]" captionTargetBox="[263,1310,475,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[254,1319,451,1930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of the Luzon Island, Philippines, showing the collection localities for the new species and P. leucospilos." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226284/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). No mention of the specific locality or province on Luzon Island was given for the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3D763AD09671F103FF27FF0D838631C9" box="[193,252,224,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">types</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="865CF9839671F103FEEAFF0D82E731C9" author="Peters" box="[268,413,224,248]" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" refString="Peters, W. C. H. (1872) Uber eine neue von Hrn. Dr. A. B. Meyer auf Luzon entdeckte Art von Eidechsen (Lygosoma (Hinulia) leucospilos) und eine von demselben in Nordcelebes gefundene neue Schlangengattung (Allophis nigricaudus). Monatsberichte der Koniglich preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1872, 684 - 687." type="journal article" year="1872">Peters, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although we are certain of our identification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19671F103FC34FF0C871731C9" box="[978,1133,223,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FC34FF0C871731C9" box="[978,1133,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">P. leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, we are unable to pinpoint the
|
||
<typeStatus id="3D763AD09671F103FF25FEE88389302C" box="[195,243,261,285]" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality on the basis of available specimens. Specimens are from Mt. Labo, Camarines Norte Province (KU313870), Mt. Palali, Barangay Maddiangat, Municipality of Quezon, Nueva Vizcaya Province (KU 325806–13), Barangay Kabayunan, Municipality of Dona Remedios
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9ADAC4E29671F103FC79FEA1877B3054" box="[927,1025,332,357]" name="Trinidad and Tobago" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">Trinidad</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Bulucan Province (KU 329388–92) and Mt. Banahao, Municipality of Tayabas, Quezon Province (TNHC 62682). The known elevational range of this species is 200–800 meters above sea level, based on
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="865CF9839671F103FD00FE7880AE309C" box="[742,980,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" refString="Brown, R. M., Siler, C. D., Oliveros, C. H., Welton, L. J., Rock, A., Swab, J., Van Weerd, M., van Beijnen, J., Jose, E., Rodriguez, D., Jose, E. & Diesmos, A. C. (2013 b) The amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, Philippines, VIII: the herpetofauna of Cagayan and Isabela Provinces, northern Sierra Madre Mountain Range. Zookeys, 266, 1 - 120. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 266.3982" type="journal article">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FCDFFE78800B309C" box="[825,881,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013b)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729671F103FF36FE54808C336E" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19671F103FF36FE54829730E1" box="[208,493,439,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FF36FE54829730E1" box="[208,493,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">Parvoscincus leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in primary- and secondary-growth forest habitats in riparian microhabitats; this semi-aquatic species frequently dives into cold, rapidly running water of montane streams when disturbed. The species is primarily found active during the day and has also been found sleeping on the edge of running water in forest debris at night.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19671F103FE4FFDC881B6330C" box="[425,716,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FE4FFDC881B6330C" box="[425,716,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">Parvoscincus leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found in sympatry with
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FB84FDC8802E3351" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19671F103FB84FDC8860F330C" box="[1122,1397,548,573]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="abstrusus">Parvoscincus abstrusus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19671F103FA61FDC8824D3351" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvindiesmosi">P. arvindiesmosi</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19671F103FEA4FDA482DC3351" box="[322,422,583,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="beyeri">P. beyeri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19671F103FE57FDA4810D3351" box="[433,631,585,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jimmymcguirei">P. jimmymcguirei</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19671F103FD64FDA4802A3351" box="[642,848,583,608]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laterimaculatus">P. laterimaculatus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FC6CFDA480973351" box="[906,1005,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">P. st eerei</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729671F103FF21FD80873633C1" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">
|
||
We have evaluated this species against the IUCN criteria for classification, and find that it does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Near Threatened status.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19671F103FBF3FD7C864D3399" box="[1045,1335,655,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FBF3FD7C864D3399" box="[1045,1335,655,680]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">Parvoscincus leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is quite abundant at sampled localities provided that some vegetation cover borders the streams where it has been collected and observed. We therefore classify this species as Least Concern LC (IUCN, 2010).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F99671F103FF21FD1182B0326C" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729671F103FF21FD1182B0326C" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FF21FD11823C3224" bold="true" box="[199,326,764,789]" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. The specific epithet “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19671F103FDA9FD1181B73224" box="[591,717,764,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="9" pageNumber="397" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FDA9FD1181B73224" box="[591,717,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
” apparently refers to the distinctive coloration of this species, consisiting of prominent rows of white (from the Latin adjective “
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FC60FCF280B73209" box="[902,973,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">leucos</emphasis>
|
||
”) spots (Latin, noun, “
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609671F103FB32FCF2866F3209" box="[1236,1301,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="397">spilos</emphasis>
|
||
”) down the dorsal surfaces of the body.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |