348 lines
41 KiB
XML
348 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document id="6E1D9989B63CB9195D42AB3F065B2A24" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3847.3.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="10dec326-6c1d-4ae3-ad2c-7f10149a7cac" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="226283" ID-ZooBank="6F77821C-2D03-4636-92AB-1789B2383633" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460878819619" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Siler, Cameron D., Linkem, Charles W., Cobb, Kerry, Watters, Jessa L., Cummings, Sean T., Diesmos, Arvin C. & Brown, Rafe M." docDate="2014" docId="6A6435649676F11AFF71F9CF839A3464" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03847p412.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3847 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Parvoscincus manananggalae Siler, Linkem, Cobb, Watters, Cummings, Diesmos & Brown, 2014, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="404" masterDocId="965D4D1C9678F10AFFE6FFED837A3131" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of the semi-aquatic skink Parvoscincus leucospilos (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae), with description of three new species" masterLastPageNumber="412" masterPageNumber="388" pageNumber="402" updateTime="1698358258275" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="935E771DF3688E1A732C11D5EAED92A1">Taxonomic revision of the semi-aquatic skink Parvoscincus leucospilos (Reptilia: Squamata: Scincidae), with description of three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C6A837996CDE3A035DEBF664A9FE0B25">Siler, Cameron D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7FD51AAD9FF771D2AD9D388DB69E0E9C">Linkem, Charles W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="939A807526E2013492094AF835032190">Cobb, Kerry</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="734127B01FEC41041BFDE2A64C78EECD">Watters, Jessa L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D1626CEB01CCF6CE33A7B741B6415D03">Cummings, Sean T.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="2B9D0AB95CE81D52C3EED46E09881D67">Diesmos, Arvin C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B954DAE309A616059ACEFC2444473356">Brown, Rafe M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="3F68189943B0C3957EAD99F51133F4F7">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="88794CF78EBAC7CA90A02481FFE5ADD4">
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<mods:date id="D4DD5F5E57BBDDC19871994FFF735AFD">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="48EBA3A532430D68F8BCC7684AA104DC">3847</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="2BDE14173EEE784CABA1740A99125E4F">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="CD6901994FAEB1D73E156472593C8FD4" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3847.3.4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="6A6435649676F11AFF71F9CF839A3464" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5620910" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119585528" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5620910" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:6A6435649676F11AFF71F9CF839A3464" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/6A6435649676F11AFF71F9CF839A3464" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="404" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">
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<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F99676F104FF71F9CF826B376F" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="E27284729676F104FF71F9CF8112370C" blockId="14.[151,616,1570,1630]" box="[151,616,1570,1597]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">
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<heading id="B93A331E9676F104FF71F9CF8112370C" bold="true" box="[151,616,1570,1597]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="D0B958609676F104FF71F9CF8112370C" bold="true" box="[151,616,1570,1597]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">
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<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19676F104FF71F9CF8178370D" box="[151,514,1570,1596]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="D0B958609676F104FF71F9CF8178370D" bold="true" box="[151,514,1570,1596]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">Parvoscincus manananggalae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="CB8AE51B9676F104FDECF9CE8112370C" box="[522,616,1571,1597]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="E27284729676F104FF71F9A8826B376F" blockId="14.[151,616,1570,1630]" box="[151,273,1605,1630]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">
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(
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||
<figureCitation id="7AF698F79676F104FF79F9A88273376F" box="[159,265,1605,1630]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 3" captionStart-1="FIGURE 4" captionStart-2="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1983,2005]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,1660,1682]" captionStartId-2="12.[151,250,1054,1076]" captionTargetBox-0="[340,1246,409,1929]" captionTargetBox-1="[180,1426,191,1638]" captionTargetBox-2="[158,1430,193,1041]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[340,1247,409,1962]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[180,1427,187,1639]" captionTargetId-2="figure@12.[158,1430,193,1042]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionTargetPageId-2="12" captionText-0="FIGURE 3. Dorsal views of representative specimen heads and flanks, exhibiting pigmentation pattern variation among species." captionText-1="FIGURE 4. Photographs of heads from dorsal and lateral perspectives to show pigmentation and scale pattern variation among species. With the exception of P. leucospilos (KU 313870), all photographs are of the holotypes of the new species." captionText-2="FIGURE 5. Photographs in life of (A) P. leucospilos (Mt. Banahao; TNHC 62683); (B) P. leucospilos (Angat Watershed; KU 329388); (C) P. manananggalae sp. nov. (PNM 9794); and (D) P. tikbalangi sp. nov. (Holotype; PNM 9795)." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/226286/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/226287/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/226288/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">Figs. 3–5</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F99676F104FF71F96B8249378A" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="E27284729676F104FF71F96B8249378A" blockId="14.[151,1436,1670,1723]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">
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<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19676F104FF71F96B807837AD" authority="Linkem, Diesmos, Brown, 2011" authorityName="Linkem, Diesmos, Brown" authorityYear="2011" box="[151,770,1670,1692]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Sphenomorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
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<emphasis id="D0B958609676F104FF71F96B82C837AD" box="[151,434,1670,1692]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">Sphenomorphus leucospilos</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="865CF9839676F104FE58F96B807837AD" author="Linkem" box="[446,770,1670,1692]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" refString="Linkem, C. W., Diesmos, A. C. & Brown, R. M. (2011) Molecular systematics of the Philippine forest skinks (Squamata: Scincidae: Sphenomorphus): testing morphological hypotheses of interspecific relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163, 1217 - 1243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2011.00747. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Linkem, Diesmos, Brown, 2011</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
(part); Linkem & Brown, 2013 (part);
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="865CF9839676F104FB6CF96A863037AD" author="Brown" box="[1162,1354,1670,1693]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" refString="Brown, R. M., McGuire, J. A., Ferner, J. W., Icarangal, N. Jr. & Kennedy, R. S. (2000) Amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, II: preliminary report on the herpetofauna of Aurora Memorial National Park, Philippines. Hamadryad, 25, 175 - 195." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609676F104FB33F965867237AD" box="[1237,1288,1670,1693]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="865CF9839676F104FAB2F96B8255378A" author="Siler" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" refString="Siler, C. D., Welton, L. J., Siler, J. M., Brown, J., Bucol, A., Diesmos, A. C. & Brown, R. M. (2011 d) Amphibians and Reptiles, Luzon Island, Aurora Province and Aurora Memorial National Park, Northern Philippines, New island distribution records. Check List, 7, 182 - 195." type="journal article" year="2011" yearSuffix="d">
|
||
Siler
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||
<emphasis id="D0B958609676F104FA6CF965839B378A" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2011d
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F99676F104FF71F90C862336BB" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" type="materials_examined">
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||
<paragraph id="E27284729676F104FF71F90C83953657" blockId="14.[151,1437,1761,2038]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">
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||
<typeStatus id="3D763AD09676F104FF71F90C827E37CB" box="[151,260,1761,1786]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" type="holotype">
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||
<emphasis id="D0B958609676F104FF71F90C827E37CB" bold="true" box="[151,260,1761,1786]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">Holotype</emphasis>
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||
</typeStatus>
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||
.
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<collectionCode id="84DC1CB79676F104FEF5F90F822A37C8" box="[275,336,1762,1785]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/mxaf-c5e2" name="Philippine National Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">
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||
<collectingCountry id="9ADAC4E29676F104FEF5F90F822A37C8" box="[275,336,1762,1785]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">PNM</collectingCountry>
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</collectionCode>
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9794 (
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<collectionCode id="84DC1CB79676F104FE46F90F829A37CB" box="[416,480,1762,1786]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">RMB</collectionCode>
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Field No. 10719, formerly KU 323928), adult male, collected on rocks near a rapid flowing stream during the day on
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<date id="9673A2B29676F104FDD2F8EB81AD362F" box="[564,727,1798,1822]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" value="2009-06-21">21 June 2009</date>
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, in Barangay Lipimental, Municipality of San Luis, Aurora Province, Luzon Island,
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<collectingCountry id="9ADAC4E29676F104FE55F8C4814B3673" box="[435,561,1833,1858]" name="Philippines" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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||
(N: 15.653; E: 121.507; WGS-84;
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<quantity id="253529979676F104FC36F8C487613670" box="[976,1051,1833,1858]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.15" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" unit="m" value="515.0">515 m</quantity>
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in elevation), by
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<collectionCode id="84DC1CB79676F104FB0BF8C786543670" box="[1261,1326,1834,1857]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">RMB</collectionCode>
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||
,
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||
<collectionCode id="84DC1CB79676F104FADAF8C7860F3673" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15840" box="[1340,1397,1834,1858]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15840" name="Charles Darwin Research Station" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">CDS</collectionCode>
|
||
, L. Welton.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729676F104FF21F89C862336BB" blockId="14.[151,1437,1761,2038]" box="[199,1369,1905,1930]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">
|
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<emphasis id="D0B958609676F104FF21F89C823C36BB" bold="true" box="[199,326,1905,1930]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<typeStatus id="3D763AD09676F104FF21F89C823B36BB" box="[199,321,1905,1930]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
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||
</emphasis>
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||
KU 323920–27, 323929–30 collected
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||
<date id="9673A2B29676F104FD1FF89F80E836BB" box="[761,914,1906,1930]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" value="2009-06-21">21 June 2009</date>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectionCode id="84DC1CB79676F104FC7BF89F808B36BB" box="[925,1009,1906,1930]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/daw7-8h44" name="The Cleveland Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">CMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
5792 (from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="865CF9839676F104FB98F89F863736BB" author="Brown" box="[1150,1357,1905,1930]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" refString="Brown, R. M., McGuire, J. A., Ferner, J. W., Icarangal, N. Jr. & Kennedy, R. S. (2000) Amphibians and reptiles of Luzon Island, II: preliminary report on the herpetofauna of Aurora Memorial National Park, Philippines. Hamadryad, 25, 175 - 195." type="journal article" year="2000">
|
||
Brown
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609676F104FB37F89F867336BB" box="[1233,1289,1905,1930]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2000
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F99676F105FF21F878827A3209" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="403" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729676F105FF21F87887BD302D" blockId="14.[151,1437,1761,2038]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="403" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609676F104FF21F878823B369F" bold="true" box="[199,321,1941,1966]" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19676F104FEAFF87B81E7369F" box="[329,669,1941,1966]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609676F104FEAFF87B81E7369F" box="[329,669,1941,1966]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="402">Parvoscincus manananggalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) body size medium (SVL
|
||
<quantity id="253529979676F104FD69F854804336E3" box="[655,825,1977,2002]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.159999999999999" metricValueMax="5.59" metricValueMin="4.7299999999999995" pageId="14" pageNumber="402" unit="mm" value="51.599999999999994" valueMax="55.9" valueMin="47.3">47.3–55.9 mm</quantity>
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); (2) Toe-IV lamellae 17; (3) supralabials seven; (4) infralabials six or seven; (5) midbody scale rows 32–33; (6) paravertebral scale rows 61–69; (7) prefrontals separated; (8) prefrontals contact first supraocular; (9) frontoparietals fused; (10) head pigmentation moderately mottled; (11) upper arm pigmentation present, patchy; (12) cloacal scale dark pigmentation present; (13) subcaudal pigmentation present; (14) dorsal white spots large, well-defined; (15) dorsal white bands 9–12; (16) bright lateral body coloration absent; (17) tail dorsolaterally compressed; and (18) semi-aquatic (Tables 2, 3).
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729677F105FF21FECA827A3209" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FF21FECA821F3071" bold="true" box="[199,357,295,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
. Characters distinguishing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FD78FEC480893071" box="[670,1011,295,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FD78FEC480893071" box="[670,1011,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">Parvoscincus manananggalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FB3CFEC4860B3071" box="[1242,1393,297,320]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FB3CFEC4860B3071" box="[1242,1393,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">Parvoscincus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are summarized in Tables 2 and 3.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FDCFFEA080FF3054" box="[553,901,332,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FDCFFEA080FF3054" box="[553,901,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">Parvoscincus manananggalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
most closely resembles
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FB5CFEA0860A3054" box="[1210,1392,332,357]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duwendorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FB5CFEA0860A3054" box="[1210,1392,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. duwendorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FA61FEA0826F30B9" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Sphenomorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FA61FEA0826F30B9" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FEBBFE9C829530B9" box="[349,495,367,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tikbalangi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FEBBFE9C829530B9" box="[349,495,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. tikbalangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FD9BFE9C802930B9" box="[637,851,367,392]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FD9BFE9C802930B9" box="[637,851,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. manananggalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from these three taxa by the presence of subcaudal dark pigmentation (vs. absence).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FD65FE7880AC309C" box="[643,982,404,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FD65FE7880AC309C" box="[643,982,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">Parvoscincus manananggalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
further differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FB58FE788616309C" box="[1214,1388,404,429]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duwendorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FB58FE788616309C" box="[1214,1388,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. duwendorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FF71FE54825030E1" box="[151,298,439,464]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tikbalangi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FF71FE54825030E1" box="[151,298,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. tikbalangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having dorsal white spots large and well-defined (vs. faint), Toe-IV lamellae 17 (vs. 12 [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FA61FE54825330C4" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duwendorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FA61FE54825330C4" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. duwendorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], 14–16 [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FE45FE30814F30C4" box="[419,565,476,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tikbalangi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FE45FE30814F30C4" box="[419,565,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. tikbalangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FD47FE30803B30C4" box="[673,833,476,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Sphenomorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FD47FE30803B30C4" box="[673,833,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FC65FE30876C30C4" box="[899,1046,476,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tikbalangi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FC65FE30876C30C4" box="[899,1046,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. tikbalangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the absence of bright lateral coloration (vs. presence and bright reddish-orange [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FD3BFDEC800D3329" box="[733,887,511,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Sphenomorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FD3BFDEC800D3329" box="[733,887,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
], presence, reduced, tan [
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FB7CFDEC86523329" box="[1178,1320,511,536]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tikbalangi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FB7CFDEC86523329" box="[1178,1320,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. tikbalangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
]); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FA61FDEC8253330C" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="duwendorum">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FA61FDEC8253330C" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. duwendorum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a greater number of paravertebral scale rows (61–69 vs. 60), a greater number of longitudinal ventral scale rows (43–49 vs. 41), a greater number of midbody scale rows (32–33 vs. 26), dorsal white bands 9–12 (vs. 15), and the presence of cloacal scale dark pigmentation (vs. absence); from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FAE7FD8086E633B4" box="[1281,1436,620,645]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Sphenomorphus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="leucospilos">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FAE7FD8086E633B4" box="[1281,1436,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. leucospilos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having prefrontals separated (vs. in medial contact), head pigmentation moderately mottled (vs. heavily mottled), and the presence of dark pigmentation on the upper arm surface (vs. absence); and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FB0DFD58860233FC" box="[1259,1400,692,717]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tikbalangi">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FB0DFD58860233FC" box="[1259,1400,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">P. tikbalangi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a tendency towards a greater number of midbody scale rows (32–33 vs. 28–32) and fewer paravertebral scale rows (61–69 vs. 58–63), and the presence of contact between prefrontal and first supraocular scales (vs. absence).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F99677F11AFF21FCA9807532B1" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="404" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729677F105FF21FCA980C835D9" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FF21FCA98298326C" bold="true" box="[199,482,836,861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="3D763AD09677F105FE9AFCA98298326C" box="[380,482,836,861]" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Details of the head scalation are shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="7AF698F79677F105FC06FCA9873E326D" box="[992,1092,836,861]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="8.[151,250,1660,1682]" captionTargetBox="[180,1426,191,1638]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[180,1427,187,1639]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 4. Photographs of heads from dorsal and lateral perspectives to show pigmentation and scale pattern variation among species. With the exception of P. leucospilos (KU 313870), all photographs are of the holotypes of the new species." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226287/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
. An adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19677F105FB18FCA886EF326D" box="[1278,1429,837,860]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FB18FCA886EF326D" box="[1278,1429,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">Parvoscincus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, SVL
|
||
<quantity id="253529979677F105FF33FC8A8247324E" box="[213,317,871,896]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.59" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" unit="mm" value="55.9">55.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
, with clawed, pentadactyl limbs; head distinct from neck, characterized by enlarged jaw adductor musculature in temporal region. Snout pointed in dorsal aspect, rounded in lateral aspect; rostral wide forming a nearly perpendicular margin with frontonasal, rounded margin with nasals; frontonasal equally wide as long, in contact with nasals, rostral, anterior loreal, and prefrontal scales; prefrontals in point medial contact, in contact with anterior and posterior loreals, frontal, frontonasal, first supraciliary, and first supraocular; frontal greatly longer than wide, in contact with two supraoculars on right, two on left, rounded anteriorly, rounded posteriorly; four enlarged supraoculars, first largest; single, large frontoparietal, in contact with supraoculars II–IV; interparietal arrowhead-shaped; parietals in narrow medial contact, in narrow contact with fourth supraocular, in moderate contact with postsupraocular, and secondary temporal; primary temporals two, ventral largest, overlapping dorsal; secondary temporals two, large, dorsal largest, ventral overlapping dorsal; tertiary temporals two, dorsal largest, ventral overlapping dorsal; auricular opening large.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729677F105FF21FB19862F3449" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">
|
||
Nasal pierced in center by large naris, surrounded anteriorly by rostral, dorsally by frontonasal, posteriorly by anterior loreal, and ventrally by first and second supralabial; anterior loreal one, narrow, sharply curved contact with nasal, posterior loreal lower in height,
|
||
<date id="9673A2B29677F105FD74FAD181D73465" box="[658,685,1340,1364]" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">2x</date>
|
||
width of anterior loreal; preoculars two; supralabials seven, fifth subocular; lower eyelid scaly and semi-transparent, nonscaled “window” absent; ear large, moderately sunk.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729677F105FF21FA69838D34D4" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">Infralabials seven, decreasing in size posteriorly in series; mental small, forming straight suture with single, large postmental and first infralabials; enlarged chin shields in three pairs; gular scales slightly smaller than ventrals.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729677F105FF21FA02867B37A9" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">Body elongate, cylindrical, slender, with 32 equal sized midbody scales, limbs overlapping when adpressed; paravertebral scales 68, imbricate, smooth, without striations, keels or pits. Tail elongate, dorsolaterally compressed, longer than body (TL [67.0] / SVL [55.9] 1.20); subcaudal scales nondifferentiated for basal half of tail, enlarged for distal half of original tail. Precloacal region with series of enlarged scales between pelvic region and cloaca, more elongate than ventral scales; medial precloacal scales larger; left hemipene everted.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729677F105FF21F94987D33641" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">
|
||
Forelimbs smaller than hind limbs, pentadactyl; forelimb scales slightly smaller in size than body scales, imbricate and smooth, reducing slightly in size distally; lamellae becoming slightly keeled distally on each digit; relative digit length I <V <II <III = IV; palmar scales irregular, raised, forming ventral protrusions from palmar surface.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9ADAC4E29677F105FF1EF8E2824A3619" box="[248,304,1807,1832]" name="India" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">Hind</collectingCountry>
|
||
limbs small, pentadactyl; hind limb scales equal in size and shape to body scales; dorsal scales on digits multiple. Lamellae keeled proximally and distally, flat for a few scales in between on Toe-IV; Toe-IV lamellae 17; relative digit length I <II <V <III <IV; plantar scales irregular, slightly raised.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729677F11AFF21F8918002330D" blockId="15.[151,1436,151,2013]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,1365]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="404" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609677F105FF21F89181F436A4" bold="true" box="[199,654,1916,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="403">
|
||
Coloration of
|
||
<typeStatus id="3D763AD09677F105FE88F89182AE36A4" box="[366,468,1916,1941]" pageId="15" pageNumber="403" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in preservative
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. The dorsal background color is dark brown, with extensive mottling of several shades of brown. Three dorsal longitudinal rows of cream spots start posterior to the head and continue to the anteriormost portions of the tail, where the pattern becomes mottled more darkly brown. Lighter brown mottling is present in between the three dorsal rows of spots. The dorsal mottling pattern is more broken up with small cream spots on the lateral surface of the body, until eventually becoming a solid cream on the ventral side of the body. Similar small cream spots are present and sporadically distributed across the dorsal surface of both sets of limbs, continuing distal to the distinct large cream band on the forelimb, proximate to the body. The ventral surfaces of the feet are heavily mottled brown, except for Fingers I and II and Toe V. The solid cream ventral body coloration is broken up at the cloaca by four heavily pigmented enlarged precloacal scales. The ventral surface of the tail is mottled medium and dark brown, except for the area just posterior to the cloaca, which is solid cream in color. The mottled pattern on the dorsal surface of the head is a lighter brown than the dorsal surface of the body. This mottling is slightly darker around the orbits. There are two small cream spots just anterior to the eyes. There is a transition to a lighter mottled pattern on the lateral surface of the head starting just ventral to the eyes that continues to the venter. The supra- and infralabial series have four distinct tan spots, surrounded on either side by one indistinct spot. The ventral surface of the head is solid cream.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729668F11AFF21FDAA80C43399" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609668F11AFF21FDAA81493351" bold="true" box="[199,563,583,608]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">
|
||
Coloration of
|
||
<typeStatus id="3D763AD09668F11AFE9EFDAA82A53351" box="[376,479,583,608]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in life
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(Differences from preserved specimens;
|
||
<figureCitation id="7AF698F79668F11AFBFBFDAA871F3351" box="[1053,1125,583,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1054,1076]" captionTargetBox="[158,1430,193,1041]" captionTargetId="figure@12.[158,1430,193,1042]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 5. Photographs in life of (A) P. leucospilos (Mt. Banahao; TNHC 62683); (B) P. leucospilos (Angat Watershed; KU 329388); (C) P. manananggalae sp. nov. (PNM 9794); and (D) P. tikbalangi sp. nov. (Holotype; PNM 9795)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226288/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
). The cream mottling and indistinct cream spots present on the lateroventral surface of the head, body, and tail is replaced by light pale bluish-gray coloration. Bright lateral coloration is absent in this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729668F11AFF21FD5983893225" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609668F11AFF21FD59804A33FC" bold="true" box="[199,816,692,717]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">
|
||
Measurements and scale counts of
|
||
<typeStatus id="3D763AD09668F11AFD8AFD5981A833FC" box="[620,722,692,717]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
in mm.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
SVL 55.9; AGD 29.3; TotL 122.9; TL 67.0; HL 12.2; HW 7.3; SnFa 18.1; ED 2.7; SNL 4.2;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="9ADAC4E29668F11AFDAAFD35810433DE" box="[588,638,728,751]" name="India" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">IND</collectingCountry>
|
||
2.1; FLL 5.5; HLL 6.6; MBSR 32; PVSR 68; ToeIVlam 17; SL 7; IFL 7; SO 4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729668F11AFF21FCF2807532B1" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609668F11AFF21FCF2824F3209" bold="true" box="[199,309,799,824]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">Variation</emphasis>
|
||
. Scale pigmentation was observed to vary among the examined series: dark cloacal scale pigmentation was present (KU 323920, 323922, 323923, 323925, 323926, 323928–30, 325810) or absent (KU 323921, 323924, 323927, 325807, 328808, 325811–13).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F99668F11AFF21FC6180043591" pageId="16" pageNumber="404" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729668F11AFF21FC6186613521" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609668F11AFF21FC6181C03294" bold="true" box="[199,698,908,933]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">Distribution, ecology and natural history</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19668F11AFD2DFC60875B3294" box="[715,1057,908,933]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609668F11AFD2DFC60875B3294" box="[715,1057,908,933]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">Parvoscincus manananggalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known only from east-central Luzon Island, in Aurora Province near the Barangay of L. Pimentel in the San Luis Mountains and from Mt. Palali in Nueva Vizcaya Province (
|
||
<figureCitation id="7AF698F79668F11AFE03FC39815332DD" box="[485,553,980,1005]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1939,1961]" captionTargetBox="[263,1310,475,1917]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[254,1319,451,1930]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map of the Luzon Island, Philippines, showing the collection localities for the new species and P. leucospilos." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/226284/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). This semi-aquatic species occurs in primary- and secondary-growth forest habitats, and occurs in sympatry with
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609668F11AFDA6FC1487203521" box="[576,1114,1015,1040]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19668F11AFDA6FC14803A3521" box="[576,832,1017,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="agtorum">Parvoscincus agtorum</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19668F11AFCADFC1480983521" box="[843,994,1015,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="palaliensis">P. palaliensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19668F11AFC08FC14872F3521" box="[1006,1109,1017,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="steerei">P. steerei</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609668F11AFB76FC1486613521" box="[1168,1307,1017,1040]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19668F11AFB76FC14866D3521" box="[1168,1303,1017,1040]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tagapayo">P. tagapayo</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729668F11AFF21FBF080043591" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">
|
||
We have evaluated this species against the IUCN criteria for classification, and find that it does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Near Threatened status.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="25CDFFF19668F11AFBE6FBAC862C3569" box="[1024,1366,1087,1112]" class="Reptilia" family="Scincidae" genus="Parvoscincus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="16" pageNumber="404" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manananggalae">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609668F11AFBE6FBAC862C3569" box="[1024,1366,1087,1112]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">Parvoscincus manananggalae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a relatively broad geographic distribution on Luzon Island and is quite abundant at all sampled localities. We therefore classify this species as Least Concern LC (IUCN, 2010).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="AAD7D7F99668F11AFF21FB41839A3464" pageId="16" pageNumber="404" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="E27284729668F11AFF21FB41839A3464" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,1365]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609668F11AFF21FB41823D35F4" bold="true" box="[199,327,1196,1221]" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. The specific epithet is a feminine noun, formed from the name “Manananggal,” a female, blood sucking, vampire-like creature who flies like a bat at night to hunt humans, after separating from her lower extremities (derived from the Tagalog word
|
||
<emphasis id="D0B958609668F11AFD60FB19819B343C" box="[646,737,1268,1293]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="404">Tanggal</emphasis>
|
||
, to separate). Manananggal can be repelled by garlic and even killed by heavily salting her legs once she has left to hunt for the night. Suggested common name:Aurora Aquatic Skink.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |