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<mods:title id="943EE0D376CF375EEFDAF90DB098B770">A taxonomic revision of the southwestern Pacific subgenus Hebridosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae: Simulium)</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF0FFA18436FC894BC6FC8B" bold="true" box="[630,755,838,864]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">adsonense</emphasis>
Craig
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(
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,
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF0FFA18738FCA648A6FC68" box="[376,403,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[264,367,1403,1427]" captionTargetBox="[265,1323,326,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-103@24.[264,1323,326,1379]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hebridosimulium. Pupal thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071411/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">8f</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF0FFA187DFFCA648F9FC68" box="[415,460,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[264,367,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetId="figure-95@27.[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pupal gill filaments of Hebridosimulium species (continued). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071415/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">10e</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF0FFA18798FCA64B38FC68" box="[472,525,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[264,367,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-68@28.[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left lateral views of Hebridosimulium species larvae. Last-instar larvae, except l &amp; n, which are penultimate. Arrowheads indicate dorsal tubercles. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071417" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071417/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
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,
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,
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF0FFA18413FCA64B4AFC68" box="[595,639,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="34.[264,367,1395,1419]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,327,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-185@34.[264,1323,326,1371]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 17. Postgenal clefts and hypostoma of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. Last instar except b, d, &amp; f, which are penultimate. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071429/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">17e</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF0FFA184CCFCA64B8DFC68" box="[652,696,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="36.[264,367,1407,1431]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-153@36.[264,1323,326,1383]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 19. Hypostomal teeth of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. Last instar, except d &amp; f, which are penultimate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071435/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">19e</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF0FFA18485FCA64BC5FC68" box="[709,752,873,899]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="43.[264,367,1401,1425]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,327,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-171@43.[264,1323,326,1377]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mandibular teeth of larvae of Hebridosimulium species, steatopygium species group. Last instar, except d &amp; f, which are penultimate. Scale bar = 0.025 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071439/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">21e</figureCitation>
)
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<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF0FFA18748FC76487FFC39" box="[264,330,953,978]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Types</emphasis>
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.
<location id="916DCC90FFF0FFA187FAFC2E4B34FC10" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1C1B2B5DFFF0FFA48748FC894BA8FE6D:916DCC90FFF0FFA187FAFC2E4B34FC10" box="[442,513,993,1019]" country="Vanuatu" latitude="-15.55968" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="166.96877" municipality="Label" name="Adult" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Adult</location>
: female, double pinned.
<collectingMunicipality id="74690031FFF0FFA18567FC2E4A5FFC10" box="[807,874,993,1019]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Label</collectingMunicipality>
data – “
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF0FFA18592FC2E48B3FBC9" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adsonense" subGenus="Hebridosimulium">
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(
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF0FFA18214FC2E4C14FC11" box="[1108,1313,993,1018]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Hebridosimulium</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF0FFA18748FBC648B3FBC9" box="[264,390,1033,1058]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">adsonense</emphasis>
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, Santo, Adsone River,
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, alt.
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,
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<collectingDate id="F0484563FFF0FFA18748FBFE48BCFBA0" box="[264,393,1073,1099]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" value="2004-09-15">15.ix.2004</collectingDate>
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.
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&amp;
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, #16572” (
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).
<collectorName id="3947FF9DFFF0FFA182D7FBFE4C37FBA0" box="[1175,1282,1073,1099]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Genitalia</collectorName>
in glycerine vial.
<collectorName id="3947FF9DFFF0FFA18786FB964B3CFB98" box="[454,521,1113,1139]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Pupal</collectorName>
cocoon and exuviae as subsidiary material on point; right gill missing
</materialsCitation>
.
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. Alcohol material: Pupae: exuviae (
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,
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFFF0FFA1826FFB4E4D47FB70" box="[1071,1138,1153,1179]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">DAC</collectionCode>
). Larvae: later instars (
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,
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,
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,
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). Label data as for Holotype, but with “
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”
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.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF0FFA18748FB36484BFAF9" box="[264,382,1273,1298]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Diagnosis</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF0FFA18778FAEE4BD5FA30" blockId="75.[264,1323,1273,1499]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Relatively large species. Adults: black; pleural membrane with distinct yellow hairs; legs markedly bicolourous. Pupa: cuticle medium brown with coarse granules, gill petioles essentially absent, filaments tapered markedly. Larva: head dark brown, anterior cephalic apotome medium brown; hypostomal teeth distinct; abdomen only slightly steatopygous; abdominal dorsolateral tubercles absent.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF0FFA18748F9DE48A7F9C1" blockId="75.[264,1323,1553,1899]" box="[264,402,1553,1578]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF0FFA18748F9DE48A7F9C1" box="[264,402,1553,1578]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Description</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF0FFA68778F9F64B5DFBED" blockId="75.[264,1323,1553,1899]" lastBlockId="76.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastPageId="76" lastPageNumber="77" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF0FFA18778F9F648D7F9B8" bold="true" box="[312,482,1593,1619]" pageId="75" pageNumber="76">Adult female</emphasis>
(based on 1 reared specimen). Body: head, thorax and abdomen blackish brown; total length
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF0FFA1841BF9AE4B8CF990" box="[603,697,1633,1659]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.6" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="2.6">2.6 mm</quantity>
. Head: width
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF0FFA1851FF9AE4AF9F990" box="[863,972,1633,1659]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="0.85">0.85 mm</quantity>
; depth
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF0FFA18262F9AE4DBAF990" box="[1058,1167,1633,1659]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="0.55">0.55 mm</quantity>
; postocciput, vertex and frons black, vestiture of sparse, erect, black hairs; frons-head ratio (narrowest width of frons: greatest width of head) 1.0:3.4. Eye: interocular distance
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF0FFA182F2F97E4C10F920" box="[1202,1317,1713,1739]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="0.16">0.16 mm</quantity>
; ommatidia
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF0FFA187D2F9164B3AF918" box="[402,527,1753,1779]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="0.015">0.015 mm</quantity>
in diameter; ca 35 rows across and down at mid-eye. Clypeus:
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF0FFA18748F8CE485CF8F0" box="[264,361,1793,1819]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="0.24">0.24mm</quantity>
wide, concolourous with frons. Antenna: length
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF0FFA185E9F8CE4D20F8F0" box="[937,1045,1793,1819]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.699999999999999" pageId="75" pageNumber="76" unit="mm" value="0.47">0.47 mm</quantity>
; flagellomeres blackish brown, scape and pedicel pale. Mouthparts: 0.4 length of head depth; mandible with ca. 28 fine inner teeth; lacinia with 17 inner teeth and 12 outer teeth; maxillary palpus with total length
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA6871BFED348FCFEDD" box="[347,457,284,310]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="0.45">0.45 mm</quantity>
, all articles evenly dark brown, proportional length of 3rd, 4th, and 5th articles 1.0:0.8:1.5; sensory vesicle elongate, ca. 0.3 times width of 3rd article, opening 0.8 times as wide as vesicle. Thorax: length
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA68550FEA34A46FE6D" box="[784,883,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
; width
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA68596FEA34D0FFE6D" box="[982,1082,364,390]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
; postpronotal lobes slightly paler than scutum; scutum evenly very dark brownish black, vestiture of sparse silver hairs; scutellum more or less concolourous with scutum, vestiture of long black hairs and pale hairs laterally, apical angle 125°; postnotum concolourous with scutum; pleuron evenly dark brown; pleural membrane slightly paler and with distinct yellow hairs. Wing: length
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA6871AFDFB488DFDA5" box="[346,440,564,590]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="2.7">2.7 mm</quantity>
; width
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA68450FDFB4B5AFDA5" box="[528,623,564,590]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
. Legs: coxae pale brown; fore leg, femur brown, tibia pale proximally, remainder of leg black; mid leg femur brown medially, tibia pale proximally, remainder of leg black; hind leg as for mid leg. Abdomen: anterior light gray, remainder brownish black; vestiture of dense silver hairs, long laterally, with few black hairs; basal scale of golden hairs. Genitalia (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF7FFA684E9FD1B4BCEFD05" box="[681,763,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="18.[264,367,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[293,1313,395,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-86@18.[270,1328,355,1791]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 5. Hebridosimulium. Female genitalia. a–d callipygium species group, e–j steatopygium species group. e. Adapted from Craig (1987). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: an lb — anal lobe; cerc — cercus; gen fk — genital fork; hyp vlv — hypogynial valve; spmth — spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071405/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig 5j</figureCitation>
): median region of sternite VIII moderately depressed and pale posteromedially; hypogynial valves with vestiture of sparse short hairs; medial edges essentially parallel, posterolateral edges concave, membranous apical extensions rounded and simple; genital fork with stem long and markedly narrow, posterolateral arms with medial constriction, anteriorly directed apodeme rounded; anal lobes rounded with sparse longer hairs posteriorly, anterior anterolateral apodeme not well developed, anteromedian concavity distinct with sparse hairs; cercus narrow; spermatheca ovoid, moderately pigmented.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF7FFA68778FBDB4B78FBC5" blockId="76.[264,1323,284,1870]" box="[312,589,1044,1070]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF7FFA68778FBDB48FFFBC5" bold="true" box="[312,458,1044,1070]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Adult male.</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF7FFA68778FBF348E9FAAD" blockId="76.[264,1323,284,1870]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF7FFA68778FBF3484CFBBD" bold="true" box="[312,377,1084,1110]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Pupa</emphasis>
(based on
<specimenCount id="82B451C2FFF7FFA687B9FBF34BBBFBBD" box="[505,654,1084,1110]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" type="generic">4 specimens</specimenCount>
). Body length: 3.0 mm. Gill (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF7FFA685A8FBF34D7BFBBD" box="[1000,1102,1084,1110]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[264,367,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetId="figure-95@27.[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pupal gill filaments of Hebridosimulium species (continued). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071415/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 10e</figureCitation>
): maximum length of female
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA6873FFBAB4B3AFB95" box="[383,527,1124,1150]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.5 mm</quantity>
, male
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA6841CFBAB4B8CFB95" box="[604,697,1124,1150]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="1.1">1.1 mm</quantity>
; petioles short, branching pattern (2+2)+2+2+2, light brown, thickest proximally, tapered rapidly. Head and anterior thorax with evenly distributed sparse, dark brown, large, irregular granules, cuticle medium brown (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF7FFA68288FB7B4C29FB25" box="[1224,1308,1204,1230]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[264,367,1403,1427]" captionTargetBox="[265,1323,326,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-103@24.[264,1323,326,1379]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hebridosimulium. Pupal thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071411/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 8f</figureCitation>
). Cocoon: markedly boot shaped, base not flared laterally, anterior collar well raised above substrate; length of female
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA68410FACB4BD5FAF5" box="[592,736,1284,1310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8499999999999996" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="3.8" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="3.8499999999999996" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="3.8">3.8–3.9 mm</quantity>
long,
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA6856FFACB4A8AFAF5" box="[815,959,1284,1310]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="1.6" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.5">1.5–1.7 mm</quantity>
wide; male 2.8–3.0 mm long,
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA68748FAE348A0FAAD" box="[264,405,1324,1350]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="1.6" valueMax="1.8" valueMin="1.4">1.4–1.8 mm</quantity>
wide.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF7FFA78778FA9B4BFCFC8D" blockId="76.[264,1323,284,1870]" lastBlockId="77.[264,1322,284,870]" lastPageId="77" lastPageNumber="78" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF7FFA68778FA9B48B1FA85" bold="true" box="[312,388,1364,1390]" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Larva</emphasis>
(based on 3 mature last-instar larvae). Body (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF7FFA685ECFA9B4D28FA85" box="[940,1053,1364,1390]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="28.[264,367,1774,1798]" captionTargetBox="[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetId="figure-68@28.[265,1322,406,1750]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURE 11. Left lateral views of Hebridosimulium species larvae. Last-instar larvae, except l &amp; n, which are penultimate. Arrowheads indicate dorsal tubercles. Scale bar = 1.0 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071417" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071417/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">
Fig.
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA685A5FA9B4D28FA85" box="[997,1053,1364,1390]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="m" value="11.0">11m</quantity>
</figureCitation>
): relatively large; total length
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA68723FAB348CBFA7D" box="[355,510,1404,1430]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" metricValueMax="7.1" metricValueMin="6.9" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="7.0" valueMax="7.1" valueMin="6.9">6.9–7.1 mm</quantity>
: females overall grey, males with orange tinge, thorax evenly pigmented, anterior abdominal segments pigmented with intersegmental areas pale, producing banded appearance, posterior abdominal segments evenly pigmented. Head (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF7FFA68751FA3B484CF9E5" box="[273,377,1524,1550]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="31.[264,367,1399,1423]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1375]" captionTargetId="figure-179@31.[264,1323,326,1375]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURE 14. Dorsal views of larval heads of Hebridosimulium species. steatopygium species group. Last instars, except d &amp; f, which are penultimate instars. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071423" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071423/files/figure.png" pageId="76" pageNumber="77">Fig. 14e</figureCitation>
): both sexes with dark brown pigmentation, lighter anteriorly on frontoclypeal apotome, more so in males; fan stems light brown, triangular region anterior and basal on stem markedly pale, as is region medial of antennal bases and sockets of trichoid sensilla pair 5 and 6, medial of antennal base; head-spot pattern negative, but indistinct; ecdysial lines pale and straight, diverging; width
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA68541F95B4A47F945" box="[769,882,1684,1710]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="0.65">0.65 mm</quantity>
, length
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA68599F95B4D7FF945" box="[985,1098,1684,1710]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="0.71">0.71 mm</quantity>
; distance between antennal bases
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA687F8F9734B16F93D" box="[440,547,1724,1750]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5999999999999996" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="0.36">0.36 mm</quantity>
; lateral margins of head evenly convex; posterior edge of apotome not emarginate; postocciput finely extended between cervical sclerites and apotome. Antenna: total length
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF7FFA68448F8C34B40F8CD" box="[520,629,1804,1830]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.299999999999999" pageId="76" pageNumber="77" unit="mm" value="0.83">0.83 mm</quantity>
; distal article 0.33 times as long as basal articles, extended barely beyond labral fan stalk, distal article medium brown, distal portion of basal article concolourous, remainder paler. Labral fan: stalk medium brown, anterior palatal bar markedly protruded anteromedially; 37–45 rays,
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF6FFA78528FE8B4AE2FEB5" box="[872,983,324,350]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" unit="mm" value="0.7">0.70 mm</quantity>
in length, 10–12 rays less substantial; microtrichia 0.5 times length of ray width, pattern indistinct. Postgenal cleft (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF6FFA78751FE5B484EFE45" box="[273,379,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 17" captionStartId="34.[264,367,1395,1419]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,327,1371]" captionTargetId="figure-185@34.[264,1323,326,1371]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 17. Postgenal clefts and hypostoma of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. Last instar except b, d, &amp; f, which are penultimate. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071429" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071429/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 17e</figureCitation>
): markedly arrowhead shaped, slightly deeper than wide with convex edges; posteroventral elongated muscle spots neutral. Postgenal bridge: 0.6 times as long as cleft depth; genae and postgenae dark brown. Hypostoma (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF6FFA7853FFE2B4AD0FE15" box="[895,997,484,510]" captionStart="FIGURE 19" captionStartId="36.[264,367,1407,1431]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-153@36.[264,1323,326,1383]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURE 19. Hypostomal teeth of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. Last instar, except d &amp; f, which are penultimate. Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071435" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071435/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 19e</figureCitation>
): overall cone-shaped; ratio 5.1; median tooth prominent, lateral teeth smaller and scalloped medially, splayed laterally; sublateral teeth small, well spaced and equal in size; paralateral teeth not obvious; lateral serrations absent; 9–11 substantial hypostomal setae per side. Two substantial hairs situated medially. Mandible (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF6FFA78566FD4B4AB9FD75" box="[806,908,644,670]" captionStart="FIGURE 21" captionStartId="43.[264,367,1401,1425]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,327,1377]" captionTargetId="figure-171@43.[264,1323,326,1377]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 21. Mandibular teeth of larvae of Hebridosimulium species, steatopygium species group. Last instar, except d &amp; f, which are penultimate. Scale bar = 0.025 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071439" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071439/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 21e</figureCitation>
): apical tooth markedly developed; 4–6 spinous teeth, largely covered by subapical teeth; spinous teeth gap small; serration and sensillum distinct; blade region smooth, barely convex. Abdomen: anterior abdomen subequal in width to thorax, expanded gradually posteriorly to 5th abdominal segment then slightly steatopygous. Posterior circlet: directed posteriorly; 175–180 rows of hooks; 29–31 hooks per row (total ca. 5,300).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF6FFA78748FC534B50FC5E" blockId="77.[264,1323,924,1030]" box="[264,613,924,949]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF6FFA78748FC534B50FC5E" box="[264,613,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Additional material examined</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF6FFA78778FC0B4B97FBED" blockId="77.[264,1323,924,1030]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF6FFA78778FC0B484AFC35" bold="true" box="[312,383,964,990]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Santo</emphasis>
,
<materialsCitation id="24DA9016FFF6FFA787CFFC0B4BA8FBED" collectingDate="2004-09-15" collectionCode="DAC" collectorName="Coll. D. A. &amp; R. Craig." elevation="59" latitude="-15.55968" location="Adsone River" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="166.96877" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" specimenCount="1">
<location id="916DCC90FFF6FFA787CFFC0B4B01FC35" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:1C1B2B5DFFF0FFA48748FC894BA8FE6D:916DCC90FFF6FFA787CFFC0B4B01FC35" box="[399,564,964,990]" latitude="-15.55968" longLatPrecision="1" longitude="166.96877" name="Adsone River" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Adsone River</location>
,
<geoCoordinate id="F186FC8CFFF6FFA78401FC0B4BF9FC35" box="[577,716,964,990]" degrees="15.55968" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" precision="1" value="-15.55968">S15.55968°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="F186FC8CFFF6FFA78494FC0B4A5AFC35" box="[724,879,964,990]" degrees="166.96876" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" precision="1" value="166.96877">E166.96876°</geoCoordinate>
, alt.
<quantity id="534A37AEFFF6FFA785ECFC0B4ADEFC35" box="[940,1003,964,990]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" unit="m" value="59.0">
<elevation id="1F9F7D78FFF6FFA785ECFC0B4ADEFC35" box="[940,1003,964,990]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.9" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" unit="m" value="59.0">59 m</elevation>
</quantity>
,
<date id="E00CBC8BFFF6FFA785B9FC0B4D4FFC35" box="[1017,1146,964,990]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" value="2004-09-15">
<collectingDate id="F0484563FFF6FFA785B9FC0B4D4FFC35" box="[1017,1146,964,990]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" value="2004-09-15">15.ix.2004</collectingDate>
</date>
.
<collectorName id="3947FF9DFFF6FFA782C6FC0B4C3EFC35" box="[1158,1291,964,990]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Coll. D. A.</collectorName>
&amp;
<collectorName id="3947FF9DFFF6FFA78748FC234846FBED" box="[264,371,1004,1030]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">R. Craig.</collectorName>
(immature larvae;
<collectionCode id="F2A3028EFFF6FFA78412FC234BA0FBED" box="[594,661,1004,1030]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">DAC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF6FFA78748FBF348B0FBBE" blockId="77.[264,1322,1084,1190]" box="[264,389,1084,1109]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF6FFA78748FBF348B0FBBE" box="[264,389,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Etymology</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF6FFA78778FBAB4B55FB4D" blockId="77.[264,1322,1084,1190]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
Named after the
<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FFF6FFA787BEFBAB4B05FB95" box="[510,560,1124,1150]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">type</typeStatus>
locality river, but based on an older spelling, Adson, rather than the modern spelling, Adsone.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF6FFA78748FB134BFFFAF5" blockId="77.[264,714,1244,1310]" box="[264,714,1244,1310]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF6FFA78748FB1348A2FB1E" box="[264,407,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Distribution</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="ECA5DADBFFF6FFA78778FACB48F2FAF5" box="[312,455,1284,1310]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">VANUATU</collectingCountry>
: Santo, Adsone River.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF6FFA78748FA9B48B6FA86" blockId="77.[264,1323,1364,1870]" box="[264,387,1364,1389]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF6FFA78748FA9B48B6FA86" box="[264,387,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Comments</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF6FFA78778FAB34D3FF8CD" blockId="77.[264,1323,1364,1870]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF6FFA78778FAB34B07FA7E" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[312,562,1404,1429]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adsonense">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF6FFA78778FAB34B07FA7E" box="[312,562,1404,1429]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Simulium adsonense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is found in Santo only, along with small numbers of
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF6FFA78354FAB34891FA56" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steatopygium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF6FFA78354FAB34891FA56" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">S. steatopygium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae. Association of larvae and pupae of
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF6FFA785F2FA6B4D7EFA56" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[946,1099,1444,1469]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adsonense">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF6FFA785F2FA6B4D7EFA56" box="[946,1099,1444,1469]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">S. adsonense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was confirmed by comparison of pupal cuticle (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF6FFA78427FA034B8CFA0D" box="[615,697,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[264,367,1403,1427]" captionTargetBox="[265,1323,326,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-103@24.[264,1323,326,1379]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hebridosimulium. Pupal thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071411/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 8f</figureCitation>
) and gills (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF6FFA78504FA034A9DFA0D" box="[836,936,1484,1510]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="27.[264,367,1531,1555]" captionTargetBox="[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetId="figure-95@27.[264,1323,326,1507]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURE 10. Pupal gill filaments of Hebridosimulium species (continued). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071415" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071415/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 10e</figureCitation>
) of pharate pupae in the mature last-instar larvae, to the mature pupae. The
<typeStatus id="4B0924E9FFF6FFA78554FA3B4A73F9E5" box="[788,838,1524,1550]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">type</typeStatus>
locality (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFFF6FFA785FAFA3B4D2AF9E5" box="[954,1055,1524,1550]" captionStart="FIGURE 24" captionStartId="83.[264,367,1634,1658]" captionTargetBox="[301,1278,310,1610]" captionTargetId="figure-141@83.[301,1279,310,1610]" captionTargetPageId="83" captionText="FIGURE 24. Habitats of larvae of Hebridosimulium species. a–e. Vanuatu.a. Santo, Adsone River. Type locality of S. adsonense. b. Santo, upper cascade, tributary of Sarakata River. Type locality of S. paradisium. c. Efate, Mele Cascade. Type locality of S. steatopygium. Note travertine terraces. d. South Pentecost, Warbot River. Type locality of S. supercilium. e. Santo, small stream, Millennium Cave region. Typical locality of S. subparadisium. f–i. Fiji. Habitats of S. laciniatum larvae. f. Viti Levu, Abaca Village, above Vereni Falls. Type region. g. Taveuni, Wairiki, Devo Peak, looking down water slide. h. Kadavu, Kadavacoro Village, Wailea Waterfall. i. Vanu Levu, Waisala Rain Forest Reserve, Ravini River." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071449" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071449/files/figure.png" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Fig. 24a</figureCitation>
) is shallow, with very fast water (respectively ca.
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and
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/s) on an old concrete causeway. Larvae and pupae were also recovered from a riffle upstream. Larvae exhibit behaviours similar to those of
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF6FFA78737F9A348CCF96E" authorityName="Rubtsov" authorityYear="1974" box="[375,505,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Inseliellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF6FFA78737F9A348CCF96E" box="[375,505,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">Inseliellum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Polynesia that are adapted to shallow fast water (
<bibRefCitation id="F023E7BAFFF6FFA782CFF9A34C28F96D" author="Craig, D. A." box="[1167,1309,1644,1670]" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" pagination="855 - 904" refId="ref41323" refString="Craig, D. A. (1997) A taxonomic revision of the Pacific black fly subgenus Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75, 855 - 904." type="journal article" year="1997">Craig 1997</bibRefCitation>
), namely, even spacing of larvae and lack of body twisting, so that the ventral surface of the labral fans are directed towards the substrate. The latter behaviour is similar to that observed for larvae of
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF6FFA78454F92B4B82F916" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[532,695,1764,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="77" pageNumber="78" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paradisium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF6FFA78454F92B4B82F916" box="[532,695,1764,1789]" italics="true" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">S. paradisium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The number of hooks on the posterior circlet is also higher, again in keeping with adaptation to high-velocity habitats.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFFF6FFA48778F8FB4BA8FE6D" blockId="77.[264,1323,1364,1870]" lastBlockId="78.[264,1323,284,390]" lastPageId="78" lastPageNumber="79" pageId="77" pageNumber="78">
With the larva not markedly steatopygous and the pupal cuticle unique, placement of
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF5FFA48748FED34897FEDE" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[264,418,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="adsonense">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA48748FED34897FEDE" box="[264,418,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">S. adsonense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FFF5FFA487BAFED34BA3FEDE" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Hunter &amp; Spironello" authorityYear="2006" box="[506,662,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="78" pageNumber="79" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="steatopygium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FFF5FFA487BAFED34BA3FEDE" box="[506,662,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="78" pageNumber="79">steatopygium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species group was based solely on the genitalia of the single female adult. The relationship of this species may have to be reconsidered once additional material comes to hand.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>