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<mods:title id="E5220429E7D5A1554023CFA0FC3B131A">A taxonomic revision of the southwestern Pacific subgenus Hebridosimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae: Simulium)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7FB88F12DE2D8996C1F449EFBB7C75F3">Spironello, Mike</mods:namePart>
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<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF8BFFDA8748FED34A7BFEDE" ID-CoL="8DXLY" authority="Craig" authorityName="Craig" authorityYear="1987" box="[264,846,283,310]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatolicum" subGenus="Hebridosimulium">
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<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA8748FED3484AFEDD" bold="true" box="[264,383,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA87D0FED34B50FEDD" bold="true" box="[400,613,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Hebridosimulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA8436FED34BCAFEDD" bold="true" box="[630,767,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">anatolicum</emphasis>
Craig
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(
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, 
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, 
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).
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<treatmentCitation id="1513BC5AFF8BFFDA8748FE404A10FE4E" author="Craig, D. A." box="[264,805,398,422]" page="382" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" year="1987">
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF8BFFDA8748FE404A10FE4E" ID-CoL="8DXLY" authority="Craig 1987: 382" authorityName="Craig" authorityPageNumber="382" authorityYear="1987" box="[264,805,398,422]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatolicum" subGenus="Hebridosimulium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA8748FE404820FE4D" box="[264,277,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S</emphasis>
. (
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA876CFE4048D3FE4D" box="[300,486,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Hebridosimulium</emphasis>
) 
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA87B6FE404B5BFE4D" box="[502,622,399,422]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">anatolicum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="F023E7BAFF8BFFDA8434FE414A10FE4E" author="Craig, D. A." box="[628,805,398,421]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" pagination="372 - 429" refId="ref41282" refString="Craig, D. A. (1987) A taxonomic account of the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Society Islands - Tahiti, Moorea and Raiatea. Quaestiones Entomologicae, 23, 372 - 429." type="journal article" year="1987">Craig 1987: 382</bibRefCitation>
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. 
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<bibRefCitation id="F023E7BAFF8BFFDA856FFE414DB4FE4E" author="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M." box="[815,1153,398,421]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" refId="ref41903" refString="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M. (2004) A revised taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). The Natural History Museum, London. 78 pp. Available from http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / research-curation / projects / blackflies / (accessed 7 October 2006)" type="book" year="2004">Crosskey &amp; Howard (2004: 29)</bibRefCitation>
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<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA8748FE18480AFE1B" box="[264,319,471,496]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Type</emphasis>
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. Female: pinned; reared, with pupal cocoon and exuviae as subsidiary material. Label data – &quot; 
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, 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF8BFFDA84DCFDE84D28FDAA" authority="Craig" authorityName="Craig" authorityYear="1987" box="[668,1053,551,577]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatolicum" subGenus="Hebridosimulium">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA84DCFDE84A3FFDAB" box="[668,778,551,576]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Simulium</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA855EFDE84A06FDAB" box="[798,819,551,576]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">H</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA850CFDE84AE5FDAB" box="[844,976,551,576]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">anatolicum</emphasis>
Craig
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, det. 
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1986, Tahiti, Mahaena, Mahape R., 17° 34' 00&quot; S. 149° 20' 33&quot; W. alt. 
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.
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<collectingDate id="F0484563FF8BFFDA8207FD804DF2FD82" box="[1095,1223,591,617]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" value="1980-06-14">14.vi.1980</collectingDate>
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, 
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#6.&quot; (
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). Head, genitalia and pupal exuviae in vial on pin. Left gill of pupa as slide mount, same data as adult (
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<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA8748FD20484BFCE3" box="[264,382,751,776]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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Large species. Adult female: yellowish; mandibles small; veins R 
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and Sc lacking hair; hypogynial valves with apical membranous region not extended. Pupa: sternite V hooks, close-set. Cocoon: anteroventral edge with small fenestrae.
</paragraph>
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<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA8748FC75489FFC38" box="[264,426,954,979]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Redescription</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA8778FC2E48D5FC10" bold="true" box="[312,480,993,1019]" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Adult female</emphasis>
(
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). Body: generally yellowish-brown, total length 
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. Head: grayish-brown, width 
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, depth 
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; frons bulging ventrally over sunken antennal bases, densely covered with silver scale-like hairs, frons-head ratio 1:6.1. Eyes: interocular distance 
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; yellowish-gray; frontal angle, 115 degrees; ommatidia 
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in diameter, ca. 34 and 45, respectively, across and down at mid-eye. Clypeus: 
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wide; concolourous with ventral region of frons, slightly longer than wide, densely covered with silver hairs medially; lateral hairs dark, extended beyond bases of maxillary palpus. Postocciput: densely covered with silver hairs extended to eye margin, scattered long black hairs extended over posterior margin of eye. Antenna: length 
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; flagellomeres and basal articles yellowish. Mouthparts: 0.5 length of head depth; mandibles with ca. 30 very fine teeth; lacinia with ca. 25 pronounced teeth; maxillary palpus (distal articles absent from specimen) with basal articles flattened and densely covered with black hairs; sensory vesicle of third article elongated, occupying 0.5 width of article, opening of vesicle 0.66 width of vesicle. Thorax: rich brown; length 
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, width 
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; postpronotum and contiguous area of scutum creamy, remainder of scutum uniformly brown, moderate vestiture of silver hair, in some views 3 darker vittae; scutellum yellowish, with sparse black and golden hairs; postnotum brown medially and posteriorly, yellow laterally; pleural membrane with distinct pale yellow flattened hairs, as for 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF8BFFDA8771F97D48FEF920" authorityName=": Edwards" authorityYear="1924" box="[305,459,1714,1739]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laciniatum">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8BFFDA8771F97D48FEF920" box="[305,459,1714,1739]" italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S. laciniatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., 
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF8BFFDA8454F97D4B5EF927" box="[532,619,1714,1740]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="17.[264,367,667,691]" captionTargetBox="[271,1315,326,643]" captionTargetId="figure-258@17.[271,1315,326,643]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 4. Hebridosimulium. Female adult right pleural membranes. Dorsal to the left, anterior up. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071403" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071403/files/figure.png" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Fig. 4b</figureCitation>
). Wing: length 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF8BFFDA855EF97D4A4FF927" box="[798,890,1714,1740]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="2.9">2.9 mm</quantity>
, maximum width 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF8BFFDA820DF97D4D9CF927" box="[1101,1193,1714,1740]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
; veins pale yellow, hairs black. Legs: coxae, femora, and tibiae yellow, distal portion of tibiae brown; fore basitarsus 6 times longer than wide, brown anteriorly; hind basitarsus parallel sided, 7 times longer than wide; calcipala enormously extended to 0.66 times length of 2nd tarsomere. Abdomen: overall black with dense dark scales anteriorly, pale scales posteriorly on each segment; basal fringe of shiny dark golden hairs extended to 2nd abdominal segment; tergites III–VII lighter in colour than others; sternite VII distinct, narrower anteriorly; pleural regions with dense silver scales. Genitalia (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF8AFFDB8224FEA34D88FE6D" box="[1124,1213,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="18.[264,367,1812,1836]" captionTargetBox="[293,1313,395,1788]" captionTargetId="figure-86@18.[270,1328,355,1791]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 5. Hebridosimulium. Female genitalia. a–d callipygium species group, e–j steatopygium species group. e. Adapted from Craig (1987). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: an lb — anal lobe; cerc — cercus; gen fk — genital fork; hyp vlv — hypogynial valve; spmth — spermatheca." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071405" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071405/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 5e</figureCitation>
): sternite VIII not deeply indented, broader anteriorly, dark brown; hypogynial valves lightly pigmented, sparse vestiture, medial edges slightly concave, not divergent, rounded apically, membranous, but not extended; genital fork with stem narrow, posterolateral arms pigmented, with anteriorly directed apodeme on lateral arm large and cone-shaped; anal lobe rounded with marked anterolateral apodeme, median depression not developed; cercus ovoid; spermatheca (destroyed during preparation for illustration): dark brown (probably reticulated).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF8AFFDB8778FD634B7AFD2D" blockId="49.[264,1322,284,950]" box="[312,591,684,710]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB8778FD6348F9FD2D" bold="true" box="[312,460,684,710]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Adult male:</emphasis>
Unknown.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF8AFFDB8778FD1B4DB1FC5D" blockId="49.[264,1322,284,950]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB8778FD1B484CFD05" bold="true" box="[312,377,724,750]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Pupa</emphasis>
(based on exuviae). Body length. 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF8AFFDB854FFD1B4A59FD05" box="[783,876,724,750]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="3.6">3.6 mm</quantity>
. Gill (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF8AFFDB85F7FD1B4D3EFD05" box="[951,1035,724,750]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="26.[264,367,1880,1904]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,486,1856]" captionTargetId="figure-60@26.[264,1323,486,1856]" captionTargetPageId="26" captionText="FIGURE 9. Pupal gill filaments of Hebridosimulium species. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071413" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071413/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 9f</figureCitation>
): 8 filaments, maximum length 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF8AFFDB871FFD3348F1FCFD" box="[351,452,764,790]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="1.4">1.4 mm</quantity>
, petioles moderately elongate, branching pattern (2+1)+2+2+1, dorsal filaments subequal in length, markedly shorter than ventral filaments, evenly tapered, annulations fine. Thorax: dorsal cuticle with dense rounded granules (
<figureCitation id="0C8986CEFF8AFFDB827DFC834DA7FC8D" box="[1085,1170,844,870]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="24.[264,367,1403,1427]" captionTargetBox="[265,1323,326,1379]" captionTargetId="figure-103@24.[264,1323,326,1379]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="FIGURE 8. Hebridosimulium. Pupal thoracic cuticle. Scale bar = 0.1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5071411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5071411/files/figure.png" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fig. 8e</figureCitation>
), those more lateral and posterior, pointed and hooked. Cocoon: shoe shaped, 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF8AFFDB825EFCBB4D49FC65" box="[1054,1148,884,910]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
long, 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF8AFFDB828DFCBB4C1FFC65" box="[1229,1322,884,910]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
wide, basal edges not flared, anteroventral edge rough, with small fenestrae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF8AFFDB8748FC234B07FBC5" blockId="49.[264,562,1004,1070]" box="[264,562,1004,1070]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB8748FC2348A2FBEE" box="[264,407,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Distribution</emphasis>
POLYNESIA. Tahiti.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF8AFFDB8748FBAB48B6FB96" blockId="49.[264,1323,1124,1553]" box="[264,387,1124,1149]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB8748FBAB48B6FB96" box="[264,387,1124,1149]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Comments</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF8AFFDB8778FB434D0FFB12" blockId="49.[264,1323,1124,1553]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
The pupa from which the adult was reared came from grass trailing in a small, rapidly flowing, open stream. Velocity was ca. 
<quantity id="534A37AEFF8AFFDB8499FB784A2FFB3A" box="[729,794,1207,1233]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" unit="cm" value="80.0">80cm</quantity>
/s and temperature 29 
<superScript id="63C73703FF8AFFDB8259FB7B4D2AFB29" attach="right" box="[1049,1055,1204,1218]" fontSize="6" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">°</superScript>
C. Larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF8AFFDB82FCFB78484FFB13" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1927" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tahitiense">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB82FCFB78484FFB13" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Simulium tahitiense</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF8AFFDB87F3FB1048CAFB13" authorityName="Craig" authorityYear="1987" box="[435,511,1247,1272]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lotii">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB87F3FB1048CAFB13" box="[435,511,1247,1272]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">S. lotii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were taken from the same locality (
<bibRefCitation id="F023E7BAFF8AFFDB85E4FB104D18FB12" author="Craig, D. A." box="[932,1069,1247,1273]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="372 - 429" refId="ref41282" refString="Craig, D. A. (1987) A taxonomic account of the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Society Islands - Tahiti, Moorea and Raiatea. Quaestiones Entomologicae, 23, 372 - 429." type="journal article" year="1987">Craig 1987</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="940D9A4BFF8AFFDB8778FAC84AADF9FA" blockId="49.[264,1323,1124,1553]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
This single specimen from a subgenus unexpected in Tahiti, was initially thought by 
<bibRefCitation id="F023E7BAFF8AFFDB8748FAE04892FAA2" author="Craig, D. A." box="[264,423,1327,1353]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="372 - 429" refId="ref41282" refString="Craig, D. A. (1987) A taxonomic account of the black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Society Islands - Tahiti, Moorea and Raiatea. Quaestiones Entomologicae, 23, 372 - 429." type="journal article" year="1987">Craig (1987)</bibRefCitation>
to be a contaminant from collections made either in 
<collectingCountry id="ECA5DADBFF8AFFDB8223FAE04DB9FAA2" box="[1123,1164,1327,1353]" name="Fiji" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Fiji</collectingCountry>
or 
<collectingCountry id="ECA5DADBFF8AFFDB8283FAE04C12FAA2" box="[1219,1319,1327,1353]" name="Vanuatu" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">Vanuatu</collectingCountry>
. However, 
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB87C4FA984BBCFA9B" box="[388,649,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF8AFFDB87C4FA984BB0FA9B" authorityName="Craig" authorityYear="1987" box="[388,645,1367,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatolicum">Simulium anatolicum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
while very similar to 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF8AFFDB85DCFA984AC4FA9B" box="[924,1009,1367,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jolyi">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB85DCFA984AC4FA9B" box="[924,1009,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">S. jolyi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB8271FA984DE3FA9B" box="[1073,1238,1367,1392]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF8AFFDB8271FA984DE7FA9B" authorityName=": Edwards" authorityYear="1924" box="[1073,1234,1367,1392]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laciniatum">S. laciniatum</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
shows differences in the wings and genitalia and is considered here a valid species. The pupa of 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF8AFFDB8748FA68489CFA2B" authorityName="Craig" authorityYear="1987" box="[264,425,1447,1472]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatolicum">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB8748FA68489CFA2B" box="[264,425,1447,1472]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">S. anatolicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has eight filaments, indicating that it is more closely related to the Fijian 
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB8354FA6848B8FA03" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF8AFFDB8354FA6848BCFA03" authorityName=": Edwards" authorityYear="1924" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laciniatum">S. laciniatum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
No new material has ever been found in Tahiti despite extensive searching (
<bibRefCitation id="F023E7BAFF8AFFDB8750FA3848EFF9FA" author="Craig, D. A. &amp; Currie D. C. &amp; Joy, D. A." box="[272,474,1527,1553]" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" pagination="1101 - 1128" refId="ref41535" refString="Craig, D. A., Currie D. C. &amp; Joy, D. A. (2001) Geographical history of the central-western Pacific black fly subgenus Inseliellum (Diptera: Simuliidae: Simulium) based on a reconstructed phylogeny of the species, hot-spot archipelagoes, and hydrological considerations. Journal of Biogeography, 28, 1101 - 1128." type="journal article" year="2001">
Craig 
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB871AFA3848A0F9FB" box="[346,405,1527,1552]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
), so 
<taxonomicName id="53B2E1C8FF8AFFDB8451FA384B84F9FB" authorityName="Craig" authorityYear="1987" box="[529,689,1527,1552]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="49" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="anatolicum">
<emphasis id="A6C64659FF8AFFDB8451FA384B84F9FB" box="[529,689,1527,1552]" italics="true" pageId="49" pageNumber="50">S. anatolicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
remains enigmatic.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>