547 lines
70 KiB
XML
547 lines
70 KiB
XML
<document id="8DCC2F3BEC3EAB428F46F6F793757BA4" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14239475" ID-ZooBank="BD3E35FA-7BEA-441E-920A-1946F78C19EE" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="juliana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="juliana" IM.tables_approvedBy="juliana" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="juliana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="juliana" checkinTime="1732800463387" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Arias, Erick, Chaves, Gerardo, Kubicki, Brian & Parra-Olea, Gabriela" docDate="2024" docId="FA7D87E6383DFF9EE3F8FABFFEBF11A6" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5537.2.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5537 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5537.2.3" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Bolitoglossa silentium Arias, Chaves, Kubicki & Parra-Olea, 2024, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="228" masterDocId="0644FF9E3830FF8FE36FFFC5FFD7124B" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic assessment of the Bolitoglossa (Eladinea) subgenus (Caudata: Plethodontidae) with the description of two new species from the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica" masterLastPageNumber="233" masterPageNumber="211" pageNumber="224" updateTime="1733168410516" updateUser="juliana" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="A6D2141EDD359CECCD5DA92BBDDF1249">Taxonomic assessment of the Bolitoglossa (Eladinea) subgenus (Caudata: Plethodontidae) with the description of two new species from the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="7D2CBA873F6BFB400E6EB62EC89B6524">Arias, Erick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="CAB151EC3DE65A35DC0CB53E66297199">Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, AP 70 - 153 Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México & Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, 11501 - 2060 San José, Costa Rica & Museo de Zoología, Centro de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="B02B9AE0CB0A03E11F7CF597175E61F0" type="email">eapiedra@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="95F87F360ABB3C09CDCBB56203409E88">Chaves, Gerardo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="A2A53684593CC7015CCD4422513B4546">Museo de Zoología, Centro de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Ecología Tropical, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="F127B75F5F5022CCD58C46633F071988" type="email">cachi13@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="E38C65FF3C6494DE81700FD3ABA49F8D">Kubicki, Brian</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="FC7F2B7DB2D1B30BF19E78CF45818707" type="ORCID">0000-0002-7674-7202</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation id="0CA16FA0F59B7F7A93012323F4682078">Costa Rican Amphibian Research Center, Guayacán, Provincia de Limón, Costa Rica</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="889072B97F9F4A409898649B92C2E7AE" type="email">crarc@yahoo.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="F874478B20F8D07DC309227C86E6EAEE">Parra-Olea, Gabriela</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="FD1529C6E1ED6F540366E11CD04B80F3">Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, UNAM, AP 70 - 153 Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Ciudad de México, México</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="4C06B21D6C110E1137C4758B315C3F63" type="email">gparra@ib.unam.mx</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="94C93C29CABEAFF9453480B7CAB301D8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="EA5DA4FE05D710E139CF2F73B1AAC8BA">2024</mods:date>
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<treatment id="FA7D87E6383DFF9EE3F8FABFFEBF11A6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14240130" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14240130" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FA7D87E6383DFF9EE3F8FABFFEBF11A6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FA7D87E6383DFF9EE3F8FABFFEBF11A6" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="228" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
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<heading id="2923819C383DFF82E3F8FABFFDDF17DE" bold="true" box="[151,520,1402,1429]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383DFF82E3F8FABFFE7417DE" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" box="[151,419,1402,1429]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentium" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383DFF82E3F8FABFFE7417DE" bold="true" box="[151,419,1402,1429]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Bolitoglossa silentium</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="5B935799383DFF82E2C4FABEFDDF17DE" box="[427,520,1403,1429]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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<subSubSection id="3ACE657B383DFF82E3F8FA5BFB4417F2" box="[151,1171,1438,1465]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" type="description">
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http://zoobank.org/
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urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:
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<paragraph id="726B36F0383DFF82E3F8FA06FDA51796" blockId="13.[151,1171,1402,1537]" box="[151,626,1475,1501]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Valle del Silencio Web-footed Salamander</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3ACE657B383DFF82E3F8FA22FEEA144A" box="[151,317,1511,1537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" type="description">
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<paragraph id="726B36F0383DFF82E3F8FA22FEEA144A" blockId="13.[151,1171,1402,1537]" box="[151,317,1511,1537]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
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(
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<figureCitation id="EAEF2A75383DFF82E3F0FA22FEE3144A" box="[159,308,1511,1537]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStart-2="FIGURE 10" captionStartId-0="14.[151,250,961,985]" captionStartId-1="15.[151,250,1628,1652]" captionStartId-2="16.[151,250,580,604]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,179,935]" captionTargetBox-1="[416,1172,846,1602]" captionTargetBox-2="[416,1172,181,557]" captionTargetId-0="figure-22@14.[151,1435,179,935]" captionTargetId-1="figure-345@15.[416,1172,846,1602]" captionTargetId-2="figure-22@16.[416,1172,181,557]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionTargetPageId-2="16" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Holotype of Bolitoglossa silentium sp. nov. (UCR20489) in life. Photograph by Luis G. Artavia." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Dorsal and ventral views of the body of the holotype of Bolitoglossa silentium sp. nov. (UCR20489) in preservation. Photograph by E.A." captionText-2="FIGURE 10. Ventral views of the hand and foot of the holotype of Bolitoglossa silentium sp. nov. (UCR20489) in preservation. Photographs by E.A." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239493" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239495" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239497" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14239493/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14239495/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/14239497/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Figures 8–10</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3ACE657B383DFF82E3F8F9EEFECF14B2" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="726B36F0383DFF82E3F8F9EEFF0014FA" blockId="13.[151,1437,1579,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
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<materialsCitation id="C2BC3CAD383DFF82E3F8F9EEFF0014FA" collectingDate="2008-07-10" collectionCode="UCR" collectorName="Gerardo Chaves & Adrian Garcia-Rodriguez & Luis Guillermo Artavia" country="Costa Rica" county="Canton de Talamanca" elevation="2450" latitude="9.1093" location="Valle del Silencio Biological Station" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.9625" municipality="Distrito de Telire" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" specimenCode="UCR20489" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Provincia de Limon" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383DFF82E3F8F9EEFED2140E" box="[151,261,1579,1605]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
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<typeStatus id="AD6F8852383DFF82E3F8F9EEFED6140E" box="[151,257,1579,1605]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCode id="22729E8B383DFF82E260F9EEFE58140E" box="[271,399,1579,1605]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">UCR20489</specimenCode>
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(
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<figureCitation id="EAEF2A75383DFF82E2CDF9EEFDC5140E" box="[418,530,1579,1605]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="14.[151,250,961,985]" captionStartId-1="15.[151,250,1628,1652]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,179,935]" captionTargetBox-1="[416,1172,846,1602]" captionTargetId-0="figure-22@14.[151,1435,179,935]" captionTargetId-1="figure-345@15.[416,1172,846,1602]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Holotype of Bolitoglossa silentium sp. nov. (UCR20489) in life. Photograph by Luis G. Artavia." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Dorsal and ventral views of the body of the holotype of Bolitoglossa silentium sp. nov. (UCR20489) in preservation. Photograph by E.A." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239493" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239495" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14239493/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14239495/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Figs. 8–9</figureCitation>
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), an
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<specimenCount id="64D2FD79383DFF82E120F9EEFD10140E" box="[591,711,1579,1605]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" type="adult">adult male</specimenCount>
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from
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<collectingCountry id="0AC37660383DFF82E07CF9EEFC41140E" box="[787,918,1579,1605]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="B010F812383DFF82E0CBF9EEFB5A140E" box="[932,1165,1579,1605]" country="Costa Rica" name="Limon" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Provincia de Limón</collectingRegion>
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:
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<collectingCounty id="9B0A4E7C383DFF82E7F4F9EEFA4E140E" box="[1179,1433,1579,1605]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Cantón de Talamanca</collectingCounty>
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:
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<collectingMunicipality id="920FAC8A383DFF82E3F8F98AFE8E1422" box="[151,345,1615,1641]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Distrito de Telire</collectingMunicipality>
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:
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<location id="770B602B383DFF82E20DF98AFD2C1422" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FA7D87E6383DFF9EE3F8FABFFEBF11A6:770B602B383DFF82E20DF98AFD2C1422" box="[354,763,1615,1641]" country="Costa Rica" county="Canton de Talamanca" latitude="9.1093" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.9625" municipality="Distrito de Telire" name="Valle del Silencio Biological Station" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" stateProvince="Provincia de Limon">Valle del Silencio Biological Station</location>
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,
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<location id="770B602B383DFF82E069F98AFBAE1422" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FA7D87E6383DFF9EE3F8FABFFEBF11A6:770B602B383DFF82E069F98AFBAE1422" box="[774,1145,1615,1641]" country="Costa Rica" county="Canton de Talamanca" latitude="9.1093" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.9625" municipality="Distrito de Telire" name="Parque Internacional La Amistad" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" stateProvince="Provincia de Limon">Parque Internacional La Amistad</location>
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, (
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<geoCoordinate id="17E05037383DFF82E7E4F98AFAD71422" box="[1163,1280,1615,1641]" degrees="9.1093" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" precision="5" value="9.1093">9.1093º N</geoCoordinate>
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, -
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<geoCoordinate id="17E05037383DFF82E67DF98BFA4F1422" box="[1298,1432,1614,1641]" degrees="82.9625" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" precision="5" value="-82.9625">82.9625º W</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<quantity id="B52C9B15383DFF82E3F8F9B7FF3B14C6" box="[151,236,1650,1677]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" unit="m" value="2450.0">
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<elevation id="F9F9D1C3383DFF82E3F8F9B7FF3B14C6" box="[151,236,1650,1677]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.45" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" unit="m" value="2450.0">2450 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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||
elevation), collected by
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||
<collectorName id="DF215326383DFF82E16FF9B6FD6014C6" box="[512,695,1651,1677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Gerardo Chaves</collectorName>
|
||
,
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||
<collectorName id="DF215326383DFF82E1AEF9B6FC3514C6" box="[705,994,1651,1677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Adrián García-Rodríguez</collectorName>
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, and
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<collectorName id="DF215326383DFF82E773F9B6FAF614C6" box="[1052,1313,1651,1677]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Luis Guillermo Artavia</collectorName>
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||
on
|
||
<date id="066A1030383DFF82E624F9B6FF0414FA" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" value="2008-07-10">
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||
<collectingDate id="162EE9D8383DFF82E624F9B6FF0414FA" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" value="2008-07-10">10 July 2008</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F0383DFF82E3A8F97EFECF14B2" blockId="13.[151,1437,1579,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="C2BC3CAD383DFF82E3A8F97EFEC414B2" collectingDate="2011-04-04" collectionCode="UCR" collectorName="Eduardo Boza-Oviedo" country="Costa Rica" county="Canton de Talamanca" elevation="2450" latitude="9.1093" location="Valle del Silencio Biological Station" longLatPrecision="7" longitude="-82.9625" municipality="Distrito de Telire" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" specimenCode="UCR21203" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Limon" typeStatus="paratype">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383DFF82E3A8F97EFE97149F" box="[199,320,1723,1748]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F8852383DFF82E3A8F97EFEEB149F" box="[199,316,1723,1748]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<specimenCode id="22729E8B383DFF82E226F97EFE1B149E" box="[329,460,1723,1749]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">UCR21203</specimenCode>
|
||
, a
|
||
<specimenCount id="64D2FD79383DFF82E281F97EFD47149E" box="[494,656,1723,1749]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" type="subadult">subadult male</specimenCount>
|
||
; same locality as holotype, collected by
|
||
<collectorName id="DF215326383DFF82E70CF97EFAB7149E" box="[1123,1376,1723,1749]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Eduardo Boza-Oviedo</collectorName>
|
||
on
|
||
<date id="066A1030383DFF82E6E1F97EFEC414B2" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" value="2011-04-04">
|
||
<collectingDate id="162EE9D8383DFF82E6E1F97EFEC414B2" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" value="2011-04-04">4 April 2011</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3ACE657B383DFF82E3A8F8C6FB37150A" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F0383DFF82E3A8F8C6FB37150A" blockId="13.[151,1437,1579,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383DFF82E3A8F8C6FE711556" box="[199,422,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Generic Placement.</emphasis>
|
||
Assigned to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383DFF82E1CAF8C6FCE61556" authorityName="Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril" authorityYear="1854" box="[677,817,1795,1821]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383DFF82E1CAF8C6FCE61556" box="[677,817,1795,1821]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Bolitoglossa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
due to having fewer than 14 costal grooves and lacking a sublingual fold and to the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383DFF82E150F8E2FD73150A" box="[575,676,1831,1857]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eladinea">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383DFF82E150F8E2FD73150A" box="[575,676,1831,1857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Eladinea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the molecular evidence presented herein.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3ACE657B383DFF80E3A8F88EFBB7130A" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F0383DFF82E3A8F88EFBAF15BE" blockId="13.[151,1437,1579,2037]" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383DFF82E3A8F88EFE97152F" box="[199,320,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
The combination of the following characteristics can be used to distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383DFF82E7CDF88EFA4A152E" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" box="[1186,1437,1867,1893]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentium">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383DFF82E7CDF88EFA4A152E" box="[1186,1437,1867,1893]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Bolitoglossa silentium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the other described species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383DFF82E1FFF8AAFCCB15C2" authorityName="Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril" authorityYear="1854" box="[656,796,1903,1929]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383DFF82E1FFF8AAFCCB15C2" box="[656,796,1903,1929]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">Bolitoglossa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (1) moderate species (
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383DFF82E772F8ABFB5615C2" box="[1053,1153,1902,1929]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.59" pageId="13" pageNumber="224" unit="mm" value="55.9">55.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in adult male) with limbs relatively long and slender; (2) head relatively long; (3) hands and feet greatly unwebbed, at least two phalanges of the longest digits free of webbing; (4) dorsal coloration dark brown with large blotches yellowish green; gular surface paler that venter, yellow to yellowish green; (5) 16S and cyt
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383DFF82E0FAF81EFC7415BE" box="[917,931,2011,2037]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="224">b</emphasis>
|
||
mtDNA distances.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="26AB6678383EFF81E3F8FC04FB3C1192" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239493" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14239493" box="[151,1259,961,985]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239493/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" startId="14.[151,250,961,985]" targetBox="[151,1435,179,935]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F0383EFF81E3F8FC04FB3C1192" blockId="14.[151,1259,961,985]" box="[151,1259,961,985]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E3F8FC04FEC41192" bold="true" box="[151,275,961,985]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E2F6FC04FDAC1192" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" box="[409,635,961,985]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E2F6FC04FDAC1192" box="[409,635,961,985]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Bolitoglossa silentium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E1EDFC04FD051192" bold="true" box="[642,722,961,985]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5B935799383EFF81E1EDFC04FD051192" box="[642,722,961,985]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(UCR20489) in life. Photograph by Luis G. Artavia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F0383EFF81E3A8FBEEFC8F1756" blockId="14.[151,1437,1067,2030]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E3A8FBEEFDB1160E" box="[199,614,1067,1093]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
|
||
Comparisons.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E204FBEEFDB1160E" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" box="[363,614,1067,1093]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentium">Bolitoglossa silentium</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is differentiated from members of the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E7E2FBEEFB25160E" box="[1165,1266,1067,1093]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eladinea">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E7E2FBEEFB25160E" box="[1165,1266,1067,1093]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Eladinea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its 16S and cyt
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E3AEFB8AFF181622" box="[193,207,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">b</emphasis>
|
||
mtDNA distances. Since
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E29CFB95FDAD1622" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" box="[499,634,1103,1129]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentium">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E29CFB95FDAD1622" box="[499,634,1103,1129]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">B. silentium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is only known to occur in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AC37660383EFF81E0C5FB8AFBF21622" box="[938,1061,1103,1129]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and molecular evidence strongly supports it forming part of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E168FBB6FCD516C6" authorityName="Robinson" authorityYear="1976" box="[519,770,1139,1165]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diminuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E168FBB6FCD516C6" box="[519,770,1139,1165]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Bolitoglossa diminuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species group within the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E7C6FBB6FAD916C6" box="[1193,1294,1139,1165]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Eladinea">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E7C6FBB6FAD916C6" box="[1193,1294,1139,1165]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Eladinea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, phenotypic comparisons are presented here only concerning to members of that clade (i.e.,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E728FB5DFB7C16FA" authorityName="Kubicki & Arias" authorityYear="2016" box="[1095,1195,1176,1201]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E728FB5DFB7C16FA" box="[1095,1195,1176,1201]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">B. aurae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E7D1FB5DFAA516FA" box="[1214,1394,1175,1201]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureogularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E7D1FB5DFAA516FA" box="[1214,1394,1175,1201]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">B. aureogularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E6EBFB5DFED0169E" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chiquitica" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E6EBFB5DFED0169E" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">B. chiquitica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E260FB7EFEBE169E" bold="true" box="[271,361,1211,1237]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5B935799383EFF81E260FB7EFEBE169E" box="[271,361,1211,1237]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E217FB79FE2B169E" authorityName="Robinson" authorityYear="1976" box="[376,508,1211,1237]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diminuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E217FB79FE2B169E" box="[376,508,1211,1237]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">B. diminuta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E165FB79FD72169E" box="[522,677,1212,1237]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jugivagans">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E165FB79FD72169E" box="[522,677,1212,1237]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">B. jugivagans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E18BFB79FCBE169E" authorityName="Bolanos & Wake" authorityYear="2009" box="[740,873,1212,1237]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E18BFB79FCBE169E" box="[740,873,1212,1237]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">B. pygmaea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), which are endemic to mountain ranges of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AC37660383EFF81E633FB7EFF1D16B2" name="Costa Rica" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
and western
|
||
<collectingCountry id="0AC37660383EFF81E230FB25FE6C16B1" box="[351,443,1248,1274]" name="Panama" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Panama</collectingCountry>
|
||
. In addition, we compare with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E07AFB25FC4916B2" authorityName="Bolanos and Wake" authorityYear="2009" box="[789,926,1247,1273]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E07AFB25FC4916B2" box="[789,926,1247,1273]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">B. robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
due the geographic proximity and the lack of information about the phylogenetic position of the last species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F0383EFF80E3A8FAE2FBB7130A" blockId="14.[151,1437,1067,2030]" lastBlockId="15.[151,1437,151,825]" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="226" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
|
||
Contrasting characteristics for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E170FAE2FCCE170A" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" box="[543,793,1319,1345]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentium">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E170FAE2FCCE170A" box="[543,793,1319,1345]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Bolitoglossa silentium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are presented in parentheses.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E708FAE2FE92172E" authority="Kubicki and Arias 2016" authorityName="Kubicki and Arias" authorityYear="2016" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aurae">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E708FAE2FAEC170A" box="[1127,1339,1319,1345]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Bolitoglossa aurae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="16454B01383EFF81E62DFAE2FE92172E" author="Kubicki, B. & Arias, E." pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="329 - 346" refId="ref14940" refString="Kubicki, B. & Arias, E. (2016) A beautiful new yellow salamander, genus Bolitoglossa (Caudata: Plethodontidae), from the northeastern slopes of the Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica. Zootaxa, 4184 (2), 329 - 346. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4184.2.5" type="journal article" year="2016">Kubicki and Arias 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E110FA89FCD0172E" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" box="[639,775,1355,1381]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentium">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E110FA89FCD0172E" box="[639,775,1355,1381]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">B. silentium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having unique dorsal coloration of pale yellow with a dark brown middorsal stripe on the head and body (dorsal color dark mustard yellow with extensive dark brown blotches); ventral surface brilliant yellow without evident dark blotches (ventral surface with extensive dark pigment); head shorter, FSL/SL = 26.2 % (FSL/SL = 31.5–32.6 %); adult smaller, SL =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383EFF81E717FA72FB0A1799" box="[1144,1245,1463,1490]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" unit="mm" value="40.5">40.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SL =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383EFF81E643FA72FF1417BD" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.859999999999999" metricValueMax="5.59" metricValueMin="4.13" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" unit="mm" value="48.599999999999994" valueMax="55.9" valueMin="41.3">41.3–55.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in adult males).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E2EFFA1EFC6817BE" authority="Boza-Oviedo et al. 2012" authorityName="Boza-Oviedo" authorityYear="2012" box="[384,959,1499,1525]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureogularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E2EFFA1EFD7317BE" box="[384,676,1499,1525]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Bolitoglossa aureogularis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="16454B01383EFF81E1C4FA1EFC6817BE" author="Boza-Oviedo, E. & Rovito, S. M. & Chaves, G. & Garcia-Rodriguez, A. & Artavia, L. G. & Bolanos, F. & Wake, D. B." box="[683,959,1499,1525]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="36 - 61" refId="ref14519" refString="Boza-Oviedo, E., Rovito, S. M., Chaves, G., Garcia-Rodriguez, A., Artavia, L. G., Bolanos, F. & Wake, D. B. (2012) Salamanders from the eastern Cordillera de Talamanca, Costa Rica, with descriptions of five new species (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa, Nototriton, and Oedipina) and natural history notes from recent expeditions. Zootaxa, 3309 (1), 36 - 61. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3309.1.2" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Boza-Oviedo
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E028FA19FC5717BE" box="[839,896,1499,1525]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has limbs relatively short, LI = 3.5 (limbs longer, LI of 0–2); ventral coloration with extensive white pigment (ventral coloration dark brown with mustard yellow blotches); fingers and toes rounded (fingers and toes truncate); head shorter, FSL/SL = 25.6 % (FSL/SL = 31.5–32.6 %).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E234F982FDB7142A" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" box="[347,608,1607,1633]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chiquitica" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E234F982FDB7142A" box="[347,608,1607,1633]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Bolitoglossa chiquitica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E105F982FD11142A" bold="true" box="[618,710,1607,1633]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5B935799383EFF81E105F982FD11142A" box="[618,710,1607,1633]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
has hands and feet that are greatly webbed, with less than one phalanx of the longest digits free of webbing (hands and feet with little webbing, two phalanges of the longest digits are free of webbing); dorsal coloration yellowish cream to dark brown without evident dark blotches present (dorsal color dark mustard yellow with extensive dark brown blotches); adult smaller, SL =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383EFF81E751F976FB361485" box="[1086,1249,1715,1742]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" metricValueMax="2.88" metricValueMin="2.52" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" unit="mm" value="27.0" valueMax="28.8" valueMin="25.2">25.2–28.8 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SL =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383EFF81E643F976FF1414B9" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.859999999999999" metricValueMax="5.59" metricValueMin="4.13" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" unit="mm" value="48.599999999999994" valueMax="55.9" valueMin="41.3">41.3–55.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in adult males).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E2EFF912FCFE14BA" authority="Robinson 1976" authorityName="Robinson" authorityYear="1976" box="[384,809,1751,1777]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="diminuta">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E2EFF912FDA014BA" box="[384,631,1751,1777]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Bolitoglossa diminuta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="16454B01383EFF81E111F912FCFE14BA" author="Robinson, D. C." box="[638,809,1751,1777]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="289 - 294" refId="ref15518" refString="Robinson, D. C. (1976) A new dwarf salamander of the genus Bolitoglossa (Plethodontidae) from Costa Rica. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 89, 289 - 294." type="journal article" year="1976">Robinson 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having dark midventral line (ventral coloration dark brown with mustard yellow blotches, without midventral line); fingers and toes rounded (fingers and toes truncate); adult smaller, SL =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383EFF81E21AF8DAFE0D1571" box="[373,474,1823,1850]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.11" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" unit="mm" value="31.1">31.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SL =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383EFF81E147F8DAFD1B1571" box="[552,716,1823,1850]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.859999999999999" metricValueMax="5.59" metricValueMin="4.13" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" unit="mm" value="48.599999999999994" valueMax="55.9" valueMin="41.3">41.3–55.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in adult males).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E0E6F8DAFAB81572" authority="Hertz et al. (2013)" authorityName="Hertz" authorityYear="2013" box="[905,1391,1823,1850]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jugivagans">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E0E6F8DAFB4F1572" box="[905,1176,1823,1849]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Bolitoglossa jugivagans</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="16454B01383EFF81E7F0F8E5FAB81572" author="Hertz, A. & Lotzkat, S. & Koehler, G." box="[1183,1391,1823,1850]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="463 - 475" refId="ref14853" refString="Hertz, A., Lotzkat, S. & Koehler, G. (2013) A new species of Bolitoglossa (Caudata, Plethodontidae) from the continental divide of western Panama. Zootaxa, 3636 (3), 463 - 475. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3636.3.5" type="journal article" year="2013">
|
||
Hertz
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E78AF8E5FACA1572" box="[1253,1309,1823,1849]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has relatively short limbs, LI = 4 (limbs longer, LI = 0–2); dorsal coloration dark brown reddish (dorsal color dark mustard yellow with extensive dark brown blotches); fingers and toes rounded (fingers and toes truncate); head shorter, FSL/SL = 26.9 % (FSL/SL = 31.5–32.6 %); adult smaller, SL =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383EFF81E0D7F84EFBCC15ED" box="[952,1051,1931,1958]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.12" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" unit="mm" value="31.2">31.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SL = 41.3–55.9
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383EFF81E7B1F84EFA5715ED" box="[1246,1408,1931,1958]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.859999999999999" metricValueMax="5.59" metricValueMin="4.13" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" unit="mm" value="48.599999999999994" valueMax="55.9" valueMin="41.3">41.3–55.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in adult males).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383EFF81E25EF86AFC931582" authority="Bolanos and Wake 2009" authorityName="Bolanos and Wake" authorityYear="2009" box="[305,836,1967,1993]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pygmaea">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383EFF81E25EF86AFDFE1582" box="[305,553,1967,1993]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Bolitoglossa pygmaea</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="16454B01383EFF81E15EF86AFC931582" author="Bolanos, F. & Wake, D. B." box="[561,836,1967,1993]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="57 - 68" refId="ref14398" refString="Bolanos, F. & Wake, D. B. (2009) Two new species of montane web-footed salamanders (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa) from the Costa Rica-Panama border region. Zootaxa, 1981 (1), 57 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1981.1.5" type="journal article" year="2009">Bolaños and Wake 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has hands and feet are greatly webbed, less than one phalanx of the longest digits free of webbing (hands and feet with little webbing, two phalanges of the longest digits are free of webbing); fingers and toes rounded (fingers and toes truncate); adult smaller, SL =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E7A8FF52FABC12FA" box="[1223,1387,151,177]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.81" metricValueMax="3.26" metricValueMin="2.36" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="28.1" valueMax="32.6" valueMin="23.6">23.6–32.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
(SL = 41.3–55.9
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E249FF7FFE1E129E" box="[294,457,186,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.859999999999999" metricValueMax="5.59" metricValueMin="4.13" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="48.599999999999994" valueMax="55.9" valueMin="41.3">41.3–55.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
in adult males).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383FFF80E1E9FF7EFB4B129E" authority="Bolanos and Wake 2009" authorityName="Bolanos and Wake" authorityYear="2009" box="[646,1180,187,213]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="robinsoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383FFF80E1E9FF7EFC54129E" box="[646,899,187,213]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Bolitoglossa robinsoni</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="16454B01383FFF80E0E4FF7EFB4B129E" author="Bolanos, F. & Wake, D. B." box="[907,1180,187,213]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" pagination="57 - 68" refId="ref14398" refString="Bolanos, F. & Wake, D. B. (2009) Two new species of montane web-footed salamanders (Plethodontidae: Bolitoglossa) from the Costa Rica-Panama border region. Zootaxa, 1981 (1), 57 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1981.1.5" type="journal article" year="2009">Bolaños and Wake 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has the throat pale but with punctate melanophores (the gular surface is bright yellow with few dark melanophores); hands and feet longer than wide, HaL/HaW = 1.07±0.1, Fol/FoW = 0.94±0.08 (hands and feet wider than long, HaL/HaW = 0.85–0.88, Fol/FoW = 0.84–0.86); head shorter, FSL/SL = 30.1–31.4 % (FSL/SL = 31.5–32.6 %).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3ACE657B383FFF9EE3A8FE8EFD17102A" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="228" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F0383FFF80E3A8FE8EFC4D1172" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,825]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383FFF80E3A8FE8EFE0D132E" box="[199,474,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">
|
||
Description of
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F8852383FFF80E21DFE8EFE01132E" box="[370,470,331,357]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Adult male having an SL of
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E048FE8FFC5B132E" box="[807,908,330,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.59" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="55.9">55.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="EAEF2A75383FFF80E0F2FE8EFBDC132E" box="[925,1035,331,357]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 8" captionStart-1="FIGURE 9" captionStartId-0="14.[151,250,961,985]" captionStartId-1="15.[151,250,1628,1652]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1435,179,935]" captionTargetBox-1="[416,1172,846,1602]" captionTargetId-0="figure-22@14.[151,1435,179,935]" captionTargetId-1="figure-345@15.[416,1172,846,1602]" captionTargetPageId-0="14" captionTargetPageId-1="15" captionText-0="FIGURE 8. Holotype of Bolitoglossa silentium sp. nov. (UCR20489) in life. Photograph by Luis G. Artavia." captionText-1="FIGURE 9. Dorsal and ventral views of the body of the holotype of Bolitoglossa silentium sp. nov. (UCR20489) in preservation. Photograph by E.A." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239493" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239495" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/14239493/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/14239495/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Figs. 8–9</figureCitation>
|
||
). Head well-differentiated from the trunk (HeW
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E249FEAAFEA813C2" box="[294,383,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="8.6">8.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, NeW
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E2A1FEAAFDF013C2" box="[462,551,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="6.2">6.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, ShW
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E11CFEABFD1913C2" box="[627,718,366,393]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
), with the greatest width of the head at an imaginary transverse line crossing the eyes; head truncate in dorsal outline and rounded to truncate in profile; snout moderate (SnL
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E616FE56FF12139A" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.1" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="4.1">4.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 7.33 % of SL), with nearly terminal small nostrils (LNH
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E000FE73FC1D139A" box="[879,970,438,465]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
, RNW
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E74CFE73FBAA139A" box="[1059,1149,438,465]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="0.5">0.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) directed anterolaterally; internarial area slightly concave in dorsal outline. Snout protruding beyond the anterior margin of the lower lip in lateral view. Eyes moderate to large (EW = 78 % of SnL), not protruding beyond the dorsal and ventral outline of the head, directed anterolaterally, with a distinct suborbital groove. Teeth are numerous. There are 4 premaxillary teeth, 61 maxillary teeth, and 24 vomerine teeth. Well-defined superior eyelids, barely higher than the top of the head in the interorbital area. Top of head flat and smooth, tapering slightly toward anterior terminus, lacking contrasting interorbital or other dermal structures. Canthus rostralis indistinct; intercanthal area flat to slightly convex; and loreal region slightly concave. Evident cirri (nasolabial protuberances) on tip of snout; nasolabial grooves start at ventrolateral margins of nares and terminate in a cirrus. Gular fold is well-defined, starting on the dorsolateral portion of the neck, below the postorbital groove. Evident mental gland is visible under the skin of the anterior intermandibular region, ovoid,
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E29BFCDAFD8F1172" box="[500,600,799,825]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.39" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="3.39">3.39 mm</quantity>
|
||
length in its larger diameter.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="26AB6678383FFF80E3F8F999FEB614D3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239495" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14239495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239495/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" startId="15.[151,250,1628,1652]" targetBox="[416,1172,846,1602]" targetPageId="15" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F0383FFF80E3F8F999FEB614D3" blockId="15.[151,1437,1628,1688]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383FFF80E3F8F999FEC6143F" bold="true" box="[151,273,1628,1652]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal and ventral views of the body of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D73383FFF80E051F999FBC9143F" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" box="[830,1054,1628,1652]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383FFF80E051F999FBC9143F" box="[830,1054,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Bolitoglossa silentium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE2383FFF80E74CF999FBA5143F" bold="true" box="[1059,1138,1628,1652]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5B935799383FFF80E74CF999FBA5143F" box="[1059,1138,1628,1652]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(UCR20489) in preservation. Photograph by E.A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F0383FFF80E3A8F92EFE9A15F2" blockId="15.[151,1437,1770,1977]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">
|
||
Arms relatively long and slender (FLL =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E1F0F92EFCD1154E" box="[671,774,1771,1797]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.47" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="14.7">14.7 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 26.3 % of SL), without noticeable hypertrophied forearm compared to the upper arm. Hands relatively large and broad (HaL =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E0F8F8CBFC391562" box="[919,1006,1806,1833]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.6" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="5.6">5.6 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 38.1 % of VGS; HaW =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B15383FFF80E666F8CBFAB71562" box="[1289,1376,1806,1833]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="5.2">5.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 60.5 % of HeW;
|
||
<figureCitation id="EAEF2A75383FFF80E273F8F7FE541506" box="[284,387,1842,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,250,580,604]" captionTargetBox="[416,1172,181,557]" captionTargetId="figure-22@16.[416,1172,181,557]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Ventral views of the hand and foot of the holotype of Bolitoglossa silentium sp. nov. (UCR20489) in preservation. Photographs by E.A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239497/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Fig. 10A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Finger I is embedded in the webbing tissue; tip of fingers II and IV with at least one phalanx protrude freely; two phalanges protrude free beyond interdigital tissue margin in Finger III. Tip of fingers truncate; terminal pads weakly discernible on the ventral surface of fingers II–IV. Relative lengths of fingers on the right hand I <IV <II <III.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="26AB66783820FF9FE3F8FD81FEBC10CA" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239497" ID-Zenodo-Dep="14239497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" startId="16.[151,250,580,604]" targetBox="[416,1172,181,557]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F03820FF9FE3F8FD81FEBC10CA" blockId="16.[151,1437,580,641]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23820FF9FE3F8FD81FEC81016" bold="true" box="[151,287,580,605]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
|
||
Ventral views of the hand and foot of the holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D733820FF9FE056FD80FBCC1016" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" box="[825,1051,581,605]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentium" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23820FF9FE056FD80FBCC1016" box="[825,1051,581,605]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">Bolitoglossa silentium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23820FF9FE74FFD80FBA71016" bold="true" box="[1056,1136,581,605]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="5B9357993820FF9FE74FFD80FBA71016" box="[1056,1136,581,605]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(UCR20489) in preservation. Photographs by E.A.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F03820FF9FE3A8FD16FD331136" blockId="16.[151,1437,723,2010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
Legs relatively long and slender (HLL
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B153820FF9FE11AFD16FD0E10A6" box="[629,729,723,749]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.61" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" unit="mm" value="16.1">16.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 28.9 % of SL). Feet moderate and slender (FoL
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B153820FF9FE79DFD16FA9E10A6" box="[1266,1353,723,749]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" unit="mm" value="6.4">6.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 43.5% of VGS; FoW
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B153820FF9FE257FD32FE58115A" box="[312,399,759,785]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.4" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" unit="mm" value="6.4">6.4 mm</quantity>
|
||
, 74.4 % of HeW;
|
||
<figureCitation id="EAEF2A753820FF9FE13BFD32FD6E115A" box="[596,697,759,785]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="16.[151,250,580,604]" captionTargetBox="[416,1172,181,557]" captionTargetId="figure-22@16.[416,1172,181,557]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 10. Ventral views of the hand and foot of the holotype of Bolitoglossa silentium sp. nov. (UCR20489) in preservation. Photographs by E.A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239497" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239497/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Toes II, III, IV, and V protruding freely beyond interdigital tissue margin, Toe I with minimal indentation at webbing. Toe III is most free of interdigital tissue, with the two distal phalanges protruding. Tips of toes truncate; terminal pads discernible on ventral distal surface of toes II–V. Relative lengths of toes on the right foot I <V <II <IV <III.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F03820FF9FE3A8FC42FD13161E" blockId="16.[151,1437,723,2010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
Body subcylindrical (slightly wider than high) in cross-section, and slender (TW =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B153820FF9FE715FC42FB0211EA" box="[1146,1237,903,930]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.5" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" unit="mm" value="6.5">6.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
; TW = 23.7 % of AGL). The skin on the head, body, limbs, and tail surface is smooth. Eleven costal grooves are visible between the axilla and groin, 13 if counting axillary and inguinal grooves; costal grooves are most visible on ventral and lateral portions of the body. Adpressed limbs separated by 0 costal folds; 12 costal folds total between axilla and groin. Tail long (TL =
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B153820FF9FE226FBD2FE66167A" box="[329,433,1047,1073]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.02" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" unit="mm" value="60.2">60.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
), cylindrical in cross-section, without an evident constriction at the base, and some caudal grooves discernible on anterior portion of the tail.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F03820FF9FE3A8FB9AFE48173E" blockId="16.[151,1437,723,2010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23820FF9FE3A8FB9AFE2E1632" box="[199,505,1119,1145]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
Coloration in life (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EAEF2A753820FF9FE2CDFB9AFE3C1632" box="[418,491,1119,1145]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[151,250,961,985]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,179,935]" captionTargetId="figure-22@14.[151,1435,179,935]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Holotype of Bolitoglossa silentium sp. nov. (UCR20489) in life. Photograph by Luis G. Artavia." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239493" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239493/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The ground color of the dorsal surfaces of the head, trunk, tail, hind limbs, and forelimbs is dark mustard yellow with large dark brown blackish blotches. The dark blotches on the dorsum form a broad irregular dorsal band that extends from interorbital area to the anterior half of the trunk; two irregular lines extend from eye to anterior half of the body. This coloration extends to flanks, where dark mustard yellow is reduced to blotches on dark brown background. Head and upper eyelids have the same coloration of the trunk. The iris is bronze with a dark brownish-black reticulation. The ground coloration of upper surfaces of the arms and legs is similar to the color in trunk but few dark brown blotches are present. Tail coloration is the same to the trunk but with less dark blotches.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F03820FF9FE3A8FABAFAB41406" blockId="16.[151,1437,723,2010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">The trunk’s ventral surface is darker than the dorsal surface, dark bluish-black with numerous pale yellow mustard blotches. The chest was mustard yellow and paler in contrast when compared to the surrounding areas. Additionally, the chest nearly lacked the presence of dark melanophores. The gular surface is bright yellow with few dark melanophores; the mental gland is paler. The ventral surface of tail was similar to dorsal surface. The cloacal area was paler than the surrounding areas; dark mustard yellow. The ventral surfaces of the arms and legs were similar to the dorsal surfaces. The palmar and plantar surfaces were dark mustard yellow with black chromatophores.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F03820FF9FE3A8F992FBDC154A" blockId="16.[151,1437,723,2010]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23820FF9FE3A8F992FDF5143A" box="[199,546,1623,1649]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
Coloration in ethanol (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EAEF2A753820FF9FE2A1F992FDC2143A" box="[462,533,1623,1649]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="15.[151,250,1628,1652]" captionTargetBox="[416,1172,846,1602]" captionTargetId="figure-345@15.[416,1172,846,1602]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="FIGURE 9. Dorsal and ventral views of the body of the holotype of Bolitoglossa silentium sp. nov. (UCR20489) in preservation. Photograph by E.A." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239495" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239495/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
After fifteen years in ethanol (70%) the overall coloration of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F88523820FF9FE662F992FAB8143A" box="[1293,1391,1623,1649]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
has become darker throughout, principally consisting of a brown to dark brown tone. The dark mustard yellow of the trunk changed to pale brown generating a darker pattern in the trunk. However, the darker dorsal and lateral bands are still visible. The dorsal surfaces of limbs are pale brown. The trunk’s ventral surface is paler than in life, now being pale brown with dark and pale blotches. The gular surface is pale brown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F03820FF9EE3A8F8C9FD17129E" blockId="16.[151,1437,723,2010]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1437,150,1005]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="228" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23820FF9FE3A8F8C9FE1D156E" box="[199,458,1803,1829]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">Measurements (in mm)</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23820FF9FE2B7F8CEFDBE156E" box="[472,617,1803,1829]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">limb interval</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23820FF9FE118F8CEFC31156E" box="[631,998,1803,1829]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
and percentages of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F88523820FF9FE011F8CEFC35156E" box="[894,994,1803,1829]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
SL 55.9; TL 60.2; ShW 6.5; HeW 8.6; NeW 6.2; EW 3.2; SnL 4.1; JSL 9.6; LGFS 13.6; LNH 0.5; RNW 0.5; IND 3.1; NLP 0.9; ICD 3.9; HLL 16.1; FLL 14.7; TW 6.5; VGS 14.7; FSL 18.2; UHL 11.4; AGL 27.4; VL 5.5; HaW 5.2; HaL 5.6; LF2 3.1; LF3 3.9; WF3 1.4; FoW 6.4; FoL 6.4; LT2 3; LT3 3.6; WT3 1.3. Limb interval 0. Measurements in related percentages: VGS/SL 26.3 %; IND/HeW 36 %; AGL/SL 49 %; HeW/SL 15.4 %; HeW/AGL 31.4 %; SnL/ HeW 47.7 %; LNH/HeW 5.8 %; LNH/SL 0.9 %; RNW/HeW 5.8 %; RNW/SL 0.9 %; HLL/SL 28.8 %; FLL/SL 26.3 %; HaL/VGS 38.1 %; FoL/VGS 43.5 %; HaW/HeW 60.1 %; FoW/HeW 74.4 %; LT2/FoL 46.9 %; LF2/HaL 55.4 %; WT3/FoW 20.3 %; WF3/HaW 26.9 %. Number of teeth: PMT 4, MT 61, VT 24.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F03821FF9EE3A8FF1AFC4213C2" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,1005]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23821FF9EE3A8FF1AFEE012B3" box="[199,311,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">Variation.</emphasis>
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F88523821FF9EE213FF1AFE0B12B2" box="[380,476,223,249]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
had a more rounded snout and much less defined protruding cirri or nasolabial protuberances, sexually dimorphic features. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F88523821FF9EE1AEFEC6FCF61356" box="[705,801,259,285]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
is darker than the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F88523821FF9EE096FEC6FB891356" box="[1017,1118,259,285]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
, with fewer mustard yellow coloration areas. In the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F88523821FF9EE2CDFEE2FDD2130A" box="[418,517,295,321]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
, the gular surface is darker than that of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F88523821FF9EE09EFEE2FB80130A" box="[1009,1111,295,321]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
; however, it is paler than the venter of the trunk. In the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F88523821FF9EE2D6FE8EFDCB132E" box="[441,540,331,357]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
, the number of costal interspaces between adpressed limbs was 2, differing from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F88523821FF9EE3AFFEAAFEF513C2" box="[192,290,367,393]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(0). The tail was cut and the remaining tail was
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B153821FF9EE050FEAAFC4613C2" box="[831,913,367,393]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" unit="mm" value="27.0">27 mm</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F03821FF9EE3A8FE56FD17102A" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,1005]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23821FF9EE3A8FE56FE1A13E6" box="[199,461,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">Measurements (in mm)</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23821FF9EE2B2FE56FDAD13E6" box="[477,634,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">limb intervals</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23821FF9EE1E5FE56FBD513E7" box="[650,1026,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">
|
||
and percentages of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F88523821FF9EE0F8FE56FC2913E7" box="[919,1022,403,428]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
SL 41.3; ShW 4.4; HeW 5.9; NeW 4.5; EW 2.2; SnL 2.5; JSL 7.2; LGFS 10.7; IND 1.7; NLP 0.8; ICD 2.9; HLL 10.5; FLL 10; TW 4.5; VGS 9.9; FSL 13; UHL 6.8; AGL 20.7; VL 4; HaW 3.3; HaL 3.5; FoW 4.3; FoL 3.8. Limb intervals 2. Measurements in related percentages: VGS/SL 23.9 %; IND/HeW 28.8 %; AGL/SL 50.1 %; HeW/SL 14.3 %; HeW/AGL 28.5 %; SnL/HeW 42.4 %; HLL/SL 25.4 %; FLL/SL 24.2 %; HaL/VGS 35.4 %; FoL/VGS 38.4 %; HaW/HeW 55.9 %; FoW/HeW 72.9 %. Number of teeth: PMT 2, MT 42, VT 14.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3ACE657B3821FF9EE3A8FDAEFD8B1086" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F03821FF9EE3A8FDAEFD8B1086" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,1005]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23821FF9EE3A8FDAEFE9210CE" box="[199,325,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">Etymology.</emphasis>
|
||
The specific epithet,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D733821FF9EE12DFDAEFD7E10CE" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" box="[578,681,619,645]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentium">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23821FF9EE12DFDAEFD7E10CE" box="[578,681,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">silentium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is a noun in apposition and is from Latin, meaning silence. The Spanish meaning of silence is “silencio”, this name was chosen in recognition of the site where this species was found, Valle del Silencio (Silent Valley).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3ACE657B3821FF9EE3A8FD12FC3D11CA" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F03821FF9EE3A8FD12FC3D11CA" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,1005]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23821FF9EE3A8FD12FD6610BA" box="[199,689,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">Habitat and natural history observations.</emphasis>
|
||
The habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D733821FF9EE01DFD12FBA510BA" authorityName="Arias & Chaves & Kubicki & Parra-Olea" authorityYear="2024" box="[882,1138,727,753]" class="Amphibia" family="Plethodontidae" genus="Bolitoglossa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Caudata" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="silentium">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23821FF9EE01DFD12FBA510BA" box="[882,1138,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">Bolitoglossa silentium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a mature cloud forest dominated by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B5D44D733821FF9EE252FD3EFE4C115E" box="[317,411,763,789]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" genus="Quercus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23821FF9EE252FD3EFE4C115E" box="[317,411,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">Quercus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
covered in moss, with a great abundance of bryophytes and epiphytes. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F88523821FF9EE661FD3EFAE9115E" box="[1294,1342,763,789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality occurs in the Montane rain forest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="16454B013821FF9EE171FCDAFD031172" author="Holdridge, L. R." box="[542,724,799,825]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" refId="ref14911" refString="Holdridge, L. R. (1967) Life Zone Ecology. Revised Edition. Tropical Science Center, San Jose, Costa Rica. 206 pp." type="book" year="1967">Holdridge 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="16454B013821FF9EE18EFCDAFC161172" author="Bolanos, R. & Watson, V. & Tosi, J." box="[737,961,798,825]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" refId="ref14454" refString="Bolanos, R., Watson, V. & Tosi, J. (2005) Mapa ecologico de Costa Rica (Zonas de Vida), segun el sistema de clasificacion de zonas de vida del mundo de L. R. Holdridge, Escala 1: 750 000. Centro Cientifico Tropical, San Jose, Costa Rica. [map]" type="book" year="2005">
|
||
Bolaños
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23821FF9EE02AFCDAFCA91172" box="[837,894,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), characterized by a very short dry season (one to two months), annual precipitation range between
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B153821FF9EE07FFC86FC001116" box="[784,983,834,861]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="4.5" metricValueMin="2.2" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" unit="mm" value="3350.0" valueMax="4500.0" valueMin="2200.0">2200 to 4500 mm</quantity>
|
||
, and annual temperature between 6 to 12 ºC. All specimens were found on the trunks of trees, active during the night.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="3ACE657B3821FF9EE3A8FC4EFEBF11A6" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="726B36F03821FF9EE3A8FC4EFEBF11A6" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,1005]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<emphasis id="40A0EAE23821FF9EE3A8FC4EFE8F11EE" box="[199,344,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
This species is known from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="AD6F88523821FF9EE18AFC4EFCC211EE" box="[741,789,907,933]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality, the Valle del Silencio and the Cerro Buru, at
|
||
<quantity id="B52C9B153821FF9EE3F8FC6BFEE41182" box="[151,307,942,969]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.375" metricValueMax="2.45" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" unit="m" value="2375.0" valueMax="2450.0" valueMin="2300.0">2300–2450 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l. (
|
||
<figureCitation id="EAEF2A753821FF9EE210FC6AFE151182" box="[383,450,943,969]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1592,1616]" captionTargetBox="[153,1434,811,1563]" captionTargetId="figure-324@1.[151,1436,810,1566]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1.A) Map of the Cordillera de Talamanca in the Costa Rica-Panamá border-line region showing all known populations of the seven species within the Bolitoglossa diminuta Species Group. B) Map showing the localities for B. bramei, B. pygmaea, B. robinsoni, and B. silentium sp. nov. on the Fábregas and Echandi massifs. The open shape indicates the historical data and the solid shape indicates the localities with molecular data included herein." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14239477" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/14239477/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). This species was found in the primary forest within the protected area of La Amistad International Park.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |