384 lines
44 KiB
XML
384 lines
44 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.2344" ID-GBIF-Dataset="58b6778c-49f4-40f4-88c6-58db6eb92823" ID-PMC="PMC3234405" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-149-5" ID-PubMed="22207790" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-149-5" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 149" ModsDocTitle="A new species of Herpetogramma (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Spilomelinae) from eastern North America" checkinTime="1451249593220" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Handfield, Louis & Handfield, Daniel" docDate="2011" docId="93E2BAB742CBADC01986835D254CED9F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 149: 5-15" docOrigin="ZooKeys 149" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.2344" docTitle="Herpetogramma sphingealis Handfield and Handfield, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FFFAC46BFFF86E76FFCFFF907D05454D" masterDocTitle="A new species of Herpetogramma (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Spilomelinae) from eastern North America" masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="5" pageNumber="8" updateTime="1668152815336" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A new species of Herpetogramma (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Spilomelinae) from eastern North America</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Handfield, Louis</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Handfield, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>149</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>5</mods:start>
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<mods:end>15</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.2344</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.149.2344</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-149-5</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152032312" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C32535D3-10D1-4F5D-B4EE-9E6E5405B732" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/93E2BAB742CBADC01986835D254CED9F" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="3" pageNumber="8">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="8" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="8">
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<taxonomicName LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C32535D3-10D1-4F5D-B4EE-9E6E5405B732" authority="Handfield and Handfield" class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis Handfield and Handfield</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="8">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Figs 1, 2, 811
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="8" type="type material">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="8">Type material.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="8">
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Holotype ♂. Rougemont Mountain, Rougemont,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
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(45°28'026"N, 73°04'029"W), 29.vii.2008, Daniel Handfield, MDH006041, CNC type No. 23981. CNC. Paratypes 83 ♂, 24 ♀: Mont-Saint-Hilaire,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
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, 20.vii.2003 (1 ♂), 20.vii.2008 (1 ♂), Louis Handfield; Otterburn Park, Bosquets Hudon,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
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, 31.vii.2009 (2 ♂), 5.viii.2008 (2 ♂, 2 ♀), Louis Handfield; Rougemont, mountain,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
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, 11.vii.2008 (1 ♂), 16.vii.2008 (2 ♂), 19.vii.2009 (1 ♂), 21.vii.2004 (1 ♂), 21.vii.2008 (5 ♂), 23.vii.2009 (3 ♂), 24.vii.2008 (2 ♂, 2 ♀), 25.vii.2008 (13 ♂, 3 ♀), 27.vii.2008 (5 ♂, 5 ♀), 28.vii.2009 (3 ♂, 1 ♀), 29.vii.2008 (10 ♂, 5 ♀), 30.vii.2009 (3 ♂), 1.viii.2008 (3 ♂), 3.viii.2009 (5 ♂, 2 ♀), 5.viii.2009 (4 ♂, 1 ♀), 7.viii.2009 (1 ♂), Louis Handfield; 21.vii.2004 (4 ♂), Daniel Handfield, 29.vii.2008 (8 ♂, 2 ♀), Daniel Handfield, 21.vii.2008 (1 ♂), Norman Handfield; Roxton Falls,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
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, 24.vii.2008 (2 ♂), Norman Handfield; St-Armand,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
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, 20.vii.2004 (1 ♀), 21.vii.2004 (1 ♂), Claude Chantal, in coll.
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Léo-Paul">Leo-Paul</normalizedToken>
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Landry; Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Morgan Arboretum,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
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, 12.viii.2009 (2 ♂), Louis Handfield,
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="9" start="start">12</pageBreakToken>
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.viii.2009 (1 ♂), Daniel Handfield; Varennes,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
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, 7.vii.2008 (1 ♂), Claude Chantal, in coll. Michel Pratte).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="9" type="other material examined">
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="9">Other material examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="4" pageNumber="9">
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USA. Specimens were examined from the following states: Arkansas (USNM), Connecticut (AMNH, USNM), Delaware (USNM), Georgia (CNC), Kentucky (USNM), Louisiana (USNM), Maryland (USNM), Mississippi
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="10" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
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USNM), New Jersey (USNM), New York (USNM), North Carolina (USNM), Pennsylvania (USNM), Tennessee (USNM) and Virginia (USNM).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Etymology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="10">The Latin name sphingealis refers to the sphingid-like appearance of the males.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
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, like
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma thestealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thestealis">Herpetogramma thestealis</taxonomicName>
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, is sexually dimorphic. The male of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
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is likely to be confused only with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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, but can be distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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by its nearly uniform dark-brown colour and large wingspan (34-37 mm versus 29-34 mm in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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). The transverse lines are obscure whereas in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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they are more sharply defined, usually with pale shading adjacent to them and with pale streaks between veins, especially in medial area. The hind wing is dark brown with a dark discal spot, but in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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the hindwing is dirty white with dark-gray shading on discal spot, wing veins, subterminal area, and an irregular but contrasting postmedial line. The female is larger than that of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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(31-34 mm versus 27-31 mm), has more apically-squared wings and is less uniformly dark coloured, so it resembles some females of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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, but females
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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are paler, smaller, and always show a golden hue, never dark brown as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
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. Rare specimens of a semi-melanic form of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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have an overall dark coloring, as in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
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, but the transverse lines are very well marked and followed by a larger creamy band, and also have a more extensive cream-colored shading in the costal area of the hindwing. In the male genitalia,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
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differs from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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in having a longer aedeagus (10.0-10.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as the medial width compared to 8.0-8.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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) and also in details of vesica. In the female genitalia,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
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has a longer ductus bursa (0.27
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as corpus bursae in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
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, but only 0.22 x as long in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="10">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="11" pageId="5" pageNumber="10">
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Adult male:wingspan 34-37 mm (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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29-34 mm). Upperside of head, palpi (excFept tufts at base), protothoracic collar, and upperside of thorax concolourous, chocolate brown, fading to a slightly paler brown with age; antennae filiform, finely ciliate on underside, each segment concolourous dorsally with upper surface of head; upperside of abdomen concolourous with wings, except for posterior brownish-yellow tuft covering valvae; maxillary palpi, legs, and underside of head, thorax, abdomen pure white; dark-brown band (nearly width of eye on side of head) and including the top of the maxillary palpi and chaetosema gives head appearance of having a longitudinal mask; eye black with greenish bands. Forewing chocolate brown, concolourous with upperside of head, thorax, abdomen, fading slightly to a paler brown; apex acutely angled; postmedian line slightly zigzagging from costa to halfway down wing, then turning abruptly inward at nearly right angle to position below reniform spot before turning downwards and zigzagging to posterior margin of wing; no other lines visible (except sometimes a vague trace of an outward-curved antemedian line); only other marks on forewing are a white patch on fringe at anal angle, two black dots at position of orbicular and the reniform spots, a cream-coloured rectangular patch between two black dots, and a dark terminal line at base of fringe; fringe concolourous with wing except for white anal patch and slightly darker shading on veins; fringes also fading with age. Hindwing concolourous with forewing, including
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="11" start="start">fringe</pageBreakToken>
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, fringe with dirty-white shading at anal angle; no lines visible; a round (more like a lunar crescent in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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) black discal dot with a creamy-white irregular patch toward wing base (nearly hidden by posterior margin of forewing). Fringes of all wings even, not crenate. Underside of all wings, including fringes, a dark grey, fading to a paler whitish grey toward wing base with white at base near pure-white thorax, especially along inner margin of hindwing; creamy patch and two black dots on forewing barely visible as is discal spot of hindwing. Legs mainly pure white, sometimes with brownish scales on upperside of anterior and posterior legs.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
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Adult female:wingspan 31-34 mm (
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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27-31 mm). Essentially same as for male except forewing larger, less elongated, and more square at margin; colour of wings a paler chocolate brown, transverse lines more contrasting. Hindwings as for male, but colour fading near base, sometimes showing a vague trace of a postmedian line.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
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Genitalia. Male genitalia of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
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differ from those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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in length of aedeagus and the details of vesica. In
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
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aedeagus long, 10.0-10.6
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as medial width compared to 8.0-8.8
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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. Also, secondary pouch on subbasal diverticulum broad and rounded, but narrow and finger-like in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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. Spinules on surface of the basal part of the vesica minute and difficult to see in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
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but larger and more conspicuous in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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. Female genitalia similar to those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
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, except for length of ductus bursae (0.27
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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as long as corpus bursae in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but only 0.22
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
), this likely reflecting longer aedeagus of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Genitalic dissections of specimens of dark semi-melanic forms allow specimens to be identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Figures 1-8. Adults of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Herpetogramma</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. 1
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male (Rougemont,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 2
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female (Rougemont,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 3
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male, dark form (Mont-St-Hilaire,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 4
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female, dark form (Rougemont,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 5
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male, typical form (Rougemont,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 6
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female, typical form (Rougemont,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 7
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma thestealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thestealis">Herpetogramma thestealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male (Rougemont,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 8
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma thestealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thestealis">Herpetogramma thestealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female (Otterburn,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Figures 9-14. Genitalia of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Herpetogramma</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. 9
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male genitalia (Rougemont,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 10
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male genitalia (Rougemont,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 11
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma thestealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thestealis">Herpetogramma thestealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, male genitalia (Rougemont,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 12
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female genitalia (Rougemont,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 13
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female genitalia (Rougemont,
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
) 14
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma thestealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thestealis">Herpetogramma thestealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, female genitalia (Normandale, Ontario)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" type="biology and habitat">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="11">Biology and habitat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in the darkest areas of rich xeric forests, with maples and oaks, especially rocky, hilly, maple groves where Christmas fern occurs commonly. Its dark-brown colour is well suited for hiding in these woods. The moth comes readily to light and flies at the beginning of the night; it is sometimes one of the first to come to light. Its flight is darting and rapid. The underside of the head, thorax and abdomen, including the legs, are pure white, so it is easily spotted when flying to the light. The moth is a beautiful cryptically-coloured creature well-adapted to hide in the darkest shadows of the woods.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="11">According to the "Moths of Maryland" (www.marylandmoths.com) and to specimens collected by Doug Ferguson in USNM, the larvae feed on Christmas fern. Doug Ferguson collected two larvae on "Xmas Fern" at "Richard Russell Pkwy, Union County, Georgia, 25 April 1969" and reared them with success on this host plant (note by Doug Ferguson to John Glaser, in litt., sent to the author [LH] 11 August.2008).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
|
||
An additional specimen was reared as a leaf roller on Christmas fern and deposited in USNM was reared by Wilton Everett Britton and emerged on the 16 July 1900. Philip
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dowell, P" journalOrPublisher="American Fern Journal" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" pagination="58 - 59" title="Notes on ferns attacked by a leaf roller." url="doi: 10.2307/1544585" volume="1" year="1911">Dowell (1911)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noticed in 1908 in New York State that the fronds of Christmas ferns and some of woodferns (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Dryopteris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Dryopteris" order="Polypodiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Dryopteris</taxonomicName>
|
||
Adans.) were attacked by a leaf roller, most probably by this new species for Christmas fern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="6" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Larvae of a species of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Herpetogramma</taxonomicName>
|
||
were reared on Christmas fern in Athens, Georgia (Ruehlman et al. 1988); the species was identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="11" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but through the courtesy of Dr Matthews, one male specimen was loaned to the CNC, and a complete
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="12" start="start">dissection</pageBreakToken>
|
||
including the vesica was prepared by Don Lafontaine, and it proved to be a specimen of the new species. All specimens for that study were determined to be a single species, due to their larvae, habits, host plant, and appearance of the adults, we believe they all belong to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and not to
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. According to these authors, the larvae are solitary leaf rollers and live on the terminal leaflets of young fronds, passing the winter as eggs, emerging at the beginning of the spring and eating the fronds within a silk shelter for around a month, and then pupate to emerge about 12 days later.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="12">David Wagner and his associates have reared two males and one female on Christmas fern in Connecticut. The males from Bridgewater, Litchfield Co., emerged on 12 June 1999 and 4 July1999 and a female from Chaplin, Windham Co., emerged on 30 July 2009. The specimens were identified by the author (LH).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
|
||
As a result of these data, Christmas fern is the host plant of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is possible that the larvae might be found on other species of ferns, although only one other species of the hollyfern genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Polystichum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polystichum" order="Polypodiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Polystichum</taxonomicName>
|
||
Roth) has a range that overlaps that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The range of the boreal species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Polypodiopsida" family="Dryopteridaceae" genus="Polystichum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Polystichum braunii" order="Polypodiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="braunii">Polystichum braunii</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Spenner)
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Fée">Fee</normalizedToken>
|
||
, Braun's holly fern, overlaps that of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
and New England.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
|
||
In contrast to the restricted host plant records for
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
, both
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma thestealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thestealis">Herpetogramma thestealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to be more general feeders as larvae.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been reared on a variety of herbaceous plants including ragwort [
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Asteraceae" lsidName="Asteraceae" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
] and ferns [Polypodiales] (D. Wagner, pers. comm.), goldenrod [
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Asteraceae" lsidName="Asteraceae" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">Asteraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
] and raspberry [
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Rosaceae" lsidName="Rosaceae" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">Rosaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Solis, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="9" pageNumber="14" pagination="451 - 463" title="North American Herpetogramma Lederer, 1863 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): type specimens and identity of species in the United States and Canada." url="doi: 10.4289/0013-8797.112.3.451" volume="112" year="2010">Solis 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), pokeweed (
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Phytolaccaceae" lsidName="Phytolaccaceae" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">Phytolaccaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) [
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Forbes 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
], and mayapple [
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Berberidaceae" lsidName="Berberidaceae" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">Berberidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Judd, WW" journalOrPublisher="Transactions of the American Microscopical Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="14" pagination="401 - 404" title="Four species of leaf-tying moths and their dipterous and hymenopterous parasites reared on mayapple, Podophyllum peltatum L." url="doi: 10.2307/3223585" volume="73" year="1954">Judd 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma thestealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="thestealis">Herpetogramma thestealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be associated with woody plants, such as basswood [
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Tiliaceae" lsidName="Tiliaceae" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">Tiliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
] and hazel [
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Betulaceae" lsidName="Betulaceae" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">Betulaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Forbes 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Cetoniidae" genus="Carolina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Carolina" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Carolina</taxonomicName>
|
||
silverbell [
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Styraceae" lsidName="Styraceae" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">Styraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
] and spikenard [
|
||
<taxonomicName genus="Araliaceae" lsidName="Araliaceae" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" rank="genus">Araliaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
] (D. Wagner, pers. comm. 2011).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="7" pageNumber="12" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="12">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs from southern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
southward in eastern United States to Georgia and Louisiana and as far west as Arkansas. Christmas fern occurs from southeastern Canada southward to northern Florida and west to eastern Iowa and eastern Texas. At present,
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known to occur over most of its host plant's range, and may occur over all of it.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The species seems to be expanding its distribution, at least to the North. It is spreading to new localities in southern
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Québec">Quebec</normalizedToken>
|
||
, appearing in some places that are well collected by the authors and colleagues where it had never been seen previously. For example, Mont-Saint-Hilaire has been collected by the author (LH) since 1966, Otterburn Park (Les Bosquets Hudon) since 1970 (LH), Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue (Morgan Arboretum) since 1949 (A. C. Sheppard) and since 1971 (LH), Rougemont since 1971 (LH) and St-Armand since 1982 (LH) and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma aeglealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aeglealis">Herpetogramma aeglealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
has been regularly found at these localities, but
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
|
||
appeared for the first time in 2003 and in numbers since 2004, suggesting an invading species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="12">We have not seen any specimens from other provinces in Canada, even from Ontario, although a search of areas where Christmas fern is common may be productive.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="13" type="remarks">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="13" start="start">Remarks</pageBreakToken>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Herpetogramma</taxonomicName>
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formerly comprised nine recognized species in North America (
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<bibRefCitation author="Solis, A" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="9" pageNumber="14" pagination="451 - 463" title="North American Herpetogramma Lederer, 1863 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae: Spilomelinae): type specimens and identity of species in the United States and Canada." url="doi: 10.4289/0013-8797.112.3.451" volume="112" year="2010">Solis 2010</bibRefCitation>
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), now increased to 10 with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Crambidae" genus="Herpetogramma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Herpetogramma sphingealis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="13" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sphingealis">Herpetogramma sphingealis</taxonomicName>
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. The methods used in the present study may prove helpful in future systematic work on the genus.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
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</document> |