204 lines
24 KiB
XML
204 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="4985BF0A1C120357C24E323582244517" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629634115413" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Adalsteinsson, Solny A., Branch, William R., Trape, Sébastien, Vitt, Laurie J. & Hedges, S. Blair" docDate="2009" docId="0E2487E3FF80FFACFF0E331EFBD4F96E" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02244p050.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2244" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Leptotyphlopini Adalsteinsson, Branch, Trape, Vitt & Hedges, 2009, New Tribe" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="29" masterDocId="F21DFF9BFF9CFFB0FF993047FF95FFD5" masterDocTitle="Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)" masterLastPageNumber="50" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="29" updateTime="1699087815032" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="892D4C1DF3C61872FAD81BAC6E06B3E6">Molecular phylogeny, classification, and biogeography of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae (Reptilia, Squamata)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="1502479C4D7B1694D53BA5D6FCD08140" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="0E0DDE13FF725EA18361CE775A34474A">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="18F91F55410E703099CD5AAB689F877C">Adalsteinsson, Solny A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="B00E6F995884CE1C0FB22744ED97A334">Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 - 5301 USA.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:roleTerm id="AB49CDC0F569EC4D924D3828F0F9FE1B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="A4859F37987AF028CEEEC068049ADCC9">Branch, William R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="927A1CF8419C243C9096FEC391A29D15">Bayworld, P. O. Box 13147, Humewood 6013, South Africa</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm id="6926D8F7F9B5CEEAB2D8387DA3DBB185">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8DDF95F8E39C684E8EF98930B1BB5E36">Trape, Sébastien</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="BA02EA5BEB4242B269FA912A1F1817F1">Laboratoire ECOLAG, UMR 5119, Université Montpellier II, cc 093, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="A1E7B8F600A90649EA858A175CD2BD0F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C9FB6487358F3BCB42F8115DDC2C9D2F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FFB50CE6883D1BC97715DED1C62CA187">Vitt, Laurie J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C857299794C6A8670D390BB23B28C19D">Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History and Zoology Department, 2401 Chautauqua Avenue, Norman, OK 73072, USA Corresponding author. E-mail: sbh 1 @ psu. edu</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E8259E1BD11DCA069747935F9AE23A89">Hedges, S. Blair</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="C1ADBF896DE591B741FD807341D65D44">Department of Biology, 208 Mueller Lab, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 - 5301 USA.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier id="A3D2F10DF79D336A1846C707400FB7BE" type="email">sbh1@psu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:title id="DF12D192F1B1F9FB85CB3EF8814AE8A2">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="1320D381DFC31368158645535D5F7BF5">
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<mods:date id="319C3BD1F3C554782D06FA4E8B35D666">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="89A8FAC75F611C795A2E53D453671FDD">2009-10-01</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="F9F3720C00D5D6C1F15BCBFD4FD47229">2244</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="A2ECE86A10928C4A04216A1D9E7F78DC">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="D39ACF40724DE61FFE239DDC23D5D4D4">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="A5FA6BE5C4A736064053A80039786F55" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="0E2487E3FF80FFACFF0E331EFBD4F96E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5333952" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5333952" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:0E2487E3FF80FFACFF0E331EFBD4F96E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/0E2487E3FF80FFACFF0E331EFBD4F96E" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF80FFACFF0E331EFDA8FCA6" box="[151,573,857,883]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF80FFACFF0E331EFDA8FCA6" blockId="28.[151,573,857,883]" box="[151,573,857,883]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<heading id="DD7A8199FF80FFACFF0E331EFDA8FCA6" bold="true" box="[151,573,857,883]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFF0E331EFDA8FCA6" bold="true" box="[151,573,857,883]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFF7B331EFE3BFCA6" authorityName="Stejneger" authorityYear="1892" box="[226,430,857,883]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" status="trib. nov." tribe="Leptotyphlopini">Leptotyphlopini</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="AFCA579CFF80FFACFE23331EFDA8FCA6" box="[442,573,857,883]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="tribe">New Tribe</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF80FFACFF0E33E5FD06FC6F" box="[151,659,930,954]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF80FFACFF0E33E5FD06FC6F" blockId="28.[151,659,930,954]" box="[151,659,930,954]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFF0E33E5FE88FC6F" bold="true" box="[151,285,930,954]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<typeStatus id="59368857FF80FFACFF0E33E5FF44FC6F" box="[151,209,930,954]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Type</typeStatus>
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genus.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFEBD33E4FD1AFC6F" authority="Fitzinger, 1843: 24" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityPageNumber="24" authorityYear="1843" box="[292,655,931,954]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFEBD33E4FE2EFC6F" box="[292,443,931,954]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Leptotyphlops</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF80FFACFE5833E4FD1AFC6F" author="Fitzinger" box="[449,655,931,954]" firstAuthor="Fitzinger" page="24" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" refId="ref23868" refString="Fitzinger, L. (1843) Systema Reptilium. Braumuller et Seidel Bibliopolas, Wien, 106 pp." type="book" year="1843">Fitzinger, 1843: 24</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF80FFACFF0E33AEFD79FB3E" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF80FFACFF0E33AEFE31FB11" blockId="28.[151,1436,1001,1723]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFF0E33AEFE82FBD6" bold="true" box="[151,279,1001,1027]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Members of this tribe are distinguished from the other tribes of the Subfamily
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFB3633AEFAEBFBD6" baseAuthorityName="Hedges" baseAuthorityYear="2008" box="[1199,1406,1001,1027]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptotyphlopinae">Leptotyphlopinae</taxonomicName>
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in having a brown or pale brown (rather than white) venter. Also they are distinguished from the Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFF0E3470FEADFB84" box="[151,312,1079,1105]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Myriopholini">Myriopholini</taxonomicName>
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by having few middorsal scales, on average (171–387 versus 165–558), and from the Tribe
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFF0E341AFEB2FBA2" box="[151,295,1117,1143]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="tribe" tribe="Epacrophini">Epacrophini</taxonomicName>
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by having a small or absent (rather than moderate) first supralabial scale (Table 2). The support for this group was 100% BP and 100% PP for the four-gene tree (
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<figureCitation id="1EB62A70FF80FFACFC3A34C3FC7CFB4B" box="[931,1001,1156,1182]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1684,1708]" captionTargetBox="[181,1406,188,1658]" captionTargetId="figure-173@6.[179,1407,184,1660]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. A phylogeny of leptotyphlopid snakes based on sequences of four mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, tRNA- Valine, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome b). Maximum likelihood tree of 91 samples and 2,971 sites. Values are ML bootstrap values followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities. Outgroups are not shown, but included Typhlopidae (Ramphotyphlops), Boidae (Boa), Pythonidae (Python), and Elapidae (Dendroaspis and Naja). The generic taxonomy in this tree reflects usage prior to this study. See Table 1 and Figure 12 for the new classification proposed here." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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) and 100% BP and 100% PP for the nine-gene tree (
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<figureCitation id="1EB62A70FF80FFACFED434EDFE03FB11" box="[333,406,1194,1220]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,260,1282,1306]" captionTargetBox="[252,1334,313,1258]" captionTargetId="figure-366@7.[252,1335,310,1258]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. A phylogeny of leptotyphlopid snakes based on sequences of nine genes: five nuclear genes nine (amelogenin, BDNF, C-mos, NT3, and RAG1) and four mitochondrial and nuclear genes (12S rRNA, tRNA-Valine, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome b). Maximum likelihood tree obtained from the nine-gene data set (24 species; 5,563 sites). Values are ML bootstrap values followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities. Outgroups are not shown, but included Typhlopidae (Ramphotyphlops), Boidae (Boa), Pythonidae (Python), and Elapidae (Dendroaspis and Naja). The generic taxonomy in this tree reflects usage prior to this study. See Table 1 and Figure 12 for the new classification proposed here." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF80FFACFF5C3496FD79FB3E" blockId="28.[151,1436,1001,1723]" box="[197,748,1233,1259]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFF5C3496FEA4FB3E" bold="true" box="[197,305,1233,1259]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Content.</emphasis>
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Two genera and 27 species (
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<tableCitation id="CB0F034EFF80FFACFD1B3496FD4EFB3E" box="[642,731,1233,1259]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="9.[151,240,151,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Classification of snakes of the Family Leptotyphlopidae. The arrangement used in this study is compared with that in previous classifications (e.g., McDiarmid et al. 1999; Uetz et al. 2009). Abbreviations for geographic regions are: AR (Arabia), CAF (Central Africa), EAF (East Africa), MAM (Middle America), NAM (North America), SAF (South Africa), SAM (South America), SOC (Socotra Island), SWA (Southwest Asia), WAF (West Africa), and WI (West Indies). Species in bold were sampled in the molecular analyses. Undescribed species used in this study are not listed." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Table 1</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF80FFACFF5C34BFFD16FA8A" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="863236F5FF80FFACFF5C34BFFD16FA8A" blockId="28.[151,1436,1001,1723]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFF5C34BFFEF3FAC7" bold="true" box="[197,358,1272,1298]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Distribution.</emphasis>
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The tribe is distributed throughout
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<collectingCountry id="FE9A7665FF80FFACFC9634BFFC3EFAC7" box="[783,939,1272,1298]" name="South Africa" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, extending as far north as
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<collectingCountry id="FE9A7665FF80FFACFB7C34BFFE27FAEC" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">the Democratic Republic of the Congo</collectingCountry>
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in the west and
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<collectingCountry id="FE9A7665FF80FFACFD1A3558FD7DFAEC" box="[643,744,1311,1337]" name="Somalia" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Somalia</collectingCountry>
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in the east; including
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<collectingRegion id="4449F817FF80FFACFB9B3558FB3FFAEC" box="[1026,1194,1311,1337]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Pemba" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Pemba Island</collectingRegion>
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(
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<collectingCountry id="FE9A7665FF80FFACFB253558FABAFAEC" box="[1212,1327,1311,1337]" name="Tanzania" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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) and the Bazaruto archipelago off of
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<collectingCountry id="FE9A7665FF80FFACFE783502FDEAFA8A" box="[481,639,1349,1375]" name="Mozambique" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Mozambique</collectingCountry>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="CE97657EFF80FFACFF5C352CFBD4F96E" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" type="discussion">
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||
<paragraph id="863236F5FF80FFACFF5C352CFBD4F96E" blockId="28.[151,1436,1001,1723]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFF5C352CFEABFA50" bold="true" box="[197,318,1387,1413]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Remarks.</emphasis>
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This tribe comprises the former
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFD26352BFCBBFA50" authorityName="SAF, EAF" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[703,814,1388,1413]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFD26352BFCBBFA50" box="[703,814,1388,1413]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">nigricans</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFCA5352BFC31FA50" authorityName="Mcdiarmid, Campbell & Toure" authorityYear="1999" box="[828,932,1388,1413]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFCA5352BFC31FA50" box="[828,932,1388,1413]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">rostratus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFC7C352BFBC2FA50" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[997,1111,1388,1413]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutifrons">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFC7C352BFBC2FA50" box="[997,1111,1388,1413]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">scutifrons</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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groups of "
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFB7A352BFA05FA50" box="[1251,1424,1388,1413]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
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||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFB7A352BFA19FA50" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[1251,1420,1388,1413]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Leptotyphlops</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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" most recently defined (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF80FFACFE3A35D5FD73FA79" author="Broadley & Broadley" box="[419,742,1426,1452]" firstAuthor="Broadley" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="1 - 36" refId="ref22972" refString="Broadley, D. G. & Broadley, S. (1999) A review of the African wormsnakes from south of latitude 12 ° S (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Syntarsus, 5, 1 - 36." type="journal article" year="1999">Broadley & Broadley 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="E21C4B04FF80FFACFD6B35D5FBB3FA79" author="Broadley & Wallach" box="[754,1062,1426,1452]" firstAuthor="Broadley" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" pagination="3 - 78" refId="ref23147" refString="Broadley, D. G. & Wallach, V. (2007) A revision of the genus Leptotyphlops in northeastern Africa and southwestern Arabia (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae). Zootaxa, 3 - 78." type="book chapter" year="2007">Broadley & Wallach 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) by the fusion of the rostral and frontal scales as found in the
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<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFE6435FEFDE6FA07" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[509,627,1465,1490]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutifrons">
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<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFE6435FEFDE6FA07" box="[509,627,1465,1490]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">scutifrons</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFD3635FEFC8FFA07" authorityName="Mcdiarmid, Campbell & Toure" authorityYear="1999" box="[687,794,1465,1490]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFD3635FEFC8FFA07" box="[687,794,1465,1490]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">rostratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups (unfused in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFBA535FEFB38FA07" authorityName="SAF, EAF" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[1084,1197,1465,1490]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFBA535FEFB38FA07" box="[1084,1197,1465,1490]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group and in other leptotyphlopids). However, the molecular phylogeny (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1EB62A70FF80FFACFCCF35A7FC30FA2F" box="[854,933,1504,1530]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1684,1708]" captionTargetBox="[181,1406,188,1658]" captionTargetId="figure-173@6.[179,1407,184,1660]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. A phylogeny of leptotyphlopid snakes based on sequences of four mitochondrial genes (12S rRNA, tRNA- Valine, 16S rRNA, and cytochrome b). Maximum likelihood tree of 91 samples and 2,971 sites. Values are ML bootstrap values followed by Bayesian posterior probabilities. Outgroups are not shown, but included Typhlopidae (Ramphotyphlops), Boidae (Boa), Pythonidae (Python), and Elapidae (Dendroaspis and Naja). The generic taxonomy in this tree reflects usage prior to this study. See Table 1 and Figure 12 for the new classification proposed here." pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFBE435A7FB63FA2C" authorityName="SAF, EAF" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[1149,1270,1504,1529]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFBE435A7FB63FA2C" box="[1149,1270,1504,1529]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group (here represented by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFED03640FE24F9F5" authorityName="CAF" baseAuthorityName="Boulenger" baseAuthorityYear="1919" box="[329,433,1543,1568]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kafubi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFED03640FE24F9F5" box="[329,433,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">L. kafubi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFE703640FDE3F9F5" authorityName="SAF, EAF" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[489,630,1543,1568]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFE703640FDE3F9F5" box="[489,630,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">L. nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) is polyphyletic or paraphyletic with respect to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFB493640FAD7F9F5" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[1232,1346,1543,1568]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFB493640FAD7F9F5" box="[1232,1346,1543,1568]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">scutifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group, thus indicating that the fused state evolved more than one time, or evolved once and reverted to the unfused state in some species. For this reason we do not recognize species groups but instead recognize one genus (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFF38363CFEDBF941" authorityName="Fitzinger" authorityYear="1843" box="[161,334,1659,1684]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFF38363CFEDBF941" box="[161,334,1659,1684]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Leptotyphlops</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) for the combined members of the former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFCFA363CFC43F941" authorityName="SAF, EAF" baseAuthorityName="Schlegel" baseAuthorityYear="1839" box="[867,982,1659,1684]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nigricans">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFCFA363CFC43F941" box="[867,982,1659,1684]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">nigricans</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFB8C363CFB18F941" baseAuthorityName="Peters" baseAuthorityYear="1854" box="[1045,1165,1659,1684]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="scutifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFB8C363CFB18F941" box="[1045,1165,1659,1684]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">scutifrons</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species Groups and a second genus (described below) for the former members of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="418D4D76FF80FFACFCE736E6FC72F96F" authorityName="Mcdiarmid, Campbell & Toure" authorityYear="1999" box="[894,999,1697,1722]" class="Reptilia" family="Leptotyphlopidae" genus="Leptotyphlops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B4F9EAE7FF80FFACFCE736E6FC72F96F" box="[894,999,1697,1722]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">rostratus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |