169 lines
17 KiB
XML
169 lines
17 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F4E1DC591DF804D8AEB87A7C16F50653">An illustrated guide to lady beetles (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) of the Indian Subcontinent. Part 1. Tribe Coccinellini</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="093B622D1AFAB728C3A629AF348D7732">
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<mods:date id="21C38488E739B15F6F12DD2467DD1D78">2023</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03C7416215564739BDDF36EBFB0CFCE7" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8273904" ID-GBIF-Taxon="212449931" ID-Zenodo-Dep="8273904" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C7416215564739BDDF36EBFB0CFCE7" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C7416215564739BDDF36EBFB0CFCE7" lastPageNumber="271" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">
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<subSubSection id="C374A3FF15564739BDDF36EBFE35FF2A" box="[151,504,151,178]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD1F07415564739BDDF36EBFE35FF2A" blockId="270.[151,504,151,178]" box="[151,504,151,178]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BDDF36EBFE35FF2A" bold="true" box="[151,504,151,178]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">
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Genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF715564739BDA636EBFE35FF2A" ID-CoL="7RCH" ID-ENA="511891" authority="Chevrolat" authorityName="Chevrolat" box="[238,504,151,178]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BDA636EBFEB9FF29" bold="true" box="[238,372,151,178]" italics="true" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Synonycha</emphasis>
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Chevrolat
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C374A3FF15564739BDDF36A0FD9CFF68" box="[151,593,219,244]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BD1F07415564739BDDF36A0FD9CFF68" blockId="270.[151,1255,219,244]" box="[151,593,219,244]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF715564739BDDF36A0FEA2FF6F" ID-CoL="7RCH" authority="Chevrolat" authorityName="Chevrolat" box="[151,367,220,244]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BDDF36A0FEC8FF6F" box="[151,261,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Synonycha</emphasis>
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Chevrolat
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</taxonomicName>
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in Dejean, 1836: 460.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C374A3FF15564739BF1E36A0FB2AFF6F" box="[598,1255,220,244]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BD1F07415564739BF1E36A0FB2AFF6F" blockId="270.[151,1255,219,244]" box="[598,1255,220,244]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">
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<typeStatus id="54D54ED615564739BF1E36A0FD45FF6F" box="[598,648,220,244]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF715564739BFAD36A0FB9DFF6F" authority="Thunberg, 1781" authorityName="Thunberg" authorityYear="1781" box="[741,1104,220,244]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Coccinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BFAD36A0FC6BFF6F" box="[741,934,220,244]" italics="true" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Coccinella grandis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8515564739BEE536A0FB9DFF6F" author="Thunberg, C. P." box="[941,1104,220,244]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" refId="ref123325" refString="Thunberg, C. P. (1781) Dissertatio Entomologica Novas Insectorum Species, sistens cujus partem primam, Cons. Exper. Facul. Med. Upsal., publice ventilandam exhibent praeses Carol. P. Thunberg, et respondens Samuel Nicol. Casstrom. Joh. Edman, Upsaliae, 28 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 12285" type="book" year="1781">Thunberg, 1781</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C374A3FF15564739BDDF375DFE02FE6B" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BD1F07415564739BDDF375DFE02FE6B" blockId="270.[151,1437,289,892]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BDDF375DFEDFFEA0" bold="true" box="[151,274,289,315]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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Size large (
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<quantity id="4C965D9115564739BCD0375EFDDAFEA7" box="[408,535,290,317]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">12–15 mm</quantity>
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), form broadly rounded with explanate lateral margins of elytra. Antennal scape strongly broadened and obtusely produced anteriorly on the inner edge (at least two times broader than pedicel), terminal antennomere broad oval. Prothoracic hypomeron with anterior foveae. Anterior margin of mesoventrite medially deeply emarginate. Abdominal postcoxal line incomplete without an associated line. Tarsal claws double, swollen at base. Sperm duct below apex, inserted ventrally on bursa; and spermatheca strongly curved and c-shaped, with only ramus developed.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C374A3FF15564739BD8F3785FD2FFDA3" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BD1F07415564739BD8F3785FD2FFDA3" blockId="270.[151,1437,289,892]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BD8F3785FEACFD88" bold="true" box="[199,353,505,531]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Distribution.</emphasis>
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Widely distributed in the Oriental region (
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<collectingCountry id="F379B0E415564739BE053786FC46FD8F" box="[845,907,506,532]" name="India" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">India</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F379B0E415564739BED03786FBC6FD8F" box="[920,1035,506,532]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F379B0E415564739B9503786FB93FD8F" box="[1048,1118,506,532]" name="Nepal" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F379B0E415564739B9233786FB17FD8F" box="[1131,1242,506,532]" name="Myanmar" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F379B0E415564739B9AE3786FA85FD8F" box="[1254,1352,506,532]" name="Vietnam" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F379B0E415564739B81D3786FA42FD8F" box="[1365,1423,506,532]" name="Laos" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Laos</collectingCountry>
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), also found in parts of the Palaearctic (
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<collectingCountry id="F379B0E415564739BF773462FD4BFDA3" box="[575,646,542,568]" name="China" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F379B0E415564739BFD93462FD1BFDA3" box="[657,726,542,568]" name="Japan" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Japan</collectingCountry>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C374A3FF15564739BD8F343DFD10FCAF" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD1F07415564739BD8F343DFD10FCAF" blockId="270.[151,1437,289,892]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BD8F343DFEF0FDC0" bold="true" box="[199,317,577,603]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Affinities.</emphasis>
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The Old World
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF715564739BCB0343EFD44FDC7" box="[504,649,578,604]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Megalocaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BCB0343EFD44FDC7" box="[504,649,578,604]" italics="true" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Megalocaria</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<collectingRegion id="49AA3E9615564739BF8A343EFCD3FDC7" box="[706,798,578,604]" country="Saudi Arabia" name="Ash Sharqiyah" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Oriental</collectingRegion>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF715564739BE6E343EFC52FDC7" box="[806,927,578,604]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BE6E343EFC52FDC7" box="[806,927,578,604]" italics="true" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Synonycha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are the among the largest coccinellids in the world with body lengths of
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<quantity id="4C965D9115564739BC99341AFD80FD1B" box="[465,589,614,640]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.8" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="18.0" valueMin="10.0">10–18 mm</quantity>
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, and species of both genera are typical aphid feeders with some exceptions like the African
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF715564739BC1E34F6FD26FD3F" authority="(Fairmaire)" baseAuthorityName="Fairmaire" box="[342,747,650,676]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Megalocaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tetrasticta">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BC1E34F6FDAEFD3F" box="[342,611,650,676]" italics="true" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Megalocaria tetrasticta</emphasis>
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(Fairmaire)
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</taxonomicName>
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that feeds on eggs and nymphs of
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF715564739B9C234F6FA51FD3F" authority="(Hemiptera)" authorityName="Dallas" authorityYear="1851" baseAuthorityName="Hemiptera" box="[1162,1436,650,676]" class="Insecta" family="Plataspidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Plataspidae (Hemiptera)</taxonomicName>
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(Dejean
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BDBE34D3FEEAFD53" box="[246,295,686,712]" italics="true" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">et al</emphasis>
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. 2002).
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFF8D8515564739BCCA34D2FD60FD53" author="Tomaszewska, W. & Escalona, H. E. & Hartley, D. & Li, J. & Wang, X. & Li, H. S. & Pang, H. & Slipinski, A. & Zwick, A." box="[386,685,686,712]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" pagination="611 - 631" refId="ref123461" refString="Tomaszewska, W., Escalona, H. E., Hartley, D., Li, J., Wang, X., Li, H. S., Pang, H., Slipinski, A. & Zwick, A. (2021) Phylogeny of true ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) reveals pervasive convergent evolution and a rapid Cenozoic radiation. Systematic Entomology, 46, 611 - 631. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12479" type="journal article" year="2021">
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||
Tomaszewska
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BF6D34D3FD91FD53" box="[549,604,686,712]" italics="true" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2021)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
recovered
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF715564739BE6034D2FC6CFD53" box="[808,929,686,712]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BE6034D2FC6CFD53" box="[808,929,686,712]" italics="true" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Synonycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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||
and
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF715564739BE9E34D2FBAAFD53" box="[982,1127,686,712]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Megalocaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BE9E34D2FBAAFD53" box="[982,1127,686,712]" italics="true" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Megalocaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
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as sister groups with strong support in terms of: terminal labial palpomere about as broad as penultimate one, mesoventrite anterior margin strongly emarginate, medially forming ‘V’ or ‘U’ shape, elytral lateral margins without visible bead and elytral epipleura with foveae for the apices of hind femora.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C374A3FF15564739BD8F3542FB0CFCE7" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" type="taxon_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD1F07415564739BD8F3542FB0CFCE7" blockId="270.[151,1437,289,892]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BD8F3542FE5CFCCC" bold="true" box="[199,401,829,856]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Included species.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF715564739BCDF3542FDDDFCC3" box="[407,528,830,856]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Synonycha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BCDF3542FDDDFCC3" box="[407,528,830,856]" italics="true" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">Synonycha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B06FA2915564739BF5F3542FB70FCE7" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="4399052312" country="India" location="India" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" specimenCount="1">
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||
is monotypic and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D54ED615564739BE4D3542FCF8FCC3" box="[773,821,830,856]" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6E8BF715564739BED13542FB5EFCC3" authority="(Thunberg)" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" box="[921,1171,830,856]" class="Insecta" family="Coccinellidae" genus="Coccinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="270" pageNumber="271" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
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<emphasis id="B91A2C6615564739BED13542FBC6FCC3" box="[921,1035,830,856]" italics="true" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">S. grandis</emphasis>
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(Thunberg)
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</taxonomicName>
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, is widely distributed in peninsular and northeastern
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<collectingCountry id="F379B0E415564739BC9C351EFDDDFCE7" box="[468,528,866,892]" name="India" pageId="270" pageNumber="271">India</collectingCountry>
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, usually in association with various aphids infesting bamboo
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |