156 lines
17 KiB
XML
156 lines
17 KiB
XML
<document id="1F1804CD053210043AC079FB2D2ECCF2" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140" ID-CLB-Dataset="32975" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.583183" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6c479acc-8b18-4f0b-a6e5-85bcd6d7b6b7" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="583183" ID-ZooBank="2D00AFF5-4FE2-4EC1-A328-C8670CFB8D6D" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1495696370209" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Jong, Rienk De" docDate="2017" docId="03AA87D32869FFFEF7F0FF1FFDD9B32C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4270.1.1SLASH11140.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4270 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Chlorippe wilmattae" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="42" masterDocId="FF93FFAB2840FFD7F767FF87FFA3B03E" masterDocTitle="Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="63" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="42" updateTime="1698439901205" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F1921DF298E1453A66B5F340138880A8">Fossil butterflies, calibration points and the molecular clock (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="0014A83901D0F61BEDA1196EBBB8F3AE">Jong, Rienk De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="33B69F40BF2A122E71A10E0C9358CC0B">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="BF486F57D4152E162EF8F7343F5F6028">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="0FF3F031A358BBE62295352F8F9E0638">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8CD06E518D4EBAF8865236958F4223F5">4270</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AA87D32869FFFEF7F0FF1FFDD9B32C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6047078" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130844838" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6047078" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AA87D32869FFFEF7F0FF1FFDD9B32C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AA87D32869FFFEF7F0FF1FFDD9B32C" lastPageNumber="42" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2869FFFEF7F0FF1FFB90B0C9" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52869FFFEF7F0FF1FFD7BB08C" blockId="41.[151,728,152,178]" box="[151,728,152,178]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<heading id="D0F481A92869FFFEF7F0FF1FFD7BB08C" bold="true" box="[151,728,152,178]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72869FFFEF7F0FF1FFD7BB08C" bold="true" box="[151,728,152,178]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72869FFFEF7F0FF1FFEB1B08C" bold="true" box="[151,274,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF7F0FF1FFEACB08C" ID-CoL="94LDM" box="[151,271,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chlorippe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilmattae">wilmattae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF67DFF1FFD7BB08C" authority="Cockerell, 1907" authorityName="Cockerell" authorityYear="1907" box="[282,728,152,178]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chlorippe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilmattae">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72869FFFEF67DFF1FFDACB08C" bold="true" box="[282,527,152,178]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Chlorippe wilmattae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342869FFFEF571FF1FFD7BB08C" author="Cockerell" box="[534,728,152,178]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1907) A fossil butterfly of the genus Chlorippe. Canadian Entomologist, 39, 361 - 363. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 39361 - 11" type="journal article" year="1907">Cockerell, 1907</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52869FFFEF7F0FF59FB90B0C9" blockId="41.[151,1436,222,787]" box="[151,1075,222,247]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF7F0FF59FE90B0C9" box="[151,307,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nymphalidae</taxonomicName>
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: "nymphalines" (
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF696FF59FD28B0C9" box="[497,651,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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+
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF5FDFF59FCB3B0C9" box="[666,784,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Biblidinae">Biblidinae</taxonomicName>
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+
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF478FF59FC3AB0C9" box="[799,921,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyrestinae">Cyrestinae</taxonomicName>
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+
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF4C0FF59FB84B0C9" box="[935,1063,222,247]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apaturinae">Apaturinae</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C319654E2869FFFEF7A0FE84FDD9B32C" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52869FFFEF7A0FE84FC44B124" blockId="41.[151,1436,222,787]" box="[199,999,258,283]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<materialsCitation id="3B6B3C982869FFFEF7A0FE84FC44B124" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503739263" box="[199,999,258,283]" country="United States of America" county="Teller County" location="Teller County" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Colorado">
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<collectingCountry id="F31476552869FFFEF7A0FE84FEA1B125" box="[199,258,259,283]" name="United States of America" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">USA</collectingCountry>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF66AFE85FEDBB125" box="[269,376,258,283]" class="Insecta" family="Papilionidae" genus="Praepapilio" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="colorado">
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272869FFFEF66AFE85FEDBB125" box="[269,376,258,283]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Colorado</collectingRegion>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<collectingCounty id="62DD4E492869FFFEF6E4FE85FDBCB125" box="[387,543,258,283]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Teller County</collectingCounty>
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, Florissant; late Priabonian, late Eocene.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52869FFFEF7A0FEA1FBC7B101" blockId="41.[151,1436,222,787]" box="[199,1124,294,319]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Depositories: MCZH (
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<typeStatus id="54B888672869FFFEF6A4FEA1FD8AB101" box="[451,553,294,319]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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, no. B602) and USNM (one specimen, no. 58682).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52869FFFEF7A0FECDFBB2B15D" blockId="41.[151,1436,222,787]" box="[199,1041,330,355]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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Published figures:
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342869FFFEF6FEFECDFD09B15D" author="Cockerell" box="[409,682,330,355]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1907) A fossil butterfly of the genus Chlorippe. Canadian Entomologist, 39, 361 - 363. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 39361 - 11" type="journal article" year="1907">Cockerell (1907: Pl. 10)</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342869FFFEF5D1FECDFC30B15D" author="Emmel" box="[694,915,330,355]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book" year="1992">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72869FFFEF469FECBFC9CB15D" box="[782,831,330,355]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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. (1992
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</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<figureCitation id="13382A402869FFFEF4FAFECDFC78B15D" box="[925,987,330,355]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1051,1073]" captionTargetBox="[167,1414,420,1017]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[157,1429,411,1026]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 1. Localities of fossil butterflies plotted ion a modern map. See Table 1 for further, complementary information." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/583184/files/figure.png" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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/11).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52869FFFEF7A0FEE9FECAB299" blockId="41.[151,1436,222,787]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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The original description does not provide structural details except for “The venation agrees with that of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF7F0FE15FEAAB195" box="[151,265,402,427]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chlorippe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72869FFFEF7F0FE15FEAAB195" box="[151,265,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Chlorippe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with the same open cell.” The remainder of the almost three pages of description concerns wing pattern, which is compared to that of extant species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF5AFFE31FC99B1F1" box="[712,826,438,463]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Chlorippe" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72869FFFEF5AFFE31FC99B1F1" box="[712,826,438,463]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Chlorippe</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, now split into
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF49CFE30FB2DB1F0" box="[1019,1166,439,462]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Asterocampa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72869FFFEF49CFE30FB2DB1F0" box="[1019,1166,439,462]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Asterocampa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272869FFFEF3DCFE31FB5FB1F1" box="[1211,1276,438,463]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">North</collectingRegion>
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America and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF7F0FE5BFEA9B1CD" box="[151,266,476,499]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" genus="Doxocopa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72869FFFEF7F0FE5BFEA9B1CD" box="[151,266,476,499]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">Doxocopa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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in Central and
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<collectingRegion id="49C7F8272869FFFEF6DDFE5DFE5FB1CD" box="[442,508,474,499]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">South</collectingRegion>
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America. It is unknown if there is a significant phylogenetic signal in the pattern, the pattern itself amenable to convergence and mimicry. An open forewing cell is found in several subfamilies, ostensibly in the
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF602FDA5FE5CB205" box="[357,511,546,571]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF577FDA5FD24B205" box="[528,647,546,571]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Biblidinae">Biblidinae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF5FFFDA5FCB3B205" box="[664,784,546,571]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyrestinae">Cyrestinae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF436FDA5FC6EB205" box="[849,973,546,571]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apaturinae">Apaturinae</taxonomicName>
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of the informal section “nymphalines” (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342869FFFEF7F9FDC1FE02B261" author="Wahlberg" box="[158,417,582,607]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Wahlberg, N., Leneveu, J., Kodandaramaiah, U., Pena, C., Nylin, S., Freitas, A. V. L. & Brower, A. V. Z. (2009) Nymphalid butterflies diversify following near demise at the Cretaceous / Tertiary boundary. Proceedings Royal Society B, 276, 4295 - 4302." type="journal article" year="2009">
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Wahlberg
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72869FFFEF67DFDC0FEF1B261" box="[282,338,582,607]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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. 2009
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and, although not universal in these subfamilies, this feature can be considered an apomorphy of this grouping. For calibration purposes the taxonomic position of the fossil should be placed at the stem of this group.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BBC36C52869FFFEF7A0FD35FDD9B32C" blockId="41.[151,1436,222,787]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342869FFFEF7A0FD35FE26B2F5" author="Cockerell" box="[199,389,690,715]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Cockerell, T. D. A. (1913) Some fossil insects from Florissant, Colorado. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 44, 341 - 346." type="journal article" year="1913">Cockerell (1913)</bibRefCitation>
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recorded a second specimen of which the preservation was poorer. The fossil was mentioned by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342869FFFEF7D8FD50FEFAB2D1" author="Howe" box="[191,345,726,751]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Howe, W. H. (1975) The Butterflies of North America. Doubleday & Comp, Inc., Garden City, New York, xiii + 633 pp., 97 pls." type="book" year="1975">Howe (1975)</bibRefCitation>
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under
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF6D5FD51FD8CB2D1" box="[434,559,726,751]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apaturinae">Apaturinae</taxonomicName>
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and by
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<bibRefCitation id="EF924B342869FFFEF5FFFD51FC2AB2D1" box="[664,905,726,751]" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" refString="Emmel, T. C., Minno, M. C. & Drummond, B. A. (1992) Florissant butterflies. A guide to the fossil and present-day species of central Colorado. Stanford University Press, Stanford, x + 118 pp." type="book">
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Emmel
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<emphasis id="B977EAD72869FFFEF592FD50FC88B2D1" box="[757,811,726,751]" italics="true" pageId="41" pageNumber="42">et al</emphasis>
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. (1992)
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</bibRefCitation>
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under
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF485FD51FBDFB2D1" box="[994,1148,726,751]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nymphalinae">Nymphalinae</taxonomicName>
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, in which they included
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<taxonomicName id="4C034D462869FFFEF7F0FD7DFEB4B32D" box="[151,279,762,787]" class="Insecta" family="Nymphalidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="41" pageNumber="42" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Apaturinae">Apaturinae</taxonomicName>
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, both without further comment.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |