326 lines
26 KiB
XML
326 lines
26 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.33" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7745110" ID-ZooBank="8D7A551D-646D-49E2-A9AA-A14EACC67777" checkinTime="1679053428171" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Misirlioğlu, Mete, Reynolds, John Warren, Stojanović, Mirjana, Trakić, Tanja, Sekulić, Jovana, James, Samuel W., Csuzdi, Csaba, Decaëns, Thibaud, Lapied, Emmanuel, Phillips, Helen R. P., Cameron, Erin K. & Brown, George G." docDate="2023" docId="7D2487ECFFBF1B7BFF3EFE6CFF13FAA8" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5255.1.33.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5255 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.33" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Almidae Duboscq 1902" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="421" masterDocId="811DFF94FFBB1B7FFFA9FFB6FFF4FFA5" masterDocTitle="Earthworms (Clitellata, Megadrili) of the world: an updated checklist of valid species and families, with notes on their distribution" masterLastPageNumber="438" masterPageNumber="417" pageNumber="421" updateTime="1679083476692" updateUser="julia" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Earthworms (Clitellata, Megadrili) of the world: an updated checklist of valid species and families, with notes on their distribution</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Misirlioğlu, Mete</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0001-9928-8478</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, TR- 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9928 - 8478</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Reynolds, John Warren</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Oligochaetology Laboratory, 9 - 1250 Weber Street East, Kitchener, ON Canada N 2 A 4 E 1, and Research Associate, New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, NB, Canada E 2 K 1 E 5.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Stojanović, Mirjana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Trakić, Tanja</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sekulić, Jovana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>James, Samuel W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Maharishi International University, Department of Regenerative Agriculture, Fairfield, IA, 52557, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Csuzdi, Csaba</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Dept. of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Decaëns, Thibaud</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Lapied, Emmanuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Taxonomia Biodiversity Fund, 7 rue Beccaria, 72012, Paris, France.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Phillips, Helen R. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ameron@smu.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cameron, Erin K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ameron@smu.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Brown, George G.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-03-15</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5255</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>417</mods:start>
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<mods:end>438</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.33</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.33</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7745110</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">8D7A551D-646D-49E2-A9AA-A14EACC67777</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7D2487ECFFBF1B7BFF3EFE6CFF13FAA8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D2487ECFFBF1B7BFF3EFE6CFF13FAA8" lastPageNumber="421" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">
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<subSubSection box="[151,447,474,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,447,474,501]" box="[151,447,474,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,447,474,501]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="Duboscq, 1902" authorityName="Duboscq" authorityYear="1902" box="[151,447,474,501]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,447,474,501]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Almidae Duboscq, 1902</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="421" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1437,547,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">
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Together with
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Claus" authorityYear="1880" box="[313,493,547,573]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Acanthodrilidae</taxonomicName>
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this is the most widely distributed family of earthworms (excluding exotic species), being found in tropical Africa, South-East Asia, South America and the Caribbean. It includes 64 species and four subspecies in seven genera. The genera
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1855" box="[605,664,619,645]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Alma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[605,664,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Alma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(16 spp.) and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1890" box="[830,951,619,645]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Callidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[830,951,619,645]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Callidrilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(3 spp.) are exclusively African, while the monospecific genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Nair" authorityYear="2010" box="[383,530,655,681]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Progizzardus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[383,530,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Progizzardus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is unique to its
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<typeStatus box="[714,762,655,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">type</typeStatus>
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locality in
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<collectingCountry box="[892,950,655,681]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">India</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Nair, K. V. & Manazhy, J. & Manazhy, A. & Reynolds, J. W." box="[965,1151,655,681]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" pagination="53 - 58" refId="ref17933" refString="Nair, K. V., Manazhy, J., Manazhy, A. & Reynolds, J. W. (2010) A new genus of earthworm (Oligochaeta: Almidae) from Kerala, India. Megadrilogica, 14 (3), 53 - 58." type="journal article" year="2010">
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Nair
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<emphasis box="[1025,1082,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">et al.</emphasis>
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2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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). The genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Horst" authorityYear="1889" box="[1295,1437,655,681]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Glyphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1295,1437,655,681]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Glyphidrilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(36 spp.) is found mainly in Southeast Asia (
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<collectingCountry box="[666,778,691,717]" name="Myanmar" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[791,848,691,717]" name="Laos" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Laos</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[862,980,691,717]" name="Cambodia" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[992,1094,691,717]" name="Thailand" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Thailand</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1108,1220,691,717]" name="Indonesia" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1233,1303,691,717]" name="China" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">China</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1316,1432,691,717]" name="Singapore" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[151,211,727,753]" name="India" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">India</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[223,337,727,753]" name="Sri Lanka" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Sri Lanka</collectingCountry>
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), with one species
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<taxonomicName authority="Michaelsen" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1897" box="[551,849,727,753]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Glyphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="stuhlmanni">
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<emphasis box="[551,709,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">G. stuhlmanni</emphasis>
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Michaelsen
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</taxonomicName>
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, present in Africa (
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<collectingCountry box="[1064,1172,727,753]" name="Tanzania" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Tanzania</collectingCountry>
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). In South America and the Caribbean there are three genera present:
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1917" box="[653,770,763,789]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Drilocrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[653,770,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Drilocrius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, with seven species spread from
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<collectingCountry box="[1136,1257,763,789]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
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to Southeastern
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<collectingCountry box="[151,222,799,825]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Jamieson" authorityYear="1972" box="[234,421,799,825]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Glyphidrilocrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[234,421,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Glyphidrilocrius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<specimenCount box="[440,492,799,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" type="generic">1 sp.</specimenCount>
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) in Amazonia, and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rodriguez & Lima" authorityYear="2007" box="[714,809,799,825]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Guarani" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[714,809,799,825]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Guarani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<specimenCount box="[828,882,799,825]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" type="generic">1 sp.</specimenCount>
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; see below) in southernmost
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<collectingCountry box="[1212,1280,799,825]" name="Brazil" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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and probably
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<collectingCountry box="[151,249,835,861]" name="Uruguay" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Uruguay</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Grosso, E. & Brown, G. G." box="[265,525,835,861]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" pagination="281 - 296" refId="ref14907" refString="Grosso, E. & Brown, G. G. (2007) Biodiversidad y ecologia de las lombrices de tierra en el Uruguay. In: Brown, G. G. & Fragoso, C. (Eds.), Minhocas na America Latina: Biodiversidade e ecologia. Embrapa Soja, Londrina, pp. 281 - 296." type="book chapter" year="2007">Grosso & Brown 2007</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="4" pageNumber="421" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="4.[151,1437,547,1293]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">
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<bibRefCitation author="Omodeo, P." box="[199,375,871,897]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" pagination="179 - 201" refId="ref18317" refString="Omodeo, P. (2000) Evolution and biogeography of megadriles (Annelida, Clitellata), Italian Journal of Zoology, 67, 179 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000009356313" type="journal article" year="2000">Omodeo (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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suggested restricting
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Duboscq" authorityYear="1902" box="[612,708,871,897]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Almidae</taxonomicName>
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to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1855" box="[739,798,871,897]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Alma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[739,798,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Alma</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, moving African
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1890" box="[989,1110,871,897]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Callidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[989,1110,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Callidrilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and Asian
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Horst" authorityYear="1889" box="[1229,1371,871,897]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Glyphidrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1229,1371,871,897]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Glyphidrilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to the Glyphidrilidae, which also included the South American
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1917" box="[789,906,907,933]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Drilocrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[789,906,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Drilocrius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Jamieson" authorityYear="1972" box="[919,1106,907,933]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Glyphidrilocrius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[919,1106,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Glyphidrilocrius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Righi, Ayres & Bittencourt" authorityYear="1978" box="[1160,1226,907,933]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Areco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1160,1226,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Areco</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, but
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rodriguez & Lima" authorityYear="2007" box="[1283,1378,907,933]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Guarani" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1283,1378,907,933]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Guarani</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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does not fit into either of his family definitions (
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<bibRefCitation author="Lima, A. C. R. & Rodriguez, C." box="[626,905,943,969]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" pagination="9 - 18" refId="ref16642" refString="Lima, A. C. R. & Rodriguez, C. (2007) Earthworm diversity from Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil, with a new native criodrilid genus and species (Oligochaeta: Criodrilidae). Megadrilogica, 11 (2), 9 - 18." type="journal article" year="2007">
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<collectingRegion box="[626,687,943,969]" country="Peru" name="Lima" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Lima</collectingRegion>
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& Rodríguez 2007
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|
</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Righi, Ayres & Bittencourt" authorityYear="1978" box="[922,988,943,969]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Areco" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis box="[922,988,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Areco</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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also does not fit with the Glyphidrilidae as defined by
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Omodeo, P." box="[312,495,979,1005]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" pagination="179 - 201" refId="ref18317" refString="Omodeo, P. (2000) Evolution and biogeography of megadriles (Annelida, Clitellata), Italian Journal of Zoology, 67, 179 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250000009356313" type="journal article" year="2000">Omodeo (2000)</bibRefCitation>
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. Furthermore, Omodeo placed
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<emphasis box="[850,1099,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="James & Davidson" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[850,969,979,1005]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Criodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Criodrilus</taxonomicName>
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,
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|
<taxonomicName authorityName="McMahan" authorityYear="1976" box="[982,1099,979,1005]" class="Clitellata" family="Lutodrilidae" genus="Lutodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">Lutodrilus</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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,
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|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1892" box="[1114,1290,979,1005]" class="Clitellata" family="Sparganophilidae" genus="Sparganophilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1114,1290,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Sparganophilus</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
,
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|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jamieson" authorityYear="1971" box="[1306,1429,979,1005]" class="Clitellata" family="Biwadrilidae" genus="Biwadrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis box="[1306,1429,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Biwadrilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
, and
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|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Gates" authorityYear="1974" box="[203,354,1015,1041]" class="Clitellata" family="Komarekionidae" genus="Komarekiona" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis box="[203,354,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Komarekiona</emphasis>
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|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in an expanded
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="James & Davidson" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[553,691,1015,1041]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Criodrilidae</taxonomicName>
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|
, but all of those latter are phylogenetically well-separated from
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="(James & Davidson 2012)" baseAuthorityName="James & Davidson" baseAuthorityYear="2012" box="[151,565,1051,1077]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Criodrilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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|
<emphasis box="[151,268,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Criodrilus</emphasis>
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|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="James, S. W. & Davidson, S. K." box="[282,557,1051,1077]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" pagination="213 - 229" refId="ref15420" refString="James, S. W. & Davidson, S. K. (2012) Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida: Crassiclitellata) based on 28 S, 18 S and 16 S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics, 26 (2), 213 - 229. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 11012" type="journal article" year="2012">James & Davidson 2012</bibRefCitation>
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|
)
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|
</taxonomicName>
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|
and each is the sole genus in their respective monogeneric families. At present we cannot clarify phylogenetic relationships among the genera either now or historically assigned to
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Duboscq" authorityYear="1902" box="[1263,1359,1087,1113]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Almidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and/or Glyphidrilidae, because no single phylogenetic analysis includes adequate representation. For now,
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Duboscq" authorityYear="1902" box="[1296,1392,1123,1149]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Almidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
are placed between
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1900" box="[336,530,1159,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Glossoscolecidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Glossoscolecidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
s.s. and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Benham" authorityYear="1890" box="[634,788,1159,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Rhinodrilidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Rhinodrilidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
in molecular phylogenies; where
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Grube" authorityYear="1855" box="[1180,1239,1159,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Almidae" genus="Alma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1180,1239,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Alma</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Rodriguez & Lima" authorityYear="2007" box="[1298,1393,1159,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Criodrilidae" genus="Guarani" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1298,1393,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">Guarani</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are present in the same analysis, they are sister taxa (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="James, S. W. & Davidson, S. K." box="[711,995,1195,1221]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" pagination="213 - 229" refId="ref15420" refString="James, S. W. & Davidson, S. K. (2012) Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida: Crassiclitellata) based on 28 S, 18 S and 16 S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics, 26 (2), 213 - 229. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 11012" type="journal article" year="2012">James & Davidson 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Anderson, F. E. & Williams, B. W. & Horn, K. M. & Erseus, C. & Halanych, K. M. & Santos, S. R. & James, S. W." box="[1005,1249,1195,1221]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" pagination="123" refId="ref10609" refString="Anderson, F. E., Williams, B. W., Horn, K. M., Erseus, C., Halanych, K. M., Santos, S. R. & James, S. W. (2017) Phylogenomic analyses of Crassiclitellata support major Northern and Southern Hemisphere clades and a Pangaean origin for earthworms. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 17 (1), 123. https: // doi. org / 10.1186 / s 12862 - 017 - 0973 - 4" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
|
Anderson
|
|
<emphasis box="[1122,1180,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2017
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Will additional genera from South America (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Steffen, G. P. K. & Steffen, R. B. & Bartz, M. L. C. & James, S. W. & Jacques, R. J. S. & Brown G. G. & Antoniolli, Z. I." box="[481,696,1231,1257]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" pagination="562 - 575" refId="ref20823" refString="Steffen, G. P. K., Steffen, R. B., Bartz, M. L. C., James, S. W., Jacques, R. J. S., Brown G. G. & Antoniolli, Z. I. (2018) Earthworms in Rio Grande do Sul. Zootaxa, 4496 (1), 562 - 575. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4496.1.43" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
|
Steffen
|
|
<emphasis box="[571,629,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2018
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Ferreira, T. & James, S. W. & Bartz, M. L. C. & Lima, A. C. R. & Dudas, R. & Brown, G. G." box="[709,929,1231,1257]" pageId="4" pageNumber="421" pagination="389 - 398" refId="ref14131" refString="Ferreira, T., James, S. W., Bartz, M. L. C., Lima, A. C. R., Dudas, R. & Brown, G. G. (2023) Distribution and diversity of earthworms in different land use systems in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Zootaxa, 5225 (1), 389 - 398. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5225.1.31" type="journal article" year="2023">
|
|
Ferreira
|
|
<emphasis box="[806,863,1231,1257]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="421">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2023
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
) change the picture? Preliminary indications say no.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
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</treatment>
|
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</document> |