379 lines
34 KiB
XML
379 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.33" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7745110" ID-ZooBank="8D7A551D-646D-49E2-A9AA-A14EACC67777" checkinTime="1679053428171" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Misirlioğlu, Mete, Reynolds, John Warren, Stojanović, Mirjana, Trakić, Tanja, Sekulić, Jovana, James, Samuel W., Csuzdi, Csaba, Decaëns, Thibaud, Lapied, Emmanuel, Phillips, Helen R. P., Cameron, Erin K. & Brown, George G." docDate="2023" docId="7D2487ECFFBE1B79FF3EFC18FDF2FEC0" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5255.1.33.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5255 (1)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.33" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Benhamiidae Michaelsen 1897" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="422" masterDocId="811DFF94FFBB1B7FFFA9FFB6FFF4FFA5" masterDocTitle="Earthworms (Clitellata, Megadrili) of the world: an updated checklist of valid species and families, with notes on their distribution" masterLastPageNumber="438" masterPageNumber="417" pageNumber="422" updateTime="1679083476692" updateUser="julia" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Earthworms (Clitellata, Megadrili) of the world: an updated checklist of valid species and families, with notes on their distribution</mods:title>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Misirlioğlu, Mete</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0001-9928-8478</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Science and Letters, Department of Biology, TR- 26040 Eskisehir, Turkey. https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0001 - 9928 - 8478</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Reynolds, John Warren</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Oligochaetology Laboratory, 9 - 1250 Weber Street East, Kitchener, ON Canada N 2 A 4 E 1, and Research Associate, New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, NB, Canada E 2 K 1 E 5.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Stojanović, Mirjana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Trakić, Tanja</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sekulić, Jovana</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>University of Kragujevac, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, Department of Sciences, Jovana Cvijića bb, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>James, Samuel W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Maharishi International University, Department of Regenerative Agriculture, Fairfield, IA, 52557, USA.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Csuzdi, Csaba</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Dept. of Zoology, Eszterházy Károly Catholic University, Eger, Hungary.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Decaëns, Thibaud</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France.</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lapied, Emmanuel</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Taxonomia Biodiversity Fund, 7 rue Beccaria, 72012, Paris, France.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart>Phillips, Helen R. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ameron@smu.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Cameron, Erin K.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">ameron@smu.ca</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Brown, George G.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2023</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2023-03-15</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5255</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>1</mods:number>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>417</mods:start>
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<mods:end>438</mods:end>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.33</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.33</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7745110</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">8D7A551D-646D-49E2-A9AA-A14EACC67777</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7D2487ECFFBE1B79FF3EFC18FDF2FEC0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7D2487ECFFBE1B79FF3EFC18FDF2FEC0" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="422" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">
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<subSubSection box="[151,539,942,968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[151,539,942,968]" box="[151,539,942,968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">
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<heading bold="true" box="[151,539,942,968]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName authority="Michaelsen, 1897" authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1897" box="[151,539,942,968]" class="Clitellata" family="Benhamiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[151,539,942,968]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Benhamiidae Michaelsen, 1897</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="423" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" type="distribution">
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<paragraph blockId="5.[151,1437,1014,2013]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">
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Native species of the
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1897" box="[411,559,1015,1041]" class="Clitellata" family="Benhamiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Benhamiidae</taxonomicName>
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(351 species and 6 subspecies in 20 genera) are mainly restricted to subSaharan Africa, Oceania, Central America and northern South America (Csuzdi 2010). However, a few
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<taxonomicName box="[1298,1436,1051,1077]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1298,1436,1051,1077]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dichogaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(including the
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<typeStatus box="[316,364,1087,1113]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">type</typeStatus>
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species of the genus) are also known from the Pacific islands of
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<collectingCountry box="[1100,1139,1087,1113]" name="Fiji" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Fiji</collectingCountry>
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and
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<collectingCountry box="[1195,1271,1087,1113]" name="Samoa" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Samoa</collectingCountry>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Easton, E. G." box="[1287,1431,1087,1113]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" pagination="111 - 128" refId="ref13715" refString="Easton, E. G. (1984) Earthworms (Oligochaeta) from islands of the south-western Pacific, and a note on two species from Papua New Guinea. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 11: 111 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 03014223.1984.10423750" type="journal article" year="1984">Easton 1984</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="James, S. W. & Davidson, S. K." box="[151,442,1123,1149]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" pagination="213 - 229" refId="ref15420" refString="James, S. W. & Davidson, S. K. (2012) Molecular phylogeny of earthworms (Annelida: Crassiclitellata) based on 28 S, 18 S and 16 S gene sequences. Invertebrate Systematics, 26 (2), 213 - 229. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 11012" type="journal article" year="2012">James & Davidson 2012</bibRefCitation>
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). In Africa, the native
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1897" box="[709,857,1123,1149]" class="Clitellata" family="Benhamiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Benhamiidae</taxonomicName>
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are present mainly in the tropical region with 16 genera (
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Csuzdi" authorityYear="2010" box="[244,363,1159,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" genus="Afrogaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[244,363,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Afrogaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Omodeo & Vaillaud" authorityYear="1967" box="[378,531,1159,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Agastrodrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[378,531,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Agastrodrilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1889" box="[547,661,1159,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" genus="Benhamia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[547,661,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Benhamia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Csuzdi & Zicsi" authorityYear="1994" box="[676,818,1159,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Benhamiona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[676,818,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Benhamiona</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName box="[833,971,1159,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[833,971,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dichogaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Csuzdi" authorityYear="1995" box="[987,1157,1159,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" genus="Dudichiodrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[987,1157,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dudichiodrilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Csuzdi & Zicsi" authorityYear="1994" box="[1172,1324,1159,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Guineoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1172,1324,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Guineoscolex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Csuzdi" authorityYear="1996" box="[1341,1430,1159,1185]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" genus="Loksaia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1341,1430,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Loksaia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Beddard" authorityYear="1894" box="[151,258,1195,1221]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" genus="Millsonia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[151,258,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Millsonia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1915" box="[273,408,1195,1220]" class="Clitellata" family="Ocnerodrilidae" genus="Monogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[273,408,1195,1220]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Monogaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Csuzdi & Zicsi" authorityYear="1994" box="[422,613,1195,1221]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Monothecodrilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[422,613,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Monothecodrilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Sims" authorityYear="1967" box="[628,751,1195,1221]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Omodeona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[628,751,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Omodeona</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Omodeo" authorityYear="1958" box="[765,882,1195,1221]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Pickfordia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[765,882,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Pickfordia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Csuzdi" authorityYear="2010" box="[896,1041,1195,1221]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" genus="Pickfordiella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[896,1041,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Pickfordiella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Csuzdi" authorityYear="2006" box="[1055,1178,1195,1221]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" genus="Reginaldia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1055,1178,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Reginaldia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName box="[1233,1380,1195,1221]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Wegeneriella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1233,1380,1195,1221]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Wegeneriella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and ca. 250 species. From the Neotropics, i.e., the Caribbean islands, Central America,
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<collectingCountry box="[1109,1197,1231,1257]" name="Mexico" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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, and Northern South America we know five genera (
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<taxonomicName box="[502,640,1267,1293]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[502,640,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dichogaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Cognetti de Martiis" authorityYear="1904" box="[654,782,1267,1292]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Eutrigaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[654,782,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Eutrigaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Černosvitov" authorityYear="1934" box="[795,910,1267,1292]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Neogaster" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[795,910,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Neogaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Csuzdi" authorityYear="1993" box="[924,1089,1267,1293]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" genus="Omodeoscolex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[924,1089,1267,1293]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Omodeoscolex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Černosvitov" authorityYear="1939" box="[1149,1296,1267,1292]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Wegeneriona" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1149,1296,1267,1292]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Wegeneriona</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) and around 100 species, mainly of
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[410,548,1303,1329]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[410,548,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dichogaster</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Cognetti de Martiis" authorityYear="1904" box="[603,731,1303,1328]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Eutrigaster" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[603,731,1303,1328]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Eutrigaster</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, many of which show high endemism rates, particularly on the Caribbean islands. The diversity of the minute South-American species is certainly underestimated due to a lack of sampling, especially in Amazonia, where recent work (in French
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[896,987,1375,1401]" name="Guyana" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
|
), revealed several new species, that are presently being described.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph blockId="5.[151,1437,1014,2013]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1436,151,357]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="423" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">
|
|
Several species in the family
|
|
<taxonomicName authorityName="Michaelsen" authorityYear="1897" box="[516,667,1447,1473]" class="Clitellata" family="Benhamiidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="family">Benhamiidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
, particularly in the genus
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[943,1081,1447,1473]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
|
<emphasis box="[943,1081,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dichogaster</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, are widespread anthropochores in the tropics, as their native ranges were probably originally in Central and Eastern Africa (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Gates, GE" box="[1211,1345,1483,1509]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" pagination="1 - 326" refId="ref14761" refString="Gates, GE. (1972) Burmese earthworms. An introduction to the systematics and biology of Megadrile Oligochaetes with special reference to Southeast Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 62, 1 - 326. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1006214" type="journal article" year="1972">Gates 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
|
; Csuzdi 2010). These species were probably widely dispersed during the centuries of commercial product exchanges between Africa and other continents, where ships could have transported soil in planted pots containing these generally parthenogenetic species. More recent transport with manure piles or agricultural equipment may also have led to the abundance of
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="(Michaelsen)" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[307,691,1627,1653]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gracilis">
|
|
<emphasis box="[307,537,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dichogaster gracilis</emphasis>
|
|
(Michaelsen)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="(Michaelsen)" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[704,1074,1627,1653]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bolaui">
|
|
<emphasis box="[704,920,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dichogaster bolaui</emphasis>
|
|
(Michaelsen)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="(Beddard)" baseAuthorityName="Beddard" baseAuthorityYear="1893" box="[1087,1432,1627,1653]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="saliens">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1087,1310,1627,1653]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dichogaster saliens</emphasis>
|
|
(Beddard)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="(Michaelsen)" baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" box="[202,581,1663,1689]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
|
<emphasis box="[202,422,1663,1689]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dichogaster affinis</emphasis>
|
|
(Michaelsen)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
in many no-tillage sites in Southern and Central
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1164,1235,1663,1689]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|
, where they may reach abundances well over 100 individuals
|
|
<superScript attach="left" box="[650,686,1698,1725]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">m-2</superScript>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Bartz, M. L. C. & Brown, G. G. & Pasini, A. & de Oliveira Fernandes, J. & Curmi, P. & Dorioz, J. & Ralisch, R." box="[701,893,1699,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" pagination="928 - 933" refId="ref10782" refString="Bartz, M. L. C., Brown, G. G., Pasini, A., de Oliveira Fernandes, J., Curmi, P., Dorioz, J. & Ralisch, R. (2009) Earthworm communities in organic and conventional coffee cultivation. Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, 44, 928 - 933. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0100 - 204 X 2009000800019" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
|
Bartz
|
|
<emphasis box="[770,827,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2009
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Bartz, M. L. C. & Brown, G. G. & da Rosa, M. G. & Filho, O. K. & James, S. W. & Decaens, T. & Baretta, D." box="[905,1096,1699,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" pagination="59 - 70" refId="ref10918" refString="Bartz, M. L. C., Brown, G. G., da Rosa, M. G., Filho, O. K., James, S. W., Decaens, T. & Baretta, D. (2014) Earthworm richness in land-use systems in Santa Catarina, Brazil. Applied Soil Ecology, 83, 59 - 70. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2014.03.003" type="journal article" year="2014">
|
|
Bartz
|
|
<emphasis box="[973,1029,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2014
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Santos, A. & Gorte, T. & Demetrio, W. C. & Ferreira, T. & Nadolny, H. & Cardoso, G. B. X. & Tonetti, C. & Ralisch, R. & Nunes, A. P. & Coqueiro, A. C. P. & Leandro, H. C. L. & Wandscheer, C. A. R. & Bortoluzzi, J. & Brown G. G. & Bartz, M. L. C." box="[1107,1313,1699,1725]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" pagination="517 - 534" refId="ref20068" refString="Santos, A., Gorte, T., Demetrio, W. C., Ferreira, T., Nadolny, H., Cardoso, G. B. X., Tonetti, C., Ralisch, R., Nunes, A. P., Coqueiro, A. C. P., Leandro, H. C. L., Wandscheer, C. A. R., Bortoluzzi, J., Brown G. G. & Bartz, M. L. C. (2018) Earthworm species in no-tillage agroecosystems and native Atlantic forests in Western Parana, Brazil. Zootaxa, 4496, 517 - 534. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4496.1.40" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
|
Santos
|
|
<emphasis box="[1189,1245,1699,1725]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2018
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Although
|
|
<taxonomicName box="[151,344,1735,1761]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
|
<emphasis box="[151,289,1735,1761]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dichogaster</emphasis>
|
|
spp.
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
are generally restricted to warm and humid tropical regions, several species have been reported from greenhouses in temperate climates and at least one species (
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[881,988,1771,1797]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bolaui">
|
|
<emphasis box="[881,988,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">D. bolaui</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
) was considered a
|
|
<emphasis box="[1202,1305,1771,1797]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">domicole</emphasis>
|
|
(adapted to human homes) species, as it was found in bathtubs, showers and sewage pipes in
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1048,1147,1807,1833]" name="Hungary" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1157,1239,1807,1833]" name="Ireland" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Ireland</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1249,1337,1807,1833]" name="Finland" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Finland</collectingCountry>
|
|
,
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1348,1437,1807,1833]" name="Sweden" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
|
and
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[199,261,1843,1869]" name="Israel" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
|
(
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Terhivuo, J." box="[276,446,1843,1869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" pagination="61 - 65" refId="ref21129" refString="Terhivuo, J. (1991) Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen) (Octochaetidae) - an allochthonous oligochaete invading urban sewer system. Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica, 67, 61 - 65." type="journal article" year="1991">Terhivuo 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Erseus, C. & Omodeo, P. & Rota, E." box="[458,663,1843,1869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" pagination="17 - 20" refId="ref13883" refString="Erseus, C., Omodeo, P. & Rota, E. (1994) The first records of the allochthonous species Dichogaster saliens and D. bolaui (Oligochaeta: Octochaetidae) from Sweden. Megadrilogica, 6 (2), 17 - 20." type="journal article" year="1994">
|
|
Erséus
|
|
<emphasis box="[540,597,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
1994
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Rota, E. & Schmidt, O." box="[676,926,1843,1869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" pagination="161 - 167" refId="ref19705" refString="Rota, E. & Schmidt, O. (2006) Dichogaster bolaui (Oligochaeta: Octochaetidae), anunusual invader in a swimming pool in Ireland. Journal of Natural History, 40 (3 - 4), 161 - 167. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930600630875" type="journal article" year="2006">Rota & Schmidt 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
|
;
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Csuzdi Cs. & Pavlicek, T. & Nevo, E." box="[938,1148,1843,1869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" pagination="198 - 201" refId="ref13066" refString="Csuzdi Cs., Pavlicek, T. & Nevo, E. (2008) Is Dichogaster bolaui (Michaelsen, 1891) the first domicole earthworm species? European Journal of Soil Biology, 44, 198 - 201. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. ejsobi. 2007.05.003" type="journal article" year="2008">
|
|
Csuzdi
|
|
<emphasis box="[1023,1080,1843,1869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2008
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). In fact, the
|
|
<typeStatus box="[1296,1344,1843,1869]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">type</typeStatus>
|
|
locality of
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[181,287,1879,1905]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bolaui">
|
|
<emphasis box="[181,287,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">D. bolaui</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is Hamburg, where it was found in fermenting bark at a factory (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Michaelsen, W." box="[1007,1204,1879,1905]" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" pagination="3 - 42" refId="ref17523" refString="Michaelsen, W. (1891) Oligochaeten des Naturhistorishchen Museums in Hamburg. IV. Jahrbuch der Hamburgischen Wissenschaftlichen Anstalten, 8, 3 - 42." type="journal article" year="1891">Michaelsen 1891</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="(Horst)" baseAuthorityName="Horst" baseAuthorityYear="1893" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="annae">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1223,1436,1879,1905]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dichogaster annae</emphasis>
|
|
(Horst)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is an epigeic species, common in vermicomposting ventures in tropical countries such as
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1252,1320,1915,1941]" name="Brazil" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
|
(James & Guimar„es 2010), but its distribution is probably much wider than presently known or reported, due to the lack of recognition by worm composters, and the little knowledge of its life-cycle and biology.
|
|
<taxonomicName authority="(Rosa)" baseAuthorityName="Rosa" baseAuthorityYear="1896" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="423" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="5" pageNumber="422" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="modiglianii">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1160,1436,1987,2013]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="422">Dichogaster modiglianii</emphasis>
|
|
(Rosa)
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
is an epi-endogeic species also with wide distribution (Africa, Southeast Asia,
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1129,1235,151,177]" name="Australia" pageId="6" pageNumber="423">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
|
, Oceania, Central America, Caribbean, Southern North America (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Blakemore, R. J." box="[694,888,187,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="423" refId="ref11218" refString="Blakemore, R. J. (2010) Cosmopolitan iarthworms - an Eco-taxonomic guide to the peregrine species of the world. 4 th ed. VermEcology, Yokohama." type="book" year="2010">Blakemore 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
|
), and was recently found in several Amazonian sites, associated with Pre-Columbian human activities (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Conrado, A. C." box="[773,940,223,249]" pageId="6" pageNumber="423" refId="ref12735" refString="Conrado, A. C. (2018) Diversidade da macrofauna edafica em sistemas florestais e agricolas amazonicos. Master's Thesis, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, 119 pp." type="book" year="2018">Conrado 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
|
). Specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Michaelsen" baseAuthorityYear="1891" box="[1118,1225,223,249]" class="Clitellata" family="Octochaetidae" genus="Dichogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplotaxida" pageId="6" pageNumber="423" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="bolaui">
|
|
<emphasis box="[1118,1225,223,249]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="423">D. bolaui</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
were also recently reported from a remote and human-free Amazonian rainforest area in Southern French
|
|
<collectingCountry box="[1152,1242,259,285]" name="Guyana" pageId="6" pageNumber="423">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
|
, highlighting the potential of these cosmopolitan species to establish stable populations that persist centuries after original introduction by humans (
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Maggia, M. E. & Decaens T. & Lapied E. & Dupont L. & Roy V. & Schimann H. & Orivel J. & Murienne J. & Baraloto C. & Cottenie K. & Steink D." box="[288,505,331,357]" pageId="6" pageNumber="423" pagination="103932" refId="ref16809" refString="Maggia, M. E., Decaens T., Lapied E., Dupont L., Roy V., Schimann H., Orivel J., Murienne J., Baraloto C., Cottenie K. & Steink D. (2021) At each site its diversity: DNA barcoding reveals remarkable earthworm diversity in tropical rainforest of French Guiana. Applied Soil Ecology, 164, 103932. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. apsoil. 2021.103932" type="journal article" year="2021">
|
|
Maggia
|
|
<emphasis box="[382,438,331,357]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="423">et al.</emphasis>
|
|
2021
|
|
</bibRefCitation>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |