210 lines
26 KiB
XML
210 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="CBE4F9E52FB350B4BDEDDCFEA689D450">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="CBD5D310214189FB374C89F9CC002D67">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="FEC0BF54AF3FA09E7D7FAEE806948066">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="ED13DC5286465BE6C075C7636F53C882">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:dateIssued id="3C50CE73A4EE2A414159F471284F998E">2017</mods:dateIssued>
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<mods:publisher id="1954F35D1F3E94CAEC3592BE758C9AF7">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
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<mods:title id="D4413B04FD0BE4A37F49A4A8D7E33FF0">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FFE5202C088A154E0E33F438" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6725329" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220891" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6725329" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FFE5202C088A154E0E33F438" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FFE5202C088A154E0E33F438" lastPageNumber="352" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C088A154E0E3BFE9F" box="[1469,1548,274,324]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="multiple">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C088A154E0E3BFE9F" blockId="75.[1464,2413,274,408]" box="[1469,1548,274,324]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE5202C088A154E0E3BFE9F" box="[1469,1548,274,324]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FFE5202C088A154E0E3BFE9F" box="[1469,1548,274,324]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="64.[116,146,3216,3241]" captionTargetBox="[13,2749,15,3648]" captionTargetPageId="63" captionText="On following pages: 149. Meadow Vole (Microtus pennsyivanicus); 150. Long-tailed Vole (Microtus longicaudus); 151. Creeping Vole (Microtus oregoni); 152. Major's Pine Vole (Microtus majori); 153. Common Pine Vole (Microtus subterraneus); 154. Caucasian Pine Vole (Microtus daghestanicus); 155. Alpine Pine Vole (Microtus multiplex); 156. Liechtenstein’s Pine Vole (Microtus liechtensteini); 157. Tatra Pine Vole (Microtus tatricus): 158. Mediterranean Pine Vole (Microtus duodecimcostatus); 159. Lusitanian Pine Vole (Microtus lusitanicus); 160. Pyrenean Pine Vole (Microtus gerbil); 161. Savi's Pine Vole (Microtus savii): 162. Calabria Pine Vole (Microtus brachycercus); 163. Sicilian Pine Vole (Microtus nebrodensis); 164. Thomas's Pine Vole (Microtus thomasi); 165. Balkan Pine Vole (Microtus felteni); 166. Schelkovnikov's Pine Vole (Microtus schelkovnikovi): 167. Harting's Vole (Microtus hartingi); 168. Levant Vole (Microtus guentheri); 169. Dogramaci’s Vole (Microtus dogramacii); 170. Cyrenaica Vole (Microtus mustersi); 171. Social Vole (Microtus socialis): 172. Anatolian Vole (Microtus anatolicus): 173. Iranian Vole (Microtus iran); 174. Kopet Dag Pine Vole (Microtus paradoxus); 175. Common Vole (Microtus arvalis); 176. Altai Vole (Microtus obscurus); 177. East European Vole (Microtus mystacinus); 178. Kerman Vole (Microtus kermanensis); 179. Transcaspian Vole (Microtus transcaspicus); 180. Tian Shan Vole (Microtus ilaeus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708419" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708419/files/figure.png" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">177.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0B2A154E0F81FE9F" box="[1565,1974,274,324]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0B2A154E0F81FE9F" blockId="75.[1464,2413,274,408]" box="[1565,1974,274,324]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE5202C0B2A154E0F81FE9F" box="[1565,1974,274,324]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE5202C0B2A154E0F81FE9F" ID-CoL="7R6CK" baseAuthorityName="De Filippi" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1565,1974,274,324]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">East European Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0ACA154E015AFE9F" box="[2045,2413,274,324]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0ACA154E015AFE9F" blockId="75.[1464,2413,274,408]" box="[2045,2413,274,324]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE5202C0ACA154E015AFE9F" box="[2045,2413,274,324]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0ACA154E015AFE9F" ID-CoL="7R6CK" baseAuthorityName="De Filippi" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[2045,2413,274,324]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0ACA154E015AFE9F" box="[2045,2413,274,324]" italics="true" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Microtus mystacinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C088D150A007AFE49" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C088D150A016EFEB0" blockId="75.[1464,2413,274,408]" box="[1466,2393,342,363]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE5202C088D150A016EFEB0" box="[1466,2393,342,363]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C088D150A0E32FEB0" bold="true" box="[1466,1541,342,363]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE5202C0B39150A0F36FEB0" ID-CoL="7R6CK" baseAuthorityName="De Filippi" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1550,1793,342,363]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">Campagnol de De Filippi</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0A21150A0F46FEB0" bold="true" box="[1814,1905,342,363]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE5202C0A4D150A0FCEFEB0" ID-CoL="7R6CK" baseAuthorityName="De Filippi" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1914,2041,342,363]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">Ostfeldmaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C0538150A005DFEB0" bold="true" box="[2063,2154,342,363]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE5202C0547150A016EFEB0" ID-CoL="7R6CK" baseAuthorityName="De Filippi" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[2160,2393,342,363]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">Topillo europeo oriental</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C088E1521007AFE49" blockId="75.[1464,2413,274,408]" box="[1465,2125,381,402]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FFE5202C088E1521007AFE49" box="[1465,2125,381,402]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C088E15210E87FE49" bold="true" box="[1465,1712,381,402]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Other common names:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE5202C0B8D15210F00FE49" ID-CoL="7R6CK" baseAuthorityName="De Filippi" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1722,1847,381,402]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">Russian Vole</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE5202C0A7215210F80FE49" ID-CoL="7R6CK" baseAuthorityName="De Filippi" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1861,1975,381,402]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">Sibling Vole</vernacularName>
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,
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFFE5202C0AF31521007AFE49" ID-CoL="7R6CK" baseAuthorityName="De Filippi" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1988,2125,381,402]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">Southern Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C052A1598015AFDD2" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C052A1598015AFDD2" blockId="75.[2077,2673,452,875]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C052A1598008EFE3A" bold="true" box="[2077,2233,452,481]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C05F015980055FDD2" ID-CoL="7R6CK" authorityName="De Filippi" authorityYear="1865" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Arvicola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">Arvicola mystacinus De Filippi, 1865</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FFE5202C054515B0015AFDD2" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814915" box="[2162,2413,492,521]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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Lar Valley, N
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FFE5202C041915B0015DFDD2" box="[2350,2410,492,521]" name="Iran" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Iran</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C0528164F017DFBD3" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C0528164F017DFBD3" blockId="75.[2077,2673,452,875]" lastBlockId="75.[1464,2673,881,3043]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0528164F0113FDEB" box="[2079,2340,531,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">Microtus mystacinus</taxonomicName>
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is in subgenus
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0737164F0247FDEB" box="[2560,2672,531,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microtus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0553166600D8FD8C" box="[2148,2287,570,599]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">mystacinus</taxonomicName>
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species group. It was recognized in 1972 as a distinct species from
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C052816D8009EFD7E" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[2079,2217,644,677]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">M. arvalis</taxonomicName>
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and subsequently reported under five different names: subarvalis named by M. N.
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0595168F00CFFD2F" authority="Orlov" authorityName="Orlov" box="[2210,2296,723,756]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" rank="variety" status="var. nov." variety="meyer">Meyer</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A21EBD6CFFE5202C043F168F017BFD2F" box="[2312,2380,723,756]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" rank="variety">V. N.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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Orlov and E. D. Skholl’ in 1972 (not subarvalis by E. Heller in 1933), epiroticus, rossiaemeridionalis,
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C07051776025FFC98" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1908" box="[2610,2664,810,835]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levis">levis</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0569171200DEFCB0" box="[2142,2281,846,875]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">mystacinus</taxonomicName>
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. It was separated from arvalis based on chromosomal evidence (2n = 54 in
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0557172D00DCFC49" box="[2144,2283,881,914]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">mystacinus</taxonomicName>
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and 2n = 46 in
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C04FC172D0215FC49" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[2507,2594,881,914]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">arvalis</taxonomicName>
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) and cross-breeding experiments. The latter failed to produce litters between
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C04D217C40247FC62" box="[2533,2672,920,953]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">mystacinus</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C08CD179C0E65FC3A" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[1530,1618,960,993]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">arvalis</taxonomicName>
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. Taxonomic status of
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0ABF179C0024FC3A" box="[1928,2067,960,993]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mystacinus">mystacinus</taxonomicName>
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is also evident from nucleotide sequences. Subspecific taxonomy was never thoroughly assessed. Monotypic.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C088E104B026FFB16" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C088E104B026FFB16" blockId="75.[1464,2673,881,3043]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C088E104B0E52FBEB" bold="true" box="[1465,1637,1047,1072]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
N & E Europe (S Finland, Baltic states, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, and W & SW Russia), Balkans (E Romania, S Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Greece), Turkey, Armenia, NW & N Iran, W & N Kazakhstan, and Russia as far E as Tobol River in W Siberia. Introduced to Svalbard and Jan Mayen Is in the N Atlantic and to several scattered localities in Siberia, Olkhon I in Lake Baikal, and Khabarovsk Krai in Russian Far East.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C088E10880F2EF8C6" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C088E10880F2EF8C6" blockId="75.[1464,2673,881,3043]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C088E10880E81FB2E" bold="true" box="[1465,1718,1236,1269]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
|
||
Head—body 102-130 mm, tail 33-55 mm; weight 21-58 g. Males are, on average, heavier than females; means for 90day-old individuals are 30-5 g for males and 25-6 g for females. Individuals are, on average, larger in the south than the north. The East European Vole is moderately large, with short, stout, and large head; blunt muzzle; moderately large eyes; and long ears that protrude above fur. Tail averages 37% of head-body length. Legs are short, with six (exceptionally five) plantar tubercles. Females have eight nipples, two pairs each of pectoral and inguinal. Fur is shaggy and moderately long. Back is dark brown, frequently shaded buff, grizzled with black tips of long hairs. Flanks are lighter and more yellowish, and demarcation along flanks is faint. Belly is gray and washed with white or buff. Skull is of characteristic
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C088C12020E1DF9A4" box="[1467,1578,1630,1663]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Microtus</taxonomicName>
|
||
shape. Zygomatic arches are moderately expanded, and their widths account for ¢.656% of skull length. Supraorbital ridges merge in adults to form a sagittal crest. Incisors are orthodont. Molars are essentially same as in other social species of Mircotus, but M* lacks postero-lingual loop. M? is complex, with up to four reentrant angles on inner and outer sides.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C088D1370002EF7EA" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C088D1370002EF7EA" blockId="75.[1464,2673,881,3043]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C088D13700E1EF89E" bold="true" box="[1466,1577,1836,1861]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Open habitats and arable land on various substrates, including sand, from sea level to elevations up to ¢.2480 m. East European Voles preferred sites with high and dense herbaceous or grassy vegetation, hedgerows, and stands of reeds. They are frequently encountered with wet meadows and marshes and avoid short-grass meadows and dry areas. They can occur in urban areas including large cities such as Moscow. East European Voles occasionally settle in sparse woodland and inside buildings (e.g. greenhouses, stables, and vegetable stores).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C088D1C6B0092F7A4" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C088D1C6B0092F7A4" blockId="75.[1464,2673,881,3043]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C088D1C6B0EF3F783" bold="true" box="[1466,1732,2103,2136]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
The East European Vole is more granivorous than the Common Vole (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C0B391C020EA1F7A4" baseAuthorityName="Pallas" baseAuthorityYear="1779" box="[1550,1686,2142,2175]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arvalis">M. arvalis</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and considered an agricultural pest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C088D1CD90255F639" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C088D1CD90255F639" blockId="75.[1464,2673,881,3043]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C088D1CD90E76F77D" bold="true" box="[1466,1601,2181,2214]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
In the Balkans, breeding season of the East European Vole starts in early April and lasts into October. Reproductively active females weigh 15-50 g, and ovulation is induced. In captivity, gestation lasts 18-22 days. Numbers of embryos are 2-10/ female, and mean is 4-3 in Anatolia (Turkey) and 5-6 in the Balkans. Averagelitter in captivity is 4-6 young. Multiparous females have larger litters (5-9) than primiparous females (3-6). Females show postpartum estrus on the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C05851D1600D5F6B0" box="[2226,2274,2378,2411]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
of parturition, and interpartum times are 19-27 days. Young are born nude, blind, and with sealed ears. At birth, young weigh 1:4-3-2 g (mean 2-3 g), and at weaning (20 days old), they weigh 10-9-25-6 g (mean 18-7 g). Females are sexually mature at 45-60 days old (mean 54 days).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C088E1DB001B9F515" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C088E1DB001B9F515" blockId="75.[1464,2673,881,3043]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C088E1DB00E91F5D2" bold="true" box="[1465,1702,2540,2569]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Daily activity is polyphasic. East European Voles excavate extensive burrows, with numerous entrances and tunnels descending 20-25 cm. Each burrow system has at least one nest chamber that is usually situated at the deepest point. Complex systems go deeper (up to 30-35 cm) and have several nests. Entrances to burrows are connected by aboveground runways through vegetation. While exploring their habitat, East European Voles are less neophobic than Common Voles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C088D1E880151F52E" box="[1466,2406,2772,2805]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C088D1E880151F52E" blockId="75.[1464,2673,881,3043]" box="[1466,2406,2772,2805]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C088D1E880040F52E" bold="true" box="[1466,2167,2772,2805]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
No information.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C088C1F5C0166F49F" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C088C1F5C0166F49F" blockId="75.[1464,2673,881,3043]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C088C1F5C0F22F4C6" bold="true" box="[1467,1813,2816,2845]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as [Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C04C01F5C0256F4C6" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1908" box="[2551,2657,2816,2845]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="levis">M. levis</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Overall distribution of the East European Vole is ¢.3,800,000 km?.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFFE5202C088C1F0F0E33F438" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FFE5202C088C1F0F0E33F438" blockId="75.[1464,2673,881,3043]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FFE5202C088C1F0F0E63F4B7" bold="true" box="[1467,1620,2899,2924]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Heller (1933), Krystufek & Vohralik (2005), Mahmoudi, Darvish, Aliabadian, Khosravi et al. (2014), Mahmoudi, Darvish, Aliabadian, Moghaddam & Krystufek (2017),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C05AB1F2600E8F448" authority="Orlov" authorityName="Orlov" box="[2204,2271,2938,2963]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" rank="variety" status="var. nov." variety="meyer">Meyer</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Golenishchev et al. (1996),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FFE5202C07111F26025DF448" authority="Orlov" authorityName="Orlov" box="[2598,2666,2938,2963]" pageId="75" pageNumber="352" rank="variety" status="var. nov." variety="meyer">Meyer</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Orlov & Skholl’ (1972), Petrov & Ruzi¢ (1982), Shenbrot & Krasnov (2005), Tiunov et al. (2013), Widayati et al. (2003).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |