236 lines
30 KiB
XML
236 lines
30 KiB
XML
<document id="E70E78ACCDE68A2DA60F4C0CA1BBD1F0" ID-CLB-Dataset="22635" ID-DOI="10.3897/zookeys.31.170" ID-GBIF-Dataset="09feb5cb-d61b-4d34-89cc-9cd790095da4" ID-ISSN="1313–2970" ID-Zenodo-Dep="576592" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1587999379877" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Masseti, Marco" docDate="2009" docId="03C6878C484AFFE3A99AFF16DDB03B18" docLanguage="en" docName="ZK_article_2126.pdf" docOrigin="ZooKeys 31 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStylede.uka.ipd.idaho.easyIO.settings.Settings@3e7940b3" docStyleName="zookeys.2008.journal_article" docTitle="Parthera pardus" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="246" masterDocId="FFFFFFF4485AFFF1A916FFB1DC5E3939" masterDocTitle="Carnivores of Syria" masterLastPageNumber="252" masterPageNumber="229" pageNumber="245" updateTime="1698836977943" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-3.0">
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<mods:titleInfo id="17A11C769B9F99618C778C6FD0562A2E">
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<mods:title id="26FBC21FAF428E079226AD4EDD76B04E">Carnivores of Syria</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="9131EC421594AB33293FDA3468C6FD4F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="277DA85F57B07F2EEB2439CF9DD09E03">Masseti, Marco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="995B22DCB69B92622FB0A1E6D7C14486">Università di Firenze, Firenze ,, Italy</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="C06FD9689CC72E1EBBBDEA6BD8D98F92">ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="C785F7980097F1C785C8821A98B35530">
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<mods:date id="7E126CD80F59FA399EE9CFADAF5F94B4">2009</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="632CC6B7BF27490F7453819908570FDD">2009-12-28</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="4A56B79600792BA40F4EBB705134E01C">31</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="B457C5E150FA2D9322B8A6CC891DF1F4" type="CLB-Dataset">22635</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3D40C132EF69A996641B6E3AD130119B" type="DOI">10.3897/zookeys.31.170</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="E89E5CDD8C764877051822C6CE35EEF2" type="ISSN">1313–2970</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03C6878C484AFFE3A99AFF16DDB03B18" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3789974" ID-GBIF-Taxon="163755022" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3789974" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C6878C484AFFE3A99AFF16DDB03B18" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C6878C484AFFE3A99AFF16DDB03B18" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">
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<subSubSection id="C3756511484AFFE1A99AFF16DECA39F9" box="[140,660,166,193]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BD0369A484AFFE1A99AFF16DECA39F9" blockId="16.[140,660,166,228]" box="[140,660,166,193]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">
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<heading id="D09881F6484AFFE1A99AFF16DECA39F9" box="[140,660,166,193]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" reason="3">
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<emphasis id="B91BEA88484AFFE1A99AFF16DECA39F9" bold="true" box="[140,660,166,193]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">
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Leopard,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D19484AFFE1A9E8FF17DECA39F9" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[254,660,166,193]" genus="Parthera" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" rank="species" species="pardus">
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<emphasis id="B91BEA88484AFFE1A9E8FF17DD9E39F8" bold="true" box="[254,448,166,193]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">Parthera pardus</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3756511484AFFE0A99AFF7BDF7E39DD" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="246" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BD0369A484AFFE1A99AFF7BDC8539DD" blockId="16.[140,660,166,228]" box="[140,219,202,228]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">Fig. 12</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD0369A484AFFE1A99AFEA1DFF43B7D" blockId="16.[140,1108,272,792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">
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As regards this felid, I was able to examine only the skin of an adult male killed at Nabi Yunes, Slonfeh, north-western
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<collectingCountry id="F378760A484AFFE1A8F5FE82DE403874" box="[483,542,307,333]" name="Syria" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">Syria</collectingCountry>
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, in 1959 (ZFMK n. 64.1171, see
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484AFFE1AA80FE82D8183877" author="Lehmann E von" box="[918,1094,307,334]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" pagination="22 - 38" refId="ref8668" refString="Lehmann E von (1965) Uber die Saugetiere im Waldgebiet NW-Syriens. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin (N. F.), 5 (1): 22 - 38." type="journal article" year="1965">Lehmann 1965</bibRefCitation>
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), and to collect direct information about the disappearance of the last individuals from the same region. In the territories of northern
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<collectingCountry id="F378760A484AFFE1AB9BFECBDE9B38AD" box="[653,709,378,404]" name="Syria" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">Syria</collectingCountry>
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where the species was last reported, the
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<collectingCountry id="F378760A484AFFE1A9AFFE2CDD64388E" box="[185,314,413,439]" name="Turkey" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">Asia Minor</collectingCountry>
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leopard,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D19484AFFE1A8BEFE2FDF0A3881" authority="Valenciennes, 1856" authorityName="Valenciennes" authorityYear="1856" box="[424,852,413,440]" genus="Parthera" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" rank="subSpecies" species="pardus" subSpecies="tulliana">
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<emphasis id="B91BEA88484AFFE1A8BEFE2FDE35388E" box="[424,619,413,439]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">P. pardus tulliana</emphasis>
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Valenciennes, 1856
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</taxonomicName>
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, is documented but it cannot be ruled out that the Arabian leopard,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D19484AFFE1AB99FE70DC9738C7" authority="Hemprich & Ehrtenberg, 1833" authorityName="Hemprich & Ehrtenberg" authorityYear="1833" genus="Parthera" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" rank="subSpecies" species="pardus" subSpecies="nimr">
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<emphasis id="B91BEA88484AFFE1AB99FE70DF7238E3" box="[655,812,448,474]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">P. pardus nimr</emphasis>
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Hemprich & Ehrtenberg, 1833
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</taxonomicName>
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, may also have occurred in the desert regions of southern
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<collectingCountry id="F378760A484AFFE1AA7FFE52DFFB38C4" box="[873,933,483,509]" name="Syria" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">Syria</collectingCountry>
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. In the Levant, felids of the latter subspecies are still dispersed along the shores of the Dead Sea, and in the Negev desert (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484AFFE1A841FD9BDE6A3B7D" author="Mendelssohn H" box="[343,564,554,580]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" pagination="2 - 4" refId="ref9212" refString="Mendelssohn H (1989) Felids in Israel. Cat News, 10: 2 - 4." type="journal article" year="1989">Mendelssohn 1989</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484AFFE1AB56FD9BDEB83B7D" author="Masseti M" box="[576,742,554,580]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" pagination="607 - 618" refId="ref8869" refString="Masseti M (2000 a) Wild cats (Mammalia, Carnivora) of Anatolia. With some observations on the former and present occurrence of leopards in south-eastern Turkey and on the Greek island of Samos. Biogeographia: 20: 607 - 618." type="journal article" year="2000">Masseti 2000a</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484AFFE1ABE4FD9BDFC33B7D" author="Shalmon B" box="[754,925,554,580]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" pagination="211 - 289" refId="ref9932" refString="Shalmon B (2004) Mammals. In: Dolev A, Perevolotsky A (Eds): The Red Book of the Vertebrates in Israel. The Israel Nature and Parks Authority and the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Jerusalem: 211 - 289." type="book chapter" year="2004">Shalmon 2004</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD0369A484AFFE1A9AFFDFCD80D3A21" blockId="16.[140,1108,272,792]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">
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The last Syrian leopard is reputed to have been killed in 1963, in the vicinity of the village of Bab Jannè (= “
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<emphasis id="B91BEA88484AFFE1A8C6FDC1DEFE3BB3" box="[464,672,624,650]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">the gate of paradise</emphasis>
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”), Slonfeh, on the Alawit Mountains, about
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<quantity id="4C979B7F484AFFE1A9C2FD25DD403B94" box="[212,286,659,686]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" unit="km" value="20.0">20 km</quantity>
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from the Turkish border (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484AFFE1AB51FD22DEAC3B97" author="Masseti M" box="[583,754,659,686]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" pagination="607 - 618" refId="ref8869" refString="Masseti M (2000 a) Wild cats (Mammalia, Carnivora) of Anatolia. With some observations on the former and present occurrence of leopards in south-eastern Turkey and on the Greek island of Samos. Biogeographia: 20: 607 - 618." type="journal article" year="2000">Masseti 2000a</bibRefCitation>
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). According to Ahmad Hamud of the Arab Forest and Range Institute of
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<collectingRegion id="49ABF878484AFFE1AB66FD06DE953BE8" box="[624,715,695,721]" country="Syria" name="Al Ladhiqiyah" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">Lattakia</collectingRegion>
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(AFRI) (1994, pers. comm.), this specimen was killed by a forest guard of the Kharafan family in the forest of Cilician fir,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D19484AFFE1A9A7FD4CDE3F3A21" authority="(Ant. et Klotsch.) Carr. It" authorityName="Carr. It" baseAuthorityName="Ant. et Klotsch." box="[177,609,765,792]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Abies" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="cilicica">
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<emphasis id="B91BEA88484AFFE1A9A7FD4CDD653A2E" box="[177,315,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">Abies cilicica</emphasis>
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(Ant. et Klotsch.) Carr. It
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</taxonomicName>
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is perhaps interesting to recall that the same
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD0369A484AFFE1A99DF9C7D80F3FB5" blockId="16.[139,1105,1654,1676]" box="[139,1105,1654,1676]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">
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<emphasis id="B91BEA88484AFFE1A99DF9C7DCA43FB5" bold="true" box="[139,250,1654,1676]" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">Figure |2.</emphasis>
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• Leopard,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D19484AFFE1A866F9C7DEF63FB5" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[368,680,1654,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Panthera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pardus">
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<emphasis id="B91BEA88484AFFE1A866F9C7DE5F3FB2" box="[368,513,1654,1675]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">Panthera pardus</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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; ·
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D19484AFFE1ABDCF9C7DF4C3FB5" box="[714,786,1654,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Caracal" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Caracal</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D19484AFFE1AA0DF9C7D8133FB5" authority="caracal (Schreiber, 1776)" authorityName="caracal (Schreiber" authorityYear="1776" baseAuthorityName="Schreiber" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[795,1101,1654,1676]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Caracal" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="16" pageNumber="245" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caracal">
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<emphasis id="B91BEA88484AFFE1AA0DF9C7DFFA3FB2" box="[795,932,1654,1675]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="245">Caracal caracal</emphasis>
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(Schreiber, 1776)
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD0369A484BFFE0A99AFF16DF7E39DD" blockId="17.[140,1107,167,228]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">
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area is also the last Syrian stronghold of the Kurdish roe deer,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D19484BFFE0AA58FF16DDBA39DD" authority="(Cheesman and Hinton 1923)" baseAuthorityName="Cheesman and Hinton" baseAuthorityYear="1923" class="Mammalia" family="Cervidae" genus="Capreolus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="capreolus" subSpecies="coxi">
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<emphasis id="B91BEA88484BFFE0AA58FF16D80D39F9" box="[846,1107,167,193]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Capreolus capreolus coxi</emphasis>
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(Cheesman and Hinton 1923)
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0A8E2FF7BDEC539DD" author="Masseti M" box="[500,667,202,228]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" pagination="619 - 623" refId="ref8915" refString="Masseti M (2000 b) Note on a Near-Eastern relic population of roe deer, Capreolus capreolus (L., 1758) (Mammalia, Artodactyla). Biogeographia, 20: 619 - 623." type="journal article" year="2000">Masseti 2000b</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0ABC2FF7BDF4D39DD" author="Masseti M" box="[724,787,202,228]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" pagination="139 - 148" refId="ref9124" refString="Masseti M (2004) Artiodactyls of Syria. Zoology in the Middle East, 33: 139 - 148." type="journal article" year="2004">2004</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3756511484BFFE3A99AFEF3DDB03B18" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="247" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BD0369A484BFFE0A99AFEF3DD583864" blockId="17.[140,262,322,349]" box="[140,262,322,349]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">
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<emphasis id="B91BEA88484BFFE0A99AFEF3DD583864" bold="true" box="[140,262,322,349]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Remarks</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD0369A484BFFE0A99AFECBDDD838E3" blockId="17.[140,1108,378,1672]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">In the course of this research it was possible to gather information on the current diffusion of 15 species of carnivore ranging in size from the wolf to the weasel, and not including the leopard.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD0369A484BFFE0A9AFFE55DFBC3BCD" blockId="17.[140,1108,378,1672]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">
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It was, not possible to ascertain the occurrence of the Blandford fox,
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<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D19484BFFE0AAC5FE52DD153B18" authority="Blandford, 1877" authorityName="Blandford" authorityYear="1877" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cana">
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<emphasis id="B91BEA88484BFFE0AAC5FE52D80A38C4" box="[979,1108,483,509]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Vulpes cana</emphasis>
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Blandford, 1877
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</taxonomicName>
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, in
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<collectingCountry id="F378760A484BFFE0A86EFDB6DDEA3B18" box="[376,436,519,545]" name="Syria" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Syria</collectingCountry>
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||
. The species was first recorded from the western Near East by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0A9BBFD9BDD663B7D" author="Ilani G" box="[173,312,554,580]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" pagination="150" refId="ref8020" refString="Ilani G (1983) Blanfords fox, Vulpes cana Blanford, 1877, a new specie sto Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology, 32: 150." type="journal article" year="1983">Ilani (1983)</bibRefCitation>
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||
, and there is no previous information from this area. Today the western limit of its distribution is found in the southern Levant (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0AA3DFDFCDC943BB3" author="Ginsberg JR & Macdonald DW" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" refId="ref7748" refString="Ginsberg JR, Macdonald DW (1990) Foxes, wolves, jackals and dogs: an action plan for the conservation of Canids. IUCN. Gland (Switzerland): 116 pp." type="book" year="1990">Ginsberg and Macdonald 1990</bibRefCitation>
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||
), where it inhabits the cliffs of the desert region from
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<collectingRegion id="49ABF878484BFFE0AA26FDC1DF293BB3" box="[816,887,624,650]" country="Jordan" name="Al 'Aqabah" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Aqaba</collectingRegion>
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||
up to the southern
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<collectingCountry id="F378760A484BFFE0A99AFD22DC893B94" box="[140,215,659,685]" name="Jordan" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Jordan</collectingCountry>
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valley (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0A838FD22DE713B97" author="Abu Baker MA & Al Omari K & Qarqaz M & Khaled Y & Yousef M & Amr ZS" box="[302,559,659,686]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" pagination="1 - 6" refId="ref6766" refString="Abu Baker MA, Al Omari K, Qarqaz M, Khaled Y, Yousef M, Amr ZS (2004) On the current status and distribution of Blanford'fox, Vulpes cana Blanford, 1877, in Jordan (Mammalia: Carnivora: Canidae). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 28: 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="2004">Abu Baker et al. 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0AB2AFD22DEB63B97" author="Shalmon B" box="[572,744,659,686]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" pagination="211 - 289" refId="ref9932" refString="Shalmon B (2004) Mammals. In: Dolev A, Perevolotsky A (Eds): The Red Book of the Vertebrates in Israel. The Israel Nature and Parks Authority and the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Jerusalem: 211 - 289." type="book chapter" year="2004">Shalmon 2004</bibRefCitation>
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||
). However, as in the recent case of the sand cat in the Tadmor desert, it cannot be ruled out that further studies might document the presence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D19484BFFE0A8A0FD6BDE683BCD" authorityName="Blandford" authorityYear="1877" box="[438,566,730,756]" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Vulpes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEA88484BFFE0A8A0FD6BDE683BCD" box="[438,566,730,756]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Vulpes cana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in some of the rocky regions of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378760A484BFFE0AAB4FD6BDF803BCD" box="[930,990,730,756]" name="Syria" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0369A484BFFE0A9AFFD4FDF863F78" blockId="17.[140,1108,378,1672]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">
|
||
Nor was it possible to obtain any information about the ratel or honey badger,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D19484BFFE0A99AFC91DE463A02" authority="(Schreber, 1776)" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[140,536,800,827]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mellivora" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEA88484BFFE0A99AFC91DD0E3A03" box="[140,336,800,826]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Mellivora capensis</emphasis>
|
||
(Schreber, 1776)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and we should recall that
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0AA5FFC91D8783A02" author="Kumerloeve H" box="[841,1062,800,827]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" pagination="159 - 225" refId="ref8389" refString="Kumerloeve H (1975) Die Saugetiere (Mammalia) Syriens und des Libanon. Veroff. Zool. Staatssamml. Munchen, 18: 159 - 225." type="journal article" year="1975">Kumerloeve (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
too was unable to confirm the occurrence of this species from the Syrian territories. This is not to say, however, that the species is to be considered as completely absent from the country, otherwise it would be impossible to explain its fairly well-documented occurrence in neighbouring
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378760A484BFFE0A8D9FC1CDE443AFE" box="[463,538,941,967]" name="Jordan" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Jordan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0AB43FC1CDE8B3AFE" author="Amr ZS" box="[597,725,941,967]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" refId="ref6869" refString="Amr ZS (2000) Jordan Country Study on Biological Diversity. Mammals of Jordan. United Nations Environment Programme / National Library, Amman: 100 pp." type="book" year="2000">Amr, 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378760A484BFFE0AA0BFC1CDF063AFE" box="[797,856,941,967]" name="Israel" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
(see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0AA85FC1CD8193AFE" author="Shalmon B" box="[915,1095,941,967]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" pagination="211 - 289" refId="ref9932" refString="Shalmon B (2004) Mammals. In: Dolev A, Perevolotsky A (Eds): The Red Book of the Vertebrates in Israel. The Israel Nature and Parks Authority and the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Jerusalem: 211 - 289." type="book chapter" year="2004">Shalmon, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In this case too, it cannot be ruled out that the absence of specific sightings/reports for
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378760A484BFFE0A9A3FC42DCB33D34" box="[181,237,1011,1037]" name="Syria" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
could plausibly be attributed to the absence of targeted studies. Nor should we overlook the fact that in the entire Near East this species is frequently persecuted, being poisoned and hunted by bee farmers because it of the damage it causes to beehives (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0A9C4FBECDDDB3D4E" author="Shalmon B" box="[210,389,1117,1143]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" pagination="211 - 289" refId="ref9932" refString="Shalmon B (2004) Mammals. In: Dolev A, Perevolotsky A (Eds): The Red Book of the Vertebrates in Israel. The Israel Nature and Parks Authority and the Society for the Protection of Nature in Israel, Jerusalem: 211 - 289." type="book chapter" year="2004">Shalmon, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Nor was any information obtained about the occurrence of the smooth-coated Indian otter,
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEA88484BFFE0A8C4FB31DE953DA3" box="[466,715,1152,1178]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Lutrograle perspicillata</emphasis>
|
||
(Geoffroy, 1826) along the Syrian course of the Euphrates. In any case, however, the Near Eastern range of this Middle and Far Eastern species has been indicated as limited to southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378760A484BFFE0AA74FB76DFA23DD8" box="[866,1020,1223,1249]" name="Iraq" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Mesopotamia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0AD1CFB76DCA93C3D" author="Harrison DL" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" refId="ref7864" refString="Harrison DL (1968) The mammals of Arabia. Vol. II. Carnivora - Artiodactyla - Hyracoidea. Ernest Benn Ltd, London: 380 pp." type="book" year="1968">Harrison 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0A815FB5BDE7E3C3D" author="Harrison DL & Bates PJJ" box="[259,544,1258,1284]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" refId="ref7893" refString="Harrison DL, Bates PJJ (1991) The Mammals of Arabia. Harrison Zoological Museum, Sevenoaks (England): 354 pp." type="book" year="1991">Harrison and Bates 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0AB3DFB5BDEAF3C3C" author="Wozencraft W" box="[555,753,1258,1285]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" pagination="532 - 628" refId="ref10204" refString="Wozencraft W (2005) Order Carnivora. In: Wilson DE, Reeder DM (Eds) Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third Edition. Volume 1. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore: 532 - 628." type="book chapter" year="2005">Wozencraft 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0ABEAFB5BDF8C3C3D" author="Karami M & Hutterer R & Benda P & Siahsarvie R & Krystufek B" box="[764,978,1258,1284]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" pagination="63 - 102" refId="ref8049" refString="Karami M, Hutterer R, Benda P, Siahsarvie R, Krystufek B (2008) Annotated check-list of the mammals of Iran. Lynx, n. s., 39 (1): 63 - 102." type="journal article" year="2008">Karami et al. 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The question of the possible presence of representatives of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6F4D19484BFFE0ABF1FABFDF453C1E" authorityName="Kerr" authorityYear="1792" box="[743,795,1294,1319]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Lynx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEA88484BFFE0ABF1FABFDF453C1E" box="[743,795,1294,1319]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Lynx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus in modern-day
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378760A484BFFE0AD0DFABCD80D3C1E" box="[1051,1107,1293,1319]" name="Syria" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
remains open (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0A84DFA81DE523C73" author="Aymerich M" box="[347,524,1328,1354]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" pagination="13 - 16" refId="ref6959" refString="Aymerich M (1991) Situacion del lince boreal en Europa. Quercus, 61: 13 - 16." type="journal article" year="1991">Aymerich 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). One specimen characterised by the “pardina” phenotype was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B484BFFE0A88DFAE2DE643C57" author="Oriani A" box="[411,570,1363,1390]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246" pagination="51 - 64" refId="ref9377" refString="Oriani A (2000) Le linci del Caucaso e dell'Asia Occidentale. Atti Soc. it. Sci. nat. Museo civ. Stor. nat. Milano, 141 / 2000 (I): 51 - 64." type="journal article" year="2000">Oriani (2000)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from Tadmor (= Palmyra), who stated that: “
|
||
<emphasis id="B91BEA88484BFFE0AD2DFAE5DEE93CA8" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">
|
||
In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378760A484BFFE0A99AFAC6DC9D3CA8" box="[140,195,1399,1425]" name="Syria" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
the species was not recorded prior to this work
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
”. Local hunters at Deir-ez-Zor refer to the occurrence of felids of this
|
||
<typeStatus id="54D48838484BFFE0AB1EFA2BDE663C8D" box="[520,568,1434,1460]" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">type</typeStatus>
|
||
on Jebel Ablasis and Jebel Abdul-Aziz, between the Balik and Khabur, rivers in the northern Djazireh, not far from the southern Turkish border. The same hunters declare that the main difference between this carnivore and the jungle cat consists in the fact that the former is maculated, with black spots. But other spotted felids did also occur in the past in this geographical area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD0369A484BFFE3A9AFF9FBDDB03B18" blockId="17.[140,1108,378,1672]" lastBlockId="18.[140,1108,167,545]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="247" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">
|
||
As a consequence of the extinction of the large felids and the progressive rarefaction of wolves, the majority of carnivores presently occurring in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F378760A484BFFE0AA7FF9DCDFFF3FBE" box="[873,929,1645,1671]" name="Syria" pageId="17" pageNumber="246">Syria</collectingCountry>
|
||
are represented by species that are fully adapted to living in areas influenced by man. Jackals, foxes, wild and jungle cats, mongooses and several mustelids are carnivores that humans have accepted as neighbours, while also being those that are most adept at avoiding contact with man (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B4848FFE3A820FEA1DE3F3813" author="Osborn DJ & Helmy I" box="[310,609,272,298]" pageId="18" pageNumber="247" pagination="1 - 579" refId="ref9419" refString="Osborn DJ, Helmy I (1980) The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai). Feldiana Zoology, 5: 1 - 579." type="journal article" year="1980">Osborn and Helmy 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B4848FFE3AB67FEA1DF1E3813" author="Ragni B & Masseti M & Roussos T & Belardinelli A & Cicconi P" box="[625,832,272,299]" pageId="18" pageNumber="247" pagination="117 - 123" refId="ref9641" refString="Ragni B, Masseti M, Roussos T, Belardinelli A, Cicconi P (1999) The carnivores of the island of Crete, Greece). Contributions to the Zoogeography and Ecology of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1: 117 - 123." type="journal article" year="1999">Ragni et al. 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B4848FFE3AA59FEA1DFB33812" author="Masseti M" box="[847,1005,272,299]" pageId="18" pageNumber="247" pagination="17 - 34" refId="ref8834" refString="Masseti M (1995) Quaternary biogeography of the Mustelidae family on the Mediterranean islands. Hystrix, (N. S.) 7 (1 - 2): 17 - 34." type="journal article" year="1995">Masseti 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B4848FFE3AAEAFEA1D8163813" author="Masseti M" box="[1020,1096,272,298]" pageId="18" pageNumber="247" refId="ref9028" refString="Masseti M (2002 a) Uomini e (non solo) topi. Gli animali domestici e la fauna antropocora. Firenze University Press / Universita di Firenze, Firenze: 337 pp." type="book" year="2002">2002a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These carnivores are principally represented by generalist species which can thrive in a wide variety of environmental conditions and can exploit a range of different resources Thus, they are able to vary their diets according to local and seasonal food availability. Frequently, for example, in the Mediterranean region the stone marten can be found behaving as a full commensal of man in urban areas (cf.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B4848FFE3AA1BFE71DFEB38E2" author="Masseti M" box="[781,949,448,475]" pageId="18" pageNumber="247" pagination="89 - 98" refId="ref9063" refString="Masseti M (2002 b) The non-flying terrestrial mammals of the Dodecanese islands. In: Masseti M. (Ed): Island of deer. Natural history of the fallow deer of Rhodes and of the vertebrates of the Dodecanese (Greece). Environment Organisation of the City of Rhodes, Rhodes: 89 - 98." type="book chapter" year="2002">Masseti 2002b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and it is also well known that weasels in the Nile delta are almost completely commensal with man (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFE4B6B4848FFE3A9ABFDB6DDBF3B18" author="Osborn DJ & Helmy I" box="[189,481,519,545]" pageId="18" pageNumber="247" pagination="1 - 579" refId="ref9419" refString="Osborn DJ, Helmy I (1980) The contemporary land mammals of Egypt (including Sinai). Feldiana Zoology, 5: 1 - 579." type="journal article" year="1980">Osborn and Helmy 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |