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<mods:title id="7B6F0170CF94F29E01B5AFA72570D76F">Reorganizing parasitic Delesseriaceae: taxonomic revision of Asterocolax</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BE8E5DC5519AA6F24DB7589038DD728E">Freese, Jillian M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D9875BAFD3D0AA9A66137952E458DB71">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, RI, 02881, USA &amp; jillian _ freese @ uri. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0002 - 8038 - 4723</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="76EA8A394413BD49DD46812CBECD7690">Lane, Christopher E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="77644345AE59B8F8F3D0866B69D6EB8C">Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, RI, 02881, USA &amp; clane @ uri. edu; https: // orcid. org / 0000 - 0003 - 2558 - 2767</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C695587785CFFEAFF32F91FFC9FF899" authority="(Tokida) J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" authorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" baseAuthorityName="Tokida" box="[136,803,1778,1805]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Phycodrys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="6" pageNumber="130" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="denticulatus" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="B91DF216785CFFEAFF32F91FFE29F898" bold="true" box="[136,405,1778,1805]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">Phycodrys denticulatus</emphasis>
(Tokida) J.M.Freese &amp; C.E.Lane
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(
<figureCitation id="13523281785CFFEAFC0EF91FFBA6F899" box="[948,1050,1778,1804]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–7" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1374,1396]" captionTargetId="figure-17@8.[340,1247,190,1350]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 5–7: Phycodrys denticulatus FIGURE 5: Mature parasitic pustule of Phycodrys denticulatus on its host Phycodrys fimbriata. Thallus is yellow in color with several round branches. Scale bar = 1 mm. FIGURE 6: 5 µm cross section of plastic embedded Phycodrys denticulatus stained in aniline blue. Tetraspores (*) occur along the branches of Phycodrys denticulatus and divide tetrahedrally or obliquely cruciate. Tetraspores average 40 x 60 µm. Scale bar = 100 µm. FIGURE 7: 5 µm cross section of Phycodrys denticulatus infecting Phycodrys fimbriata stained in aniline blue. Given the parasites immediate infection of host cells, it is near impossible to differentiate parasite cells from infected host cells. The medullary cells in the parasite thallus and the likely infected cells underlying the developing parasite thallus are conspicuously larger than uninfected host cells and filled with floridean starch granules. The cell walls of these extremely large medullary cells are also thicker than uninfected cells, a probable response to infection. Scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5705986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5705986/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">Figs 5–7</figureCitation>
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DESCRIPTION: Thallus parasitic on 
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<emphasis id="B91DF216785CFFEAFE4BF8F7FD09F8BA" box="[497,693,1818,1839]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">Phycodrys fimbriata</emphasis>
(Kuntze) Kylin. The
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parasitic thallus is yellow in color, 
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in diameter, with several cylindrical irregular branches, branches no longer than 
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, emerging from a small hemispherical cushion. The protologue description can be found in 
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.
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BASIONYM: 
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<emphasis id="B91DF216785CFFEAFEAFF86BFE48F80E" box="[277,500,1926,1947]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">Polycoryne denticulata</emphasis>
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, 
<emphasis id="B91DF216785CFFEAFD34F86BFB3AF80E" box="[654,1158,1926,1947]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society</emphasis>
vol. 13, p. 199, 
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.
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HETEROTYPIC SYNONYM: 
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<emphasis id="B91DF216785CFFEAFE02F847FD19F82A" box="[440,677,1962,1983]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="130">Asterocolax denticulatus</emphasis>
(Tokida) Feldmann &amp; Feldmann
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, 
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(coll. 
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SEQUENCED SPECIMEN: Collected in the 
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in 
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at 70˚19.25’ 
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, 147˚35.1’ 
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, deposited 
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(coll. 
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. 
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, 2016, 
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<caption id="DF167E8C785DFFEBFF32F948FE57F7B6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5701850" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5701850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5701850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" startId="7.[136,243,1701,1723]" subCaptionStartIDs="7.[136,229,1809,1831] 7.[136,229,1917,1939]" subCaptionStarts="FIGURE 3 &amp; FIGURE 4" targetBox="[202,1411,192,1677]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BD62E04785DFFEBFF32F948FE57F7B6" blockId="7.[136,528,1701,1723]" lastBlockId="7.[136,1458,1737,2084]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">
<emphasis id="B91DF216785DFFEBFF32F948FE99F92E" bold="true" box="[136,293,1701,1723]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">FIGURES 2–4:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C695587785DFFEBFE91F94BFDACF92E" authorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" authorityYear="2021" box="[299,528,1702,1723]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Polyneura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="latissimicola">Polyneura latissimicola</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91DF216785DFFEBFF32F924FF42F94A" bold="true" box="[136,254,1737,1759]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">
<figureCitation id="13523281785DFFEBFF32F924FF46F94A" box="[136,250,1737,1759]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–4" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1701,1723]" captionTargetBox="[202,1411,192,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[177,1411,187,1677]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 2–4: Polyneura latissimicola FIGURE 2: Mature parasitic pustule of Polyneura latissimicola on its host Polyneura latissima. Thallus is yellow in color with numerous conical branches. Scale bar = 1 mm. FIGURE 3: 5 µm cross section of plastic embedded Polyneura latissimicola carposporophyte, stained in aniline blue. Cystocarps occur at the basal ends of Polyneura latissimicola branches. Released carpospores are spherical to ovoid in shape and average 10 µm in diameter. Scale bar = 100 µm. FIGURE 4: 5 µm cross section through Polyneura latissimicola and its host, Polyneura latissima stained in aniline blue. It is difficult to determine the spread of the infection throughout the host and differentiate between parasite and host cells. Much of the parasite thallus is composed of large cells many of which contain numerous floridean starch granules. The cortical cells of the parasite thallus are notably smaller than other cells composing the parasite structure or uninfected host cells and lack many of the starch granules found in the medullary cells. Scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5701850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5701850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">FIGURE 2</figureCitation>
:
</emphasis>
Mature parasitic pustule of 
<taxonomicName id="4C695587785DFFEBFDB3F927FD52F94A" authorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" authorityYear="2021" box="[521,750,1738,1759]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Polyneura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="latissimicola">
<emphasis id="B91DF216785DFFEBFDB3F927FD52F94A" box="[521,750,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Polyneura latissimicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on its host 
<taxonomicName id="4C695587785DFFEBFCE0F927FBA6F94A" box="[858,1050,1738,1759]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Polyneura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="latissima">
<emphasis id="B91DF216785DFFEBFCE0F927FBA6F94A" box="[858,1050,1738,1759]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Polyneura latissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Thallus is yellow in color with numerous conical branches. Scale bar = 
<quantity id="4C9183E1785DFFEBFE1DF903FE5DF896" box="[423,481,1774,1795]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B91DF216785DFFEBFF32F8FCFF42F8B2" bold="true" box="[136,254,1809,1831]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">
<figureCitation id="13523281785DFFEBFF32F8FCFF46F8B2" box="[136,250,1809,1831]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–4" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1701,1723]" captionTargetBox="[202,1411,192,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[177,1411,187,1677]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 2–4: Polyneura latissimicola FIGURE 2: Mature parasitic pustule of Polyneura latissimicola on its host Polyneura latissima. Thallus is yellow in color with numerous conical branches. Scale bar = 1 mm. FIGURE 3: 5 µm cross section of plastic embedded Polyneura latissimicola carposporophyte, stained in aniline blue. Cystocarps occur at the basal ends of Polyneura latissimicola branches. Released carpospores are spherical to ovoid in shape and average 10 µm in diameter. Scale bar = 100 µm. FIGURE 4: 5 µm cross section through Polyneura latissimicola and its host, Polyneura latissima stained in aniline blue. It is difficult to determine the spread of the infection throughout the host and differentiate between parasite and host cells. Much of the parasite thallus is composed of large cells many of which contain numerous floridean starch granules. The cortical cells of the parasite thallus are notably smaller than other cells composing the parasite structure or uninfected host cells and lack many of the starch granules found in the medullary cells. Scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5701850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5701850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">FIGURE 3</figureCitation>
:
</emphasis>
5 µm cross section of plastic embedded 
<taxonomicName id="4C695587785DFFEBFDC5F8FFFCDFF8B2" authorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" authorityYear="2021" box="[639,867,1810,1831]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Polyneura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="latissimicola">
<emphasis id="B91DF216785DFFEBFDC5F8FFFCDFF8B2" box="[639,867,1810,1831]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Polyneura latissimicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
carposporophyte, stained in aniline blue. Cystocarps occur at the basal ends of 
<taxonomicName id="4C695587785DFFEBFE95F8DBFDA8F8DE" authorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" authorityYear="2021" box="[303,532,1846,1867]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Polyneura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="latissimicola">
<emphasis id="B91DF216785DFFEBFE95F8DBFDA8F8DE" box="[303,532,1846,1867]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Polyneura latissimicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
branches. Released carpospores are spherical to ovoid in shape and average 10 µm in diameter. Scale bar = 100 µm. 
<emphasis id="B91DF216785DFFEBFF32F890FF43F806" bold="true" box="[136,255,1917,1939]" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">
<figureCitation id="13523281785DFFEBFF32F890FF46F806" box="[136,250,1917,1939]" captionStart="FIGURES 2–4" captionStartId="7.[136,243,1701,1723]" captionTargetBox="[202,1411,192,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-28@7.[177,1411,187,1677]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 2–4: Polyneura latissimicola FIGURE 2: Mature parasitic pustule of Polyneura latissimicola on its host Polyneura latissima. Thallus is yellow in color with numerous conical branches. Scale bar = 1 mm. FIGURE 3: 5 µm cross section of plastic embedded Polyneura latissimicola carposporophyte, stained in aniline blue. Cystocarps occur at the basal ends of Polyneura latissimicola branches. Released carpospores are spherical to ovoid in shape and average 10 µm in diameter. Scale bar = 100 µm. FIGURE 4: 5 µm cross section through Polyneura latissimicola and its host, Polyneura latissima stained in aniline blue. It is difficult to determine the spread of the infection throughout the host and differentiate between parasite and host cells. Much of the parasite thallus is composed of large cells many of which contain numerous floridean starch granules. The cortical cells of the parasite thallus are notably smaller than other cells composing the parasite structure or uninfected host cells and lack many of the starch granules found in the medullary cells. Scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5701850" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5701850/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">FIGURE 4</figureCitation>
:
</emphasis>
5 µm cross section through 
<taxonomicName id="4C695587785DFFEBFDAAF893FD49F806" authorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" authorityYear="2021" box="[528,757,1918,1939]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Polyneura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="latissimicola">
<emphasis id="B91DF216785DFFEBFDAAF893FD49F806" box="[528,757,1918,1939]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Polyneura latissimicola</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and its host, 
<taxonomicName id="4C695587785DFFEBFCCFF893FB8AF806" box="[885,1078,1918,1939]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Polyneura" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="7" pageNumber="131" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="latissima">
<emphasis id="B91DF216785DFFEBFCCFF893FB8AF806" box="[885,1078,1918,1939]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="131">Polyneura latissima</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stained in aniline blue. It is difficult to determine the spread of the infection throughout the host and differentiate between parasite and host cells. Much of the parasite thallus is composed of large cells many of which contain numerous floridean starch granules. The cortical cells of the parasite thallus are notably smaller than other cells composing the parasite structure or uninfected host cells and lack many of the starch granules found in the medullary cells. Scale bar = 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF167E8C7852FFE4FF32FAB3FDC5F92D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5705986" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5705986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5705986/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" startId="8.[136,243,1374,1396]" subCaptionStartIDs="8.[136,229,1482,1504] 8.[136,229,1554,1576]" subCaptionStarts="FIGURE 6 &amp; FIGURE 7" targetBox="[345,1247,194,1350]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BD62E047852FFE4FF32FAB3FDC5F92D" blockId="8.[136,523,1374,1396]" lastBlockId="8.[136,1452,1410,1720]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
<emphasis id="B91DF2167852FFE4FF32FAB3FE99FAE6" bold="true" box="[136,293,1374,1396]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">FIGURES 5–7:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C6955877852FFE4FE91FAB3FDB7FAE6" authorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[299,523,1374,1395]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Phycodrys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="denticulatus">Phycodrys denticulatus</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B91DF2167852FFE4FF32FA6FFEBDFA02" bold="true" box="[136,257,1410,1432]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
<figureCitation id="135232817852FFE4FF32FA6FFF46FA02" box="[136,250,1410,1432]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–7" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1374,1396]" captionTargetId="figure-17@8.[340,1247,190,1350]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 5–7: Phycodrys denticulatus FIGURE 5: Mature parasitic pustule of Phycodrys denticulatus on its host Phycodrys fimbriata. Thallus is yellow in color with several round branches. Scale bar = 1 mm. FIGURE 6: 5 µm cross section of plastic embedded Phycodrys denticulatus stained in aniline blue. Tetraspores (*) occur along the branches of Phycodrys denticulatus and divide tetrahedrally or obliquely cruciate. Tetraspores average 40 x 60 µm. Scale bar = 100 µm. FIGURE 7: 5 µm cross section of Phycodrys denticulatus infecting Phycodrys fimbriata stained in aniline blue. Given the parasites immediate infection of host cells, it is near impossible to differentiate parasite cells from infected host cells. The medullary cells in the parasite thallus and the likely infected cells underlying the developing parasite thallus are conspicuously larger than uninfected host cells and filled with floridean starch granules. The cell walls of these extremely large medullary cells are also thicker than uninfected cells, a probable response to infection. Scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5705986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5705986/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">FIGURE 5</figureCitation>
:
</emphasis>
Mature parasitic pustule of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6955877852FFE4FDA8FA6FFD4FFA02" authorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[530,755,1410,1431]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Phycodrys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="denticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91DF2167852FFE4FDA8FA6FFD4FFA02" box="[530,755,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Phycodrys denticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on its host 
<taxonomicName id="4C6955877852FFE4FCDFFA6FFB96FA02" box="[869,1066,1410,1431]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Phycodrys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="fimbriata">
<emphasis id="B91DF2167852FFE4FCDFFA6FFB96FA02" box="[869,1066,1410,1431]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Phycodrys fimbriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Thallus is yellow in color with several round branches. Scale bar = 
<quantity id="4C9183E17852FFE4FE20FA4BFE68FA29" box="[410,468,1446,1468]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" unit="mm" value="1.0">1 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B91DF2167852FFE4FF32FA27FEBFFA4A" bold="true" box="[136,259,1482,1504]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
<figureCitation id="135232817852FFE4FF32FA27FF40FA4A" box="[136,252,1482,1504]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–7" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1374,1396]" captionTargetId="figure-17@8.[340,1247,190,1350]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 5–7: Phycodrys denticulatus FIGURE 5: Mature parasitic pustule of Phycodrys denticulatus on its host Phycodrys fimbriata. Thallus is yellow in color with several round branches. Scale bar = 1 mm. FIGURE 6: 5 µm cross section of plastic embedded Phycodrys denticulatus stained in aniline blue. Tetraspores (*) occur along the branches of Phycodrys denticulatus and divide tetrahedrally or obliquely cruciate. Tetraspores average 40 x 60 µm. Scale bar = 100 µm. FIGURE 7: 5 µm cross section of Phycodrys denticulatus infecting Phycodrys fimbriata stained in aniline blue. Given the parasites immediate infection of host cells, it is near impossible to differentiate parasite cells from infected host cells. The medullary cells in the parasite thallus and the likely infected cells underlying the developing parasite thallus are conspicuously larger than uninfected host cells and filled with floridean starch granules. The cell walls of these extremely large medullary cells are also thicker than uninfected cells, a probable response to infection. Scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5705986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5705986/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">FIGURE 6</figureCitation>
:
</emphasis>
5 µm cross section of plastic embedded 
<taxonomicName id="4C6955877852FFE4FD1AFA27FC3FFA4A" authorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[672,899,1482,1503]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Phycodrys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="denticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91DF2167852FFE4FD1AFA27FC3FFA4A" box="[672,899,1482,1503]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Phycodrys denticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stained in aniline blue. Tetraspores (*) occur along the branches of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6955877852FFE4FF47FA03FE62F996" authorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[253,478,1518,1539]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Phycodrys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="denticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91DF2167852FFE4FF47FA03FE62F996" box="[253,478,1518,1539]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Phycodrys denticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and divide tetrahedrally or obliquely cruciate. Tetraspores average 40 x 60 µm. Scale bar = 100 µm. 
<emphasis id="B91DF2167852FFE4FF32F9FFFEBEF9B2" bold="true" box="[136,258,1554,1576]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
<figureCitation id="135232817852FFE4FF32F9FFFF41F9B2" box="[136,253,1554,1576]" captionStart="FIGURES 5–7" captionStartId="8.[136,243,1374,1396]" captionTargetId="figure-17@8.[340,1247,190,1350]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 5–7: Phycodrys denticulatus FIGURE 5: Mature parasitic pustule of Phycodrys denticulatus on its host Phycodrys fimbriata. Thallus is yellow in color with several round branches. Scale bar = 1 mm. FIGURE 6: 5 µm cross section of plastic embedded Phycodrys denticulatus stained in aniline blue. Tetraspores (*) occur along the branches of Phycodrys denticulatus and divide tetrahedrally or obliquely cruciate. Tetraspores average 40 x 60 µm. Scale bar = 100 µm. FIGURE 7: 5 µm cross section of Phycodrys denticulatus infecting Phycodrys fimbriata stained in aniline blue. Given the parasites immediate infection of host cells, it is near impossible to differentiate parasite cells from infected host cells. The medullary cells in the parasite thallus and the likely infected cells underlying the developing parasite thallus are conspicuously larger than uninfected host cells and filled with floridean starch granules. The cell walls of these extremely large medullary cells are also thicker than uninfected cells, a probable response to infection. Scale bar = 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5705986" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5705986/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">FIGURE 7</figureCitation>
:
</emphasis>
5 µm cross section of 
<taxonomicName id="4C6955877852FFE4FE51F9FFFD72F9B2" authorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[491,718,1554,1575]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Phycodrys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="denticulatus">
<emphasis id="B91DF2167852FFE4FE51F9FFFD72F9B2" box="[491,718,1554,1575]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Phycodrys denticulatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
infecting 
<taxonomicName id="4C6955877852FFE4FC8FF9FFFC40F9B2" box="[821,1020,1554,1575]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Phycodrys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="fimbriata">
<emphasis id="B91DF2167852FFE4FC8FF9FFFC40F9B2" box="[821,1020,1554,1575]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">Phycodrys fimbriata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
stained in aniline blue. Given the parasites immediate infection of host cells, it is near impossible to differentiate parasite cells from infected host cells. The medullary cells in the parasite thallus and the likely infected cells underlying the developing parasite thallus are conspicuously larger than uninfected host cells and filled with floridean starch granules. The cell walls of these extremely large medullary cells are also thicker than uninfected cells, a probable response to infection. Scale bar = 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3737D8F7852FFE4FF32F907FA31F895" box="[136,1421,1770,1792]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BD62E047852FFE4FF32F907FA31F895" blockId="8.[136,1451,1770,1936]" box="[136,1421,1770,1792]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
ETYMOLOGY: The specific epithet maintains the original nomenclature assigned to the description of the parasite by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF853F57852FFE4FB44F907FA35F895" author="Tokida, J." box="[1278,1417,1770,1792]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" pagination="196 - 202" refId="ref8304" refString="Tokida, J. (1934) Phycological Observations I. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 13: 196 - 202." type="journal article" year="1934">Tokida (1934)</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3737D8F7852FFE4FF32F8E3FE7AF8DD" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BD62E047852FFE4FF32F8E3FD79F8B1" blockId="8.[136,1451,1770,1936]" box="[136,709,1806,1828]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
REFERENCES: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF853F57852FFE4FE91F8E3FE1AF8B6" author="Tokida, J." box="[299,422,1806,1828]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" pagination="196 - 202" refId="ref8304" refString="Tokida, J. (1934) Phycological Observations I. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 13: 196 - 202." type="journal article" year="1934">Tokida 1934</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF853F57852FFE4FE0AF8E3FD79F8B1" author="Feldmann, J. &amp; Feldmann, G." box="[432,709,1806,1828]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" pagination="1137 - 1139" refId="ref7122" refString="Feldmann, J. &amp; Feldmann, G. (1951) Un nouveau genre de Rhodophycee parasite d'une Delesseriacee. Compte Rendu Hebdomadaire des Seances de l'Academie des Science. Paris 223: 1137 - 1139." type="journal article" year="1951">Feldmann &amp; Feldmann 1951</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD62E047852FFE4FF32F8DFFE7AF8DD" blockId="8.[136,1451,1770,1936]" box="[136,454,1842,1864]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
DNA SEQUENCES: 
<accessionNumber id="943AB3E77852FFE4FEE2F8DFFE7AF8DD" box="[344,454,1842,1864]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/MH754750" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">MH754750</accessionNumber>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3737D8F7852FFE4FF32F8BBFCD3F81A" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD62E047852FFE4FF32F8BBFCD3F81A" blockId="8.[136,1451,1770,1936]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
REMARKS: Identification of the sequenced specimen as ‘ 
<emphasis id="B91DF2167852FFE4FD79F8BBFC0BF8FE" box="[707,951,1878,1899]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
Asterocolax’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C6955877852FFE4FCF8F8BBFC0BF8FE" authorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" authorityYear="2021" baseAuthorityName="J. M. Freese &amp; C. E. Lane" baseAuthorityYear="2021" box="[834,951,1878,1899]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Phycodrys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="denticulatus">denticulatus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
was based on the morphological description of the parasite from 
<bibRefCitation id="EFF853F57852FFE4FEF8F897FE77F805" author="Tokida, J." box="[322,459,1914,1936]" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" pagination="196 - 202" refId="ref8304" refString="Tokida, J. (1934) Phycological Observations I. Transactions of the Sapporo Natural History Society 13: 196 - 202." type="journal article" year="1934">Tokida (1934)</bibRefCitation>
and its occurrence on 
<emphasis id="B91DF2167852FFE4FD19F897FCD3F81A" box="[675,879,1914,1935]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="132">
<taxonomicName id="4C6955877852FFE4FD19F897FCD7F81A" box="[675,875,1914,1935]" class="Florideophyceae" family="Delesseriaceae" genus="Phycodrys" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ceramiales" pageId="8" pageNumber="132" phylum="Rhodophyta" rank="species" species="fimbriata">Phycodrys fimbriata</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>