456 lines
57 KiB
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456 lines
57 KiB
XML
<document id="27F2FB33E1B2DF44FA1F938E46475EBD" ID-DOI="10.1206/00030090-417.1.1" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5407771" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630347764536" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Voss, Robert S. & Fleck, David W." docDate="2017" docId="03E587ECFFF9FFE17729FC38820EF916" docLanguage="en" docName="B417.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2017 (417)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1206/00030090-417.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310.5:BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="C5E2DA72A22EF33813C92A197453A310" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2011-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Pecari tajacu" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" masterDocId="FFDCFF94FFB4FFB37439FFE2806FFFDC" masterDocTitle="Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 2: Xenarthra, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, And Sirenia" masterLastPageNumber="1" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1699239402727" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="A8AC01115B8EB0C600B4B62808B4A200">Mammalian Diversity And Matses Ethnomammalogy In Amazonian Peru Part 2: Xenarthra, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, And Sirenia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="086805AF7D3C8068C9DADE837CD9C126">Voss, Robert S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5CD7569BA4EF02F467CE2CE4A0C4CFF1">Fleck, David W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:part id="A0EACFE506B22844FD26AE371C4210A6">
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<mods:date id="3CF59FF9E1D9766BB2B650E60E72BBB6">2017</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFF9FFFE7729FC388435FC2D" blockId="77.[784,1114,985,1010]" box="[784,1114,985,1010]" pageId="77">
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<heading id="D0BB8196FFF9FFFE7729FC388435FC2D" box="[784,1114,985,1010]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="77" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFF9FFFE7729FC388435FC2D" ID-CoL="6TW4J" authority="(Linnaeus, 1758)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[784,1114,985,1010]" class="Mammalia" family="Tayassuidae" genus="Pecari" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tajacu">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFF9FFFE7729FC3883F4FC2D" box="[784,923,986,1009]" italics="true" pageId="77">Pecari tajacu</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus, 1758)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFF9FFFE76F5FBEE8475FB56" blockId="77.[684,1213,1036,1738]" pageId="77">
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VOUCHER MATERIAL (TOTAL = 9): Boca Río Yaquerana (FMNH 88799–88802, 89176, 89177), Nuevo
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<collectingRegion id="4988F818FFF9FFFE76C6FBB2830CFBBB" box="[767,867,1104,1128]" country="Argentina" name="San Juan" pageId="77">San Juan</collectingRegion>
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(MUSM 11182, 11183), Quebrada Esperanza (FMNH 88803).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3566571FFF9FFE276F5FB7684D2FA42" lastPageId="81" pageId="77" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFF9FFFE76F5FB76833AFAAB" blockId="77.[684,1213,1036,1738]" pageId="77">
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OTHER INTERFLUVIAL RECORDS: Actiamë (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFF9FFFE768DFB548305FB11" author="Amanzo, J." box="[692,874,1205,1230]" pageId="77" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref60681" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Choncó (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFF9FFFE77C3FB5484C0FB11" author="Amanzo, J." box="[1018,1199,1205,1230]" pageId="77" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref60681" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Divisor (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFF9FFFE772DFB3A8456FB33" author="Jorge, M. L. S. P. & P. M. Velazco" box="[788,1081,1239,1264]" pageId="77" pagination="274 - 284" refId="ref64390" refString="Jorge, M. L. S. P., and P. M. Velazco. 2006. Mammals. In C. Vriesendorp, T. S. Schulenberg, W. S. Alverson, D. K. Moskovits, and J. - I. Rojas-Moscoso (editors), Peru: Sierra del Divisor (Rapid Biological Inventories 17): 196 - 204, 274 - 284. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Jorge and Velazco, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Itia Tëbu (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFF9FFFE768DFB1B830FFACD" author="Amanzo, J." box="[692,864,1273,1297]" pageId="77" pagination="320 - 327" refId="ref60681" refString="Amanzo, J. 2006. Medium and large mammals, appendix 6. In C. Vriesendorp et al. (editors), Peru: Matses (Rapid Biological Inventories 16): 205 - 213, 320 - 327. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Amanzo, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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), Río Yavarí (Salovaara et al., 2003), Río Yavarí-Mirím (Salovaara et al., 2003),
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFFF9FFFE7695FADF834EFA89" box="[684,801,1341,1365]" name="Saint Pierre and Miquelon" pageId="77">San Pedro</collectingCountry>
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||
(Valqui, 1999), Tapiche (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFF9FFFE7072FADF8326FAAB" author="Jorge, M. L. S. P. & P. M. Velazco" pageId="77" pagination="274 - 284" refId="ref64390" refString="Jorge, M. L. S. P., and P. M. Velazco. 2006. Mammals. In C. Vriesendorp, T. S. Schulenberg, W. S. Alverson, D. K. Moskovits, and J. - I. Rojas-Moscoso (editors), Peru: Sierra del Divisor (Rapid Biological Inventories 17): 196 - 204, 274 - 284. Chicago: Field Museum." type="journal article" year="2006">Jorge and Velazco, 2006</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFF9FFFD76F5FA6381F8FC91" blockId="77.[684,1213,1036,1738]" lastBlockId="78.[108,638,226,1638]" lastPageId="78" pageId="77">
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IDENTIFICATION: Specimens of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFF9FFFE7014FA6084D3FA45" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1069,1212,1410,1433]" class="Mammalia" family="Tayassuidae" genus="Pecari" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tajacu">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFF9FFFE7014FA6084D3FA45" box="[1069,1212,1410,1433]" italics="true" pageId="77">Pecari tajacu</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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collected in the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve externally resemble the widespread Amazonian phenotype (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFF9FFFE7728FA0583D9FA23" author="Husson, A. M." box="[785,950,1511,1535]" pageId="77" pagination="1 - 569" refId="ref64194" refString="Husson, A. M. 1978. The mammals of Suriname. Zoologische Monographieen van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie 2: i - xxxiv, 1 - 569, 151 pls." type="book chapter" year="1978">Husson, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFF9FFFE77F0FA058418FA23" author="Emmons, L. H." box="[969,1143,1511,1535]" pageId="77" refId="ref62396" refString="Emmons, L. H. 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide (2 nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book" year="1997">Emmons 1997</bibRefCitation>
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||
), and craniodental measurements of our material (
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<tableCitation id="C6CE0341FFF9FFFE768AF9C88360F99F" box="[691,783,1578,1603]" captionStart="TABLE 17" captionStartId="77.[604,684,226,250]" captionTargetBox="[120,1192,353,914]" captionText="TABLE 17 Measurements (mm) and Weights (kg) of Adult Specimens of Pecari tajacu from the Yavarí-Ucayali Interfluve" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF336672FFF9FFFE7665FF00832EFE98" pageId="77" tableUuid="DF336672FFF9FFFE7665FF00832EFE98">table 17</tableCitation>
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||
) broadly overlap those of Surinamese specimens (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFF9FFFE770DF9AF83BAF9B9" author="Husson, A. M." box="[820,981,1613,1637]" pageId="77" pagination="1 - 569" refId="ref64194" refString="Husson, A. M. 1978. The mammals of Suriname. Zoologische Monographieen van het Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie 2: i - xxxiv, 1 - 569, 151 pls." type="book chapter" year="1978">Husson, 1978</bibRefCitation>
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: table 58) for most dimensions. Although skulls of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFF9FFFE77C6F98D8436F95A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1023,1113,1647,1670]" class="Mammalia" family="Tayassuidae" genus="Pecari" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="77" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tajacu">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFF9FFFE77C6F98D8436F95A" box="[1023,1113,1647,1670]" italics="true" pageId="77">P. tajacu</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from the Yavarí-Ucayali interfluve seem to average a bit larger than conspecific Surinamese specimens, they are much smaller than the skulls of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFFAFFFD7618FF0080F6FEC6" class="Mammalia" family="Tayassuidae" genus="Pecari" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFFAFFFD7618FF00825FFF25" box="[545,560,226,249]" italics="true" pageId="78">P</emphasis>
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||
.
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFFAFFFD7605FF0080F6FEC6" italics="true" pageId="78">maximus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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measured by Roosmalen et al. (2007: table 1). For example, whereas the mean and standard deviation for condyloincisive length in our material (
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFFAFFFD7491FE8580D4FEA2" box="[168,187,359,382]" italics="true" pageId="78">N</emphasis>
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= 7, males and females combined) is 211.3 ± 6.0 mm, the homologous dimensions of
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<specimenCount id="9D4AFD73FFFAFFFD7457FE4B817FFE1C" box="[110,272,424,448]" pageId="78" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
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of
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFFAFFFD750CFE4B812BFE1C" box="[309,324,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="78">P</emphasis>
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||
. “
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFFAFFFD7567FE4B81AEFE1C" box="[350,449,425,448]" class="Mammalia" family="Tayassuidae" genus="Pecari" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximus">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFFAFFFD7567FE4B81AEFE1C" box="[350,449,425,448]" italics="true" pageId="78">maximus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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” (sex unknown) are reported as 260 and
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<quantity id="4CB49B1FFFFAFFFD7540FE2B81BAFE3D" box="[377,469,457,481]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.62" pageId="78" unit="mm" value="262.0">262 mm</quantity>
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(Roosmalen et al., 2007). Although sample size and sample composition are obviously problematic in this comparison, the estimated mean difference between our material and Roosmalen et al.’s (about
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<quantity id="4CB49B1FFFFAFFFD7480FD8C8168FD5A" box="[185,263,622,646]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="78" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
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, equivalent to eight standard deviations) is too large to be easily dismissed as intraspecific variation. If
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<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFFAFFFD75B7FD538181FD14" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[398,494,689,712]" class="Mammalia" family="Tayassuidae" genus="Pecari" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tajacu">
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<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFFAFFFD75B7FD538181FD14" box="[398,494,689,712]" italics="true" pageId="78">P. tajacu</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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populations sometimes include “extremely large” individuals—equivalent in size to Roosmalen et al.’s material, as
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFFAFFFD7486FCF681DEFCF0" author="Gongora, J." box="[191,433,788,812]" pageId="78" pagination="95 - 101" refId="ref63362" refString="Gongora, J., et al. [11 other coauthors]. 2011. Revisiting the species status of Pecari maximus van Roosmalen et al., 2007 (Mammalia) from the Brazilian Amazon. Bonn Zoological Bulletin 60: 95 - 101." type="journal article" year="2011">Gongora et al. (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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suggest—we have not seen any evidence of it.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFAFFFD74B5FCB48217FAA3" blockId="78.[108,638,226,1638]" pageId="78">
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Analyses of mtDNA control region sequences (
|
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFFAFFFD744AFC958120FC53" author="Gongora, J. & S. Morales & J. E. Bernal & C. Moran" box="[115,335,887,911]" pageId="78" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref63314" refString="Gongora, J., S. Morales, J. E. Bernal, and C. Moran. 2006. Phylogenetic divisions among collared peccaries (Pecari tajacu) detected using mitochondrial and nuclear sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 41: 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2006">Gongora et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
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,
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFFAFFFD7563FC9581E0FC53" author="Gongora, J." box="[346,399,887,911]" pageId="78" pagination="95 - 101" refId="ref63362" refString="Gongora, J., et al. [11 other coauthors]. 2011. Revisiting the species status of Pecari maximus van Roosmalen et al., 2007 (Mammalia) from the Brazilian Amazon. Bonn Zoological Bulletin 60: 95 - 101." type="journal article" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
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||
) suggest the existence of two moderately well-supported phylogroups of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFFAFFFD7455FC58809AFC0D" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[108,245,954,977]" class="Mammalia" family="Tayassuidae" genus="Pecari" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tajacu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFFAFFFD7455FC58809AFC0D" box="[108,245,954,977]" italics="true" pageId="78">Pecari tajacu</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
, consisting of predominantly North American and Central American sequences on the one hand and of South American sequences on the other. Unfortunately, the relevance of this analytic result for assessing the plethora of currently recognized subspecies (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFFAFFFD75FCFBBC8238FBAA" author="Grubb, P." box="[453,599,1118,1142]" pageId="78" pagination="637 - 722" refId="ref63409" refString="Grubb, P. 2005. Order Artiodactyla. In D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder (editors), Mammal species of the world (3 rd ed.): 637 - 722. Batimore: Johns Hopkins University Press." type="book chapter" year="2005">Grubb, 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is unclear, because no sequence data are available from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F78858FFFAFFFD74E0FB438167FB65" box="[217,264,1185,1209]" pageId="78">type</typeStatus>
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||
localities of several key nominal taxa, including the nominotypical form (restricted by convention to
|
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<collectingRegion id="4988F818FFFAFFFD750CFB0181AFFB27" box="[309,448,1251,1275]" country="Brazil" name="Pernambuco" pageId="78">Pernambuco</collectingRegion>
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||
,
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<collectingCountry id="F35B766AFFFAFFFD75F6FB01827EFB27" box="[463,529,1251,1275]" name="Brazil" pageId="78">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFFAFFFD7626FB0180CEFAC0" author="Cabrera, A." pageId="78" pagination="309 - 732" refId="ref61421" refString="Cabrera, A. 1961. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur [part 2]. Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales " Bernardino Rivadavia " (Ciencias Zoologicas) 4 (2): xix - xxii, 309 - 732." type="journal article" year="1961">Cabrera, 1961</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFFAFFFD7495FAE6811DFAC0" author="Hershkovitz, P." box="[172,370,1284,1308]" pageId="78" pagination="85 - 88" refId="ref63855" refString="Hershkovitz, P. 1963. The nomenclature of South American peccaries. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 76: 85 - 88." type="journal article" year="1963">Hershkovitz, 1963</bibRefCitation>
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||
). At the moment, no trinomial classification of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFFAFFFD755DFAC481D3FAE1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[356,444,1318,1341]" class="Mammalia" family="Tayassuidae" genus="Pecari" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="78" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tajacu">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFFAFFFD755DFAC481D3FAE1" box="[356,444,1318,1341]" italics="true" pageId="78">P. tajacu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems justified by the analytic results in hand, although Amazonian material is often refered to
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFFAFFFD75A9FA8A8194FAA3" box="[400,507,1384,1407]" italics="true" pageId="78">P. t. patira</emphasis>
|
||
Kerr, 1792.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFAFFFD74B5FA6A8212F9BA" blockId="78.[108,638,226,1638]" pageId="78">
|
||
ETHNOBIOLOGY: The principal term for the collared peccary is şhëkten, a monomorphemic term that is not found in any other Panoan language. The collared peccary has two archaic synonyms: unkin and matoşh, both of which are monomorphemic terms found in other Mayoruna languages, but not in other Panoan languages.
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFFAFFFD7677F9AE8230F981" attach="left" box="[590,607,1612,1629]" fontSize="7" pageId="78">14</superScript>
|
||
In
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFAFFFD7455F97F824EF915" blockId="78.[108,636,1693,1737]" pageId="78">
|
||
<superScript id="7C399BB2FFFAFFFD7455F97F8015F975" attach="left" box="[108,122,1693,1705]" fontSize="5" pageId="78">14</superScript>
|
||
See
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFFAFFFD749EF97C8160F96D" author="Fleck, D. W." box="[167,271,1694,1713]" pageId="78" pagination="1 - 112" refId="ref62677" refString="Fleck, D. W. 2013. Panoan languages and linguistics. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 99: 1 - 112." type="journal article" year="2013">Fleck (2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: table 1) for a classification of Mayoruna and other branches of the Panoan language family.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFAFFFD7695FF008459FEE0" blockId="78.[683,1214,226,1738]" pageId="78">the language used in the Matses’ komok ceremony, the collared peccary is called pani tuku, a term that is not synchronically analyzable.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFAFFFD76F5FEA7831BFD98" blockId="78.[683,1214,226,1738]" pageId="78">
|
||
Two varieties of collared peccaries are recognized: şhëkten çhëşhë (“black” or “dark-colored” collared peccary) and şhëkten uşhu (“white” or “light-colored” collared peccary). The dark variety is said to be larger. The light colored
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFFAFFFD704BFE2B828EFDDE" pageId="78" rank="variety" variety="does">variety does</taxonomicName>
|
||
not enter holes quickly when chased by dogs and its hide dries more quickly than that of the darker variety.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFAFFFD76F5FDAF84C8FC2E" blockId="78.[683,1214,226,1738]" pageId="78">The collared peccary is a primary game animal for the Matses, who encounter them in various ways. Hunters hear collared peccaries crunching up palm nuts and then approach quietly and shoot them with a shotgun (formerly with arrows). Hunters also visit mineral licks during the day to see if peccaries or other game animals are there. When one collared peccary is killed, the rest of the herd will run off, but if the hunter remains hidden and quiet, the rest of the herd often returns (even if a shotgun was used), and the hunter can kill a second peccary. The herd may even return a third and fourth time.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFAFFFD76F5FC1E8301FB05" blockId="78.[683,1214,226,1738]" pageId="78">Hunters also track collared peccaries after finding their spoor. Collared peccaries often sweep away leaf litter, root, defecate, rub their scent gland on saplings, and leave tracks right on Matses paths. Hunters follow spoor until they can hear the animals, or until their hunting dogs pick up the scent.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFAFFFC76F5FB01818CFD98" blockId="78.[683,1214,226,1738]" lastBlockId="79.[108,638,226,1738]" lastPageId="79" pageId="78">
|
||
One hunting method that, as far as we know, is employed only by the Matses, is to chase down a collared peccary with dogs until it enters a hole in a headwater gully or a hollow log, and then to strangle it with a noose on a stick. When Matses hunting dogs find a herd of collared peccaries, they chase them as the hunter follows, encouraging the dogs. If the dogs follow a peccary closely enough, the peccary (usually one, but occasionally two or three) may seek refuge in a hole in a stream headwater gully. These holes are cavities in the bank that have been formed over time by erosion; often the roof of such a hole will be close to the surface of the ground overhead. Alternatively, the peccary may enter a hollow log. When the hunter catches up to the dogs and the cornered peccary, he blocks the entrance to the hole or log with any dry or rotten woody debris that he can find nearby. Then he prepares a noose from the hard vinelike stems of an epiphyte called ayaşh (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFFBFFFC752BFE6A81D0FE42" box="[274,447,391,415]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" genus="Heteropsis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFFBFFFC752BFE6A81ECFE43" box="[274,387,392,415]" italics="true" pageId="79">Heteropsis</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFFBFFFC75EAFE658259FE43" box="[467,566,391,415]" class="Liliopsida" family="Araceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="79" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Araceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]) and attaches it to the end of a stick about
|
||
<quantity id="4CB49B1FFFFBFFFC762BFE4A8252FE1C" box="[530,573,424,448]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="79" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
long. Next, the hunter pokes a small hole in the roof of the hole or hollow trunk, introduces the noose, works it around the peccary’s neck using the stick, and garrotes the animal.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFBFFFC74B5FDAF8193FBAA" blockId="79.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="79">Slain peccaries—both collared and whitelipped—are prepared for packing home in a particular way (figs. 19, 20). First, the lower jaw is tied to the ankles of the forelegs with an epiphyte stem (the same stem used to make the noose, if the peccary was killed in this manner). Then the ankles of the hind legs are tied to those of the front legs. Next, a tumpline is fashioned from the inner bark of certain trees, one end of which is tied to the upper jaw and the other end to the rump. The lower tusks keep the lashing from slipping, and the upper tusks keep the tumpline from slipping. If the animal was killed far from the village, the carcass is gutted to lighten the load. Before carrying the peccary, the hunter rubs his dogs’ noses on the peccary’s caudal scent gland so that they will follow peccaries readily in the future.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFBFFFC74B5FB9D81C5FA7C" blockId="79.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="79">The carcass is skinned at home by a woman. Other women will come to where the skinner is working and ask for a leg or part of the viscera, and she will give it to them. Different cuts are given or fed to different people, for example, an old woman typically eats the intestines, visiting men the ribs, a young woman is given the leg, etc. If the peccary was killed by dogs, the dogs will be fed some of the meat.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFBFFFC74B5FA4B825AF915" blockId="79.[108,638,226,1738]" pageId="79">The Matses raise collared peccaries as pets. The young are often left behind when the adult peccaries flee, and these can be chased down and caught. Tame young peccaries are allowed to roam the village, but peccaries become aggressive when they are older and must kept in a pen. Peccaries are not raised in sufficient numbers or in conditions that would allow them to reproduce in captivity, and the Matses do not eat their pets.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFBFFFC76F5FF008339FD98" blockId="79.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="79">
|
||
Collared peccary hides can be legally sold, but currently the hides are not worth much, so the Matses only occasionally prepare the skins of peccaries they have killed. Some Matses smoke peccary meat for sale to non-Indians at
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4988F818FFFBFFFC705CFE8484D3FEA2" box="[1125,1212,358,382]" country="Uruguay" name="Colonia" pageId="79">Colonia</collectingRegion>
|
||
Angamos and Requena. However, it is mainly those who live close to these markets who do so regularly, because the money earned by selling smoked meat barely covers the cost of the gasoline needed for canoe travel from more distant Matses villages.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFBFFFC76F5FDAC841DFD36" blockId="79.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="79">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4988F818FFFBFFFC76F5FDAC8291FDB9" box="[716,766,590,613]" country="United States of America" name="Maine" pageId="79">Men</collectingRegion>
|
||
do not eat the intestines of peccaries, lest they scrape themselves with a rough-barked vine while they are chasing animals during a hunt. Hunters do not eat peccary spleens, lest their spleens hurt while chasing game animals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFBFFFC76F5FD1184D3FC0D" blockId="79.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="79">MATSES NATURAL HISTORY: The collared peccary has a white stripe around its neck. It has large ears and a flat-tipped nose. It has two hooves on each foot. It has a tiny tail. Even newborns have a caudal scent gland, which emits a very strong smell that is different from the scent of whitelipped peccaries. Its feces are seed-shaped pellets.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFBFFFC76F4FC3883FEFAC0" blockId="79.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="79">The collared peccary is found in all habitats, including floodplain and upland forest, and primary and secondary forest. They are especially commonly found along small and medium-sized streams. They seem to be more abundant in areas that are near abandoned Matses villages, where there are large stretches of secondary forest growing in abandoned swiddens. They also come to active Matses swiddens to eat manioc tubers and cush-cush yams.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFBFFFC76F5FAC783EDF9BA" blockId="79.[684,1214,226,1738]" pageId="79">Collared peccaries are diurnal. They travel far looking for fruits to eat. They chew loudly on palm nuts. They follow streams, rooting for earthworms in the rich soil of the stream floodplain and digging in the streambed for aquatic snails. They leave the water turbid where they have foraged in the streambed, and in areas where they have rooted the leaf litter is swept away. They also root on hilltops, leaving the ground swept clear.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFFBFFE376F5F98D810DFB2B" blockId="79.[684,1214,226,1738]" lastBlockId="80.[108,636,1181,1734]" lastPageId="80" pageId="79">Collared peccaries drink muddy water, eat mud, and bathe at mineral licks. They also root for earthworms at the edge of mineral licks and palm swamps. They come to swiddens where they root in the ground with their noses to expose manioc tubers.</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF336672FFE4FFE37452FBF084D5FB5D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5407809" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5407809" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5407809/files/figure.png" pageId="80" startId="80.[107,149,1042,1063]" targetBox="[129,1185,224,1016]" targetPageId="80">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE4FFE37452FBF084D5FB5D" blockId="80.[107,1211,1040,1153]" pageId="80">
|
||
FIG. 19. White-lipped peccary carcass with tumpline attached for carrying. The epiphyte-stem binding that formerly attached the forelegs to the lower jaw and the hind legs to the forelegs has been cut (photo by D.W.F.; Estirón, 2013). The tumpline, tied to the upper jaw and the rump, is made from the inner bark of a tote tree (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE4FFE3744AFB8A8088FB5C" box="[115,231,1128,1152]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Eschweilera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE4FFE3744AFB8A8088FB5C" box="[115,231,1128,1152]" italics="true" pageId="80">Eschweilera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE4FFE37533FB8A81E5FB5C" box="[266,394,1128,1152]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Lecythis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE4FFE37533FB8A8134FB5C" box="[266,347,1128,1152]" italics="true" pageId="80">Lecythis</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE4FFE375ACFB8A8240FB5C" box="[405,559,1128,1152]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="80" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lecythidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]), the preferred material for this purpose (compare with fig. 22).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE4FFE374B5FAE2814EF9FD" blockId="80.[108,636,1181,1734]" pageId="80">Collared peccaries take mud baths in small muddy depressions in the ground. A depression used for this purpose is often created when a tree is blown over and its roots are uplifted. Peccaries return again and again to bathe in the same mud holes, and are often caked in mud. As they travel through the forest they leave their scent on saplings by rubbing their scent glands on them.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE4FFE374B5F9C88329FAC4" blockId="80.[108,636,1181,1734]" lastBlockId="80.[684,1214,1181,1735]" pageId="80">
|
||
Collared peccaries sleep on the ground wherever they are when it becomes night. They sleep on hilltops, stream valleys, and even on hillsides if the slope is not too steep. They sweep a small patch of ground (but do not dig a depression, as they do to give birth) and sleep on it. They sleep near each other, but not touching, with a space of about
|
||
<quantity id="4CB49B1FFFE4FFE377D9FB3D8462FB2B" box="[992,1037,1247,1271]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="80" unit="m" value="1.0">1 m</quantity>
|
||
separating one from another.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE4FFE276F5FAC38199FB6B" blockId="80.[684,1214,1181,1735]" lastBlockId="81.[108,637,1117,1736]" lastPageId="81" pageId="80">Collared peccaries live in herds of 5 to about 15 individuals. Occasionally one finds a solitary peccary, or a pair. Collared peccaries are fattest at the end of the rainy season (May). The female gives birth to a single young during the rainy season after digging a depression in level ground. It suckles its young right in the same place where it gave birth. During the first day, the female leaves her young to eat fruits and then comes back to suckle it again. By the second day the newborn peccary begins to travel, very slowly, with the herd. During the first day the rest of the herd stays around the area where the female gave birth, and after that they walk slowly so the newborn can keep up (the female does not separate herself from the herd to give birth).</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF336672FFE5FFE27453FBF684FFFBF6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5407811" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5407811" box="[106,1168,1042,1067]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5407811/files/figure.png" pageId="81" startId="81.[106,148,1044,1065]" targetBox="[129,1185,224,1016]" targetPageId="81">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE5FFE27453FBF684FFFBF6" blockId="81.[106,1168,1042,1067]" box="[106,1168,1042,1067]" pageId="81">FIG. 20. Use of the tumpline for carrying white-lipped peccary carcass (photo by D.W.F.; Estirón, 2013).</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE5FFE274B5FB22822BFB25" blockId="81.[108,637,1117,1736]" pageId="81">Collared peccaries are eaten by jaguars, pumas, and (less frequently) by anacondas.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE5FFE274B5FAE08247FA80" blockId="81.[108,637,1117,1736]" pageId="81">Adults make groanlike grunts. They clack their teeth when they become aggressive. The young also grunt, saying “wek wek wek.”</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE5FFE274B5FA87831BFAE7" blockId="81.[108,637,1117,1736]" lastBlockId="81.[684,1213,1117,1736]" pageId="81">
|
||
Peccaries crunch the hard nuts of pinchuk palms (
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE5FFE274FDFA658213FA42" box="[196,636,1414,1438]" italics="true" pageId="81">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE274FDFA6581B5FA42" box="[196,474,1415,1438]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Astrocaryum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="murumuru">Astrocaryum murumuru</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE275D3FA658217FA42" box="[490,632,1414,1438]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Astrocaryum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chambira">A. chambira</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE274A2FA4A8095FA63" box="[155,250,1448,1471]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Astrocaryum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="jauari">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE5FFE274A2FA4A8095FA63" box="[155,250,1448,1471]" italics="true" pageId="81">A. jauari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE2753EFA4A8111FA1C" box="[263,382,1448,1472]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]) to eat the endosperm. They also eat the endosperm of şhuinte mapi (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE2744FFA088156F9DD" box="[118,313,1514,1538]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Attalea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="tessmanii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE5FFE2744FFA088156F9DD" box="[118,313,1514,1538]" italics="true" pageId="81">Attalea tessmanii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE27574FA0881A7F9DE" box="[333,456,1514,1538]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]) nuts and the mesocarp and endosperm of swamp palm (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE27678F9E98098F998" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Mauritia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE5FFE27678F9E98098F998" italics="true" pageId="81">Mauritia flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE2753DF9CE8114F998" box="[260,379,1580,1604]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]) fruits and isan (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE27603F9CE8164F9B9" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Oenocarpus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="bataua">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE5FFE27603F9CE8164F9B9" italics="true" pageId="81">Oenocarpus bataua</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE27525F9AF81FAF9B9" box="[284,405,1613,1637]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]) fruits. Among the dicot tree fruits they eat are kuëte ise (unidentified), poshton tonte (?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE275BCF96D8213F97B" box="[389,636,1679,1703]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" genus="Macoubea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="guianensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE5FFE275BCF96D8213F97B" box="[389,636,1679,1703]" italics="true" pageId="81">Macoubea guianensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE2744BF9528163F914" box="[114,268,1712,1736]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Apocynaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Gentianales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Apocynaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]), tonnad (a general term for trees in the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE2777EFBBF838DFBA9" box="[839,994,1117,1141]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Myristicaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Magnoliales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Myristicaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
), kuëte mëdiad (an unidentified tree with starchy fruits), and tote (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE2768FFB7D8306FB6A" box="[694,873,1183,1207]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Eschweilera" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE5FFE2768FFB7D835BFB6B" box="[694,820,1183,1207]" italics="true" pageId="81">Eschweilera</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE2779CFB7D845CFB6A" box="[933,1075,1183,1207]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" genus="Lecythis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE5FFE2779CFB7D8392FB6B" box="[933,1021,1183,1207]" italics="true" pageId="81">Lecythis</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE2707BFB7D828BFB04" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lecythidaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lecythidaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]). Collared peccaries also eat the new unrolled leaves of wild banana plants. They gnaw on the pith of fallen budëd palms (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE2701FFAE082B4FAE7" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Attalea" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="butyracea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE5FFE2701FFAE082B4FAE7" italics="true" pageId="81">Attalea butyracea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE5FFE276D0FAC1830CFAE7" box="[745,867,1315,1339]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="81" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Arecaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
]).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE5FFE276F4FAA684D2FA42" blockId="81.[684,1213,1117,1736]" pageId="81">They also eat invertebrates, including aquatic snails, clams, crabs, freshwater shrimp, and earthworms. They occasionally find and eat rotten meat.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3566571FFE5FFE276F5FA4A84D3F914" pageId="81" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE5FFE276F5FA4A84D3F914" blockId="81.[684,1213,1117,1736]" pageId="81">REMARKS: Matses observations about collared peccaries are richly detailed and suggest long and intimate familiarity with this primary game species. All the salient facts about collared peccary natural history documented in the literature are reported by the Matses, including diurnality, small herd size, use of wallows and mineral licks, scent-marking, feline predators, and a mostly frugivorous/gra-</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF336672FFE6FFE17663FF008350FE98" ID-Table-UUID="DF336672FFE6FFE17663FF008350FE98" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF336672FFE6FFE17663FF008350FE98" pageId="82" startId="82.[602,682,226,250]" targetBox="[117,1183,352,914]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="82">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE6FFE17663FF0082A4FF26" blockId="82.[602,715,226,250]" box="[602,715,226,250]" pageId="82">
|
||
<heading id="D0BB8196FFE6FFE17663FF0082A4FF26" box="[602,715,226,250]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="82" reason="4">TABLE 18</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<tableNote id="76AA3774FFE6FFE1752BFEF38350FE98" pageId="82" targetBox="[117,1183,352,914]" targetPageId="82">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE6FFE1752BFEF3847AFEFA" blockId="82.[274,1045,273,324]" box="[274,1045,273,295]" pageId="82">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE6FFE1752BFEF3847AFEFA" bold="true" box="[274,1045,273,295]" pageId="82">
|
||
Measurements (mm) and Weights (kg) of Adult Specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE6FFE177BAFEF0847AFEFA" baseAuthorityName="Link" baseAuthorityYear="1795" box="[899,1045,273,295]" class="Mammalia" family="Tayassuidae" genus="Tayassu" kingdom="Animalia" order="Artiodactyla" pageId="82" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pecari">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE6FFE177BAFEF0847AFEFA" bold="true" box="[899,1045,273,295]" italics="true" pageId="82">Tayassu pecari</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE6FFE175DFFECC8350FE98" blockId="82.[274,1045,273,324]" box="[486,831,302,324]" pageId="82">from the Yavarí-Ucayali Interfluve</paragraph>
|
||
</tableNote>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE6FFE17547FE83841AFC4E" pageId="82">
|
||
<table id="F94CC45AFFE6004C744CFE8284F0FC4E" box="[117,1183,352,914]" gridcols="6" gridrows="15" pageId="82">
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFE8284F0FEA8" box="[117,1183,352,372]" gridrow="0" pageId="82" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FE82819AFEA8" box="[382,501,352,372]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="82">FMNH 88795</th>
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FE8282F0FEA8" box="[552,671,352,372]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="82">FMNH 88796</th>
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFE828325FEA8" box="[722,842,352,372]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="82">FMNH 88797</th>
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FE82839BFEA8" box="[893,1012,352,372]" gridcol="4" gridrow="0" pageId="82">FMNH 88798</th>
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFE8284F0FEA8" box="[1063,1183,352,372]" gridcol="5" gridrow="0" pageId="82">MUSM 11184</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFE6784F0FE45" box="[117,1183,389,409]" gridrow="1" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFE67813CFE45" box="[117,339,389,409]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="82">Sex</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FE67819AFE45" box="[382,501,389,409]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="82">female</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FE6782F0FE45" box="[552,671,389,409]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="82">female</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFE678325FE45" box="[722,842,389,409]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="82">male</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FE67839BFE45" box="[893,1012,389,409]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="82">male</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFE6784F0FE45" box="[1063,1183,389,409]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="82">male</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFE4884F0FE61" box="[117,1183,426,445]" gridrow="2" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFE48813CFE61" box="[117,339,426,445]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="82">Head-and-body length</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FE48819AFE61" box="[382,501,426,445]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="82">1170</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FE4882F0FE61" box="[552,671,426,445]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="82">1125</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFE488325FE61" box="[722,842,426,445]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="82">1085</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FE48839BFE61" box="[893,1012,426,445]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="82">1098</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFE4884F0FE61" box="[1063,1183,426,445]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="82">1090</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFE2D84F0FE3E" box="[117,1183,463,482]" gridrow="3" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFE2D813CFE3E" box="[117,339,463,482]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="82">Length of tail</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FE2D819AFE3E" box="[382,501,463,482]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="82">35</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FE2D82F0FE3E" box="[552,671,463,482]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="82">30</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFE2D8325FE3E" box="[722,842,463,482]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="82">30</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FE2D839BFE3E" box="[893,1012,463,482]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="82">32</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFE2D84F0FE3E" box="[1063,1183,463,482]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="82">25</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFE1684F0FDDB" box="[117,1183,500,519]" gridrow="4" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFE16813CFDDB" box="[117,339,500,519]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="82">Hind foot</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FE16819AFDDB" box="[382,501,500,519]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="82">243</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FE1682F0FDDB" box="[552,671,500,519]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="82">235</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFE168325FDDB" box="[722,842,500,519]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="82">233</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FE16839BFDDB" box="[893,1012,500,519]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="82">241</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFE1684F0FDDB" box="[1063,1183,500,519]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="82">226</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFDFB84F0FDF0" box="[117,1183,537,556]" gridrow="5" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFDFB813CFDF0" box="[117,339,537,556]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="82">Ear</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FDFB819AFDF0" box="[382,501,537,556]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="82">79</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FDFB82F0FDF0" box="[552,671,537,556]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="82">79</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFDFB8325FDF0" box="[722,842,537,556]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="82">76</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FDFB839BFDF0" box="[893,1012,537,556]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="82">79</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFDFB84F0FDF0" box="[1063,1183,537,556]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="82">79</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFDDC84F0FD8D" box="[117,1183,574,593]" gridrow="6" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFDDC813CFD8D" box="[117,339,574,593]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="82">Weight</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FDDC819AFD8D" box="[382,501,574,593]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="82">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FDDC82F0FD8D" box="[552,671,574,593]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="82">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFDDC8325FD8D" box="[722,842,574,593]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="82">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FDDC839BFD8D" box="[893,1012,574,593]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="82">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFDDC84F0FD8D" box="[1063,1183,574,593]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="82">41.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFD8084F0FDAA" box="[117,1183,610,630]" gridrow="7" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFD80813CFDAA" box="[117,339,610,630]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="82">Condylobasal length</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FD80819AFDAA" box="[382,501,610,630]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="82">258.0</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FD8082F0FDAA" box="[552,671,610,630]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="82">252.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFD808325FDAA" box="[722,842,610,630]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="82">249.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FD80839BFDAA" box="[893,1012,610,630]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="82">252.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFD8084F0FDAA" box="[1063,1183,610,630]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="82">243.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFD6584F0FD47" box="[117,1183,647,667]" gridrow="8" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFD65813CFD47" box="[117,339,647,667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="82">Condyloincisive length</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FD65819AFD47" box="[382,501,647,667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="82">—</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FD6582F0FD47" box="[552,671,647,667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="82">252.7</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFD658325FD47" box="[722,842,647,667]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="82">250.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FD65839BFD47" box="[893,1012,647,667]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="82">251.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFD6584F0FD47" box="[1063,1183,647,667]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="82">243.7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFD4E84F0FD63" box="[117,1183,684,703]" gridrow="9" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFD4E813CFD63" box="[117,339,684,703]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="82">Length of diastema</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FD4E819AFD63" box="[382,501,684,703]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="82">31.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FD4E82F0FD63" box="[552,671,684,703]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="82">27.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFD4E8325FD63" box="[722,842,684,703]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="82">27.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FD4E839BFD63" box="[893,1012,684,703]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="82">27.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFD4E84F0FD63" box="[1063,1183,684,703]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="82">32.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFD3384F0FD23" box="[117,1183,721,767]" gridrow="10" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFD33813CFD23" box="[117,339,721,767]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="82">Rostral breadth at dia- stema</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FD33819AFD23" box="[382,501,721,767]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="82">53.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FD3382F0FD23" box="[552,671,721,767]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="82">53.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFD338325FD23" box="[722,842,721,767]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="82">52.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FD33839BFD23" box="[893,1012,721,767]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="82">51.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFD3384F0FD23" box="[1063,1183,721,767]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="82">58.9</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFCF284F0FCF8" box="[117,1183,784,804]" gridrow="11" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFCF2813CFCF8" box="[117,339,784,804]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="82">Least interorbital breadth</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FCF2819AFCF8" box="[382,501,784,804]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="82">61.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FCF282F0FCF8" box="[552,671,784,804]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="82">59.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFCF28325FCF8" box="[722,842,784,804]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="82">62.3</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FCF2839BFCF8" box="[893,1012,784,804]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="82">61.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFCF284F0FCF8" box="[1063,1183,784,804]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="82">62.5</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFCD784F0FC95" box="[117,1183,821,841]" gridrow="12" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFCD7813CFC95" box="[117,339,821,841]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="82">Zygomatic breadth</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FCD7819AFC95" box="[382,501,821,841]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="82">118.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FCD782F0FC95" box="[552,671,821,841]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="82">117.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFCD78325FC95" box="[722,842,821,841]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="82">117.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FCD7839BFC95" box="[893,1012,821,841]" gridcol="4" gridrow="12" pageId="82">121.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFCD784F0FC95" box="[1063,1183,821,841]" gridcol="5" gridrow="12" pageId="82">124.0</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFCB884F0FCB2" box="[117,1183,858,878]" gridrow="13" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFCB8813CFCB2" box="[117,339,858,878]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="82">Cheektooth row (P2–M3)</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FCB8819AFCB2" box="[382,501,858,878]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="82">80.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FCB882F0FCB2" box="[552,671,858,878]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="82">83.8</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFCB88325FCB2" box="[722,842,858,878]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="82">78.4</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FCB8839BFCB2" box="[893,1012,858,878]" gridcol="4" gridrow="13" pageId="82">81.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFCB884F0FCB2" box="[1063,1183,858,878]" gridcol="5" gridrow="13" pageId="82">81.1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357C34B8FFE6004C744CFC9D84F0FC4E" box="[117,1183,895,914]" gridrow="14" pageId="82">
|
||
<th id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C744CFC9D813CFC4E" box="[117,339,895,914]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="82">Breadth of M2</th>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7547FC9D819AFC4E" box="[382,501,895,914]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="82">15.2</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7611FC9D82F0FC4E" box="[552,671,895,914]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="82">16.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C76EBFC9D8325FC4E" box="[722,842,895,914]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="82">16.1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C7744FC9D839BFC4E" box="[893,1012,895,914]" gridcol="4" gridrow="14" pageId="82">15.9</td>
|
||
<td id="76AD5DC4FFE6004C701EFC9D84F0FC4E" box="[1063,1183,895,914]" gridcol="5" gridrow="14" pageId="82">15.8</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSection id="E2C32F11FFE6FFE17455FC28820EF916" pageId="82" type="multiple">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF336FAFFE6FFE17455FC28820EF916" blockId="82.[107,638,970,1738]" pageId="82">
|
||
nivorous diet supplemented by invertebrates and browse (Kiltie, 1981, 1982; Kiltie and Terborgh, 1983;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE6FFE174C7FBEC81EEFBF9" author="Byers, J. A." box="[254,385,1037,1062]" pageId="82" pagination="201 - 210" refId="ref61346" refString="Byers, J. A. 1985. Olfaction-related behavior in collared peccaries. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 70: 201 - 210." type="journal article" year="1985">Byers, 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE6FFE175B5FBEF8245FBF9" author="Bodmer, R. E." box="[396,554,1037,1061]" pageId="82" pagination="457 - 467" refId="ref61027" refString="Bodmer, R. E. 1989. Frugivory in Amazonian Artiodactyla: evidence for the evolution of the ruminant stomach. Journal of Zoology 219: 457 - 467." type="journal article" year="1989">Bodmer, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Tobler et al., 2009;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE6FFE174CBFBCD81DAFB9B" author="Blake, J. G." box="[242,437,1071,1095]" pageId="82" pagination="137 - 146" refId="ref60949" refString="Blake, J. G., et al. 2012. Temporal activity patterns of terrestrial mammals in lowland rainforest of eastern Ecuador. Ecotropica 18: 137 - 146." type="journal article" year="2012">Blake et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Matses observations confirm the fondness of this species for the very hard, golf-ball-size nuts of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE6FFE1760FFB918090FB70" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Astrocaryum" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="82" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE6FFE1760FFB9180AEFB70" italics="true" pageId="82">Astrocaryum</emphasis>
|
||
spp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the coconutlike endosperm of which is an important trophic resource otherwise accessible only to capuchin monkeys (Terborgh, 1983; Voss and Fleck, 2011), white-lipped peccaries (Kiltie, 1982; see below), and rodents (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDD4B0BFFE6FFE1744CFADC8144FA8A" author="Emmons, L. H." box="[117,299,1342,1366]" pageId="82" refId="ref62396" refString="Emmons, L. H. 1997. Neotropical rainforest mammals: a field guide (2 nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press." type="book" year="1997">Emmons, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Voss and Fleck, in prep.). Interestingly, the Matses claim that collared peccaries consume the dense, ivory-hard endosperm of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4C4D79FFE6FFE174E2FA4681CEFA67" box="[219,417,1443,1467]" class="Liliopsida" family="Arecaceae" genus="Mauritia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Arecales" pageId="82" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="flexuosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B938EAE8FFE6FFE174E2FA4681CEFA67" box="[219,417,1443,1467]" italics="true" pageId="82">Mauritia flexuosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seeds, which Kiltie (1982) believed to be eaten only by whitelipped peccaries. Other noteworthy dietary items are aquatic mollusks and crustaceans, both seemingly improbable food resources, but snail opercula were reported from peccary stomachs by Kiltie (1981). Many other behavioral details (e.g., of nocturnal bivouacking) are not described in the literature we consulted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |