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<mods:title id="2DDD15D35EB55AE6D87C42EC8FB9A938">Resolution of the types, diagnostic features, and distribution of two easily confused Sand Lizards, Pedioplanis laticeps (Smith, 1845) and P. burchelli (Duméril &amp; Bibron, 1839) (Squamata: Lacertidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A88A0C73BDFF4AD55C13F7C375B5FD3F">Sebastian Kirchhof</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="C0FB36E96EC05CD0A4464E243B09240D">Mark-Oliver Rödel</mods:namePart>
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<paragraph id="8BF636F36935FF98DFA8F9D8FDDCE55A" blockId="6.[151,1436,1556,2012]" box="[151,517,1556,1582]" pageId="6" pageNumber="88">
<heading id="D0BE819F6935FF98DFA8F9D8FDDCE55A" bold="true" box="[151,517,1556,1582]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="88" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706935FF98DFA8F9D8FDDCE55A" authority="Smith, 1838" authorityName=", Smith" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,517,1556,1582]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16935FF98DFA8F9D8FDDCE55A" bold="true" box="[151,517,1556,1582]" pageId="6" pageNumber="88">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16935FF98DFA8F9D8FEBFE55A" bold="true" box="[151,358,1556,1582]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="88">Lacerta capensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026935FF98DE51F9D8FDDCE55A" author="Smith, A." box="[366,517,1556,1582]" journalOrPublisher="Magazine of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="88" pagination="92 - 94" part="2" refString="Smith, A. (1838) Contributions to the Natural History of Southern Africa. Art. VIII. Magazine of Natural History, 2, 92 - 94." title="Contributions to the Natural History of Southern Africa. Art. VIII" type="journal article" year="1838">Smith, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BF636F36935FF99DFA8F9FBFA56E1F1" blockId="6.[151,1436,1556,2012]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,824]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="6" pageNumber="88">
The specimen BMNH 1946.8.7.86 (previously
<date id="FFF710336935FF98DDFEF9F4FCDFE524" box="[705,774,1592,1616]" pageId="6" pageNumber="88" value="1942-04">IV.42</date>
.a;
<figureCitation id="13722A766935FF98DC19F9FBFCB7E524" box="[806,878,1591,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1734,1756]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1712]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1712]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype BMNH 1946.8. 7.86 (previously IV. 42. a) of Lacerta capensis Smith, 1838: (A) original drawing of the whole individual modified from Plate 45: 2 (Smith 1845); (B) dorsal view of the museum voucher; (C) ventral view; (D) dorsal head; (E) original drawing of the dorsal head modified from Plate 48: 7 (Smith 1845); (F) ventral head; (G) lateral head left; (H) original drawing of the lateral head modified from Plate 48: 7 a (Smith 1845); (I) lateral head right. Scale units 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886130/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="88">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), presented by Lord Derby to the collection, is considered to be the type of
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706935FF98DED2F990FC95E500" authority="Smith, 1838" authorityName=", Smith" authorityYear="1838" box="[493,844,1627,1652]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16935FF98DED2F990FD6AE507" box="[493,691,1628,1651]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="88">Lacerta capensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026935FF98DD82F997FC95E500" author="Smith, A." box="[701,844,1627,1652]" journalOrPublisher="Magazine of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="88" pagination="92 - 94" part="2" refString="Smith, A. (1838) Contributions to the Natural History of Southern Africa. Art. VIII. Magazine of Natural History, 2, 92 - 94." title="Contributions to the Natural History of Southern Africa. Art. VIII" type="journal article" year="1838">Smith, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
(
<tableCitation id="C6CB03486935FF98DC62F997FC6EE500" box="[861,951,1627,1652]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="6.[151,239,152,175]" captionText="TABLE 1. Type material examined over the course of this study with respective catalogue number, collector, collecting locality and status. * Previously IV. 42. a. ** Previously 65.5. 4.55. # Previously 65.5. 4.39. ## Previously 65.5. 4.37. ### Previously 65.5. 4.38." pageId="6" pageNumber="88">Table 1</tableCitation>
). However, after careful examination we found that neither this nor any of the other specimens presented by Smith or Lord Derby match exactly the original description provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026935FF98DD2BF96FFD69E5C8" author="Smith, A." box="[532,688,1699,1724]" journalOrPublisher="Magazine of Natural History" pageId="6" pageNumber="88" pagination="92 - 94" part="2" refString="Smith, A. (1838) Contributions to the Natural History of Southern Africa. Art. VIII. Magazine of Natural History, 2, 92 - 94." title="Contributions to the Natural History of Southern Africa. Art. VIII" type="journal article" year="1838">Smith (1838)</bibRefCitation>
. With the exception of BMNH 1946.8.7.86, BMNH 1865.5.4.87 and BMNH 1865.5.4.88, none of the specimens collected by Smith or presented by Lord Derby (including all Southern African specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706935FF98DD2BF927FD56E470" box="[532,655,1771,1796]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Lacertidae</taxonomicName>
) can be the original type of
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706935FF98DCCFF920FBAFE477" authorityName=", Smith" authorityYear="1838" box="[1008,1142,1772,1795]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16935FF98DCCFF920FBAFE477" box="[1008,1142,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="88">L. capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as they lack the feature mentioned in the species description of possessing granules surrounding the inner edges of the supraoculars. Of the three specimens that have these granules, only BMNH 1946.8.7.86 and BMNH 1865.5.4.87 have 11 or 12 femoral pores, (although BMNH 1946.8.7.86 has 11 on both legs, with one additional but underdeveloped pore on the left leg, whilst BMNH 1865.5.4.87 has 12 on both legs, including one underdeveloped pore on the left leg). Finally, BMNH 1865.5.4.87 clearly has 9 enlarged scales in the collar, as in Smiths (1838) description, whereas BMNH 1946.8.7.86 has 10. In 1845, when Smith published drawings of
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706935FF98DB59F808FB35E4AF" authorityName=", Smith" authorityYear="1838" box="[1126,1260,1988,2011]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="6" pageNumber="88" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16935FF98DB59F808FB35E4AF" box="[1126,1260,1988,2011]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="88">E. capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, he must have examined both these specimens as both appear to be depicted in the plates. The specimen depicted in Plate 45: 2 (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DFA1FF70FEFEE3A1" author="Smith, A." box="[158,295,188,213]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Smith, A. (1845) Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co., London." title="Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co" type="book" year="1845">Smith 1845</bibRefCitation>
) conforms with its colouration and pattern with BMNH 1865.5.4.87, whilst the figures 7 and 7a in Plate 48 agree with BMNH 1946.8.
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depicting an incomplete inner row of granules around the supraoculars (
<figureCitation id="13722A766934FF99DE06FEC8FEA6E268" box="[313,383,260,285]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1734,1756]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1712]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1712]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype BMNH 1946.8. 7.86 (previously IV. 42. a) of Lacerta capensis Smith, 1838: (A) original drawing of the whole individual modified from Plate 45: 2 (Smith 1845); (B) dorsal view of the museum voucher; (C) ventral view; (D) dorsal head; (E) original drawing of the dorsal head modified from Plate 48: 7 (Smith 1845); (F) ventral head; (G) lateral head left; (H) original drawing of the lateral head modified from Plate 48: 7 a (Smith 1845); (I) lateral head right. Scale units 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886130/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
) (this is more complete in BMNH 1865.5.4.87). However, the presence of scales between the subocular and the freno-ocular shown in the drawing fits only BMNH 1946.8.7.86, assuming that the image has not been reversed in the lithographic process and that it does depict the left side of the head. As noted by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DFA8FEA3FEABE2FC" author="FitzSimons, V. F. M." box="[151,370,367,392]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" pagination="259 - 274" part="17" refString="FitzSimons, V. F. M. (1937) Notes on the reptiles and amphibians collected and described from South Africa by Andrew Smith. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 17, 259 - 274." title="Notes on the reptiles and amphibians collected and described from South Africa by Andrew Smith" type="journal article" year="1937">FitzSimons (1937)</bibRefCitation>
this should not be the case and the drawing should actually be mirrored and show the opposite (right) side. This would then conflict with the number of scales between the subocular and the frenoocular in this specimen (
<figureCitation id="13722A766934FF99DE90FE7BFE2DE2A4" box="[431,500,439,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1734,1756]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1712]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,193,1712]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Holotype BMNH 1946.8. 7.86 (previously IV. 42. a) of Lacerta capensis Smith, 1838: (A) original drawing of the whole individual modified from Plate 45: 2 (Smith 1845); (B) dorsal view of the museum voucher; (C) ventral view; (D) dorsal head; (E) original drawing of the dorsal head modified from Plate 48: 7 (Smith 1845); (F) ventral head; (G) lateral head left; (H) original drawing of the lateral head modified from Plate 48: 7 a (Smith 1845); (I) lateral head right. Scale units 1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/886130/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6CB03486934FF99DD3EFE7BFD81E2A4" box="[513,600,439,464]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="10.[125,207,457,478]" captionTargetBox="[125,1852,624,1690]" captionTargetId="graphics@10.[111,1878,617,1691]" captionText="TABLE 2. Inđiviđuals presenteđ to us as Pedioplanis laticeps anđ their character values. The catalogue number of the type material is unđerlineđ. Values for symmetric characters are given as left / right unless they are the same on both siđes. Interstitial extra scales are remarkeđ as + 1. Abbreviations: ađ: ađult; subađ: subađult; juv: juvenile; hatch: hatchling; m: male; f: female; NA: not available; Ns: nasal scale; b: bulging; sb: slightly bulging; nb: not bulging; TVR: transverse ventral scale row; LVR: longituđinal ventral scale rows; max: maximum; LDR: longituđinal đorsal scale rows; PF: prefrontal; FN: frontonasal; F: frontal; TyS: tympanic shielđ; UL: upper labial; SbO: subocular scale; FreO: freno-ocular; LL: lower labial; FPo: femoral pores; C: enlargeđ collar scales; O: occipital; IP: interparietal; SO: supraocular; IRG: inner row of granules; inc.: incomplete; CS: chin shielđ pairs; FreN: freno-nasal; SC: supraciliaries. * Collecteđ by Smith. ** Presenteđ by Lorđ Derby. *** Ađđitional scale / granule between IP anđ O." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF36667B6939FF94DF42FE05F9B3E128" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" tableUuid="DF36667B6939FF94DF42FE05F9B3E128">Table 2</tableCitation>
). However, as indicated in previous articles (
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DB65FE7BFAF8E2A4" author="FitzSimons, V. F. M." box="[1114,1313,439,464]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Transvaal Museum" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" pagination="259 - 274" part="17" refString="FitzSimons, V. F. M. (1937) Notes on the reptiles and amphibians collected and described from South Africa by Andrew Smith. Annals of the Transvaal Museum, 17, 259 - 274." title="Notes on the reptiles and amphibians collected and described from South Africa by Andrew Smith" type="journal article" year="1937">FitzSimons 1937</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DA12FE7BFEF8E281" author="Branch, W. R. &amp; Bauer, A. M." editor="Smith, A." journalOrPublisher="Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Villanova" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" pagination="1 - 19" refString="Branch, W. R. &amp; Bauer, A. M. (2005) The life and herpetological contributions of Andrew Smith. In: Smith, A. (Ed.), The Herpetological Contributions of Sir Andrew Smith. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Villanova, pp. 1 - 19." title="The life and herpetological contributions of Andrew Smith" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="The Herpetological Contributions of Sir Andrew Smith" year="2005">Branch &amp; Bauer 2005</bibRefCitation>
), these figures are not the original first description of
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706934FF99DCA5FE11FBC4E280" authorityName=", Smith" authorityYear="1838" box="[922,1053,477,500]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16934FF99DCA5FE11FBC4E280" box="[922,1053,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">L. capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and Smiths (1945) illustrations may be based on different individuals from that used in the original description. Finally, neither BMNH 1946.8.7.86 nor BMNH 1865.5.4.87 match the total length of the type of around
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[
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] given in Smiths (1838) description, with BMNH 1946.8.7.86 measuring only
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(including its original tail) and BMNH 1865.5.4.87 measuring
<quantity id="4CB19B166934FF99DD3EFDA0FD86E1F0" box="[513,607,620,644]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
total length (although a few mm may be missing from the broken tail).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35365786934FF99DFF8FD43FEA6E04C" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BF636F36934FF99DFF8FD43FEA6E04C" blockId="7.[151,1436,151,824]" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">
Since the name
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706934FF99DEB5FD5DFD34E1DC" authority="Smith, 1838" authorityName=", Smith" authorityYear="1838" box="[394,749,655,680]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16934FF99DEB5FD5DFD8BE1DC" box="[394,594,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">Lacerta capensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DD62FD43FD34E1DC" author="Smith, A." box="[605,749,655,680]" journalOrPublisher="Magazine of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" pagination="92 - 94" part="2" refString="Smith, A. (1838) Contributions to the Natural History of Southern Africa. Art. VIII. Magazine of Natural History, 2, 92 - 94." title="Contributions to the Natural History of Southern Africa. Art. VIII" type="journal article" year="1838">Smith, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
is a primary junior homonym (and therefore unavailable following Article 57.2 of the Code; ICZN 1999), there are no nomenclatural consequences for the taxon
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706934FF99DFA8FD1BFDF5E184" authority="(Smith, 1845)" baseAuthorityName="Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1845" box="[151,556,727,752]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Pedioplanis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16934FF99DFA8FD1BFE5BE184" box="[151,386,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">Pedioplanis laticeps</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DEABFD1BFDFCE184" author="Smith, A." box="[404,549,727,752]" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" refString="Smith, A. (1845) Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co., London." title="Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa. Reptilia. Part XXIII. Smith, Elder, and Co" type="book" year="1845">Smith, 1845</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
in maintaining the current status of BMNH 1946.8.7.86 as the holotype of
<taxonomicName id="4C494D706934FF99DFA8FD31FE2EE060" authority="Smith, 1838" authorityName=", Smith" authorityYear="1838" box="[151,503,764,789]" class="Reptilia" family="Lacertidae" genus="Lacerta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B93DEAE16934FF99DFA8FD31FE85E060" box="[151,348,765,788]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="89">Lacerta capensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD84B026934FF99DE5AFD30FE2EE060" author="Smith, A." box="[357,503,764,789]" journalOrPublisher="Magazine of Natural History" pageId="7" pageNumber="89" pagination="92 - 94" part="2" refString="Smith, A. (1838) Contributions to the Natural History of Southern Africa. Art. VIII. Magazine of Natural History, 2, 92 - 94." title="Contributions to the Natural History of Southern Africa. Art. VIII" type="journal article" year="1838">Smith, 1838</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, despite the minor inconsistencies between its scalation and that detailed in the original description.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>