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<document id="8011FE89BE6F45B2284B2395974A2C93" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3941.1.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="9a54c25b-e43f-4e60-881a-fd262e98310f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="288211" ID-ZooBank="ECDCBC06-96AC-4D91-9C24-7A0A30A3E375" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461023909168" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hibino, Yusuke" docDate="2015" docId="03D24013FD54FFC9FF36FC14C6F7FBD0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03941p078.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3941 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Apterichtus caecus Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="FFEB386BFD53FFC1FFA1FFE3C366FFAF" masterDocTitle="A review of the finless snake eels of the genus Apterichtus (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae), with the description of five new species" masterLastPageNumber="78" masterPageNumber="49" pageNumber="56" updateTime="1698571358071" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="7DC6F1F1AD2257F261F5241FDBA981CF">A review of the finless snake eels of the genus Apterichtus (Anguilliformes: Ophichthidae), with the description of five new species</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03D24013FD54FFC9FF36FC14C6F7FBD0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6116393" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127687784" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6116393" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D24013FD54FFC9FF36FC14C6F7FBD0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D24013FD54FFC9FF36FC14C6F7FBD0" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<subSubSection id="C361A28EFD54FFC6FF36FC14C074FB19" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD54FFC6FF36FC14C12AFBBD" blockId="7.[151,588,1015,1075]" box="[151,588,1015,1042]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<heading id="D08C4669FD54FFC6FF36FC14C12AFBBD" bold="true" box="[151,588,1015,1042]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD54FFC6FF36FC14C12AFBBD" ID-CoL="FYGW" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,588,1015,1042]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caecus">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FF36FC14C12AFBBD" bold="true" box="[151,588,1015,1042]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FF36FC14C21DFBBE" bold="true" box="[151,379,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Apterichtus caecus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD54FFC6FE2AFC1BC125FBBD" author="Linnaeus" box="[395,579,1016,1042]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD54FFC6FF36FBF9C230FB9C" blockId="7.[151,588,1015,1075]" box="[151,342,1050,1075]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<figureCitation id="1340ED80FD54FFC6FF36FBF9C390FB9C" box="[151,246,1050,1075]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1604,1626]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,879,1582]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[340,1248,879,1582]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Underwater photograph of living Apterichtus caecus, taken by P. Gomes at night at 14 m, Funchal, Madeira." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/288214/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Figure 3</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6F9C4BEFD54FFC6FEA2FBF9C230FB9C" box="[259,342,1050,1075]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="5.[151,239,400,423]" captionTargetBox="[151,1159,593,1203]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="TABLE 1. Characteristics of the species of Apterichtus. Abbreviations are: MVF = mean vertebral formula; POP = preopercular pore; STP = supratemporal pore. Preanal vertebral counts of A. gracilis and A. monodi are estimates based on preanal lateral-line pores. Sources are: 1, this study; 2, Blache &amp; Bauchot 1972; 3, McCosker et al. 1989; 4, McCosker &amp; Randall 2005; 5, Pereira &amp; Aguiar 1979; 6, Hibino et al. 2014; 7, Machida &amp; Ohta 1994." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF04A18DFD56FFC4FF36FE73C701FDA8" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" tableUuid="DF04A18DFD56FFC4FF36FE73C701FDA8">Table 1</tableCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD54FFC6FF36FB80C074FB19" blockId="7.[151,1436,1122,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD54FFC6FF36FB80C2FBFBD7" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[151,413,1122,1144]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Muraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FF36FB80C251FBD7" box="[151,311,1123,1144]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Muraena caeca</emphasis>
Linnaeus
</taxonomicName>
(ex Brander) 1758:245 (
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD54FFC6FD00FB81C1A8FBD7" box="[673,718,1122,1144]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
locality Mediterranean Sea [original: &quot;in
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD54FFC6FB24FB81C7D0FBD7" box="[1157,1206,1122,1144]" name="Serbia" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Mari</collectingCountry>
Mediterraneo&quot;].
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD54FFC6FAC8FB80C6FAFBD7" box="[1385,1436,1123,1144]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Type</typeStatus>
unknown or lost; based on a description in manuscript by E. Brander.
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD54FFC6FC3DFB61C094FB38" box="[924,1010,1154,1175]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" type="neotype">Neotype</typeStatus>
MNHN-IC-0000-2125, described herein, from Iviça, a Balearic Isle off
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD54FFC6FE59FB43C154FB19" box="[504,562,1184,1206]" name="Spain" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Spain</collectingCountry>
in the Mediterranean.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361A28EFD54FFC6FF36FB5DC15FFA9F" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD54FFC6FF36FB5DC05EFB7B" blockId="7.[151,1436,1122,1328]" box="[151,824,1214,1237]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6BD62BFD54FFC6FF36FB5DC05EFB7B" box="[151,824,1214,1237]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD54FFC6FF36FB5DC16EFB7B" ID-CoL="FYGW" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,520,1214,1237]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caecus">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FF36FB5DC231FB7A" box="[151,343,1214,1237]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Apterichtus caecus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD54FFC6FEC5FB5DC166FB7B" author="Linnaeus" box="[356,512,1214,1236]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0ADAD714FD54FFC6FDB0FB5DC052FB7B" author="Blache" box="[529,820,1214,1236]" page="711" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" year="1972">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD54FFC6FDB0FB5DC06FFB7B" author="Blache" box="[529,777,1214,1236]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Blache, J. &amp; Bauchot, M. L. (1972) Contribution a la connaissance des poissons Anguilliformes de la cote occidentale d'Afrique. 13 e note: les genres Verma, Apterichthus, Ichthyapus, Hemerorhinus, Caecula, Dalophis avec la description de deux genres nouveaux (Fam. des Ophichthidae). Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire Sciences Naturelles, Series A, 34, 692 - 773." type="journal article" year="1972">Blache &amp; Bauchot 1972</bibRefCitation>
:711
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD54FFC6FF36FB3EC7EFFB5C" blockId="7.[151,1436,1122,1328]" box="[151,1161,1245,1267]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6BD62BFD54FFC6FF36FB3EC7EFFB5C" box="[151,1161,1245,1267]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD54FFC6FF36FB3EC289FB5C" ID-CoL="P8N2" authority="Vahl 1794:156" authorityName="Vahl" authorityPageNumber="156" authorityYear="1794" box="[151,495,1245,1267]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Caecula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="apterygia">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FF36FB3EC235FB5C" box="[151,339,1245,1267]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Caecula apterygia</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0ADAD714FD54FFC6FEF8FB3EC289FB5C" author="Vahl" box="[345,495,1245,1267]" page="156" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" year="1794">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD54FFC6FEF8FB3EC2A2FB5C" author="Vahl" box="[345,452,1245,1267]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Vahl, M. (1794) Beskrivelse af en nye fiske-slaegt, Caecula. Skrivter af Naturhistorie-Selskabet Kiobenhavn, 3, 149 - 156." type="journal article" year="1794">Vahl 1794</bibRefCitation>
:156
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, an unneeded substitute name for
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD54FFC6FCE9FB3DC7E2FB5C" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[840,1156,1245,1267]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Muraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FCE9FB3DC080FB5C" box="[840,998,1246,1267]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Muraena caeca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD54FFC6FC4DFB3EC7E2FB5C" author="Linnaeus" box="[1004,1156,1245,1267]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD54FFC6FF36FB1FC7BDFABD" blockId="7.[151,1436,1122,1328]" box="[151,1243,1276,1298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6BD62BFD54FFC6FF36FB1FC7BDFABD" box="[151,1243,1276,1298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD54FFC6FF36FB1FC127FABD" authority="Lacepede 1800:134" authorityName="Lacepede" authorityPageNumber="134" authorityYear="1800" box="[151,577,1276,1298]" class="Amphibia" family="Caeciliidae" genus="Caecilia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnophiona" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="branderiana">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FF36FB1FC214FABD" box="[151,370,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Caecilia branderiana</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0ADAD714FD54FFC6FED6FB1FC127FABD" author="Lacepede" box="[375,577,1276,1298]" page="134" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" year="1800">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD54FFC6FED6FB1FC170FABD" author="Lacepede" box="[375,534,1276,1298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Lacepede, B. G. E. (1800) Histoire naturelle des poissons. Vol. 2. Plassan, Paris, 632 pp." type="book" year="1800">Lacepède 1800</bibRefCitation>
:134
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, an unneeded substitute name for
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD54FFC6FC38FB1EC7B1FABD" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[921,1239,1276,1298]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Muraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FC38FB1EC751FABD" box="[921,1079,1277,1298]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Muraena caeca</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD54FFC6FB9FFB1FC7B1FABD" author="Linnaeus" box="[1086,1239,1276,1298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD54FFC6FF36FAF9C15FFA9F" blockId="7.[151,1436,1122,1328]" box="[151,569,1306,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6BD62BFD54FFC6FF36FAF9C15FFA9F" box="[151,569,1306,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD54FFC6FF36FAF9C153FA9F" ID-CoL="FYGW" authority="Delaroche 1809:325" authorityName="Delaroche" authorityPageNumber="325" authorityYear="1809" box="[151,565,1306,1328]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caecus">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FF36FAF9C231FA9F" box="[151,343,1306,1328]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Apterichtus caecus</emphasis>
:
<treatmentCitation id="0ADAD714FD54FFC6FEC5FAF9C153FA9F" author="Delaroche" box="[356,565,1306,1328]" page="325" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" year="1809">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD54FFC6FEC5FAF9C16EFA9F" author="Delaroche" box="[356,520,1306,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Delaroche, F. E. (1809) Suite du memoire sur les especes de poissons observees a Ivica. Observations sur quelques-uns des poissons indiques dans le precedent tableau et descriptions des especes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 13, 313 - 361. [Paris]" type="journal article" year="1809">Delaroche 1809</bibRefCitation>
:325
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361A28EFD54FFC6FF36FABEC1D5F9E2" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD54FFC6FF36FABEC129F985" blockId="7.[151,1437,1373,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FF36FABEC26CFAD9" bold="true" box="[151,266,1373,1398]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. An elongate species with: tail 1.6–1.7, head 12–15, and body depth
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD54FFC6FBD4FABEC787FAD9" box="[1141,1249,1373,1398]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7652999999999999" metricValueMax="2.1082" metricValueMin="1.4224" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="in" value="69.5" valueMax="83.0" valueMin="56.0">56–83 in</quantity>
total length; 4 preopercular pores and 5 pores in supratemporal canal; teeth conical, uniserial on jaws, becoming biserial on vomer of large specimens; 8–14 vomerine teeth; body coloration (when fresh) ochre with numerous small dark brown spots, those spots forming a continuous mid-dorsal band, yellowish on ventral surface, head with dark brown spots over a pale background, a prominent horizontal white patch beneath and behind the orbit (
<figureCitation id="1340ED80FD54FFC6FB69FA0EC676F9A9" box="[1224,1296,1517,1542]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1604,1626]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,879,1582]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[340,1248,879,1582]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Underwater photograph of living Apterichtus caecus, taken by P. Gomes at night at 14 m, Funchal, Madeira." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/288214/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
); and MVF 52–134, total vertebrae 132–139 (n=6).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD54FFC6FF66F9D6C1D5F9E2" blockId="7.[151,1437,1373,2013]" box="[199,691,1589,1614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FF66F9D6C391F9E1" bold="true" box="[199,247,1589,1614]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Size</emphasis>
. The largest known specimen is
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD54FFC6FDC7F9D6C1C9F9E2" box="[614,687,1589,1614]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" unit="cm" value="60.0">60 cm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361A28EFD54FFC6FF66F9BAC041F939" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD54FFC6FF66F9BAC041F939" blockId="7.[151,1437,1373,2013]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FF66F9BAC23FF9DD" bold="true" box="[199,345,1625,1650]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Distribution</emphasis>
. Known from
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depth, usually in fine sand. Western and eastern Mediterranean, eastern Atlantic south to Azores, Madeira, and the Canary islands.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361A28EFD54FFC9FF66F942C741FB97" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD54FFC9FF66F942C0FAFDB4" blockId="7.[151,1437,1373,2013]" lastBlockId="8.[151,1437,151,1151]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FF66F942C25DF915" bold="true" box="[199,315,1697,1722]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD54FFC6FEE7F941C29FF916" box="[326,505,1698,1721]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Muraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FEE7F941C29FF916" box="[326,505,1698,1721]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Muraena caeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD54FFC6FD7AF942C0F1F915" author="Linnaeus" box="[731,919,1697,1722]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus (1758)</bibRefCitation>
from the Mediterranean in a terse 42 word unillustrated description. Subsequent authors agree that the
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD54FFC6FCE0F925C017F971" box="[833,881,1734,1758]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
specimen is lost. The next mention of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD54FFC6FA92F925C6FAF972" box="[1331,1436,1734,1757]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Muraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FA92F925C6FAF972" box="[1331,1436,1734,1757]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">M. caeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was that of
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD54FFC6FEB6F90AC2A0F8AD" author="Dumeril" box="[279,454,1769,1794]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Dumeril, A. M. C. (1806) Zoologie analytique, ou methode naturelle de classification des animaux. Allais, libraire, Paris, 1 - 344." type="book chapter" year="1806">Duméril (1806)</bibRefCitation>
who created the generic name
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD54FFC6FCBEF90AC0C6F8AE" box="[799,928,1769,1793]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FCBEF90AC0C6F8AE" box="[799,928,1769,1793]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Apterichtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD54FFC6FC6FF909C769F8AE" box="[974,1039,1770,1793]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Muraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD54FFC6FC6FF909C769F8AE" box="[974,1039,1770,1793]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">caeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The first comprehensive treatment of the species was that of
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD54FFC6FE64F8EEC1EAF889" author="Delaroche" box="[453,652,1805,1830]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Delaroche, F. E. (1809) Suite du memoire sur les especes de poissons observees a Ivica. Observations sur quelques-uns des poissons indiques dans le precedent tableau et descriptions des especes nouvelles ou peu connues. Annales du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 13, 313 - 361. [Paris]" type="journal article" year="1809">Delaroche (1809)</bibRefCitation>
in which he well-described and illustrated a specimen from Iviça, a Balearic
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD54FFC6FF5DF8D2C226F8E5" box="[252,320,1841,1866]" name="Iceland" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Island</collectingCountry>
in the Mediterranean off
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD54FFC6FDC1F8D2C1C5F8E5" box="[608,675,1841,1866]" name="Spain" pageId="7" pageNumber="56">Spain</collectingCountry>
. He considered Linnaeus’s description to be “très-exacte, mais trèsincomplete” and on the basis of his “28 ½ centimeter” specimen provided an extensive description and illustration. The specimen now resides in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris) and was redescribed and illustrated by
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD54FFC6FF1BF87EC131F819" author="Blache" box="[186,599,1949,1974]" pageId="7" pageNumber="56" refString="Blache, J. &amp; Bauchot, M. L. (1972) Contribution a la connaissance des poissons Anguilliformes de la cote occidentale d'Afrique. 13 e note: les genres Verma, Apterichthus, Ichthyapus, Hemerorhinus, Caecula, Dalophis avec la description de deux genres nouveaux (Fam. des Ophichthidae). Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire Sciences Naturelles, Series A, 34, 692 - 773." type="journal article" year="1972">Blache and Bauchot (1972:711–714)</bibRefCitation>
along with another specimen from eastern Africa. Blache and Bauchot (p. 711) erroneously stated that the specimen (“n o MNHN, Paris: 2125”) collected by Delaroche from the Baléares was
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD5BFFC9FF36FF78C390FF1D" box="[151,246,155,179]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.97" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="497.0">497 mm</quantity>
TL. Their other specimen (“n o MNHN, Paris: 1884–426”) was said to be
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD5BFFC9FBE7FF78C7C3FF1D" box="[1094,1189,155,179]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.84" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="284.0">284 mm</quantity>
TL and to have been collected by Vaillant off east Africa. Because of the disagreement with the length so precisely cited by Delaroche we presume that Blache and Bauchot erroneously reversed the collection data and sizes of the two specimens, and we presume that the
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD5BFFC9FEDFFEE4C2BDFEB0" box="[382,475,263,287]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.84" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="284.0">284 mm</quantity>
specimen is that of Delaroche. We have examined the Delaroche specimen and find it to be an adequate, albeit slightly twisted, specimen. It has 137 total vertebrae (52 preanal) and the following measurements (in mm): total length 284; head length 21.3; trunk length 94.7; jaw length ca. 8.4 (the jaw is cut at the rictus on both sides); snout length 3.6; eye diameter 1.0; interorbital width 1.3; body depth at gill opening ca. 5.4; and body width at gill opening ca. 4.6. Its dentition was illustrated by Blache and Bauchot (
<figureCitation id="1340ED80FD5BFFC9FB60FE75C645FE00" box="[1217,1315,406,431]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="10.[151,250,1952,1974]" captionTargetBox="[508,1071,217,1908]" captionTargetId="figure@10.[489,1097,193,1930]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="FIGURE 7. Dentition of holotype of Apterichtus dunalailai, MNHN 1987 - 0810, 289 mm. Drawn by Corlis Schneider." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/288218/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Figure 7</figureCitation>
, p. 713). It has the following cephalic pores: single median interorbital and temporal pores; supraorbital pores 1+4, infraorbital pores 5+2, supratemporal pores 5, lower jaw pores 5, preopercular pores 4; lateral-line pores difficult to count accurately due to small size and waxy exudate,
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branchial region.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD5BFFC9FF66FDC4C043FCB8" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1151]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
Our description of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD5BFFC9FE02FDC4C11FFD90" box="[419,633,551,575]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caecus">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD5BFFC9FE02FDC4C11FFD90" box="[419,633,551,575]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Apterichtus caecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is primarily based on Pereira and Aguiar’s (1979) description of five Azorean specimens, as well as Blache and Bauchot’s (1972) description and illustrations, and McCosker’s examination of the
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD5BFFC9FEDDFD93C2B3FD27" box="[380,469,624,648]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
and a specimen from
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD5BFFC9FD41FD8DC073FD28" box="[736,789,622,647]" name="Italy" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Italy</collectingCountry>
. Blache and Bauchot’s second specimen (
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) has broadly separated biserial vomerine teeth. It agrees in other body proportions, pores and vertebrae (135).
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD5BFFC9FAE0FD71C266FD60" author="Wirtz" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" refString="Wirtz, P., Fricke, R. &amp; Siscoito, J. (2008) The coastal fishes of Madeira Island - new records and an annotated check-list. Zootaxa, 1715, 1 - 26." type="journal article" year="2008">
Wirtz
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD5BFFC9FA29FD70C3CBFD60" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">et al</emphasis>
. (2008
</bibRefCitation>
:
<figureCitation id="1340ED80FD5BFFC9FEADFD55C20DFD60" box="[268,363,694,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1604,1626]" captionTargetBox="[340,1247,879,1582]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[340,1248,879,1582]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 3. Underwater photograph of living Apterichtus caecus, taken by P. Gomes at night at 14 m, Funchal, Madeira." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/288214/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Figure 3</figureCitation>
) published a color photograph of an
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD5BFFC9FCAEFD54C01AFD60" box="[783,892,695,719]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caecus">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD5BFFC9FCAEFD54C01AFD60" box="[783,892,695,719]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">A. caecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
taken at night in
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from Madeira. They also published a color photograph (
<figureCitation id="1340ED80FD5BFFC9FE5AFD39C139FD5C" box="[507,607,730,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1775,1797]" captionTargetBox="[226,1359,193,1753]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[226,1360,193,1754]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 2. Underwater photograph of living Apterichtus flavicaudus, taken by J. Randall at 15 m, Makua, O’ahu, Hawai’i." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/288213/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Figure 2</figureCitation>
) taken in
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD5BFFC9FD78FD38C070FD5D" box="[729,790,731,755]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
from Madeira of what appears to be
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD5BFFC9FB70FD38C659FD5D" box="[1233,1343,731,754]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caecus">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD5BFFC9FB70FD38C659FD5D" box="[1233,1343,731,754]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">A. caecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; it well demonstrates the ochre cephalic coloration of that species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD5BFFC9FF66FCC1C741FB97" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1151]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD5BFFC9FF66FCC1C29DFC94" author="Blache" box="[199,507,802,827]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" refString="Blache, J. &amp; Bauchot, M. L. (1972) Contribution a la connaissance des poissons Anguilliformes de la cote occidentale d'Afrique. 13 e note: les genres Verma, Apterichthus, Ichthyapus, Hemerorhinus, Caecula, Dalophis avec la description de deux genres nouveaux (Fam. des Ophichthidae). Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire Sciences Naturelles, Series A, 34, 692 - 773." type="journal article" year="1972">Blache and Bauchot (1972)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD5BFFC9FD93FCC1C1A3FC94" author="Leiby" box="[562,709,802,827]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" refString="Leiby, M. (1990) Ophichthidae. In: Quero, J. C., Hureau, J. C., Karrer, C., Post, A. &amp; Saldanha, L. (Eds.), Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). Vol. 1. JNICT, Lisbon; SEI, Paris; and UNESCO, Paris, pp. 176 - 192." type="book" year="1990">Leiby (1990)</bibRefCitation>
remarked that
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD5BFFC9FCCFFCC0C772FC94" box="[878,1044,803,827]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguiformis">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD5BFFC9FCCFFCC0C772FC94" box="[878,1044,803,827]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">A. anguiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD5BFFC9FBEDFCC0C7D1FC95" box="[1100,1207,803,826]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caecus">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD5BFFC9FBEDFCC0C7D1FC95" box="[1100,1207,803,826]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">A. caecus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have been confused with each other during the last two centuries and that most earlier references to adults and larvae are not clearly attributable to either species. In that no
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD5BFFC9FD29FC88C1A5FC2C" box="[648,707,875,899]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">types</typeStatus>
existed for Linnaeus’
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD5BFFC9FC7FFC88C22DFC08" authority="Blache and Bauchot" authorityName="Blache and Bauchot" authorityYear="1972" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Muraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD5BFFC9FC7FFC88C7FAFC2D" box="[990,1180,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Muraena caeca,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD5BFFC9FB0AFC89C22DFC08" author="Blache" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" refString="Blache, J. &amp; Bauchot, M. L. (1972) Contribution a la connaissance des poissons Anguilliformes de la cote occidentale d'Afrique. 13 e note: les genres Verma, Apterichthus, Ichthyapus, Hemerorhinus, Caecula, Dalophis avec la description de deux genres nouveaux (Fam. des Ophichthidae). Bulletin de l'Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire Sciences Naturelles, Series A, 34, 692 - 773." type="journal article" year="1972">Blache and Bauchot (1972:709–710)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
analyzed its meager description and concluded that
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD5BFFC9FC66FC73C76EFC08" box="[967,1032,912,935]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Muraenidae" genus="Muraena" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caeca">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD5BFFC9FC66FC73C76EFC08" box="[967,1032,912,935]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">caeca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most probably was based on the Mediterranean species of
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD5BFFC9FE16FC50C15EFC64" box="[439,568,947,971]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD5BFFC9FE16FC50C15EFC64" box="[439,568,947,971]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Apterichtus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which has 135–138 vertebrae … and a preanal distance of 40.5–42.3% of the total length, rather than the species with the higher vertebral count (150–157),
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD5BFFC9FBAAFC34C7D7FC40" box="[1035,1201,983,1007]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguiformis">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD5BFFC9FBAAFC34C7D7FC40" box="[1035,1201,983,1007]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">A. anguiformis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We agree with their conclusion and feel that it is appropriate to designate a
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD5BFFC9FC80FC18C01CFBBC" box="[801,890,1019,1043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C7B8A86FD5BFFC9FC0EFC18C62AFBBC" authority="Linnaeus 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[943,1356,1018,1043]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Ophichthidae" genus="Apterichtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anguilliformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caecus">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD5BFFC9FC0EFC18C7E0FBBD" box="[943,1158,1019,1043]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Apterichtus caecus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFEA8CF4FD5BFFC9FB39FC19C622FBBC" author="Linnaeus" box="[1176,1348,1018,1043]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" refString="Linnaeus, C. (1758) Systema Naturae, Ed. X. (Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.) Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii, Holmiae, 824 pp." type="book" year="1758">Linnaeus 1758</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
in our revision. We herein do so and designate MNHN-IC-0000-2125 to be the
<typeStatus id="54C04FA7FD5BFFC9FC66FBC3C745FB97" box="[967,1059,1056,1080]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C361A28EFD5BFFC9FF66FBA1C6F7FBD0" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BC4F105FD5BFFC9FF66FBA1C6F7FBD0" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1151]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">
<emphasis id="B90F2D17FD5BFFC9FF66FBA1C2D7FBF4" bold="true" box="[199,433,1090,1115]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Material examined.</emphasis>
<specimenCount id="9D7D3A8CFD5BFFC9FE19FBA0C123FBF4" box="[440,581,1090,1115]" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
,
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD5BFFC9FDF0FBA1C180FBF5" box="[593,742,1090,1115]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.94" metricValueMax="5.04" metricValueMin="2.84" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="394.0" valueMax="504.0" valueMin="284.0">284–504 mm</quantity>
TL, including the
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(MNHN-IC-0000-
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD5BFFC9FB4AFBA1C6F6FBF4" box="[1259,1424,1090,1115]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.1252839999999997" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="2125284.0">2125, 284 mm</quantity>
), from Iviça, a Balearic
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD5BFFC9FE33FB85C2B0FBD0" box="[402,470,1126,1151]" name="Iceland" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Island</collectingCountry>
in the Mediterranean off
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD5BFFC9FD54FB85C05EFBD0" box="[757,824,1126,1151]" name="Spain" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Spain</collectingCountry>
. From
<collectingCountry id="F36CB195FD5BFFC9FC27FB85C0D8FBD0" box="[902,958,1126,1151]" name="Italy" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">Italy</collectingCountry>
: Strait of Messina,
<collectionCode id="ED6A69C0FD5BFFC9FB34FB84C7B7FBD0" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" box="[1173,1233,1127,1151]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:33791" name="Museum of Comparative Zoology" pageId="8" pageNumber="57">MCZ</collectionCode>
<quantity id="4C835CE0FD5BFFC9FB78FB85C644FBD0" box="[1241,1314,1126,1151]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0861504" pageId="8" pageNumber="57" unit="mm" value="4.0861504E7">40861</quantity>
, 504 mm.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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