226 lines
26 KiB
XML
226 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="600867F3759A6D01019B96EDFA1BD0E5">Evolution and phylogeny of glass-sponge-associated zoantharians, with a description of two new genera and three new species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FBE8C837A6A598331C5524996B4D3BD5">Kise, Hiroki</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="39E309382747946B75BE00297CA88A08">Montenegro, Javier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="49A190CC3A3292971C0C0C475498DD81">Santos, Maria E. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="31ABCC196E01791CE9CA8D7CDB16B625">Hoeksema, Bert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A82AC63318CCACF6E8C0506B1C5EE383">Ekins, Merrick</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="74A513B504BAB7EBCDD27509EC9F23A1">Ise, Yuji</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DACB9357CD914BB00DE05EDA4CACEEC3">Higashiji, Takuo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="8E2F838D6F4B22140BAD4A280FAEF038">Fernandez-Silva, Iria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AF0D6D2085A63A2ADEBB063F41D7AC21">Reimer, James D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="500962C5BCB7F274333254A7D016D23D">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="E3116ED1C013A068F9B32168213A32ED">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="04F415B9F279800BC2C16D5DF0C5BDB2">2021-09-29</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="1745DFCF6C00767EC1C74A47ED23E404" type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab068</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B5B03F6B4FFFE214E9FD8CA830FAB4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799626" ID-GBIF-Taxon="191713714" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5799626" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B5B03F6B4FFFE214E9FD8CA830FAB4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B5B03F6B4FFFE214E9FD8CA830FAB4" lastPageNumber="341" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B4FFFE214E9FD8CAF56FD14" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA301296B4FFFE214E9FD8CAF56FD14" blockId="18.[182,724,616,671]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE214E9FD8CAF4DFDF4" ID-CoL="9FPTH" baseAuthorityName="Wassilieff" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[182,555,617,640]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Vitrumanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="oligomyarius">VITRUMANTHUS OLIGOMYARIUS</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B4FFFE21663FD8CAFABFDF4" author="Wassilieff A" box="[572,717,617,641]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref17742" refString="Wassilieff A. 1908. Japanische actinien, in Doflein. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1: 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1908">WASSILIEFF</bibRefCitation>
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, 1908) COMB. NOV.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B4FFFE215DFFD4BAF6FFD4C" box="[384,521,686,711]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA301296B4FFFE215DFFD4BAF6FFD4C" blockId="18.[384,521,686,711]" box="[384,521,686,711]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
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(
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<figureCitation id="13271DAC6B4FFFE215D6FD4BAF67FD4C" box="[393,513,686,711]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="17.[163,243,833,855]" captionTargetBox="[163,1443,195,793]" captionTargetId="figure-431@17.[163,1443,195,793]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="Figure 8. Images of external and internal morphology of Vitrumanthus oligomyarius (CMNH ZG-4785). A, preserved polyps on Tretochone duplicata; B, C, cross-section of polyp; D, longitudinal section of polyp; E, F, close-up images of cyclically transitional marginal musculature; G, close-up image of tentacle musculature. Abbreviations: A, actinopharynx; Dd, dorsal directives; Ctmm, cyclically transitional marginal musculature; Ec, ectoderm; M, mesoglea; Mm, marginal musculature; S, siphonoglyph; O, oral disk; 5th, fifth mesentery from dorsal directives. Scale bars: 5 mm (A), 1.5 mm (B, C), 0.5 mm (D, E), 0.1 mm (F), 0.25 mm (G)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799612" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799612/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">FIG. 8A–G</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B4FFFE214CEFD32AC17FC81" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BA301296B4FFFE214CEFD32AC17FC81" blockId="18.[145,761,726,779]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
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Basionym:
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE21551FD32AF93FD67" authority="Wassilieff, 1908: 47" authorityName="Wassilieff" authorityPageNumber="47" authorityYear="1908" box="[270,757,726,748]" class="Anthozoa" family="Sphenopidae" genus="Gemmaria" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="oligomyaria">
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Gemmaria oligomyaria
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B4FFFE21645FD33AF93FD67" author="Wassilieff A" box="[538,757,726,748]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref17742" refString="Wassilieff A. 1908. Japanische actinien, in Doflein. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1: 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1908">Wassilieff, 1908: 47</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, fig. 29; taf. I, fig. 29.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B4FFFE214CEFCCBAC5FFC55" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA301296B4FFFE214CEFCCBAC5FFC55" blockId="18.[145,764,814,990]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
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Material examined:
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<materialsCitation id="3B740B746B4FFFE215D7FCCAAC5FFC55" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3421416317" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
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CMNH ZG-4785, off Katsuura,
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<collectingRegion id="49D8CFCB6B4FFFE214CEFCA8ADBEFCE8" box="[145,216,845,867]" country="Japan" name="Chiba" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">Chiba</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry id="F30B41B96B4FFFE214BCFCABAC4DFCE8" box="[227,299,846,867]" name="Japan" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">Japan</collectingCountry>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE2867EE6B4FFFE21567FCA8ACF3FCE8" box="[312,405,844,867]" degrees="34" direction="north" minutes="50" orientation="latitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" precision="925" value="34.833332">34°50′N</geoCoordinate>
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–35°00′N,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE2867EE6B4FFFE21654FCA8AF1AFCE9" box="[523,636,844,867]" degrees="140" direction="west" minutes="20" orientation="longitude" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" precision="925" value="-140.33333">140°20′W</geoCoordinate>
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–140°30′W, 390, vertical long line fishing, coll. A. Tamura on vessel Kiyo-maru,
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<date id="FFA227E96B4FFFE21544FC6EACCDFC2B" box="[283,427,906,928]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" value="2006-01-19">19 Jan 2006</date>
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, divided into two pieces, one portion fixed in 5–10% saltwater formalin and other in 99.5% ethanol.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C30652A26B4FFFE214CEFBE7AC3CF8ED" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA301296B4FFFE214CEFBE7AFF5FA0C" blockId="18.[145,761,1025,1415]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
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Description: External morphology. Circa> 300 cylindrical polyps. Solitary polyps arise from
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<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE214CEFBDBAF30FBDF" authority="(Topsent, 1928)" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[145,598,1086,1108]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Tretochone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="duplicata">
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Tretochone duplicata (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B4FFFE215FBFBDAAF2BFBDF" author="Topsent E" box="[420,589,1087,1108]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref17638" refString="Topsent E. 1928. Sur deux Euretides du Japon. (Note preliminaire). Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique de Monaco 515: 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1928">Topsent, 1928</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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in preserved specimen. Preserved polyps dark-yellow in coloration and trapezoid when opened. Polyps located all over the three-dimensional structured hexactinellid sponge body. Surface of column smooth, and ectoderm continuous. Ectoderm of polyps partially encrusted with small sized sand and silica particles (c. <
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<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B4FFFE216C8FB12AF88FA87" box="[663,750,1271,1292]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="0.1">0.1 mm</quantity>
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). The transparent capitulum contracted and rounded. Contracted preserved polyps
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<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B4FFFE2158BFAD1AF31FAC2" box="[468,599,1332,1354]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8" metricValueMax="3.1" metricValueMin="0.5" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="1.8" valueMax="3.1" valueMin="0.5">0.5–3.1 mm</quantity>
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in height,
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||
<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B4FFFE21696FAD1AD8EFAE3" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" unit="mm" value="2.3" valueMax="3.4" valueMin="1.2">1.2– 3.4 mm</quantity>
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in diameter. Capitulary ridges indiscernible when contracted. Tentacles
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<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B4FFFE21593FA94AF48FA0C" box="[460,558,1393,1415]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.636" metricValueMax="9.144" metricValueMin="8.128" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" unit="in" value="34.0" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="32.0">32–36 in</quantity>
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number.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA301296B4FFFE214CEFA4FAC03F979" blockId="18.[145,761,1450,1779]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
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Internal morphology: Zooxanthellae absent. Cyclically transitional marginal musculature from endoderm to mesogleal, and lacunae confined toward endoderm proximally. Encircling sinus or mesogleal canal usually imperceptible and basal canals of mesenteries absent. Mesenteries thin,
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<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B4FFFE216D6F9A1AF91F9D1" box="[649,759,1604,1626]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.636" metricValueMax="9.144" metricValueMin="8.128" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" unit="in" value="34.0" valueMax="36.0" valueMin="32.0">32–36 in</quantity>
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number, in brachycnemic arrangement. Mesoglea thickness 0.7–1.0 mm. Mesoglea thicker than endoderm but thinner than ectoderm in the body wall. Siphonoglyph distinct and U-shaped. Mesenterial filaments present.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA301296B4FFFE214CEF8F1AC3CF8ED" blockId="18.[145,761,1812,1895]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
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Cnidae: Basitrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores, microbasic p-mastigophores, holotrichs and spirocysts (
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<figureCitation id="13271DAC6B4FFFE214C6F8B4AD8DF8EC" box="[153,235,1873,1895]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="12.[145,225,1421,1443]" captionTargetBox="[304,1265,196,1380]" captionTargetId="figure-24@12.[303,1266,195,1381]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="Figure 5. Cnidae in the tentacles, column, actinopharynx and mesenterial filaments of holotypes of new species in this study. A, cnidae of Churabana kuroshioae; B, cnidae of Vitrumanthus schrieri; C, cnidae of Vitrumanthus vanderlandi; D, cnidae of Vitrumanthus oligomyarius. Abbreviations: Hl, holotrichs large; Hm, holotrichs medium; Hs, holotrich small; O, basitrichs and microbasic b-mastigophores; Pm, microbasic p-mastigophores; S, spirocysts." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5799604" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5799604/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">Fig. 5D</figureCitation>
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;
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<tableCitation id="C69E34926B4FFFE214A8F8B4AC2DF8ED" box="[247,331,1873,1895]" captionStart="Table 2" captionStartId="13.[162,226,196,217]" captionTargetPageId="13" captionText="Table 2. Cnidae types and sizes observed in this study. Frequency: relative abundance of cnidae type in decreasing order; numerous, common, occasional, rare. N = number of cnidae measured" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF6351A16B50FFFD14FDFF21AEDCFF7C" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" tableUuid="DF6351A16B50FFFD14FDFF21AEDCFF7C">Table 2</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30652A26B4FFFE21776FF20AE9FFE93" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BA301296B4FFFE21776FF20AE9FFE93" blockId="18.[809,1424,197,280]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
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Distribution and habitats: Pacific coast of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F30B41B96B4FFFE2111FFF20A8EAFF51" box="[1344,1420,197,218]" name="Japan" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
: Suruga Bay,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D8CFCB6B4FFFE21798FF01A951FF71" box="[967,1079,228,250]" country="Japan" name="Shizuoka" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">Shizuoka</collectingRegion>
|
||
and off Katsuura,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49D8CFCB6B4FFFE21179FF01A808FF71" box="[1318,1390,228,250]" country="Japan" name="Chiba" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">Chiba</collectingRegion>
|
||
at depths of <
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D1ACAA06B4FFFE217F3FEE7AE9FFE93" box="[940,1017,258,280]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CE4ACCC6B4FFFE217F3FEE7AE93FE93" box="[940,1013,258,280]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" unit="m" value="390.0">390 m</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30652A26B4FFFE21776FEDCA8F4FEC5" box="[809,1426,313,334]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA301296B4FFFE21776FEDCA8F4FEC5" blockId="18.[809,1426,313,334]" box="[809,1426,313,334]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
|
||
Associated host:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE217B6FEDCA8EBFEC5" authority="(Topsent, 1928)" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1928" box="[1001,1421,313,334]" class="Hexactinellida" family="Euretidae" genus="Tretochone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Sceptrulophora" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="duplicata">
|
||
Tretochone duplicata (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B4FFFE210BAFEDCA8E5FEC5" author="Topsent E" box="[1253,1411,313,334]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" pagination="1 - 4" refId="ref17638" refString="Topsent E. 1928. Sur deux Euretides du Japon. (Note preliminaire). Bulletin de l'Institut oceanographique de Monaco 515: 1 - 4." type="journal article" year="1928">Topsent, 1928</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C30652A26B4FFFE21776FE97A830FAB4" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA301296B4FFFE21776FE97A830FAB4" blockId="18.[809,1425,370,1343]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341">
|
||
Remarks: The morphological characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE21776FE74A91EFE2D" baseAuthorityName="Wassilieff" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[809,1144,401,422]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Vitrumanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="oligomyarius">Vitrumanthus oligomyarius</taxonomicName>
|
||
collected in this study are identical to those of the original description by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B4FFFE21776FE2BAE8EFE6F" author="Wassilieff A" box="[809,1000,462,484]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref17742" refString="Wassilieff A. 1908. Japanische actinien, in Doflein. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1: 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1908">Wassilieff (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The musculature of the sphincter of the examined specimen is in a cyclically transitional arrangement containing several mesogleal lacunae; identical musculature was also mentioned by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B4FFFE21776FDACAE89FDD4" author="Wassilieff A" box="[809,1007,585,607]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref17742" refString="Wassilieff A. 1908. Japanische actinien, in Doflein. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1: 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1908">Wassilieff (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, Moreover, the examined specimen by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B4FFFE2170DFD8DA957FDF5" author="Wassilieff A" box="[850,1073,616,638]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref17742" refString="Wassilieff A. 1908. Japanische actinien, in Doflein. Abhandlungen der Mathematisch-Physikalischen Klasse der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 1: 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1908">Wassilieff (1908)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and this study both have brachycnemic mesenterial arrangements, with incomplete mesenteries in the fifth mesenterial pair from the dorsal directive, a diagnostic characteristic of the suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE2179CFD07A91CFD73" authorityName="Haddon & Shackleton" authorityYear="1891" box="[963,1146,738,760]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Brachycnemina">Brachycnemina</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This finding is unusual as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE21714FCE7A967FC9D" baseAuthorityName="Wassilieff" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[843,1025,769,791]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Vitrumanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="oligomyarius">V. oligomyarius</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly phylogenetically placed in the suborder
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE217BBFCFAA9F4FCBE" authorityName="Haddon & Shackleton" authorityYear="1891" box="[996,1170,799,821]" class="Anthozoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="subOrder" subOrder="Macrocnemina">Macrocnemina</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which have complete fifth mesentery pairs from the dorsal directive. On the other hand, the other morphological characteristics of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE21714FC99A974FC1B" baseAuthorityName="Wassilieff" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[843,1042,891,913]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Vitrumanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="oligomyarius">V. oligomyarius</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to those of other macrocnemic species. It should be noted a similar case has been reported in the past.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE210D6FC5CA91CFC66" authority="Haddon & Shackleton, 1891 b" authorityName="Haddon & Shackleton" authorityYear="1891" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Parazoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="douglasi">
|
||
Parazoanthus douglasi
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B4FFFE21776FC32A91CFC66" author="Haddon AC & Shackleton AM" box="[809,1146,983,1005]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" pagination="673 - 701" refId="ref15250" refString="Haddon AC, Shackleton AM. 1891 b. Actiniae: I. Zoantheae. In: Reports on the zoological collections made in the Torres Straits by Professor A. C. Haddon, 1888 - 1889. Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society 4: 673 - 701, pls 61 - 64." type="journal article" year="1891">Haddon & Shackleton, 1891b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which likely belongs to the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE217C3FC13A856FB80" authority="Sinniger et al., 2010" authorityName="Sinniger" authorityYear="2010" box="[924,1328,1014,1036]" class="Anthozoa" family="Hydrozoanthidae" genus="Hydrozoanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
Hydrozoanthus
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B4FFFE2100FFC13A856FB80" author="Sinniger F & Reimer JD & Pawlowski J" box="[1104,1328,1014,1036]" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" pagination="57 - 70" refId="ref17291" refString="Sinniger F, Reimer JD, Pawlowski J. 2010. The Parazoanthidae (Hexacorallia: Zoantharia) DNA taxonomy: description of two new genera. Marine Biodiversity 40: 57 - 70." type="journal article" year="2010">Sinniger et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8D7CD86B4FFFE21161FC13AE85FBA1" author="Reimer J & Sinniger F" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" refId="ref16403" refString="Reimer J, Sinniger F. 2021. World List of Zoantharia. Zoantharia. Available at: World Register of Marine Species: http: // marinespecies. org / aphia. php? p = taxdetails & id = 607338 (accessed on 2020 - 10 - 01) .." type="url" year="2021">Reimer & Sinniger, 2021</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), also has a brachycnemic mesenterial arrangement, while its other characteristics, such as being epizoic on hydroids and its marginal musculature, are similar to other macrocnemic species.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE21776FB6AA907FB2F" baseAuthorityName="Wassilieff" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[809,1121,1167,1188]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Vitrumanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="oligomyarius">Vitrumanthus oligomyarius</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be easily distinguished from other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1C7AAA6B4FFFE217F0FB4BA9D6FB4F" box="[943,1200,1198,1220]" class="Anthozoa" family="Parazoanthidae" genus="Vitrumanthus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Zoantharia" pageId="18" pageNumber="341" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">Vitrumanthus species</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the numbers of tentacles and its unique mesenterial arrangement. This study reports on the existence of this species for the first time since its original description. The Japanese name is 'Subesube-ruri-sunaginchaku'.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |