treatments-xml/data/83/8C/64/838C64AB3012A54F1854F69962961BFF.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7681" ID-GBIF-Dataset="797adcc5-abcd-45fa-91d3-779b6bb46967" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127857078" ID-Pensoft-Pub="2367-5365-2" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2014" ModsDocID="2367-5365-2" ModsDocOrigin="Nota Lepidopterologica 37 (2)" ModsDocTitle="Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) recognized as bona species – an integrative approach" checkinTime="1418151984723" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Stadie, Dirk, Hausmann, Axel &amp; Rajaei Sh., Hossein" docDate="2014" docId="838C64AB3012A54F1854F69962961BFF" docLanguage="en" docName="NotaLepidopt 37(2): 141-150" docOrigin="Nota Lepidopterologica 37 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7681" docTitle="Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli 1932, bona sp." docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="146" masterDocId="FFDC9653FFE7FFF3FFE3FFF9FFFD8255" masterDocTitle="Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) recognized as bona species - an integrative approach" masterLastPageNumber="150" masterPageNumber="141" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" updateTime="1643519173809" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Larentiinae) recognized as bona species - an integrative approach</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Stadie, Dirk</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Hausmann, Axel</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart>Rajaei Sh., Hossein</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
<mods:titleInfo>
<mods:title>Nota Lepidopterologica</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part>
<mods:date>2014</mods:date>
<mods:detail type="volume">
<mods:number>37</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:detail type="issue">
<mods:number>2</mods:number>
</mods:detail>
<mods:extent unit="page">
<mods:start>141</mods:start>
<mods:end>150</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:location>
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7681</mods:url>
</mods:location>
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/nl.37.7681</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">2367-5365-2</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127857078" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:838C64AB3012A54F1854F69962961BFF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/838C64AB3012A54F1854F69962961BFF" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="143" type="multiple">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Taxon classification Animalia Lepidoptera Geometridae</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="143" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicName authority="Wehrli, 1932" authorityName="Wehrli" authorityYear="1932" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme subtilisparsata Wehrli, 1932</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="2" pageNumber="143">bona sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1, 2, 5, 6, 10and 11
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="143" type="reference_group">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
<taxonomicName authority="Hb." class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme riguata var. subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="riguata" variety="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme riguata Hb. var. subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
Wehrli, 1932: Mitt. 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Münchn">Muenchn</normalizedToken>
. Ent. Ges. 20: 7. Locus typicus: southern Turkey, Achyr Dagh near Maras: Bertiz Jaila. Syntypes 1 ♂, 1 ♀ (female traced in ZFMK; male not traced). The original description of subtilisparsata does not include any indication for an infrasubspecific understanding but compares features in correlation to geographic distribution areas. Although in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Wehrli’s">Wehrli's</normalizedToken>
paper several other taxa are introduced as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“ssp.”">&quot;ssp.&quot;</normalizedToken>
this fact alone cannot be interpreted generally and &quot;without doubt&quot; (cf. §45.6.1 Code ICZN) as an infrasubspecific meaning of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“var.”">&quot;var.&quot;</normalizedToken>
in 
<bibRefCitation author="Wehrli, E" journalOrPublisher="Mitteilungen der Muenchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft" pageId="6" pageNumber="147" pagination="3 - 11" title="Neue Geometriden-Arten und Rassen (Lepid. Het.) von der Maras-Expedition L. Osthelder u. E. Pfeiffer, Muenchen." volume="22" year="1932">Wehrli (1932)</bibRefCitation>
. Therefore the name is available according to §45.6.1 Code ICZN.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="143" type="material examined">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Material examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
Lectotype (hereby designated in order to stabilize nomenclature) ♀, &quot;Syr. sept. [Turkey], Marasch, Achyr Dagh sept. Bertiz Jaila, 1800m, 09.-13.vi. [19]29, E. Pfeiffer leg.&quot;, &quot; 
<taxonomicName authority="Hb." class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme riguata var. subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="variety" species="riguata" variety="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme riguata Hb. var. subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
Wrli.&quot;, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="”Type”">&quot;Type&quot;</normalizedToken>
, &quot;Prep. Nr. G 81, ♀, G. Ebert&quot;, &quot;BC ZFMK Lep 00781&quot;; 1 ♀, S-Ost [S-East] Turkey, Hakkari Uludere, Tanin Tanin, 2200 m, 05.vi.1985, leg. P. Kuhna; 1 ♀, Ost [East] Turkey, Van, 2600 m, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Güzeldere">Guezeldere</normalizedToken>
<normalizedToken originalValue="Paß">Pass</normalizedToken>
, 06.vii.1979, leg. P.Kuhna, g. prep. 1491/2011 H. Rajaei; 1 ♂, same data, 18.vi.1985; in ZFMK. 5 ♂, 5 ♀, Turkey centr. Provinz Adiyaman, Nemrut Dag, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="15" value="38.03528">
38°02
<normalizedToken originalValue="’07’’">'07''</normalizedToken>
N
</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="15" value="38.763332">
38°45
<normalizedToken originalValue="’48’’">'48''</normalizedToken>
E
</geoCoordinate>
, 1700-2000 m 
<normalizedToken originalValue="ü">ue</normalizedToken>
.NN, 23.-25.v.2009, LF, leg. Fiebig &amp; Rothe, g. preps: ♂ 1805, ♀ 1806/2012 H. Rajaei; in coll. Stadie. 1 ♂, &quot;Syria s., [Turkey], Taurus, Marasch, Einh.Slg. [local collectors] leg., 20.vi.34: in ZSM. 1 ♂, same data, viii.29; 2 ♂, same data, x.29, one with g. prep. ZSM G 8945; 1 ♂, O-Turkey, Hakkari, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="östl">oestl</normalizedToken>
. Bagisli, 1600 m, 09.vii.1979, leg. Gross, in coll. EMEM/ZSM. 1 ♀, [northern] Iran, Pr. Mazandaran, Al Borz Mts. [Resteh-Ye-Elborz], 2998 m, Mazandaran Pass, 
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="36.231">36.231° N</geoCoordinate>
/ 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="55" value="51.438">51.438° E</geoCoordinate>
, leg. and coll. G. Petrany, DNA Barcode BC PG Lep 0100.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="2" pageNumber="143" type="redescription">
<paragraph pageId="2" pageNumber="143">Redescription.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="144" pageId="2" pageNumber="143">
Wingspan 25-29 mm, forewing length 13.2-15.0 mm; n=11. Apex pointed. Termen slightly rounded. Ground colour of forewing light ochre-brown to light grey-brown; basal and medial area darkened in half of all individuals, the others rather uniform; transverse lines well developed, distinct and dentate; postmedial line bordered distally with white scales; subterminal line narrow, whitish, more or less complete; terminal line fine dark brown, streak-like, interrupted at the veins; costa often suffused with whitish scales. Cell spots round, always present but often weak and hardly visible. Fringes slightly lighter than ground colour, chequered. Hindwing colour slightly lighter than forewing. Transverse lines usually indistinct except the postmedial and terminal lines. Cell 
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="144" start="start">spots</pageBreakToken>
usually absent. If present then very weak, developed as an elongate streak. Underside of both wings lighter than upper side, suffused with light ochre-brown scales. Transverse lines absent or strongly reduced except the postmedial and terminal lines. Cell spots on both wings weak, but always present. Head and frons unicolorously ochre-brown. Palpi reduced in size. Antennae of male slightly dentate in lateral view, those of female filiform. Tibia of forelegs without spurs, of mid-legs with one pair, of hindlegs with two pairs of spurs. Chaetosemata present.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
Figures 1-4. Wing pattern. 1 and 2, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
: 1. Lectotype, ♀, Achyr Dagh (Marasch, Turkey); 2. ♂ from Nemrut Dag (Adiyaman prov. Turkey). 3 and 4, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme riguata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riguata">Cataclysme riguata</taxonomicName>
: 3. ♀ from N Aksar (NE Turkey); 4. ♂ from West 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Ügrüp">Uegruep</normalizedToken>
(Turkey); a. upperside; b. underside. Scale bar: 1 cm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="144" type="male genitalia">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">Male genitalia.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">Uncus flat, bifid, projections distally rounded. Valva broadly sclerotized at costa, with a rounded lobe and a deep, sub-apical incision. Apical projection thin, with small rounded tip. Juxta narrow and largely reduced, situated between the oval basal parts of the valvae and behind the pseudojuxta (only partly visible in Figs 5a, 7a), saccus well developed, broad. Phallus straight, long and slender with termino-lateral spinulose crests; vesica biforked with numerous cornuti (Figs 5a, b).</paragraph>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
Figures 5-8. Male and female genitalia. 5 and 6, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
: 5. male (gen prep. 1805/2012 H.R.); 6. Lectotype (gen prep. G 81); 7 and 8, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme riguata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riguata">Cataclysme riguata</taxonomicName>
: 7. male (gen prep. 1807/2012 H.R.), 8. female (gen prep. 1492/2011 H.R.); a. male genitalia aparat; b. phallus. Abbreviations. pj, pseudojuxta; tl.c, termino-lateral crests; v, vesica. Scale bar: 1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="144" type="female genitalia">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">Female genitalia.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">Ductus bursae furrowed, slightly curved, near ostium remarkably widened, more sclerotized. Corpus bursae membranous (Fig. 6).</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="144" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
differs from the closely related 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme riguata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riguata">Cataclysme riguata</taxonomicName>
by its slightly larger size. Wingspan in the latter 20-25 mm (n&gt;100) in the former 23-27 mm (n=16), in one specimen from Hakkari, however, only 21 mm. The ground colour is notably lighter, on average. Specimens with darkened basal and medium field never occur in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme riguata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riguata">Cataclysme riguata</taxonomicName>
. Despite a wide range of variation the transverse lines, especially basal and antemedial lines, are often more zigzagging and thus more reminiscent of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme uniformata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uniformata">Cataclysme uniformata</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation author="Bellier, JBE" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe entomologique de France" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" title="Description de Trois Lepidopteres nouveaux d'Espagne." volume="4" year="1862">Bellier 1862</bibRefCitation>
) than of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme riguata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riguata">Cataclysme riguata</taxonomicName>
. Furthermore, the forewing cell spots are usually absent in the latter. In male genitalia, pseudojuxta of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme riguata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riguata">Cataclysme riguata</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 7a) round, in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
elongate sub-rectangular (Fig. 5a). In female genitalia, ductus bursae of 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme riguata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riguata">Cataclysme riguata</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 8) larger, more robust and more strongly sclerotised than in 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
(Fig. 6)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="144" type="dna barcoding">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">DNA barcoding.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
Genetic similarity and interspecific distances are shown in the neighbour-joining tree (Fig. 9). Exact distance values are listed in Table 1. Based on these data 
<taxonomicName genus="Calaclysme" lsidName="Calaclysme subtilisparsata" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Calaclysme subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
is more than 7% divergent from all other examined 
<taxonomicName genus="Calaclysme" lsidName="Calaclysme" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rank="genus">Calaclysme</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Warren, 1895" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Paraplaneta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplaneta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraplaneta</taxonomicName>
species, confirming our hypothesis of species rank for 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
. However, sequencing of more specimens from northern Iran and all regions of Turkey is highly recommended. Furthermore, the identity of the taxon festivata needs to be investigated (cf. Fig. 9) and its lectotype designated. We consider here the populations from Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan as belonging to this taxon. The interpretation of 
<bibRefCitation author="Scoble, MJ" journalOrPublisher="CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood" pageId="6" pageNumber="147" title="The catalogue. Geometrid Moths of the world: a catalogue (Lepidoptera, Geometridae)." year="1999">Scoble (1999)</bibRefCitation>
(mentioning 
<normalizedToken originalValue="‘Amur’">'Amur'</normalizedToken>
as locus typicus) is erroneous; 
<bibRefCitation author="Staudinger, O" journalOrPublisher="Iris" pageId="6" pageNumber="147" pagination="141 - 260" title="Neue Arten und Varietaeten von palaearktischen Geometriden aus meiner Sammlung." volume="5" year="1892">Staudinger (1892)</bibRefCitation>
clearly states that &quot;the Central Asian populations from Alai, Alexander Mountains, Osch, Usgent, Namangan and Prov. Samarkand&quot; should bear this name. Preliminary data furthermore suggest that there is another taxon forming a separate genetic cluster, so far recorded from Georgia, eastern Turkey and Altai mountains. We do not exclude the possibility that this cluster refers to &quot; 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme riguata subsp. elbursica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subspecies" species="riguata" subspecies="elbursica">Cataclysme riguata elbursica</taxonomicName>
Wagner, 1937&quot;. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme shirniensis" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shirniensis">Cataclysme shirniensis</taxonomicName>
Ebert, 1965 (described from N. Afghanistan) is not included in the present study due to the lack of material.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
Figure 9. Un-rooted neighbour-joining tree based on individuals belonging to six species of the genera 
<taxonomicName genus="Calaclysme" lsidName="Calaclysme" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rank="genus">Calaclysme</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Warren, 1895" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Paraplaneta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplaneta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraplaneta</taxonomicName>
(calculated using the Kimura 2-parameter model with MEGA 5 (
<bibRefCitation author="Tamura, K" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="6" pageNumber="147" pagination="2731 - 2739" title="MEGA 5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods." url="10.1093/molbev/msr121" volume="28" year="2011">Tamura et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
)).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
Table 1. Interspecific distances between six species of the genera 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cataclysme</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName authority="Warren, 1895" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Paraplaneta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplaneta" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paraplaneta</taxonomicName>
(in %) (based on COI 5' mt-DNA gene fragments, calculated using the Kimura 2-parameter model with MEGA 6 (
<bibRefCitation author="Tamura, K" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Biology and Evolution" pageId="6" pageNumber="147" pagination="2731 - 2739" title="MEGA 5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods." url="10.1093/molbev/msr121" volume="28" year="2011">Tamura et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
)). The distances between 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
and other taxa have shown in bold.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<table pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">1</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">2</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">3</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">4</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">5</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">
1. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme uniformata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="uniformata">Cataclysme uniformata</taxonomicName>
</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">
2. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme festivata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="festivata">Cataclysme festivata</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">9.3</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">
3. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">8.7</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">9.8</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">
4. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme riguata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="riguata">Cataclysme riguata</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">2.4</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">9.1</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">8.6</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">
5. 
<taxonomicName authority="Warren, 1895" authorityName="Warren" authorityYear="1895" class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Paraplaneta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplaneta sternecki" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sternecki">Paraplaneta sternecki</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">10.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">11.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">9.5</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">10.7</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">
6. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme dissimilata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dissimilata">Cataclysme dissimilata</taxonomicName>
</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">4.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">8.6</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">7.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">4.2</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" rowspan="1">9.7</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="144" type="geographic distribution">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">Geographic distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="144">
So far 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
is known only from the high mountain chains of south-east Turkey from Ceyhan Valley in the west to the mountain ridge south of Van in the east and Mazandaran in north Iran (see Fig. 9).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="4" pageNumber="145" type="bionomics">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="145">
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="145" start="start">Bionomics</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="4" pageNumber="145">
Similar to other 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="146" start="start">Cataclysme</pageBreakToken>
</taxonomicName>
species, 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
is a bivoltine species. The flight period of the first generation lasts from mid-May to the first third of June. The second brood occurs in July (result of in-vitro breeding experiments by first author and in-vivo by Ralf Fiebig in Nemrut-mountain, pers. comm.). The species inhabits steep, more humid east- and north-facing escarpments and outcrops from 1500-2100 m above sea level. The slopes are mainly covered with stands of thorny cushion plants dominated by xero-montane 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Plumbaginaceae" genus="Acantholimon" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Acantholimon" order="Caryophyllales" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Acantholimon</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Plumbaginaceae" genus="Plumbaginaceae" lsidName="Plumbaginaceae" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" rank="family">Plumbaginaceae</taxonomicName>
) and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Astragalus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Astragalus" order="Fabales" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Astragalus</taxonomicName>
(
<taxonomicName family="Fabaceae" genus="Fabaceae" lsidName="Fabaceae" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
) mixed with herbaceous vegetation. The host plant is probably a low growing, white-flowering 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Asperula" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Asperula" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Asperula</taxonomicName>
sp. (
<taxonomicName family="Rubiaceae" genus="Rubiaceae" lsidName="Rubiaceae" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
). In captivity the caterpillars accepted other 
<taxonomicName family="Rubiaceae" genus="Rubiaceae" lsidName="Rubiaceae" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" rank="family">Rubiaceae</taxonomicName>
like 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Galium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Galium mollugo" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="mollugo">Galium mollugo</taxonomicName>
L. and 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rubiaceae" genus="Galium" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Galium verum" order="Gentianales" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="verum">Galium verum</taxonomicName>
L. The development lasts three weeks under laboratory conditions. The species shares its habitat with 
<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" rank="subfamily" subfamily="Ennominae">Ennominae</taxonomicName>
species: 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Charissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charissa pfeifferi" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pfeifferi">Charissa pfeifferi</taxonomicName>
(Wehrli, 1951), 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Charissa" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Charissa mutilata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mutilata">Charissa mutilata</taxonomicName>
(Staudinger, 1879) and 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Gnophos" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gnophos libanotica" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="libanotica">Gnophos libanotica</taxonomicName>
(Wehrli, 1931).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="146" type="larva">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Larva.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="146">Full-grown larva (L5) moderately slender, length 3 cm. Ground colour dorsally light green. Head beige. Epistigmatal line fine, whitish. Stigmatal line broad, ivory coloured, with a yellow tinge, indistinct. Stigmata bright yellow, bordered by a fine black margin. The whole body is covered scarcely with fine blackish setae, with small blackish patches at their bases. Ventrum uniform whitish-green (Fig. 11).</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="146">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="146">
Figures 10, 11. 
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Geometridae" genus="Cataclysme" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Cataclysme subtilisparsata" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="subtilisparsata">Cataclysme subtilisparsata</taxonomicName>
in Turkey, Dogu Anadolu, Province Malatya, north of Nemrut Dag. 10. Imago (female), 11. larva.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>