503 lines
72 KiB
XML
503 lines
72 KiB
XML
<document id="9B934CC1FF59D47C34286471CE6D002A" ID-CLB-Dataset="8056" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4933.2.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5e391f36-e0f1-459e-a2c6-ed21cc1f8754" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4550230" ID-ZooBank="C52F83E2-2D42-4964-8AC0-9503085DD625" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1613717192610" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Donnellan, Stephen C., Catalano, Sarah R., Pederson, Stephen, Mitchell, Kieren J., Suhendran, Aidan, Price, Luke C., Doughty, Paul & Richards, Stephen J." docDate="2021" docId="03888794FFF74A31FF04F9FAFB05F99B" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4933.2.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4933 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Litoria spaldingi" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="230" masterDocId="FFB1FFECFFF94A22FF93FFB7FFE4FF92" masterDocTitle="Revision of the Litoria watjulumensis (Anura: Pelodryadidae) group from the Australian monsoonal tropics, including the resurrection of L. spaldingi" masterLastPageNumber="240" masterPageNumber="211" pageNumber="225" updateTime="1698930331132" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="9A83D7D028D9E2EA20FC1725ACD60CD6">Revision of the Litoria watjulumensis (Anura: Pelodryadidae) group from the Australian monsoonal tropics, including the resurrection of L. spaldingi</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="F50A3D78673BA44DF6EAFE987E9CA8AE">Donnellan, Stephen C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D3AC347A05BB2786775C06C88AB6E763">South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia. & School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="78DD6D1841B24B0911544C358CEFDB7A">Catalano, Sarah R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5CF6A0C7AAA10BDAA825E44E83D44E41">South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="34F140C107D829812D2D85794D31661D">Pederson, Stephen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="0695DB6F5C8676995E36CF344D8B10E1">Bioinformatics Hub, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A2A71548B8A6FED9838B0D4ED0AAB8A3">Mitchell, Kieren J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="05DB48B21A8C238CDCC560BA0D90A0EB">School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia. & Australian Centre for Ancient DNA, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="AEC555E377D8AB4DC076B1022093B3A2">Suhendran, Aidan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="D11F0538561132BDC5AA6AB85E738DAE">South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A990811A705876740827A69F9F492760">Price, Luke C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="19C8AE6FA6E2CC13F515B2496D84BBC9">School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="B3ECBBEFAFD9240B771E245B2A8561B5">Doughty, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="3643FBF598062D92DEA0A18C45C5A7E4">Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, 49 Kew St, Welshpool, 6106, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="0452E3ECC9488A5621F6B167D34C4680">Richards, Stephen J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2CE6D3EBBB0A52A26ACA1DED40DD1F76">South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5000, Australia. & Museum and Art Gallery of Northern Territory, GPO Box 4646, Darwin, 0801, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="DDA2BED5BCD155A7CD0CA290858DAABA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="B808BA56C8CE2309AF480AB084455EE6">
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<mods:date id="CE76C9413EF39F4600884A15FCD5F4DE">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="35CBC9DE8A5A221D36C0E94749C80A01">2021-02-19</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="0AC359D6B82CC084FFCF81CA6617709A">4933</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="42752B10B66493F767BF9F3274517768" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4933.2.3</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03888794FFF74A31FF04F9FAFB05F99B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4560005" ID-GBIF-Taxon="179906664" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4560005" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03888794FFF74A31FF04F9FAFB05F99B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03888794FFF74A31FF04F9FAFB05F99B" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="230" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
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<subSubSection id="C33B6509FFF74A2CFF04F9FAFE66F91E" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF74A2CFF04F9FAFDC1F9F5" blockId="14.[151,549,1613,1711]" box="[151,549,1613,1640]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
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<heading id="D0D681EEFFF74A2CFF04F9FAFDC1F9F5" bold="true" box="[151,549,1613,1640]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFF74A2CFF04F9FAFDC1F9F5" authority="(Hosmer, 1964)" baseAuthorityName="Hosmer" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[151,549,1613,1640]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
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<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF74A2CFF04F9FAFDC1F9F5" bold="true" box="[151,549,1613,1640]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
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<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF74A2CFF04F9FAFE85F9FA" bold="true" box="[151,353,1613,1640]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Litoria spaldingi</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B73FFF74A2CFEE3F9FAFDF9F9F5" author="Hosmer, W." box="[368,541,1613,1639]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref11534" refString="Hosmer, W. (1964) A new frog of the genus Hyla from Northern Territory, Australia. American Museum Novitates, 2182, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1964">Hosmer, 1964</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF74A2CFF04F9C6FE66F91E" blockId="14.[151,549,1613,1711]" box="[151,386,1649,1676]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Northern Creek Frog</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B6509FFF74A2CFF04F922FED2F93D" box="[151,310,1685,1711]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF74A2CFF04F922FED2F93D" blockId="14.[151,549,1613,1711]" box="[151,310,1685,1711]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
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(
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<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFF74A2CFF0CF922FF0CF93D" box="[159,232,1685,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1364,1388]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-25@12.[151,1435,181,1340]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Images of thighs in life showing color and pattern of Litoria spaldingi: A) WAM R23886 holotype; B) NTM R36092; C) NTM R36092 Darwin, NT; and Litoria watjulumensis: D) WAM R11896 lectotype; E) WAM R171464 Prince Regent River Nature Reserve; WA; F) WAM R164940 Bigge Island, WA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550242/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Figs 6</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFF74A2CFF67F922FEE0F93D" box="[244,260,1685,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[174,1419,188,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[168,1419,181,1940]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Images of preserved type of Hyla spaldingi, WAM R23886. A) dorsal, B) ventral, C) lateral head, D) palmar and E) plantar views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550248" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550248/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">9</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFF74A2CFE83F922FEC9F93D" box="[272,301,1685,1711]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[168,1420,345,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-99@18.[168,1420,345,1864]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Images of Litoria spaldingi in life: A) male, no voucher, from 28km WSW Hells Gate Homestead, Qld [S. MacDonald]; B) no voucher, from 28km WSW Hells Gate Homestead, Qld [S. MacDonald]; C) SAMA R39336 from Groote Eylandt, NT [G. Gillespie]; D) pair in amplexus, Dorat Road, NT [SJ Richards]; E) Wongalara, SE Arnhem Land, NT [SJ Richards]; F) NTM R36688 Fish River, NT [SJ Richards]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550250/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">10</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B6509FFF74A2CFF04F96DFE26F960" box="[151,450,1754,1778]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF74A2CFF04F96DFE26F960" blockId="14.[151,450,1754,1778]" box="[151,450,1754,1778]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
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<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFF74A2CFF04F96DFE26F960" authority="Hosmer, 1964" authorityName="Hosmer" authorityYear="1964" box="[151,450,1754,1778]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
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<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF74A2CFF04F96DFEC9F960" box="[151,301,1754,1778]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Hyla spaldingi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B73FFF74A2CFEA0F96DFE26F960" author="Hosmer, W." box="[307,450,1754,1778]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref11534" refString="Hosmer, W. (1964) A new frog of the genus Hyla from Northern Territory, Australia. American Museum Novitates, 2182, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1964">Hosmer, 1964</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C33B6509FFF74A2CFF04F897FCFEF87C" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF74A2CFF04F897FBF9F8CD" blockId="14.[151,1437,1824,2031]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
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<materialsCitation id="3B493CDFFFF74A2CFF04F897FBF9F8CD" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3042098302" accessionNumber="R23886" collectingDate="1960-09-23" collectionCode="WAM, R, AMNH" location="Darwin" municipality="Elizabeth River" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Northern Territory" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF74A2CFF04F897FEEFF8A8" bold="true" box="[151,267,1824,1850]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<typeStatus id="549A8820FFF74A2CFF04F897FEE2F8A8" box="[151,262,1824,1850]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
.
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</emphasis>
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An adult female,
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<collectionCode id="ED30AE47FFF74A2CFE48F897FDFBF8A8" box="[475,543,1824,1850]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34981" name="Western Australian Museum" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" type="Museum">WAM</collectionCode>
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9472AB61FFF74A2CFDBAF897FD65F8A8" box="[553,641,1824,1850]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/R23886" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" type="EnaNcbi">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED30AE47FFF74A2CFDBAF897FDD8F8A8" box="[553,572,1824,1850]" country="Chile" name="Departamento de Geologia, Universidad de Chile" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">R</collectionCode>
|
||
23886
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||
</accessionNumber>
|
||
(formerly
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED30AE47FFF74A2CFD6DF897FCB0F8A8" box="[766,852,1824,1850]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
No. 67835), collected at
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BFAACF8FFF74A2CFBE9F897FAC9F8A8" box="[1146,1325,1824,1850]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Elizabeth River</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
,
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B67FFF74A2CFAA9F897FA79F8A8" box="[1338,1437,1824,1851]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.04672" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" unit="mi" value="50.0">50 miles</quantity>
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||
south of
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<location id="8EFE6059FFF74A2CFF6AF8F3FEB4F8CC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03888794FFF74A31FF04F9FAFB05F99B:8EFE6059FFF74A2CFF6AF8F3FEB4F8CC" box="[249,336,1860,1886]" municipality="Elizabeth River" name="Darwin" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" stateProvince="Northern Territory">Darwin</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49E5F860FFF74A2CFEC8F8F3FDCFF8CC" box="[347,555,1860,1886]" country="Australia" name="Northern Territory" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Northern Territory</collectingRegion>
|
||
, on
|
||
<date id="FF9F1042FFF74A2CFDCAF8F3FCD7F8CC" box="[601,819,1860,1886]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" value="1960-09-23">
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||
<collectingDate id="EFDBE9AAFFF74A2CFDCAF8F3FCD7F8CC" box="[601,819,1860,1886]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" value="1960-09-23">23 September 1960</collectingDate>
|
||
</date>
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||
by William Hosmer.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF74A2CFF54F8DFFC50F811" blockId="14.[151,1437,1824,2031]" box="[199,948,1896,1923]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF74A2CFF54F8DFFE55F810" bold="true" box="[199,433,1896,1922]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Material examined.</emphasis>
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||
Specimen details are listed in the Appendix I.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF74A2CFF54F83BFCFEF87C" blockId="14.[151,1437,1824,2031]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF74A2CFF54F83BFE52F834" bold="true" box="[199,438,1932,1958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Type measurements</emphasis>
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||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B73FFF74A2CFE55F83AFD96F835" author="Hosmer, W." box="[454,626,1932,1959]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" pagination="1 - 7" refId="ref11534" refString="Hosmer, W. (1964) A new frog of the genus Hyla from Northern Territory, Australia. American Museum Novitates, 2182, 1 - 7." type="journal article" year="1964">Hosmer (1964)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
presented a detailed description of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="549A8820FFF74A2CFBA6F83BFB73F834" box="[1077,1175,1932,1958]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFF74A2CFB3BF83BFB0AF834" box="[1192,1262,1932,1958]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[174,1419,188,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[168,1419,181,1940]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Images of preserved type of Hyla spaldingi, WAM R23886. A) dorsal, B) ventral, C) lateral head, D) palmar and E) plantar views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550248" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550248/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
), but few measurements. Measurements (mm):
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED30AE47FFF74A2CFD9EF807FDA5F858" box="[525,577,1968,1994]" pageId="14" pageNumber="225">SVL</collectionCode>
|
||
= 51.3, HL 19.4, HW = 18.1, TD = 3.9, ED = 4.7, EN = 5.3, IOD = 8.9, IND = 4.9, FLL = 12.6, Fin3L = 9.9, TL = 31.8, Toe4L = 27.3.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B6509FFF64A2DFF54FF21FC44FE8F" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF64A2DFF54FF21FC44FE8F" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFF54FF21FEA6FF22" bold="true" box="[199,322,150,176]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
|
||
Morphologically shares the external features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFF64A2DFCFAFF20FBC3FF22" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[873,1063,150,176]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFCFAFF20FBC3FF22" box="[873,1063,150,176]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">L. watjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see above), but is distinguished from that species by divergence in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFF64A2DFC63FF0DFBDCFF46" box="[1008,1080,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1943,1967]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,181,1919]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[154,1434,181,1919]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Phylogram of relationships among mitochondrial ND4 sequences of ground hylid group of Litoria. Numerical values at nodes represent ML bootstrap proportions (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550234" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550234/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFF64A2DFBD7FF0DFBB0FF46" box="[1092,1108,186,212]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1638,1662]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1614]" captionTargetId="figure-25@6.[151,1436,181,1614]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Phylogram of relationships among the nuclear PTPN12 sequences of ground hylid group of Litoria. Numerical values at nodes represent ML bootstrap proportions (left) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (right)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550236" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550236/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">3</figureCitation>
|
||
). From a genetic perspective, apomorphic nucleotide states at 12 and three sites in the mitochondrial
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFC22FF69FC02FF6A" box="[945,998,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">ND4</emphasis>
|
||
and the nuclear
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFB0DFF69FB1AFF6A" box="[1182,1278,222,248]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">PTPN12</emphasis>
|
||
genes respectively reliably diagnose
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFF64A2DFE36FEB4FDCFFE8E" authorityName="Hosmer" authorityYear="1964" box="[421,555,258,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFE36FEB4FDCFFE8E" box="[421,555,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">L. spaldingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFF64A2DFDFCFEB4FCC9FE8E" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[623,813,258,284]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFDFCFEB4FCC9FE8E" box="[623,813,258,284]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">L. watjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A30339FFF64A2DFCA8FEB5FC76FE8F" box="[827,914,258,285]" captionStart="TABLE 5" captionStartId="9.[151,244,973,999]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 5. Apomorphic diagnostic nucleotide states (in bold) for L. spaldingi and L. watjulumensis in the A) ND4 alignment (791 bp) with site numbering referenced against Hyla annectans complete mitochondrial genome (Gen- Bank accession KM271781); B) PTPN12 alignment (856 bp) referenced against Nanorana parkeri (GenBank accession XM_018560442) with numbering commencing from the start codon." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5E660AFFF04A2BFF04FC7AFC11FBC6" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" tableUuid="DF5E660AFFF04A2BFF04FC7AFC11FBC6">Table 5</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B6509FFF64A2DFF54FE91FF39F90A" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF64A2DFF54FE91FAACFDAE" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFF54FE91FDA7FED2" bold="true" box="[199,579,294,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Description including variation.</emphasis>
|
||
Assessment of morphological variation is based on
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D27FD0BFFF64A2DFB1AFE91FAE6FED2" box="[1161,1282,294,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" type="female">16 females</specimenCount>
|
||
and
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D27FD0BFFF64A2DFAABFE91FA78FED2" box="[1336,1436,294,320]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" type="male">31 males</specimenCount>
|
||
(
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A30339FFF64A2DFF0CFEFDFF12FEF6" box="[159,246,330,356]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[166,1352,227,1258]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 2. External morphological trait values measured in adult L. spaldingi (eastern group) and L. watjulumensis (west- ern group). Figures are mean and ± SD on the first line and range on the second line for each parameter." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5E660AFFFA4A21FF04FF20FB08FF41" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" tableUuid="DF5E660AFFFA4A21FF04FF20FB08FF41">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). SVL females mean =
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B67FFF64A2DFE6EFEFDFDAAFEF7" box="[509,590,330,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.7" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="47.0">47 mm</quantity>
|
||
, males mean =
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B67FFF64A2DFD68FEFDFCA9FEF7" box="[763,845,330,357]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.8" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" unit="mm" value="38.0">38 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Head slightly longer than broad (HL/HW 1.17), and approximately one third snout to vent length (HL/SVL 0.39). Snout prominent, pointed when viewed from above blunt when viewed in profile. Nostrils more lateral than superior, closer to tip of snout than to eye. Distance between eye and naris equal to internarial span (EN/IND 1.03). Canthus rostralis well defined and straight. Eye size moderate, its diameter equivalent eye to naris distance. Pupil horizontal when constricted. Tympanum distinct, circular, length slightly greater than half eye diameter (TD/ED 0.62). Supratympanic fold absent or poorly developed. Vomerine teeth short straight plates bridging the gap between the choanae. Tongue approximately rectangular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF64A2DFF54FDF1FE40FC86" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">
|
||
Fingers long, slender, unwebbed. Subarticular and palmar tubercles prominent. Terminal discs not extending beyond lateral extremities of penultimate phalanx. Dark brown nuptial pad on upper and inner surface of the proximal half of the first finger. Fingers in order of length 3>4>1>2. Hindlimb length moderate (TL/SVL 0.67). Toes in order of length 4>5=3>2>1. Webbing reaches base of second most distal phalanx on toe 4 and penultimate phalanx on other toes. Subarticular tubercles prominent. Small oval inner metatarsal tubercle present. Terminal toe discs not wider than toes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFF64A2DFEC1FD4DFE72FC86" box="[338,406,762,788]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="17.[151,250,1964,1988]" captionTargetBox="[174,1419,188,1940]" captionTargetId="figure-17@17.[168,1419,181,1940]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 9. Images of preserved type of Hyla spaldingi, WAM R23886. A) dorsal, B) ventral, C) lateral head, D) palmar and E) plantar views." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550248" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550248/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Fig. 9</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF64A2DFF54FCA8FEC1FC5A" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Dorsum either smooth or with low and infrequent tubercles sometimes forming lines parallel to long axis of the body. Limbs with low tubercules, sometimes smooth. Abdomen, undersurface of thighs, and lateral aspect of body mildly granular. Pectoral fold absent in a majority of specimens and when present is indistinct. Small vocal sac present. Vocal slit at base of mandible aligned along posterior-anterior axis, approximately one quarter length of mandible.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF64A2DFF54FC65FB5AFA9E" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFF54FC65FE96FC7E" bold="true" box="[199,370,978,1004]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Colour in life.</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsum pale to light brown, mottled with dark brown, imparting an overall impression of a more-or-less uniformly light brown or dark brown animal (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFF64A2DFCA5FC41FC6FFB82" box="[822,907,1014,1040]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[151,250,1887,1911]" captionTargetBox="[168,1420,345,1864]" captionTargetId="figure-99@18.[168,1420,345,1864]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Images of Litoria spaldingi in life: A) male, no voucher, from 28km WSW Hells Gate Homestead, Qld [S. MacDonald]; B) no voucher, from 28km WSW Hells Gate Homestead, Qld [S. MacDonald]; C) SAMA R39336 from Groote Eylandt, NT [G. Gillespie]; D) pair in amplexus, Dorat Road, NT [SJ Richards]; E) Wongalara, SE Arnhem Land, NT [SJ Richards]; F) NTM R36688 Fish River, NT [SJ Richards]." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550250/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Fig. 10</figureCitation>
|
||
). In calling males yellow is suffused along the dorso-lateral edge of the dorsum from the eye to the groin and onto the lower back, onto upper forelimb and throat. Upper surfaces of limbs with same colour as dorsum, rarely with dark flecks. Face pale to light brown with dark brown stripe beginning at tip of snout and confined to upper edge of canthus rostralis, becoming more prominent after the nostril, continuing past the eye to mid-body with width same as eye and encompassing tympanum. In calling males, face often suffused with yellow. In some individuals, dark blotches extend from dorsal end of mid-lateral stripe to groin. Upper and lower lips either immaculate or have prominent light brown or white and dark brown patching. Dorsal surface of head often lighter than rest of dorsum in heavily patterned animals.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF64A2DFF54FAA0FDD5F99A" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">
|
||
Rear of thighs mostly dark brown, often same colour as facial stripe with numerous yellow and light brown circular to linear shaped spots and patches occupying between 20–50% of rear of thigh (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFF64A2DFBF9FA8DFB4AFAC7" box="[1130,1198,1338,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="12.[151,250,1364,1388]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1340]" captionTargetId="figure-25@12.[151,1435,181,1340]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 6. Images of thighs in life showing color and pattern of Litoria spaldingi: A) WAM R23886 holotype; B) NTM R36092; C) NTM R36092 Darwin, NT; and Litoria watjulumensis: D) WAM R11896 lectotype; E) WAM R171464 Prince Regent River Nature Reserve; WA; F) WAM R164940 Bigge Island, WA." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550242" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550242/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Fig. 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Yellow marks more frequent closer to knee, light brown marks dominate closer to vent. Vent same colour as surrounding dorsal colours. Fore of thighs either unpatterned or with same colour and pattern as rear of thigh but separated by intrusion of dorsal colour along dorsal surface of thigh. Groin with dark brown and yellow patching. Fore of lower limbs edged with dark brown in some individuals. Outer margin of foot well demarked by distinct border between lighter upper surface and dark brown plantar surface.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF64A2DFF54F9A5FF39F90A" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Abdomen plain white, lower abdomen sometimes suffused with light brown flecking, otherwise immaculate. Throat white, sometimes with small indistinct dark mottling, otherwise unpigmented. Upper iris red margined with a distinct white band that appears continuous with upper margin of head stripe, lower iris same dark brown as head stripe.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B6509FFF64A31FF54F915FDC2FA9F" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="230" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF64A2DFF54F915FD01F806" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,2013]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFF54F915FE14F92E" bold="true" box="[199,496,1698,1724]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Distribution and habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Occurs in the IBRA regions of the Daly Basin, Darwin Coastal, Pine Creek, Arnhem Coast, Arnhem Plateau, Central Arnhem, Gulf Coastal, Gulf Fall and Uplands, Mount Isa Inlier, and Gulf Plains (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFF64A2DFF33F95DFF07F896" box="[160,227,1770,1796]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,250,1240,1264]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,453,1216]" captionTargetId="figure-145@1.[159,1429,453,1216]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing the distribution of museum vouchers for the Litoria watjulumensis group (open small circles), vouchers that were analysed for morphometrics (solid black circles) and the collection locations for material that was analysed with molecular genetic techniques (orange [western] and blue [eastern] large triangles). Type locations for Hyla latopalmata watjulumensis and Hyla spaldingi are indicated by W and S respectively." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550232" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550232/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
). The most western locality is in the Litchfield National Park, NT (NTM R21723), and the most eastern and southern is the East Leichhardt River near the East Leichhardt Dam, Qld (SAMA R63646). One voucher, NTM R31013, a poorly preserved juvenile from the Murranji Stock Route, is the only record from the Sturt Plain bioregion. In Kakadu National Park and in the vicinity of Darwin,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFF64A2DFC02F8E0FBFCF8E2" authorityName="Hosmer" authorityYear="1964" box="[913,1048,1878,1904]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFC02F8E0FBFCF8E2" box="[913,1048,1878,1904]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">L. spaldingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is associated with riparian forests (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B73FFF64A2DFF0DF8CDFE05F806" author="Woinarski, J. C. Z. & Gambold, N." box="[158,481,1914,1940]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" pagination="105" refId="ref13104" refString="Woinarski, J. C. Z. & Gambold, N. (1992) Gradient analysis of a tropical herpetofauna: distribution patterns of terrestrial reptiles and amphibians in Stage III of Kakadu National Park, Australia. Wildlife Research, 19, 105. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / WR 9920105" type="journal article" year="1992">Woinarski & Gambold 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B73FFF64A2DFE7FF8CDFD3DF806" author="Reynolds, S. J. & Dostine, P. L. & Griffiths A. D." box="[492,729,1914,1940]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" pagination="921519 - 86" refId="ref12461" refString="Reynolds, S. J., Dostine, P. L. & Griffiths A. D. (2010) Trial of a survey methodology to monitor frog assemblages in the Darwin region. Report number 26 / 2010 D. Northern Territory Government, Northern Territory of Australia. [unknown pagination, ISBN 978 - 1 - 921519 - 86 - 4]" type="book chapter" year="2010">
|
||
Reynolds
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFDCEF8CCFD71F806" box="[605,661,1914,1940]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2010
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFF64A32FF54F829FF36FF6B" blockId="15.[151,1437,150,2013]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,151,609]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="227" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFF54F829FE73F82A" bold="true" box="[199,407,1950,1976]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">Breeding biology.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B73FFF64A2DFE0EF829FD8CF82A" author="Tyler, M. J. & Crook, G. A. & Davies, M." box="[413,616,1950,1976]" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" pagination="415 - 440" refId="ref12855" refString="Tyler, M. J., Crook, G. A. & Davies, M. (1983) Reproductive biology of the frogs of the Magela Creek System, Northern Territory. Records of the South Australian Museum, 18, 415 - 440." type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Tyler
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFE4CF828FDF3F82A" box="[479,535,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1983)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provide a detailed account [as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFF64A2DFC57F828FB65F82A" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[964,1153,1950,1976]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="15" pageNumber="226" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="wotjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFF64A2DFC57F828FB65F82A" box="[964,1153,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="226">L. wotjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
] of the breeding biology, variation in egg and larval morphology and development of frogs from Magela Creek, a tributary of the East Alliga-tor River on the western periphery of the Arnhem Land plateau. Males called from the edge of water from October to March and breeding occurred early in the wet season. Spawn were found in temporary pools on sandy or gravelly soils.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFE94A32FF54FEB5FB51FDF3" blockId="16.[151,1437,151,609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE94A32FF54FEB5FE4BFE8F" bold="true" box="[199,431,258,285]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">Advertisement call.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFE94A32FE24FEB4FD90FE8F" baseAuthorityName="Hosmer" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[439,628,259,285]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE94A32FE24FEB4FD90FE8F" box="[439,628,259,285]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">Litoria spaldingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
produces calls in long series that can last at least one minute (the maximum recording time of the FrogID app). Calls are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFE94A32FC26FE90FB90FED3" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[949,1140,295,321]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE94A32FC26FE90FB90FED3" box="[949,1140,295,321]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">L. watjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and exhibit similar levels of complexity and variation, but available recordings are dominated by short calls and long calls. These are similar to the short calls and long calls described above for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFE94A32FD70FED8FC46FE1B" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[739,930,367,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE94A32FD70FED8FC46FE1B" box="[739,930,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">L. watjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Clucks (see description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFE94A32FB4DFED8FA78FE1B" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[1246,1436,367,393]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE94A32FB4DFED8FA78FE1B" box="[1246,1436,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">L. watjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calls) were rarely recorded, but this may reflect a lack of social interactions between males on recorded sequences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFE94A32FF25FE00FED9FE43" baseAuthorityName="Hosmer" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[182,317,439,465]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE94A32FF25FE00FED9FE43" box="[182,317,439,465]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">L. spaldingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Although some audio files contained only long or short calls, it is not possible to exclude the possibility that both call
|
||
<typeStatus id="549A8820FFE94A32FE15FE6CFE25FE67" box="[390,449,475,501]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">types</typeStatus>
|
||
were present before or after the limited segments on these audio files, because both call
|
||
<typeStatus id="549A8820FFE94A32FF04FE48FF36FD8B" box="[151,210,511,537]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">types</typeStatus>
|
||
occurred on several other recordings (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFE94A32FDEEFE48FD30FD8B" box="[637,724,511,537]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1464,1488]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,639,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-257@16.[151,1436,633,1440]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. A) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from Litoria watjulumensis (WAM R162508) recorded at The Grotto near Wyndham, WA, at a temperature of 28.3°C. Note the abrupt doubling of note repetition rate approximately 2/3 of the way through the long call. B) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from a Litoria spaldingi (FrogID #6921) recorded 20 km southeast of Darwin, Northern Territory, illustrating 15 short calls and one long call (see text). Spectrograms generated using fast-Fourier Transform of 1024 points, 50% overlap, and Hamming Window." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550246/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Of 164 calls scored for call
|
||
<typeStatus id="549A8820FFE94A32FB89FE48FBA9FD8B" box="[1050,1101,511,537]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, 135 (82%) are short calls and 29 (18%) are long calls. This difference is not attributable to sampling bias among contributors to FrogID because a similar ratio was observed on individual audio files containing both call
|
||
<typeStatus id="549A8820FFE94A32FC45FDF0FBF5FDF3" box="[982,1041,583,609]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">types</typeStatus>
|
||
(e.g.
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFE94A32FBC2FDF0FB43FDF3" box="[1105,1191,583,609]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1464,1488]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,639,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-257@16.[151,1436,633,1440]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. A) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from Litoria watjulumensis (WAM R162508) recorded at The Grotto near Wyndham, WA, at a temperature of 28.3°C. Note the abrupt doubling of note repetition rate approximately 2/3 of the way through the long call. B) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from a Litoria spaldingi (FrogID #6921) recorded 20 km southeast of Darwin, Northern Territory, illustrating 15 short calls and one long call (see text). Spectrograms generated using fast-Fourier Transform of 1024 points, 50% overlap, and Hamming Window." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550246/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5E660AFFE94A32FF04FA0FFF17F916" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550246" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4550246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550246/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" startId="16.[151,250,1464,1488]" targetBox="[151,1431,639,1436]" targetPageId="16">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFE94A32FF04FA0FFF17F916" blockId="16.[151,1436,1464,1668]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE94A32FF04FA0FFED0FA42" bold="true" box="[151,308,1464,1488]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">FIGURE 8. A</emphasis>
|
||
) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFE94A32FBF9FA0EFAAFFA42" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[1130,1355,1464,1488]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE94A32FBF9FA0EFAAFFA42" box="[1130,1355,1464,1488]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">Litoria watjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(WAM R162508) recorded at The Grotto near Wyndham, WA, at a temperature of 28.3°C. Note the abrupt doubling of note repetition rate approximately 2/3 of the way through the long call.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE94A32FD5CF9B7FD04F98A" bold="true" box="[719,736,1536,1560]" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">B</emphasis>
|
||
) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFE94A32FF76F992FE75F9AE" baseAuthorityName="Hosmer" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[229,401,1572,1596]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE94A32FF76F992FE75F9AE" box="[229,401,1572,1596]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">Litoria spaldingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(FrogID #6921) recorded 20 km southeast of Darwin, Northern Territory, illustrating 15 short calls and one long call (see text). Spectrograms generated using fast-Fourier Transform of 1024 points, 50% overlap, and Hamming Window.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFE94A30FF54F905FEEBFED3" blockId="16.[151,1436,1714,2029]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1436,151,321]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="229" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">
|
||
Short calls are produced at intervals of 0.4–12.4 seconds (mean = 1.68, SD = 1.53, n = 96), and have a length of 0.29–0.69 seconds (mean = 0.47, SD = 0.07, n = 74). They typically comprise two discrete components: the first is a series of introductory notes produced at 0.05–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE155045FFE94A32FD57F94DFCE3F887" box="[708,775,1786,1813]" degrees="0.17" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" precision="555" value="-0.17">0.17 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
intervals (mean = 0.09, SD = 0.03, n = 28). Only one of 78 short calls had no introductory notes (1.3%), four had one introductory note (5.1%), 14 had two introductory notes (18%), 55 had three introductory notes (70.5%) and four calls had four introductory notes (5.1%). Introductory notes are pulsatile, but amplitude modulation does not approach 100% except in rare cases (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFE94A32FB3EF8D1FAE1F812" box="[1197,1285,1894,1920]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1464,1488]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,639,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-257@16.[151,1436,633,1440]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. A) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from Litoria watjulumensis (WAM R162508) recorded at The Grotto near Wyndham, WA, at a temperature of 28.3°C. Note the abrupt doubling of note repetition rate approximately 2/3 of the way through the long call. B) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from a Litoria spaldingi (FrogID #6921) recorded 20 km southeast of Darwin, Northern Territory, illustrating 15 short calls and one long call (see text). Spectrograms generated using fast-Fourier Transform of 1024 points, 50% overlap, and Hamming Window." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550246/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="227">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The second component of short calls is a rapidly-repeated series of ~7–12 terminal notes produced at much shorter intervals than short notes (approximately
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE155045FFE94A32FD95F819FDA1F85A" box="[518,581,1966,1992]" degrees="0.006" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" precision="55" value="0.006">0.006</geoCoordinate>
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE155045FFE94A32FDD6F819FD77F85A" box="[581,659,1966,1992]" degrees="0.010" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" precision="55" value="-0.01">
|
||
–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE155045FFE94A32FDC7F819FD77F85A" box="[596,659,1966,1992]" degrees="0.010" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="16" pageNumber="227" precision="55" value="-0.01">0.010</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</geoCoordinate>
|
||
s, but inter-note interval was difficult to measure accurately in most calls). A conspicuous feature of the terminal part of short calls is the rapid reduction in inter-note intervals across the course of this component. To the human ear short calls sound like a series of sharp clicks, followed by a short buzz during which note repetition rate increases rapidly. Terminal notes are also pulsatile, and there are some examples of 100% amplitude modulation producing distinct pulses. Amplitude of introductory notes is variable (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFEB4A30FA9EFF68FA80FF6B" box="[1293,1380,223,249]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1464,1488]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,639,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-257@16.[151,1436,633,1440]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. A) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from Litoria watjulumensis (WAM R162508) recorded at The Grotto near Wyndham, WA, at a temperature of 28.3°C. Note the abrupt doubling of note repetition rate approximately 2/3 of the way through the long call. B) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from a Litoria spaldingi (FrogID #6921) recorded 20 km southeast of Darwin, Northern Territory, illustrating 15 short calls and one long call (see text). Spectrograms generated using fast-Fourier Transform of 1024 points, 50% overlap, and Hamming Window." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550246/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="229">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
), but in terminal components amplitude starts very low and increases gradually, reaching maximum amplitude at the end of the call.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5E660AFFE84A33FF04F81BFEA2F87A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550248" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4550248" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550248/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" startId="17.[151,250,1964,1988]" targetBox="[174,1419,188,1940]" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFE84A33FF04F81BFEA2F87A" blockId="17.[151,1437,1964,2024]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE84A33FF04F81BFEF7F856" bold="true" box="[151,275,1964,1988]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
|
||
Images of preserved type of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFE84A33FDADF81BFCD3F856" authority=", WAM R" authorityName="WAM R" box="[574,823,1964,1988]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE84A33FDADF81BFD30F856" box="[574,724,1964,1988]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">Hyla spaldingi</emphasis>
|
||
, WAM
|
||
<accessionNumber id="9472AB61FFE84A33FCB5F81BFCD3F856" box="[806,823,1964,1988]" httpUri="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/browser/api/embl/R23886" pageId="17" pageNumber="228" type="EnaNcbi">R</accessionNumber>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
23886.
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE84A33FC17F81BFC72F856" bold="true" box="[900,918,1964,1988]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">A</emphasis>
|
||
) dorsal,
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE84A33FC63F81BFBE5F856" bold="true" box="[1008,1025,1964,1988]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">B</emphasis>
|
||
) ventral,
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE84A33FBF7F81BFB92F856" bold="true" box="[1124,1142,1964,1988]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">C</emphasis>
|
||
) lateral head,
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE84A33FA9AF81BFAFFF856" bold="true" box="[1289,1307,1964,1988]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">D</emphasis>
|
||
) palmar and
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFE84A33FF04F867FF4CF87A" bold="true" box="[151,168,2000,2024]" pageId="17" pageNumber="228">E</emphasis>
|
||
) plantar views.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF5E660AFFEB4A30FF04F8E8FD5DF871" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550250" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4550250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550250/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="229" startId="18.[151,250,1887,1911]" targetBox="[168,1420,345,1864]" targetPageId="18">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFEB4A30FF04F8E8FD5DF871" blockId="18.[151,1436,1887,2019]" pageId="18" pageNumber="229">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEB4A30FF04F8E8FEF8F8E5" bold="true" box="[151,284,1887,1911]" pageId="18" pageNumber="229">FIGURE 10</emphasis>
|
||
. Images of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEB4A30FE0DF8D7FDA9F8E5" baseAuthorityName="Hosmer" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[414,589,1887,1911]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="18" pageNumber="229" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEB4A30FE0DF8D7FDA9F8E5" box="[414,589,1887,1911]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="229">Litoria spaldingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in life:
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEB4A30FD35F8E8FD5CF8E5" bold="true" box="[678,696,1887,1911]" pageId="18" pageNumber="229">A</emphasis>
|
||
) male, no voucher, from 28km WSW Hells Gate Homestead, Qld [S. MacDonald];
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEB4A30FEB6F834FED2F809" bold="true" box="[293,310,1923,1947]" pageId="18" pageNumber="229">B</emphasis>
|
||
) no voucher, from 28km WSW Hells Gate Homestead, Qld [S. MacDonald];
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEB4A30FBC6F834FB83F809" bold="true" box="[1109,1127,1923,1947]" pageId="18" pageNumber="229">C</emphasis>
|
||
) SAMA R39336 from Groote Eylandt, NT [G. Gillespie];
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEB4A30FE22F810FE27F82D" bold="true" box="[433,451,1959,1983]" pageId="18" pageNumber="229">D</emphasis>
|
||
) pair in amplexus, Dorat Road, NT [SJ Richards];
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEB4A30FC50F810FC30F82D" bold="true" box="[963,980,1959,1983]" pageId="18" pageNumber="229">E</emphasis>
|
||
) Wongalara, SE Arnhem Land, NT [SJ Richards];
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEB4A30FF44F87CFF02F871" bold="true" box="[215,230,1995,2019]" pageId="18" pageNumber="229">F</emphasis>
|
||
) NTM R36688 Fish River, NT [SJ Richards].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFEA4A31FF54FF20FADCFD8B" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">
|
||
Long calls are at least five times the duration of short calls (4.2–
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE155045FFEA4A31FC07FF20FC3CFF23" box="[916,984,151,177]" degrees="12.2" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" precision="5555" value="-12.2">12.2 s</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; mean = 8.2, SD = 2.2, n = 23), and lack introductory notes. Twenty-three long calls contained 56–129 notes (mean = 94.1, SD = 24.8) produced at a note repetition rate of 10.9–14.4 notes/s (mean = 12.9, SD = 1.1, n = 12). Amplitude is low at the start and increases gradually, typically reaching maximum amplitude approximately half to one third of the way through the call, then remains steady before dropping abruptly at the end of the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFEA4A31FCC3FE90FC43FED3" box="[848,935,295,321]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1464,1488]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,639,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-257@16.[151,1436,633,1440]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. A) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from Litoria watjulumensis (WAM R162508) recorded at The Grotto near Wyndham, WA, at a temperature of 28.3°C. Note the abrupt doubling of note repetition rate approximately 2/3 of the way through the long call. B) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from a Litoria spaldingi (FrogID #6921) recorded 20 km southeast of Darwin, Northern Territory, illustrating 15 short calls and one long call (see text). Spectrograms generated using fast-Fourier Transform of 1024 points, 50% overlap, and Hamming Window." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550246/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
). However, one long call did not reach maximum amplitude until approximately three quarters of the way through the call. Notes are pulsatile but rarely achieve 100% amplitude modulation, although this is variable among calls. In some long calls each note is divided into two components: a pulsatile introductory component followed by 1–2 discrete pulses. Note repetition rate increases rapidly during the first ~20–25% of the call (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFEA4A31FDF6FE00FD58FE43" box="[613,700,439,465]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1464,1488]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,639,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-257@16.[151,1436,633,1440]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. A) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from Litoria watjulumensis (WAM R162508) recorded at The Grotto near Wyndham, WA, at a temperature of 28.3°C. Note the abrupt doubling of note repetition rate approximately 2/3 of the way through the long call. B) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from a Litoria spaldingi (FrogID #6921) recorded 20 km southeast of Darwin, Northern Territory, illustrating 15 short calls and one long call (see text). Spectrograms generated using fast-Fourier Transform of 1024 points, 50% overlap, and Hamming Window." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550246/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
), and the call sounds to the human ear like a series of sharp clucks repeated increasingly rapidly and grading into a long, harsh chattering sound. Sixteen of 29 long calls terminate with 1–3 discrete notes reminiscent of short calls, or of the second component of short calls, i.e. a short ‘buzz’.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFEA4A31FF54FD94FF29FD3B" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">
|
||
Frequency is broadly distributed in both short and long calls (
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFEA4A31FCE8FD94FC35FDAF" box="[891,977,547,573]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1464,1488]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,639,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-257@16.[151,1436,633,1440]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. A) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from Litoria watjulumensis (WAM R162508) recorded at The Grotto near Wyndham, WA, at a temperature of 28.3°C. Note the abrupt doubling of note repetition rate approximately 2/3 of the way through the long call. B) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from a Litoria spaldingi (FrogID #6921) recorded 20 km southeast of Darwin, Northern Territory, illustrating 15 short calls and one long call (see text). Spectrograms generated using fast-Fourier Transform of 1024 points, 50% overlap, and Hamming Window." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550246/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
|
||
) so the calls have a harsh quality. Dominant frequency of both call
|
||
<typeStatus id="549A8820FFEA4A31FE5EFDF0FDECFDF3" box="[461,520,583,609]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">types</typeStatus>
|
||
is similar: 2490–3372 kHz (n = 19) in short calls and 2688–3007 kHz (n = 11) in long calls, but one long call had a dominant frequency that was carried by a poorly defined lower harmonic at 1540 kHz.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFEA4A31FF54FD04FE63FD63" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B73FFEA4A31FF54FD04FE55FD5F" author="Hoskin, C. & Grigg, G. & Stewart, D. & McDonald, S." box="[199,433,690,717]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" refId="ref11477" refString="Hoskin, C., Grigg, G., Stewart, D. & McDonald, S. (2015) Frogs of Australia-a complete electronic field guide to Australian frogs. Ug Media, Australia. Available from: ugmedia. com. au / field-guides / frogs-of-australia / (accessed 19 January 2021)" type="book" year="2015">
|
||
Hoskin
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FEB1FD04FEB9FD5F" box="[290,349,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2015)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
present audio files of the advertisement calls of several males from Berry Springs and western Arnhemland.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFEA4A31FF54FD4DFDA8FC37" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FF54FD4DFC7EFC87" bold="true" box="[199,922,762,789]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">
|
||
Comparisons between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FE40FD4CFD7CFC87" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[467,664,762,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FE40FD4CFD7CFC87" bold="true" box="[467,664,762,789]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">L. watjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FD43FD4CFCBCFC87" baseAuthorityName="Hosmer" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[720,856,762,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FD43FD4CFCBCFC87" bold="true" box="[720,856,762,789]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">L. spaldingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
calls.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
The calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FBB4FD4CFB07FC87" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[1063,1251,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FBB4FD4CFB07FC87" box="[1063,1251,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">L. watjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FA8BFD4CFA78FC87" baseAuthorityName="Hosmer" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[1304,1436,763,789]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FA8BFD4CFA78FC87" box="[1304,1436,763,789]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">L. spaldingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar, and notable for their complexity. For convenience we have recognised three discrete call
|
||
<typeStatus id="549A8820FFEA4A31FA97FCA8FAA7FCAB" box="[1284,1347,799,825]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">types</typeStatus>
|
||
: clucks, short calls and long calls. However, each of these call
|
||
<typeStatus id="549A8820FFEA4A31FD64FCF4FCD6FCCF" box="[759,818,835,861]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">types</typeStatus>
|
||
exhibits variation in note structure within and between calls, and observations in the field indicate that some structural features of calls are adjusted by males according to social factors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B73FFEA4A31FEA9FC3CFDA4FC37" author="Tyler, M. J. & Doughty, P." box="[314,576,907,933]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" refId="ref13000" refString="Tyler, M. J. & Doughty, P. (2009) Frogs of Western Australia. 4 th Edition. Western Australian Museum Press, Perth, 160 pp." type="book" year="2009">Tyler & Doughty 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFEA4A31FF54FC18FDC2FA9F" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">
|
||
Given the unusually high variation in structural features of calls, and small sample sizes available for analysis (calls from just one male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FE2AFC64FD93FC7F" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[441,631,979,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FE2AFC64FD93FC7F" box="[441,631,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">L. watjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were available), robust comparisons between calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FB4DFC64FA78FC7F" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[1246,1436,979,1005]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FB4DFC64FA78FC7F" box="[1246,1436,979,1005]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">L. watjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FF56FC40FEAEFB83" baseAuthorityName="Hosmer" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[197,330,1015,1041]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FF56FC40FEAEFB83" box="[197,330,1015,1041]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">L. spaldingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were not feasible and consequently taxonomic implications of most differences observed are uncertain. One exception may be the striking difference in patterns of note rate adjustment during long calls. In long calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FF25FB88FE90FBCB" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[182,372,1087,1113]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="watjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FF25FB88FE90FBCB" box="[182,372,1087,1113]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">L. watjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, note repetition rate is relatively uniform during the first half of the call, then doubles abruptly (between two consecutive notes) and remains at the higher rate (with rare longer intervals between several notes) for the remainder of the call. In contrast, note rate in long calls of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FC11FB30FBEDFB33" baseAuthorityName="Hosmer" baseAuthorityYear="1964" box="[898,1033,1159,1185]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FC11FB30FBEDFB33" box="[898,1033,1159,1185]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">L. spaldingi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
gradually increase from the start of the call. Differences between these patterns are evident in
|
||
<figureCitation id="131A2A07FFEA4A31FC8EFB1CFC84FB57" box="[797,864,1195,1221]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1464,1488]" captionTargetBox="[151,1431,639,1436]" captionTargetId="figure-257@16.[151,1436,633,1440]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 8. A) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from Litoria watjulumensis (WAM R162508) recorded at The Grotto near Wyndham, WA, at a temperature of 28.3°C. Note the abrupt doubling of note repetition rate approximately 2/3 of the way through the long call. B) Waveform (top) and spectrogram (bottom) of part of a call sequence from a Litoria spaldingi (FrogID #6921) recorded 20 km southeast of Darwin, Northern Territory, illustrating 15 short calls and one long call (see text). Spectrograms generated using fast-Fourier Transform of 1024 points, 50% overlap, and Hamming Window." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4550246" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4550246/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
. However, further studies are required to determine whether these patterns are consistent, and if so whether this feature of the species’ advertisement calls may be a useful diagnostic character in the field.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C33B6509FFEA4A31FF54FAA0FB05F99B" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFEA4A31FF54FAA0FCE2FA53" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FF54FAA0FED0FAA3" bold="true" box="[199,308,1303,1329]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. In his 1963 description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FDEDFAA0FC92FAA3" authority=", Hosmer" authorityName="Hosmer" box="[638,886,1303,1329]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="spaldingi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FDEDFAA0FCEFFAA3" box="[638,779,1303,1329]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">H. spaldingi</emphasis>
|
||
, Hosmer
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cited
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B73FFEA4A31FC52FAA0FB63FAA3" author="Copland, S. J." box="[961,1159,1302,1329]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" pagination="9 - 108" refId="ref10885" refString="Copland, S. J. (1957) Australian tree frogs of the genus Hyla. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 82, 9 - 108." type="journal article" year="1957">Copland’s (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
monograph but did not mention
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FF68FA8CFDA9FAC7" box="[251,589,1339,1365]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="latopalmata" subSpecies="watjulumensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FF68FA8CFDA9FAC7" box="[251,589,1339,1365]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">H. latopalmata watjulumensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, despite the latter occurring approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CD99B67FFEA4A31FBAFFA8CFB76FAC7" box="[1084,1170,1339,1365]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" unit="km" value="400.0">400 km</quantity>
|
||
WSW from the nearest record of his new species. Hosmer mentions examining
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D27FD0BFFEA4A31FC92FAE8FC7CFAEB" box="[769,920,1375,1401]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" type="generic">76 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FC28FAE8FBBAFAEB" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[955,1118,1375,1401]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latopalmata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FC28FAE8FBBAFAEB" box="[955,1118,1375,1401]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">L. latopalmata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but provides no registration numbers or indication of the collection they were from (presumably AMNH). Based on their small adult body size, these were likely
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FECFFA10FDE4FA53" baseAuthorityName="Gunther" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[348,512,1447,1473]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Hyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="latopalmata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FECFFA10FDE4FA53" box="[348,512,1447,1473]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">L. latopalmata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from the eastern coast.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9E3682FFEA4A31FF54FA7CFB05F99B" blockId="19.[151,1437,151,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">
|
||
Subsequently Tyler’s description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FDCEFA7CFC56FA77" authority="Tyler 1968" authorityName="Tyler" authorityYear="1968" box="[605,946,1483,1509]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="coplandi" subGenus="Hyla">
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FDCEFA7CFD90FA76" box="[605,628,1483,1508]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">L.</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FD16FA7CFD5FFA77" box="[645,699,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">Hyla</emphasis>
|
||
)
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FD5FFA7CFCCAFA77" box="[716,814,1483,1509]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">coplandi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB04B73FFEA4A31FCA6FA7CFC56FA77" author="Tyler, M. J." box="[821,946,1483,1509]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" pagination="711 - 727" refId="ref12817" refString="Tyler, M. J. (1968) A taxonomic study of hylid frogs of the Hyla lesueuri complex occurring in northwestern Australia. Records of the South Australian Museum, 15, 711 - 727." type="journal article" year="1968">Tyler 1968</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is the first time that adequate geographical representative material was used to assess morphological variation in
|
||
<emphasis id="B955EA90FFEA4A31FC36FA58FB3FF99B" box="[933,1243,1519,1545]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="230">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C214D01FFEA4A31FC36FA58FB86F99B" baseAuthorityName="Copland" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[933,1122,1519,1545]" class="Amphibia" family="Hylidae" genus="Litoria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" sensu="lato" species="watjulumensis">L. watjulumensis</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A26657EBFFEA4A31FBFAFA58FB3FF99B" box="[1129,1243,1519,1545]" pageId="19" pageNumber="230" sensu="lato">sensu lato</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |