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<mods:title id="B6F2B71D91E4DFA3A6D9295BDD4AC7D9">Illustrated guide to the echinoid (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fauna of South Africa</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03FE87F0FFB7FFCCFF57FE1EFEBEFBED" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6022600" ID-GBIF-Taxon="132650348" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6022600" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FE87F0FFB7FFCCFF57FE1EFEBEFBED" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FE87F0FFB7FFCCFF57FE1EFEBEFBED" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFB7FFCCFF57FE1EFEE3FE37" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFB7FFCCFF57FE1EFD44FE50" blockId="16.[151,653,393,453]" box="[151,653,393,419]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<heading id="D0A0818AFFB7FFCCFF57FE1EFD44FE50" bold="true" box="[151,653,393,419]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFB7FFCCFF57FE1EFD44FE50" ID-CoL="6ZRLD" authority="Mortensen, 1932 b" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1932" box="[151,653,393,419]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Stereocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="excavata">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFF57FE1EFD44FE50" bold="true" box="[151,653,393,419]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFF57FE1EFE6CFE50" bold="true" box="[151,421,393,419]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Stereocidaris excavata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFB7FFCCFE6CFE1EFD44FE50" author="Mortensen" box="[428,653,393,419]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Mortensen, T. (1932 b) New contributions to the knowledge of the cidarids. 1. Notes on some recent cidarids (echinoderms, echinoids, taxonomy). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 4, 145 - 174." type="journal article" year="1932" yearSuffix="b">Mortensen, 1932b</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFB7FFCCFF57FE3BFEE3FE37" blockId="16.[151,653,393,453]" box="[151,298,428,453]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FFB7FFCCFF57FE3BFF2FFE37" box="[151,230,428,453]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="16.[151,250,1752,1774]" captionTargetBox="[383,1235,1111,1734]" captionTargetId="figure@16.[358,1236,1109,1736]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 12. Stereocidaris excavata (SAMC-A 23320). A. Map showing distribution. B. Side view of preserved specimen. C. Close-up apical system of preserved specimen." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/843351/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
AC.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFB7FFCCFF57FE63FDC5FDDB" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFB7FFCCFF57FE63FDC5FDDB" blockId="16.[151,1436,500,552]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFB7FFCCFF57FE63FD89FDF9" ID-CoL="6ZRLD" authority="Mortensen, 1932 b" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1932" box="[151,576,500,522]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Stereocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="excavata">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFF57FE63FEB4FDF9" box="[151,381,500,522]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Stereocidaris excavata</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFB7FFCCFE44FE62FD89FDF9" author="Mortensen" box="[388,576,500,522]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Mortensen, T. (1932 b) New contributions to the knowledge of the cidarids. 1. Notes on some recent cidarids (echinoderms, echinoids, taxonomy). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 4, 145 - 174." type="journal article" year="1932" yearSuffix="b">Mortensen, 1932b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 151154. Pl. II,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FFB7FFCCFD31FE63FC85FDF9" box="[753,844,500,522]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1227,1249]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1752,1774]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,250,1253,1275]" captionStartId-3="7.[151,250,1696,1718]" captionStartId-4="11.[151,250,1247,1269]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1430,448,1187]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1421,1342,1713]" captionTargetBox-2="[194,1367,185,1223]" captionTargetBox-3="[170,1416,1376,1667]" captionTargetBox-4="[344,1242,451,1221]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[151,1436,445,1206]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,1330,1731]" captionTargetId-2="figure@7.[154,1439,158,1263]" captionTargetId-3="figure@7.[151,1436,1356,1675]" captionTargetId-4="figure@11.[340,1247,447,1225]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="7" captionTargetPageId-4="11" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Detail of regular echinoid: upper (Stomopneustes variolaris) and lower (Stereocidaris excavata) side, showing terminology of various body parts." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Body plan of an irregular echinoid or sand dollar (Clypeaster rarispinus), showing terminology of various body parts." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. The body plan of an irregular echinoids or heart urchin (Echinocardium cordatum), showing terminology of different body parts." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Tubercle types: A. perforated and non-crenulated (Stereocidaris alcocki). B. non-perforated and non-crenulated (Stomopneustes variolaris). C. perforated and crenulated (Chaetodiadema africanum)." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Histocidaris elegans (SAMC-A 22212): A. Side view of preserved specimen. B. Apical system of preserved specimen." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/843327/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/843329/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/843331/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/843333/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/843335/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Figs 15</figureCitation>
. Pl. IV,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FFB7FFCCFC5EFE63FC15FDF9" box="[926,988,500,522]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1752,1774]" captionTargetBox="[164,1421,1342,1713]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1436,1330,1731]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 2. Body plan of an irregular echinoid or sand dollar (Clypeaster rarispinus), showing terminology of various body parts." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/843329/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
. Pl. XI,
<figureCitation id="136C2A63FFB7FFCCFBF1FE63FB40FDF9" box="[1073,1161,500,522]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="6.[151,250,1227,1249]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,250,1752,1774]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1430,448,1187]" captionTargetBox-1="[164,1421,1342,1713]" captionTargetId-0="figure@6.[151,1436,445,1206]" captionTargetId-1="figure@6.[151,1436,1330,1731]" captionTargetPageId-0="6" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Detail of regular echinoid: upper (Stomopneustes variolaris) and lower (Stereocidaris excavata) side, showing terminology of various body parts." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Body plan of an irregular echinoid or sand dollar (Clypeaster rarispinus), showing terminology of various body parts." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/843327/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/843329/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFB7FFCCFB55FE63FF34FDDB" author="Clark" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Clark, A. &amp; Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp." type="book" year="1976">Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock, 1976</bibRefCitation>
: 217;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFB7FFCCFEFAFD85FE00FDDB" author="Schultz" box="[314,457,530,552]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp." type="book" year="2011">Schultz, 2011</bibRefCitation>
: 1040.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFB7FFCCFF57FDC2FAD1FD0D" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFB7FFCCFF57FDC2FECEFD61" blockId="16.[151,1436,597,1054]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFF57FDC2FE4AFD9D" bold="true" box="[151,387,597,622]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Material examined.</emphasis>
MBC-A023320; MBC-A077747; MBC-A077745; MBC-A077748; MBC-A077746; MBC- A077744.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFB7FFCCFF07FD0AFAD1FD0D" blockId="16.[151,1436,597,1054]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFF07FD0AFEB9FD45" bold="true" box="[199,368,669,694]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Identification.</emphasis>
Similar to
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFB7FFCCFDC1FD0AFCCAFD46" authorityName=": Doderlein" authorityYear="1906" box="[513,771,669,694]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Stereocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFDC1FD0AFCCAFD46" box="[513,771,669,694]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Stereocidaris capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; but differs in sunken apical disc, which has centrally positioned and slightly raised gonopores. Primary spines slender, somewhat fluted, rugose, with about 12 finely serrate, low ridges; secondaries adpressed, chisel-like in shape. Denuded test creamish, with green tint.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFB7FFCCFF07FC9EFD3EFC99" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFB7FFCCFF07FC9EFC88FCD2" blockId="16.[151,1436,597,1054]" box="[199,833,777,802]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFF07FC9EFE1BFCD1" bold="true" box="[199,466,777,802]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Global maximum size.</emphasis>
Maximum test diameter
<quantity id="4CAF9B03FFB7FFCCFD2BFC9EFCF4FCD2" box="[747,829,777,802]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.9" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="mm" value="69.0">69 mm</quantity>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFB7FFCCFF07FCBAFD3EFC99" blockId="16.[151,1436,597,1054]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFF07FCBAFE7EFCB5" bold="true" box="[199,439,813,838]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Global distribution.</emphasis>
Endemic to the South coast region of South Africa, at
<quantity id="4CAF9B03FFB7FFCCFB85FCB9FB0EFCB6" box="[1093,1223,814,838]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4849999999999999" metricValueMax="1.77" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" unit="m" value="148.5" valueMax="177.0" valueMin="120.0">120177 m</quantity>
depth (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFB7FFCCFAE2FCB9FF29FC99" author="Mortensen" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Mortensen, T. (1932 b) New contributions to the knowledge of the cidarids. 1. Notes on some recent cidarids (echinoderms, echinoids, taxonomy). Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter, 4, 145 - 174." type="journal article" year="1932" yearSuffix="b">Mortensen 1932b</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFB7FFCCFF2CFCC6FD81FC99" author="Clark" box="[236,584,849,874]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Clark, A. &amp; Courtman-Stock, J. (1976) The Echinoderms of Southern Africa. Publication no. 766. British Museum of Natural History, London, 277 pp." type="book" year="1976">Clark &amp; Courtman-Stock 1976</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC64B17FFB7FFCCFD94FCC6FD23FC99" author="Schultz" box="[596,746,849,874]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" refString="Schultz, H. (2011) Sea-Urchins III, Worldwide Regular Deep Water Species. 1 st Edition. Scientific Publications, Hemdingen, 1338 pp." type="book" year="2011">Schultz 2011</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34D656DFFB7FFCCFF07FCE2FEBEFBED" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE836E6FFB7FFCCFF07FCE2FEBEFBED" blockId="16.[151,1436,597,1054]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFF07FCE2FEF2FC7D" bold="true" box="[199,315,885,910]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFB7FFCCFE85FCE2FDCCFC7E" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1907" box="[325,517,885,910]" class="Echinoidea" family="Brissidae" genus="Brissopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Spatangoida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="subSpecies" species="lyrifera" subSpecies="capensis">
Both
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFE46FCE1FDCCFC7E" box="[390,517,886,909]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">S. capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and S.
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFB7FFCCFDA3FCE1FD0EFC7E" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1932" box="[611,711,886,909]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Stereocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="excavata">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFDA3FCE1FD0EFC7E" box="[611,711,886,909]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">excavata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are restricted to
<collectingRegion id="4993F804FFB7FFCCFC50FCE2FC1BFC7D" box="[912,978,885,910]" country="Tanzania" name="Kusini Unguja" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">South</collectingRegion>
African waters; they may, however, be differentiated by their primary spines and apical discs.
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFB7FFCCFCDEFC0DFC56FC42" authorityName=": Doderlein" authorityYear="1906" box="[798,927,922,945]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Stereocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="capensis">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFCDEFC0DFC56FC42" box="[798,927,922,945]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">S. capensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has fusiform, stout primary spines with 20 longitudinal ridges and an elevated apical disc with distally arranged gonopores; whilst
<taxonomicName id="4C574D65FFB7FFCCFB56FC29FAD3FC26" authorityName="Mortensen" authorityYear="1932" box="[1174,1306,958,981]" class="Echinoidea" family="Cidaridae" genus="Stereocidaris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cidaroida" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="species" species="excavata">
<emphasis id="B923EAF4FFB7FFCCFB56FC29FAD3FC26" box="[1174,1306,958,981]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">S. excavata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has fluted, slender primary spines with 12 low serrations and a distinctively sunken apical disc with centrally positioned, elevated gonopores.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
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