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<document id="00C8BD345AC7578203448182F70A3366" ID-CLB-Dataset="302007" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="bca694a8-4015-4447-92ef-7f5b5b817d51" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13618241" ID-ZooBank="00B749E1-6499-49FC-81EE-87C5FB190195" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="tatiana" IM.treatments_approvedBy="tatiana" checkinTime="1725025773962" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cranston, Peter S. &amp; Tang, Hongqu" docDate="2024" docId="E31D87D42E60FFCE20ECFBA9B3CCC6D1" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5497.2.1.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5497 (2)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5497.2.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Chironominae" docType="key" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="174" masterDocId="1F24FFAC2E6BFFD9207BFF9CB748C23A" masterDocTitle="An identification guide to the genera of aquatic larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of south-east Asia" masterLastPageNumber="193" masterPageNumber="151" pageNumber="162" updateTime="1725286338248" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="A2ACE0F4A85D532A5219F64692774433">An identification guide to the genera of aquatic larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of south-east Asia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="2F1135298D42DB7CA8B0C2606D9FDA6A">Cranston, Peter S.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="E31D87D42E60FFCE20ECFBA9B3CCC6D1" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13628429" ID-GBIF-Taxon="240043150" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13628429" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E31D87D42E60FFCE20ECFBA9B3CCC6D1" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E31D87D42E60FFCE20ECFBA9B3CCC6D1" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<subSubSection id="23AE65492E60FFD220ECFBA9B57FC675" box="[151,567,1077,1103]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E60FFD220ECFBA9B57FC675" blockId="11.[151,567,1077,1103]" box="[151,567,1077,1103]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<heading id="304381AE2E60FFD220ECFBA9B57FC675" bold="true" box="[151,567,1077,1103]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" reason="1">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E60FFD220ECFBA9B57FC675" bold="true" box="[151,567,1077,1103]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD220ECFBA9B618C675" ID-CoL="9CJ6N" box="[151,336,1077,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chironominae">Chironominae</taxonomicName>
: tribes and genera
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23AE65492E60FFD220ECFBE1B3AAC78D" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E60FFD220ECFBE1B3AAC78D" blockId="11.[151,1437,1149,1464]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
This subfamily, the largest in the family, is almost exclusively aquatic although some immature stages can survive dry conditions by construction of larval or pupal cocoons or by desiccation tolerance, resuming development when rehydrated (
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E60FFD22166FB59B68EC6E5" author="Cranston, P. S." box="[285,454,1221,1247]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="373 - 379" refId="ref39092" refString="Cranston, P. S. (2014) A new putatively cryptobiotic midge, Polypedilum ovahimba sp. nov. (Diptera: Chironomidae), from southern Africa. Austral Entomology, 53, 373 - 379. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12090" type="journal article" year="2014">Cranston 2014</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E60FFD221AAFB59B5FCC6E5" author="Cornette, R. &amp; Yamamoto, N. &amp; Yamamoto, M. &amp; Kobayashi, T. &amp; Petrova, N. &amp; Gusev, O. &amp; Shimura, S. &amp; Kikawada, T. &amp; Pemba, D. &amp; Okuda, T." box="[465,692,1221,1248]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="814 - 825" refId="ref38749" refString="Cornette, R., Yamamoto, N., Yamamoto, M., Kobayashi, T., Petrova, N., Gusev, O., Shimura, S., Kikawada, T., Pemba, D. &amp; Okuda, T. (2017) A new anhydrobiotic midge from Malawi, Polypedilum pembai sp. n. Diptera: Chironomidae., closely related to the desiccation tolerant midge, Polypedilum vanderplanki Hinton. Systematic Entomology, 42, 814 - 825. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12248" type="journal article" year="2017">
Cornette
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E60FFD22243FB5AB521C6E5" box="[568,617,1221,1247]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
). These exceptional taxa are not reported yet from south-east Asia. The tribal classification is not stable and can be inconsistent with emerging molecular data (e.g. Cranston
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E60FFD22519FB76B2DDC739" box="[1378,1429,1257,1283]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">et al</emphasis>
. 2010, Cranston &amp;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E60FFD22116FA92B6A3C71D" author="Tang, H. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[365,491,1293,1320]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="684 - 693" refId="ref44415" refString="Tang, H. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2019) A new tribe in the Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) validated by first immature stages of Xiaomyia Saether &amp; Wang and a phylogenetic review. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 67, 684 - 693. https: // doi. org / 26107 / RBZ- 2019 - 0049" type="journal article" year="2019">Tang 2019</bibRefCitation>
). For example, the ‘tribe’
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD22362FA91B4BBC71D" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1977" box="[793,1011,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pseudochironomini">Pseudochironomini</taxonomicName>
may be a grade. The
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD22489FA91B23AC71D" authorityName="Tang &amp; Cranston" authorityYear="2019" box="[1266,1394,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xiaomyiini">Xiaomyiini</taxonomicName>
for south-east Asian species is strongly supported, and the
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD22376FAADB4C3C771" box="[781,907,1329,1355]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Tanytarsini">Tanytarsini</taxonomicName>
appears to be monophyletic if the extralimital
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD220ECFAC9B61CC755" authority="Fittkau" authorityName="Fittkau" box="[151,340,1365,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nandeva" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E60FFD220ECFAC9B7B3C755" box="[151,251,1365,1391]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Nandeva</emphasis>
Fittkau
</taxonomicName>
is included. Tribe
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD2224AFAC9B588C755" box="[561,704,1365,1391]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chironomini">Chironomini</taxonomicName>
for the largest cluster of taxa is monophyletic, with distinctive included groupings of the ‘
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD221A9FAE5B518C7A9" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[466,592,1401,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Harnischia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E60FFD221A9FAE5B518C7A9" box="[466,592,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Harnischia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-complex’ and for genera related to
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD2238AFAE5B263C7A9" authority="Meigen. Other" authorityName="Meigen. Other" box="[1009,1323,1401,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E60FFD2238AFAE5B332C7A9" box="[1009,1146,1401,1427]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Chironomus</emphasis>
Meigen. Other
</taxonomicName>
emergent groupings may eventually be formalised but their validity and composition are not discussed here.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="23AE65492E60FFCE20ECFA7EB3CCC6D1" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" type="key">
<key id="1F2561F32E60FFCE20ECFA7EB3CCC6D1" lastPageId="23" lastPageNumber="174" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<keyStep id="D0402E672E60FFD220ECFA7EB2D4C42F" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E60FFD220ECFA7EB2D4C7CD" blockId="11.[151,1436,1506,1557]" box="[151,1436,1506,1528]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E60FFD220ECFA7EB2D4C7CD" box="[151,1436,1506,1528]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
1 Ventromental plate lacks striae, with few weak distal hooks / lappets (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E60FFD223FBFA7EB4A9C7CD" box="[896,993,1506,1528]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[198,1390,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[198,1390,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Subfamily key. Tanypodinae, Ablabesmyia, (A) ventral head, (B) ligula. Chironominae, Conochironomus, (C) mentum,(D)ventromentalplate;Shangomyia, (E)mentumandventromentalplate;Stenochironomus,(F)mentum.Prodiamesinae, Prodiamesa, (G) ventral head. Buchonomyiinae, Buchonomyia, (H) labrum, (I) habitus. Telmatogetoninae, Telmatogeton, (J) anterior labrum. Podonominae, Paraboreochlus, (K) posterior body; Boreochlus, (L) antenna. Telmatogetoninae, Telmatogeton, (M) antenna. Prodiamesinae, Prodiamesa, (N) antenna. Diamesinae, Diamesa, (O) antenna, (P) mid-mentum, hypopharynx." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618247/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Fig. 2E, F</figureCitation>
).................................. 2
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E60FFD220ECF99CB2D4C42F" blockId="11.[151,1436,1506,1557]" box="[151,1436,1535,1557]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E60FFD220ECF99CB2D4C42F" box="[151,1436,1535,1557]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
1' Ventromental plate striate, usually also with some distal hooks / lappets (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E60FFD223E6FA63B34CC42F" box="[925,1028,1535,1557]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[198,1390,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[198,1390,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Subfamily key. Tanypodinae, Ablabesmyia, (A) ventral head, (B) ligula. Chironominae, Conochironomus, (C) mentum,(D)ventromentalplate;Shangomyia, (E)mentumandventromentalplate;Stenochironomus,(F)mentum.Prodiamesinae, Prodiamesa, (G) ventral head. Buchonomyiinae, Buchonomyia, (H) labrum, (I) habitus. Telmatogetoninae, Telmatogeton, (J) anterior labrum. Podonominae, Paraboreochlus, (K) posterior body; Boreochlus, (L) antenna. Telmatogetoninae, Telmatogeton, (M) antenna. Prodiamesinae, Prodiamesa, (N) antenna. Diamesinae, Diamesa, (O) antenna, (P) mid-mentum, hypopharynx." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618247/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
)............................... 5
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E60FFD220ECF9A6B2D4C4D8" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E60FFD220ECF9A6B2D4C4B0" blockId="11.[151,1436,1594,1762]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E60FFD220ECF9A6B2D4C4B0" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
2(1) Head conventional, not flattened dorsoventrally or wedge-shaped (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E60FFD22311F9A6B4FDC475" box="[874,949,1594,1616]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
).
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E60FFD223BCF9A7B350C46A" box="[967,1048,1595,1616]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with median tooth protruding (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E60FFD22530F9A6B7BCC457" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Fig. 7A, B</figureCitation>
). Thoracic segments dilate only in pharate P. Abdomen cylindrical, not tapering, with well-developed procercus..................................................................................... tribe
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD224D0F9E9B254C4B1" ID-CoL="BZ6LD" authorityName="Tang &amp; Cranston" authorityYear="2019" box="[1195,1308,1653,1675]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Xiaomyiini">Xiaomyiini</taxonomicName>
.......... 3
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E60FFD220ECF90EB2D4C4D8" blockId="11.[151,1436,1594,1762]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E60FFD220ECF90EB2D4C4D8" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
2' Head dorsoventrally flattened, tapered, wedge-shaped (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E60FFD2228EF90EB409C49D" box="[757,833,1682,1704]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[198,1390,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[198,1390,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Subfamily key. Tanypodinae, Ablabesmyia, (A) ventral head, (B) ligula. Chironominae, Conochironomus, (C) mentum,(D)ventromentalplate;Shangomyia, (E)mentumandventromentalplate;Stenochironomus,(F)mentum.Prodiamesinae, Prodiamesa, (G) ventral head. Buchonomyiinae, Buchonomyia, (H) labrum, (I) habitus. Telmatogetoninae, Telmatogeton, (J) anterior labrum. Podonominae, Paraboreochlus, (K) posterior body; Boreochlus, (L) antenna. Telmatogetoninae, Telmatogeton, (M) antenna. Prodiamesinae, Prodiamesa, (N) antenna. Diamesinae, Diamesa, (O) antenna, (P) mid-mentum, hypopharynx." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618247/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
).
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E60FFD2232AF90FB4EAC492" box="[849,930,1683,1704]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Mentum</collectingRegion>
strongly concave with characteristic arrangement of teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E60FFD22164F933B638C4FF" box="[287,368,1711,1733]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[198,1390,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[198,1390,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Subfamily key. Tanypodinae, Ablabesmyia, (A) ventral head, (B) ligula. Chironominae, Conochironomus, (C) mentum,(D)ventromentalplate;Shangomyia, (E)mentumandventromentalplate;Stenochironomus,(F)mentum.Prodiamesinae, Prodiamesa, (G) ventral head. Buchonomyiinae, Buchonomyia, (H) labrum, (I) habitus. Telmatogetoninae, Telmatogeton, (J) anterior labrum. Podonominae, Paraboreochlus, (K) posterior body; Boreochlus, (L) antenna. Telmatogetoninae, Telmatogeton, (M) antenna. Prodiamesinae, Prodiamesa, (N) antenna. Diamesinae, Diamesa, (O) antenna, (P) mid-mentum, hypopharynx." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618247/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Figs. 2F</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E60FFD22100F92CB6F1C4FF" box="[379,441,1712,1733]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">7C, D</figureCitation>
). Thoracic segments swollen prior to pre-P. stage (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E60FFD223D2F933B4BCC4FF" box="[937,1012,1711,1733]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Fig. 7E</figureCitation>
). Abdomen tapers, without or with reduced procercus............................................................................................ 4
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E60FFD220ECF894B22AC5A8" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E60FFD220ECF894B68CC56D" blockId="11.[151,1436,1799,1939]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E60FFD220ECF894B68CC56D" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
3(2) Median tooth of mentum sagittate (like arrow head) (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E60FFD2229BF89BB463C527" box="[736,811,1799,1821]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Fig. 7A</figureCitation>
)..........................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD224F9F89BB2D4C527" ID-CoL="644Q2" authority="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityName="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityYear="1993" box="[1154,1436,1799,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Shangomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E60FFD224F9F89BB3B1C526" box="[1154,1273,1799,1820]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Shangomyia</emphasis>
Saether &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD22091F8B9B55DC500" ID-CoL="4X3XC" authority="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityName="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityYear="1993" box="[234,533,1829,1851]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Shangomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="impectinata">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E60FFD22091F8B9B63BC500" box="[234,371,1829,1850]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">S. impectinata</emphasis>
Saether &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
, lotic, L. wood miner; regionally widespread,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E60FFD223AAF8B9B34AC501" box="[977,1026,1829,1851]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">India</collectingCountry>
to Borneo, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E60FFD224B8F8B9B3B7C501" box="[1219,1279,1829,1851]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">China</collectingCountry>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E60FFD22572F8B9B2D0C500" author="Cranston, P. S." box="[1289,1432,1829,1850]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="179 - 186" refId="ref38892" refString="Cranston, P. S. (2003) The oriental genus Shangomyia Saether &amp; Wang (Chironomidae: Diptera): immature stages, biology, putative relationships and the evolution of wood mining in chironomid larvae. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 51, 179 - 186." type="journal article" year="2003">Cranston 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E60FFD22099F8DFB6F7C56D" author="Tang, H. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[226,447,1858,1880]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="684 - 693" refId="ref44415" refString="Tang, H. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2019) A new tribe in the Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) validated by first immature stages of Xiaomyia Saether &amp; Wang and a phylogenetic review. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 67, 684 - 693. https: // doi. org / 26107 / RBZ- 2019 - 0049" type="journal article" year="2019">Tang &amp; Cranston 2019</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E60FFD220ECF8FCB22AC5A8" blockId="11.[151,1436,1799,1939]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E60FFD220ECF8FCB22AC5A8" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">
3’ Median tooth of mentum rounded, less protruding (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E60FFD222B5F8C3B45FC54F" box="[718,791,1887,1909]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Fig. 7B</figureCitation>
)...............................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD224E6F8FCB2D4C54F" authority="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityName="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityYear="1993" box="[1181,1436,1887,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xiaomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E60FFD224E6F8FCB3B1C54F" box="[1181,1273,1888,1909]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Xiaomyia</emphasis>
Saether &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E60FFD22091F8E2B559C5A8" authority="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityName="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityYear="1993" box="[234,529,1917,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xiaomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aequipedes">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E60FFD22091F8E2B639C5A8" box="[234,369,1917,1939]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">X. aequipedes</emphasis>
Saether &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
, lotic. Regionally widespread,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E60FFD22341F8E1B426C5A9" box="[826,878,1917,1939]" name="India" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E60FFD2230CF8E1B484C5A9" box="[887,972,1917,1939]" name="Thailand" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">Thailand</collectingCountry>
to oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E60FFD22441F8E1B33EC5A9" box="[1082,1142,1917,1939]" name="China" pageId="11" pageNumber="162">China</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E60FFD22404F8E1B214C5A8" author="Tang, H. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[1151,1372,1917,1938]" pageId="11" pageNumber="162" pagination="684 - 693" refId="ref44415" refString="Tang, H. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2019) A new tribe in the Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) validated by first immature stages of Xiaomyia Saether &amp; Wang and a phylogenetic review. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 67, 684 - 693. https: // doi. org / 26107 / RBZ- 2019 - 0049" type="journal article" year="2019">Tang &amp; Cranston 2019</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<caption id="3FCB664A2E67FFD520E3F8D3B448C5CD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" startId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" targetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E67FFD520E3F8D3B448C5CD" blockId="12.[151,1436,1871,2040]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD520E3F8D3B65EC552" bold="true" box="[152,278,1871,1896]" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
Larval
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD5211BF8D3B6BCC55D" box="[352,500,1871,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chironominae">Chironominae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD52180F8D3B530C55D" authorityName="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityYear="1993" box="[507,632,1871,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Shangomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD52180F8D3B530C55D" box="[507,632,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Shangomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (A) mentum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD52373F8CCB421C55D" authorityName="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityYear="1993" box="[776,873,1872,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xiaomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD52373F8CCB421C55D" box="[776,873,1872,1895]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Xiaomyia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (B) mentum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD52383F8CCB311C55D" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1959" box="[1016,1113,1872,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Harrisius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD52383F8CCB311C55D" box="[1016,1113,1872,1895]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Harrisius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (C) mentum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD5249CF8D3B2DEC55D" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1919" box="[1255,1430,1871,1895]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD5249CF8D3B2DEC55D" box="[1255,1430,1871,1895]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Stenochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (D) mentum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD5215CF8E8B6C0C5B1" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1959" box="[295,392,1908,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Harrisius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD5215CF8E8B6C0C5B1" box="[295,392,1908,1931]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Harrisius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (E) anterior body;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD52225F8EFB584C5B1" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1920" box="[606,716,1907,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Zavreliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD52225F8EFB584C5B1" box="[606,716,1907,1931]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Zavreliella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (F) habitus;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD52325F8E8B4F7C5B1" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1959" box="[862,959,1908,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Harrisius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD52325F8E8B4F7C5B1" box="[862,959,1908,1931]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Harrisius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (G) antenna;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD52420F8EFB242C5B1" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1919" box="[1115,1290,1907,1931]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD52420F8EFB242C5B1" box="[1115,1290,1907,1931]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Stenochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (H) antenna;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD520ECF80BB64DC595" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,261,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Zavreliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD520ECF80BB64DC595" box="[151,261,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Zavreliella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (I) antenna, (J) mentum,ventromental plates;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD522B0F80BB4DFC595" authorityName="Lenz" authorityYear="1941" box="[715,919,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paralauterborniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD522B0F80BB4DFC595" box="[715,919,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Paralauterborniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (K) mentum, ventromental plates;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD5248AF80BB2DEC595" authorityName="Cranston" authorityYear="2006" box="[1265,1430,1943,1967]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xylochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD5248AF80BB2DEC595" box="[1265,1430,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Xylochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD522FCF827B41DC5E9" authorityName="Skuse" authorityYear="1889" box="[647,853,1979,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubifer">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD522FCF827B41DC5E9" box="[647,853,1979,2003]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Polypedilum nubifer</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; (N) mentum, ventromental plates;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD524C6F827B259C5E9" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1961" box="[1213,1297,1979,2003]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Skusella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD524C6F827B259C5E9" box="[1213,1297,1979,2003]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Skusella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (O) antenna;
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD520ECF843B616C5CD" box="[151,350,2015,2039]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Conochirononomus</emphasis>
, (P) antenna;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E67FFD52197F87CB53BC5CD" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1961" box="[492,627,2016,2039]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Imparipecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="163" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E67FFD52197F87CB53BC5CD" box="[492,627,2016,2039]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="163">Imparipecten</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (Q) antenna.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E66FFD420ECFF04B3B4C33F" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFF04B4C2C2F0" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,261]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFF04B4C2C2F0" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
4(2) 3rd antennal segment short, subequal to 5th; 3rd &amp; 5th each 1/2 length of 4th (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD423A9FF0BB356C297" box="[978,1054,151,173]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7G</figureCitation>
)................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD4249DFF04B2D4C297" authority="Freeman" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1959" box="[1254,1436,152,173]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Harrisius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD4249DFF04B20AC297" box="[1254,1346,152,173]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Harrisius</emphasis>
Freeman
</taxonomicName>
[tentative L, P, wood-mining,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4227AFF29B511C2F1" box="[513,601,181,203]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Thailand</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4221AFF29B5F3C2F1" box="[609,699,181,203]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
, N.Z.;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD42285FF29B4CBC2F0" author="Borkent, A." box="[766,899,181,203]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="1 - 269" refId="ref38332" refString="Borkent, A. (1984) Systematics of the Stenochironomus complex. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 128, 1 - 269." type="journal article" year="1984">Borkent 1984</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFF4EB3B4C33F" blockId="13.[151,1436,151,261]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFF4EB3B4C33F" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
4' 3rd antennal segment shorter than 4th, both longer than 5th (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD4235CFF4EB43AC2DD" box="[807,882,210,232]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7H</figureCitation>
).........................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD424D7FF4EB2D4C2D2" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1919" box="[1196,1436,210,232]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD424D7FF4EB21AC2DD" box="[1196,1362,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Stenochironomus</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[abundant, L, wood- or leaf-miners;&gt; 12 spp., inc.
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD422B6FF73B46DC33F" box="[717,805,239,261]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42354FF73B4C1C33F" box="[815,905,239,261]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42399FF73B356C33F" box="[994,1054,239,261]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
; global,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD4240BFF73B3BDC33F" author="Borkent, A." box="[1136,1269,239,261]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="1 - 269" refId="ref38332" refString="Borkent, A. (1984) Systematics of the Stenochironomus complex. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada, 128, 1 - 269." type="journal article" year="1984">Borkent 1984</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E66FFD420ECFEB6B2D4C367" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFEB6B2D4C37A" blockId="13.[151,1436,298,349]" box="[151,1436,298,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFEB6B2D4C37A" box="[151,1436,298,320]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
5(1) Lauterborn organs large, alternate on segments 2 and 3 (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD42286FEB6B43FC305" box="[765,887,298,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7I, O, P</figureCitation>
). Antenna 6-segmented (rarely 5 or 7).............. 6
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFEDBB2D4C367" blockId="13.[151,1436,298,349]" box="[151,1436,327,349]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFEDBB2D4C367" box="[151,1436,327,349]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
5' Lauterborn organs absent to small, rarely large, opposite (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD42377FEDBB427C367" box="[780,879,327,349]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 8E, F</figureCitation>
), rarely alternate. Antenna 5–9 segmented........... 18
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E66FFD420ECFE15B2D4C00B" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFE15B56BC3CD" blockId="13.[151,1437,393,561]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFE15B56BC3CD" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
6(5) Ventromental plate wedge-shaped (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD42243FE15B536C3A4" box="[568,638,393,415]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7J</figureCitation>
). Body with dorsal hump on segment 11 (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD42463FE15B32AC3A4" box="[1048,1122,393,415]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7F</figureCitation>
), with long lateral tubules. L. in transportable case......................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42492FE3AB2D4C386" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1920" box="[1257,1436,422,444]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Zavreliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42492FE3AB219C381" box="[1257,1361,422,443]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Zavreliella</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42091FE58B626C3E3" baseAuthorityName="Wulp" baseAuthorityYear="1858" box="[234,366,452,473]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Zavreliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="marmorata">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42091FE58B626C3E3" box="[234,366,452,473]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Z. marmorata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(v. d. Wulp), oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42244FE5FB533C3E3" box="[575,635,451,473]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD422F8FE58B47AC3E3" authority="Reiss" authorityName="Reiss" authorityYear="1990" box="[643,818,451,473]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Zavreliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cranstoni">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD422F8FE58B5BFC3E3" box="[643,759,452,473]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Z. cranstoni</emphasis>
Reiss
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42340FE5FB4C6C3E3" box="[827,910,451,473]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Sarawak</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD423E1FE5FB4BFC3E3" box="[922,1015,451,473]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
),
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD4247CFE5FB33BC3E3" author="Reiss, F." box="[1031,1139,451,473]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="83 - 115" refId="ref43261" refString="Reiss, F. (1990) Revision der Gattung Zavreliella Kieffer, 1920 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Spixiana, 13, 83 - 115." type="journal article" year="1990">Reiss 1990</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42407FE58B202C3E3" authority="Cao &amp; Tang" authorityName="Cao &amp; Tang" authorityYear="2017" box="[1148,1354,451,473]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Zavreliella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="shidai">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42407FE58B387C3E2" box="[1148,1231,451,473]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Z. shidai</emphasis>
Cao &amp; Tang
</taxonomicName>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42099FE7DB656C3CD" box="[226,286,481,503]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD4215CFE7DB69DC3CC" author="Cao, Y. &amp; Tang, H." box="[295,469,481,502]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" refId="ref38467" refString="Cao, Y. &amp; Tang, H. (2017) Taxonomic Review of Zavreliella Kieffer from East Asia. Zoological Studies, 56, e 5." type="journal volume" year="2017">Cao &amp; Tang 2017</bibRefCitation>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFE62B2D4C00B" blockId="13.[151,1437,393,561]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFE62B2D4C00B" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
6' Ventromental plate elongate, rarely wedge-shaped. Body without dorsal hump on segment 11, lacking lateral tubules. L. free-living, tubicolous or with fixed case (
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42232FD87B596C00A" box="[585,734,539,560]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheotanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42232FD87B596C00A" box="[585,734,539,560]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Rheotanytarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)........................................................ 7
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E66FFD420ECFDCAB2D4C09C" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFDCAB2C4C0B3" blockId="13.[151,1436,598,679]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFDCAB2C4C0B3" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
7(6) Median tooth of mentum single, domed, pale (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD422E4FDCAB5A2C051" box="[671,746,598,620]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7K</figureCitation>
)....................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD424DEFDCAB2D4C056" authority="Lenz" authorityName="Lenz" authorityYear="1941" box="[1189,1436,598,620]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paralauterborniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD424DEFDCAB22EC051" box="[1189,1382,598,619]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Paralauterborniella</emphasis>
Lenz
</taxonomicName>
[widespread,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42118FDE8B53AC0B3" authority="(Malloch)" baseAuthorityName="Malloch" baseAuthorityYear="1915" box="[355,626,627,649]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paralauterborniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nigrohalteralis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42118FDE8B542C0B2" box="[355,522,627,649]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">P. nigrohalteralis</emphasis>
(Malloch)
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42200FDEFB59BC0B3" box="[635,723,627,649]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD422A6FDE8B4D5C0B3" authority="Tang" authorityName="Tang" authorityYear="2012" box="[733,925,627,649]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paralauterborniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ershanensis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD422A6FDE8B42DC0B2" box="[733,869,627,649]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">P. ershanensis</emphasis>
Tang
</taxonomicName>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4238DFDEFB37AC0B3" box="[1014,1074,627,649]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD42440FDE8B3ECC0B3" author="Tang, H." box="[1083,1188,627,649]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="160 - 170" refId="ref44232" refString="Tang, H. (2016) Paralauterborniella from Oriental China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Oriental Insects, 50, 160 - 170. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2016.1217799" type="journal article" year="2016">Tang 2016</bibRefCitation>
; Holarctic, Neotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFD0DB2D4C09C" blockId="13.[151,1436,598,679]" box="[151,1436,657,679]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFD0DB2D4C09C" box="[151,1436,657,679]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">7' Median mentum with 2–4 pale teeth, or mentum all dark...................................................... 8</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E66FFD420ECFD50B2D4C0C5" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFD50B2D4C0DB" blockId="13.[151,1436,715,767]" box="[151,1436,715,737]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFD50B2D4C0DB" box="[151,1436,715,737]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">8(7) Mandibular and mental teeth all uniformly brown-black or yellow............................................... 9</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFD75B2D4C0C5" blockId="13.[151,1436,715,767]" box="[151,1436,745,767]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFD75B2D4C0C5" box="[151,1436,745,767]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">8' At least dorsal mandibular tooth pale. Median 3–4 teeth of mentum contrastingly pale.............................. 16</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E66FFD420ECFCB8B2D4C149" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFCB8B2D4C103" blockId="13.[151,1436,803,884]" box="[151,1436,803,825]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFCB8B2D4C103" box="[151,1436,803,825]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
9(8) Median mentum not clearly delimited as dorsomentum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD42285FCBFB42CC103" box="[766,868,803,825]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7L, N</figureCitation>
)............................................ 10
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFCDDB2D4C149" blockId="13.[151,1436,803,884]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFCDDB2D4C149" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
9' Median mentum delimited as dorsomentum by anteriorly-directed median ventromental plate, comprising 4 or 6 median mental teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD42165FCC2B620C149" box="[286,360,862,884]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[198,1390,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[198,1390,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Subfamily key. Tanypodinae, Ablabesmyia, (A) ventral head, (B) ligula. Chironominae, Conochironomus, (C) mentum,(D)ventromentalplate;Shangomyia, (E)mentumandventromentalplate;Stenochironomus,(F)mentum.Prodiamesinae, Prodiamesa, (G) ventral head. Buchonomyiinae, Buchonomyia, (H) labrum, (I) habitus. Telmatogetoninae, Telmatogeton, (J) anterior labrum. Podonominae, Paraboreochlus, (K) posterior body; Boreochlus, (L) antenna. Telmatogetoninae, Telmatogeton, (M) antenna. Prodiamesinae, Prodiamesa, (N) antenna. Diamesinae, Diamesa, (O) antenna, (P) mid-mentum, hypopharynx." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618247/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
)...................................................................................... 11
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E66FFD420ECFC05B6FFC67B" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFC05B3EFC1D3" blockId="13.[151,1437,921,1089]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFC05B3EFC1D3" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
10(9) Median mentum with 2 recessed small teeth, ventromental plate semilunar (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD423C1FC05B34CC194" box="[954,1028,921,943]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7L</figureCitation>
). Mandible with basal striae (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD4255BFC05B238C194" box="[1312,1392,921,943]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7M</figureCitation>
)..................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD424D8FC2AB2D5C1F1" authority="Cranston" authorityName="Cranston" authorityYear="2006" box="[1187,1437,950,971]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xylochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD424D8FC2AB277C1F1" box="[1187,1343,950,971]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Xylochironomus</emphasis>
Cranston
</taxonomicName>
[L. wood-mining, 1–2 undescribed spp., L, P.
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E66FFD422E1FC48B5E7C1D6" box="[666,687,980,1004]" count="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD422C3FC4FB458C1D3" box="[696,784,979,1001]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42312FC4FB4EDC1D3" box="[873,933,979,1001]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD423D5FC4FB341C1D3" box="[942,1033,979,1001]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD42469FC48B3EAC1D3" author="Cranston, P. S." box="[1042,1186,979,1001]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="227 - 234" refId="ref39000" refString="Cranston, P. S. (2006) A new genus and species of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) with wood-mining larvae. Australian Journal of Entomology, 45, 227 - 234. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1440 - 6055.2006.00539. x" type="journal article" year="2006">Cranston 2006</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFC6DB6FFC67B" blockId="13.[151,1437,921,1089]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFC6DB6FFC67B" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
10' Median mentum with 2 large teeth, ventromental plate fan-like (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD42331FC6DB4DFC63C" box="[842,919,1009,1031]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7N</figureCitation>
). Mandible lacks striae........
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD424A3FC6DB2D4C63D" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[1240,1436,1009,1031]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD424A3FC6DB219C63C" box="[1240,1361,1009,1030]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Polypedilum</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[part:
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42160FB93B6F0C61E" authority="Skuse" authorityName="Skuse" authorityYear="1889" box="[283,440,1038,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nubifer">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42160FB93B63EC619" box="[283,374,1038,1060]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">P. nubifer</emphasis>
Skuse
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD421BBFB93B5B2C619" authority="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa" authorityName="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa" authorityYear="1990" box="[448,762,1038,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaseptimum">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD421BBFB93B516C619" box="[448,606,1038,1060]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">P. tobaseptimum</emphasis>
Kikuchi &amp; Sasa
</taxonomicName>
, widespread;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42307FB93B322C619" authority="Cranston" authorityName="Cranston" authorityYear="2016" box="[892,1130,1038,1060]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quasinubifer">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42307FB93B344C619" box="[892,1036,1038,1060]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">P. quasinubifer</emphasis>
Cranston
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42408FB92B39FC61E" box="[1139,1239,1038,1060]" name="Singapore" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Singapore</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD424A4FB92B27FC61E" box="[1247,1335,1038,1060]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Thailand</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42545FB92B2D1C61E" box="[1342,1433,1038,1060]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
.
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD42099FBB0B6FAC67B" author="Cranston P. S. &amp; Martin, J. &amp; Spies, M." box="[226,434,1067,1089]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="429 - 444" refId="ref39636" refString="Cranston P. S., Martin, J. &amp; Spies, M. (2016 a) Cryptic species in the nuisance midge Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse) (Diptera: Chironomidae) and the status of Tripedilum Kieffer. Zootaxa, 4079 (4), 429 - 444. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4079.4.3" type="journal article" year="2016">
Cranston
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42144FBB0B627C67A" box="[319,367,1067,1089]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
2016a
</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E66FFD420ECFBFAB2D4C6E9" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFBFAB620C68C" blockId="13.[151,1437,1126,1236]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFBFAB620C68C" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
11(9) Basal Lauterborn organ in mid-3rd segment, 2nd apical on 3rd (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD4233DFBFAB4D9C641" box="[838,913,1126,1148]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7O</figureCitation>
)............................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42489FBFAB2D4C646" authority="Freeman" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1961" box="[1266,1436,1126,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Skusella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42489FBFAB20AC641" box="[1266,1346,1126,1147]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Skusella</emphasis>
Freeman
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, perhaps hyporheic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD421A5FB1FB50AC6A3" box="[478,578,1155,1177]" name="Singapore" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Singapore</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42230FB1FB5EBC6A3" box="[587,675,1155,1177]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(inc.
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD422A0FB1FB468C6A3" box="[731,800,1155,1177]" name="Brunei" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Brunei</collectingCountry>
),
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4234BFB1FB4C0C6A3" box="[816,904,1155,1177]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 3 spp., oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4245CFB1FB32BC6A3" box="[1063,1123,1155,1177]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42410FB1FB38DC6A3" box="[1131,1221,1155,1177]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Neotropics;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD4253DFB18B62AC68C" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Tang, H." pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="41 - 65" refId="ref39455" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Tang, H. (2018) Skusella Freeman (Diptera: Chironomidae): new species, immature stages from Africa, Asia and Australia, and expanded distributions. Zootaxa, 4450 (1), 41 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4450.1.3" type="journal article" year="2018">Cranston &amp; Tang 2018</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFB22B2D4C6E9" blockId="13.[151,1437,1126,1236]" box="[151,1436,1214,1236]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFB22B2D4C6E9" box="[151,1436,1214,1236]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
11’ Lauterborn organs apical on 2nd and 3rd antennal segments (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD42357FB22B4C5C6E9" box="[812,909,1214,1236]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7P, Q</figureCitation>
)......................................... 12
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E66FFD420ECFB65B2D4C716" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFB65B2D4C734" blockId="13.[151,1436,1273,1324]" box="[151,1436,1273,1295]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFB65B2D4C734" box="[151,1436,1273,1295]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
12(11) 4th antennal segment narrowed alongside apical Lauterborn organ, curved (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD423CCFB65B349C734" box="[951,1025,1273,1295]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7P</figureCitation>
)................................ 13
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFA8AB2D4C716" blockId="13.[151,1436,1273,1324]" box="[151,1436,1302,1324]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFA8AB2D4C716" box="[151,1436,1302,1324]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
12’ 4th antennal segment parallel-sided, straight (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD422E3FA8AB5AAC711" box="[664,738,1302,1324]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[152,255,1871,1895]" captionTargetBox="[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetId="figure-26@12.[167,1419,181,1847]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Larval Chironominae.Shangomyia, (A) mentum;Xiaomyia, (B)mentum; Harrisius, (C) mentum; Stenochironomus, (D) mentum; Harrisius, (E) anterior body; Zavreliella, (F) habitus; Harrisius, (G) antenna; Stenochironomus, (H) antenna; Zavreliella, (I)antenna,(J)mentum,ventromentalplates;Paralauterborniella,(K) mentum,ventromentalplates;Xylochironomus, (L) mentum, ventromental plates, (M) mandible; Polypedilum nubifer; (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Skusella, (O) antenna; Conochirononomus, (P) antenna; Imparipecten, (Q) antenna." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618263" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618263/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 7Q</figureCitation>
)....................................................... 15
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E66FFD420ECFACDB2D4C7E1" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFACDB47BC784" blockId="13.[151,1437,1361,1500]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFACDB47BC784" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
13(12) Ventromental plate elongate (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD42187FACDB517C75C" box="[508,607,1361,1383]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[152,255,1659,1683]" captionTargetBox="[198,1390,181,1635]" captionTargetId="figure-26@4.[198,1390,181,1635]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Subfamily key. Tanypodinae, Ablabesmyia, (A) ventral head, (B) ligula. Chironominae, Conochironomus, (C) mentum,(D)ventromentalplate;Shangomyia, (E)mentumandventromentalplate;Stenochironomus,(F)mentum.Prodiamesinae, Prodiamesa, (G) ventral head. Buchonomyiinae, Buchonomyia, (H) labrum, (I) habitus. Telmatogetoninae, Telmatogeton, (J) anterior labrum. Podonominae, Paraboreochlus, (K) posterior body; Boreochlus, (L) antenna. Telmatogetoninae, Telmatogeton, (M) antenna. Prodiamesinae, Prodiamesa, (N) antenna. Diamesinae, Diamesa, (O) antenna, (P) mid-mentum, hypopharynx." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618247" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618247/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig 2C, D</figureCitation>
). Antennal ring organ near middle....................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD424E5FACDB2D4C75C" authority="Freeman" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1961" box="[1182,1436,1361,1382]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD424E5FACDB20AC75C" box="[1182,1346,1361,1382]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Conochironomus</emphasis>
Freeman
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, lentic, modestly speciose,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42264FAF3B437C7B9" authority="(Kikuchi &amp; Sasa)" baseAuthorityName="Kikuchi &amp; Sasa" baseAuthorityYear="1990" box="[543,895,1390,1412]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tobaterdecimus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42264FAF3B586C7B9" box="[543,718,1390,1412]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. tobaterdecimus</emphasis>
(Kikuchi &amp; Sasa)
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD423F1FAF2B4AFC7BE" box="[906,999,1390,1412]" name="Indonesia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E66FFD4238FFAF2B301C7B9" box="[1012,1097,1390,1411]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42422FAF2B3F9C7BE" box="[1113,1201,1390,1412]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD424C0FAF2B25EC7BE" box="[1211,1302,1390,1412]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD4255BFAF3B673C79B" authority="Cranston" authorityName="Cranston" authorityYear="2016" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nuengthai">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD4255BFAF3B2D4C7B9" box="[1312,1436,1390,1412]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. nuengthai</emphasis>
Cranston
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42131FA17B6EAC79B" box="[330,418,1419,1441]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4227CFA17B50BC79B" box="[519,579,1419,1441]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42228FA10B475C79B" authority="Cranston" authorityName="Cranston" authorityYear="2016" box="[595,829,1419,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sawngthai">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42228FA10B590C79A" box="[595,728,1419,1441]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. sawngthai</emphasis>
Cranston
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42336FA17B4EDC79B" box="[845,933,1419,1441]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD423CFFA10B365C79B" authority="Tang" authorityName="Tang" authorityYear="2018" box="[948,1069,1420,1441]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jat">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD423CFFA10B4A7C79B" box="[948,1007,1420,1441]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">C. jat</emphasis>
Tang
</taxonomicName>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD424E8FA17B384C79B" box="[1171,1228,1419,1441]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E66FFD424A4FA17B262C79B" box="[1247,1322,1419,1441]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Hainan</collectingRegion>
).
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42545FA17B2D0C79B" box="[1342,1432,1419,1441]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Afrotropical; Cranston 2016,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD42185FA35B5F4C785" author="Pramual, P. &amp; Simwisat, K. &amp; Martin, J." box="[510,700,1449,1471]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="39 - 60" refId="ref43073" refString="Pramual, P., Simwisat, K. &amp; Martin, J. (2016) Identification and reassessment of the specific status of some tropical freshwater midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) using DNA barcode data. Zootaxa, 4072 (1), 39 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4072.1.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Pramual
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD4222FFA36B536C784" box="[596,638,1449,1471]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al</emphasis>
. 2016
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD422BEFA35B465C784" author="Tang, H." box="[709,813,1449,1470]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="167 - 180" refId="ref44268" refString="Tang, H. (2018) Conochironomus Freeman, 1961 (Diptera: Chironomidae) newly recorded from China, with description of a new species. The Pan - Pacific Entomologist, 94, 167 - 180." type="journal article" year="2018">Tang 2018</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECFA5AB2D4C7E1" blockId="13.[151,1437,1361,1500]" box="[151,1436,1478,1500]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECFA5AB2D4C7E1" box="[151,1436,1478,1500]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">13’ Ventromental plate triangular. Antennal ring organ basal..................................................... 14</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E66FFD420ECF99DB607C4FC" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECF99DB628C46B" blockId="13.[151,1437,1537,1735]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECF99DB628C46B" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
14(13) Mentum pale, median flat, comprising similar-sized teeth across ventromentum.....................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD4249AF99DB2D4C42D" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1249,1436,1537,1559]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kribiodosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD4249AF99DB219C42C" box="[1249,1361,1537,1558]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Kribiodosis</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[lotic or lentic,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD421FFF983B51AC40E" authority="Tang" authorityName="Tang" authorityYear="2021" box="[388,594,1567,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kribiodosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cantonensis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD421FFF983B55DC40E" box="[388,533,1567,1588]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">K. cantonensis</emphasis>
Tang
</taxonomicName>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD422CFF982B5A5C40E" box="[692,749,1566,1588]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E66FFD42285F982B439C40E" box="[766,881,1566,1588]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
)
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD423F9F983B37BC40E" author="Han, W. &amp; Liu, J. &amp; Luo, Y. &amp; Tang, H." box="[898,1075,1566,1588]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="560 - 574" refId="ref40682" refString="Han, W., Liu, J., Luo, Y. &amp; Tang, H. (2021 b) No longer endemic to Africa: Kribiodosis Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera, Chironomidae) new to Oriental China with a phylogeny and expanded adult generic diagnoses. Zootaxa, 5072 (6), 560 - 574. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5072.6.4" type="journal article" year="2021">
Han
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD423CEF983B4ACC409" box="[949,996,1566,1588]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al</emphasis>
. 2021b
</bibRefCitation>
;
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E66FFD4243AF982B33CC40E" box="[1089,1140,1566,1588]" count="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" type="generic">1 sp.</specimenCount>
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42405F982B39EC40E" box="[1150,1238,1566,1588]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4249CF982B277C40E" box="[1255,1343,1566,1588]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Sarawak</collectingCountry>
);
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4252FF982B2D0C40E" box="[1364,1432,1566,1588]" name="Brunei" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Brunei</collectingCountry>
; Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECF9C5B607C4FC" blockId="13.[151,1437,1537,1735]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECF9C5B607C4FC" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
14’ Median mentum comprising paired dark central teeth protruding well beyond first laterals in 4 toothed ventromentum.....................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD424DFF9EBB2D5C4B6" authority="Sasa &amp; Suzuki" authorityName="Sasa &amp; Suzuki" authorityYear="2000" box="[1188,1437,1654,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Yaeprimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD424DFF9EBB240C4B6" box="[1188,1288,1655,1676]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Yaeprimus</emphasis>
Sasa &amp; Suzuki
</taxonomicName>
[oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42143F90FB63CC493" box="[312,372,1683,1705]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42107F908B5C4C493" authority="Sasa &amp; Suzuki" authorityName="Sasa &amp; Suzuki" authorityYear="2000" box="[380,652,1683,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Yaeprimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="isigaabeus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42107F908B6B1C492" box="[380,505,1683,1705]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Y. isigaabeus</emphasis>
Sasa &amp; Suzuki
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD422EFF908B436C493" authority="Han &amp; Tang" authorityName="Han &amp; Tang" authorityYear="2020" box="[660,894,1683,1705]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Yaeprimus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="balteatus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD422EFF908B44AC492" box="[660,770,1683,1705]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Y. balteatus</emphasis>
Han &amp; Tang
</taxonomicName>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD423FCF908B488C493" box="[903,960,1684,1705]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Afrotropical;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD42433F908B223C493" author="Yamamoto, M. &amp; Yamamoto, N." box="[1096,1387,1684,1705]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="224 - 239" refId="ref45070" refString="Yamamoto, M. &amp; Yamamoto, N. (2009) A review of Yaeprimus isigaabeus Sasa et Suzuki, 2000 (Diptera: Chironomidae), with taxonomic notes on the genera distributed in Yaeyama Island. In: Wang, X. H and Liu, W. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 17 th International Symposium on Chironomidae, Nankai University, Tianjin, China, 6 - 10 July 2009. Nankai University Press, Tianjin, pp. 224 - 239." type="book chapter" year="2009">Yamamoto &amp; Yamamoto 2009</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD4250FF908B603C4FC" author="Han, W. &amp; Wei, J. &amp; Lin, X. &amp; Tang, H." pageId="13" pageNumber="164" refId="ref40551" refString="Han, W., Wei, J., Lin, X. &amp; Tang, H. (2020) The Afro - Oriental genus Yaeprimus Sasa et Suzuki (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironomini): phylogeny, new species and expanded diagnoses. Diversity, 12, 31. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / d 12010031" type="journal volume" year="2020">
Han
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42099F92EB644C4FC" box="[226,268,1713,1735]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E66FFD420ECF977B38CC5F5" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECF977B518C506" blockId="13.[151,1437,1771,1999]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECF977B518C506" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
15(12) Mentum black, with 4 median ventromental teeth comprising small paired centrals flanked by larger teeth.1st lateral teeth of dorsomentum shorter than subequal remainder, diminishing to outermost (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD423D1F895B4BDC524" box="[938,1013,1801,1823]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 8A</figureCitation>
)................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD424B9F895B2D4C524" authority="Freeman" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1961" box="[1218,1436,1801,1822]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Imparipecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD424B9F895B20AC524" box="[1218,1346,1801,1822]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Imparipecten</emphasis>
Freeman
</taxonomicName>
[L, P.
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42160F8BAB63BC506" box="[283,371,1830,1852]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Thailand</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42100F8BAB69DC506" box="[379,469,1830,1852]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Neotropics]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E66FFD420ECF8DFB38CC5F5" blockId="13.[151,1437,1771,1999]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E66FFD420ECF8DFB38CC5F5" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">
15’ Mentum paler, not black, median ventromental teeth various, including
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD423F2F8DFB4B7C562" box="[905,1023,1859,1880]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD423F2F8DFB4B7C562" box="[905,1023,1859,1880]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
-like triple tooth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD424DEF8DFB3A7C563" box="[1189,1263,1859,1881]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 8B</figureCitation>
); first lateral teeth of dorsomentum scarcely reduced relative to outer dorsomental teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E66FFD423F8F8FDB484C54C" box="[899,972,1889,1911]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Fig. 8C</figureCitation>
).................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD424D1F8FDB2D4C54D" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1919" box="[1194,1436,1889,1911]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD424D1F8FDB219C54C" box="[1194,1361,1889,1910]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Stictochironomus</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42091F8E3B677C5A9" box="[234,319,1918,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42091F8E3B677C5A9" box="[234,319,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">S. affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4213DF8E2B632C5AE" box="[326,378,1918,1940]" name="India" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD421F8F8E2B695C5AE" box="[387,477,1918,1940]" name="Australia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Australia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42193F8E2B500C5AE" box="[488,584,1918,1940]" name="Indonesia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42228F8E2B5FFC5AE" box="[595,695,1918,1940]" name="Singapore" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Singapore</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD422BAF8E2B453C5AE" box="[705,795,1918,1940]" name="Malaysia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4230DF8E2B4E7C5AE" box="[886,943,1918,1940]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD423C6F8E2B3E8C5A9" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Tang, H." box="[957,1184,1918,1940]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" pagination="41 - 65" refId="ref39455" refString="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Tang, H. (2018) Skusella Freeman (Diptera: Chironomidae): new species, immature stages from Africa, Asia and Australia, and expanded distributions. Zootaxa, 4450 (1), 41 - 65. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4450.1.3" type="journal article" year="2018">Cranston &amp; Tang 2018</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD424CAF8E2B241C5AE" box="[1201,1289,1918,1940]" name="Thailand" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Thailand</collectingCountry>
;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD4256FF8E3B600C58B" authority="Johannsen" authorityName="Johannsen" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="translucens">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD4256FF8E3B2D5C5A9" box="[1300,1437,1918,1940]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">S. translucens</emphasis>
Johannsen
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4212DF807B6FEC58B" box="[342,438,1947,1969]" name="Indonesia" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4226EF807B519C58B" box="[533,593,1947,1969]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
, plus
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD422EBF800B4F8C58B" authority="(Tokunaga)" baseAuthorityName="Tokunaga" box="[656,944,1947,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="multannulatus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD422EBF800B47DC58A" box="[656,821,1947,1969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">S. multannulatus</emphasis>
(Tokunaga)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD423C6F800B235C58B" authority="(Sasa, Suzuki &amp; Sakai)" baseAuthorityName="Sasa, Suzuki &amp; Sakai" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[957,1405,1947,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simantomaculatus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD423C6F800B3C0C58A" box="[957,1160,1947,1969]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">S. simantomaculatus</emphasis>
(Sasa, Suzuki &amp; Sakai)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD425F1F800B6BDC5F5" authority="Song &amp; Qi" authorityName="Song &amp; Qi" authorityYear="2024" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quadrimaculatus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD425F1F800B6CDC5F4" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">S. quadrimaculatus</emphasis>
Song &amp; Qi
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E66FFD42184F825B4D6C5F4" authority="Song &amp; Qi (Song et al. 2024)" box="[511,926,1977,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trifuscipes">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42184F825B533C5F4" box="[511,635,1977,1998]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">S. trifuscipes</emphasis>
Song &amp; Qi (
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E66FFD4228EF825B4D0C5F4" author="Song, C. &amp; Chen, G. &amp; Wang, L. &amp; Lei, T. &amp; Qi, X." box="[757,920,1977,1999]" pageId="13" pageNumber="164" refId="ref43973" refString="Song, C., Chen, G., Wang, L., Lei, T. &amp; Qi, X. (2024) DNA barcoding supports &quot; Color-Pattern &quot; - Based species of Stictochironomus from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Insects, 15, 179. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 15030179" type="journal volume" year="2024">
Song
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E66FFD42355F826B417C5F4" box="[814,863,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">et al.</emphasis>
2024
</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD4238CF825B37BC5F5" box="[1015,1075,1977,1999]" name="China" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E66FFD42446F825B33FC5F4" box="[1085,1143,1977,1998]" name="Japan" pageId="13" pageNumber="164">Japan</collectingCountry>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E65FFD720ECFF0BB2D4C33F" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E65FFD720ECFF0BB69CC2D2" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,261]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E65FFD720ECFF0BB69CC2D2" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
16(8)
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E65FFD72099FF04B67BC297" box="[226,307,152,173]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with 3 median teeth (but may lack small central tooth) (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E65FFD72334FF0BB4D2C297" box="[847,922,151,173]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
)........................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD724B3FF0BB2D4C297" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1915" box="[1224,1436,151,173]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Microtendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD724B3FF0BB21AC296" box="[1224,1362,151,172]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Microtendipes</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD72091FF2AB68AC2F0" authority="Freeman" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1955" box="[234,450,181,203]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Microtendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="umbrosus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD72091FF2AB62DC2F0" box="[234,357,181,203]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">M. umbrosus</emphasis>
Freeman
</taxonomicName>
, regionally widespread, common (
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E65FFD72372FF29B4A1C2F0" author="Tang, H. &amp; Niitsuma, H." box="[777,1001,181,203]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="6535 - 6553" refId="ref44479" refString="Tang, H. &amp; Niitsuma, H. (2017) Review of the Japanese Microtendipes (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) with description of a new species. Zootaxa, 4320 (3), 6535 - 6553. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4320.3.8" type="journal article" year="2017">Tang &amp; Niitsuma 2017</bibRefCitation>
); diverse (
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E65FFD72430FF29B3A2C2F0" author="Song, C. &amp; Wang, L. &amp; Lei, T. &amp; Qi, X." box="[1099,1258,181,203]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" refId="ref43910" refString="Song, C., Wang, L., Lei, T. &amp; Qi, X. (2023) New color-patterned species of Microtendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae) and a deep intraspecific divergence of species by DNA barcodes. Insects, 14, 227. https: // doi. org / 10.3390 / insects 14030227" type="journal volume" year="2023">
Song
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD724F8FF2AB3E4C2F0" box="[1155,1196,181,203]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">et al</emphasis>
. 2023
</bibRefCitation>
),
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E65FFD72480FF29B277C2F0" box="[1275,1343,181,202]" name="Myanmar" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Burma</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E65FFD7253CFF29B2D4C2F1" box="[1351,1436,181,203]" name="Thailand" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Thailand</collectingCountry>
to oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E65FFD72131FF4EB6CEC2D2" box="[330,390,210,232]" name="China" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">China</collectingCountry>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E65FFD720ECFF73B2D4C33F" blockId="14.[151,1436,151,261]" box="[151,1436,239,261]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E65FFD720ECFF73B2D4C33F" box="[151,1436,239,261]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
16’
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E65FFD72099FF6CB67BC33F" box="[226,307,240,261]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with even number of 4 or more median teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E65FFD72289FF73B475C33F" box="[754,829,239,261]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Fig. 8H</figureCitation>
)............................................... 17
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E65FFD720ECFEB6B47FC546" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E65FFD720ECFEB6B50DC341" blockId="14.[151,1437,298,381]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E65FFD720ECFEB6B50DC341" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
17(16) Mandible with 2 inner teeth. Basal Lauterborn organ subapical on segment 2 (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E65FFD723B5FEB6B37DC305" box="[974,1077,298,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Fig. 8D, E</figureCitation>
)............
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD724AAFEB6B2D4C37A" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1911" box="[1233,1436,298,320]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD724AAFEB6B219C305" box="[1233,1361,298,319]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Paratendipes</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[Lotic, widespread, Burma as
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E65FFD72275FED4B568C367" box="[526,544,328,349]" count="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
(Reiss,
<collectionCode id="0DA5AE072E65FFD72208FED4B5E0C367" box="[627,680,328,349]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
);
<location id="6E6B60192E65FFD722C7FED4B59CC367" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E31D87D42E60FFCE20ECFBA9B3CCC6D1:6E6B60192E65FFD722C7FED4B59CC367" box="[700,724,328,349]" country="Malaysia, Thailand" name="Pe" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Pe</location>
common in lotic drift in
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E65FFD723AEFEDBB3DBC367" box="[981,1171,327,349]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Malaysia, Thailand</collectingCountry>
; L in
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E65FFD724A9FEDBB264C367" box="[1234,1324,327,349]" name="Malaysia" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E65FFD72543FEDBB2D0C367" box="[1336,1432,327,349]" name="Indonesia" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
; oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E65FFD7214AFEF9B625C341" box="[305,365,357,379]" name="China" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">China</collectingCountry>
, 5 spp. as
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E65FFD721ABFEF9B6BCC347" box="[464,500,357,381]" count="1" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" type="male">♂♂</specimenCount>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<caption id="3FCB664A2E65FFD720E3F9CDB3C4C4C3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" startId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" targetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" targetPageId="14" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E65FFD720E3F9CDB3C4C4C3" blockId="14.[151,1436,1617,1786]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD720E3F9CDB65FC453" bold="true" box="[152,279,1617,1641]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
Larval
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD72118F9CDB6BFC453" box="[355,503,1617,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chironominae">Chironominae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD72184F9CEB5CEC453" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1961" box="[511,646,1618,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Imparipecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD72184F9CEB5CEC453" box="[511,646,1618,1641]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Imparipecten</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (A) mentum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD72363F9CDB344C453" box="[792,1036,1617,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="affinis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD72363F9CDB344C453" box="[792,1036,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Stictochironomus affinis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (B) mentum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD724E6F9CDB239C453" box="[1181,1393,1617,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD724E6F9CDB205C453" box="[1181,1357,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Stictochironomus</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, (C) mentum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD7208EF9E9B6CEC4B7" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1915" box="[245,390,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Microtendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD7208EF9E9B6CEC4B7" box="[245,390,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Microtendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (D) antenna;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD7226BF9E9B45EC4B7" baseAuthorityName="Edwards" baseAuthorityYear="1929" box="[528,790,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nudisquama">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD7226BF9E9B45EC4B7" box="[528,790,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Paratendipes nudisquama</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (E) antenna;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD723E6F9E9B30FC4B7" box="[925,1095,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD723E6F9E9B36CC4B7" box="[925,1060,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Paratendipes</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
, (F) antennal apex;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD7257FF9E9B2DDC4B7" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1915" box="[1284,1429,1653,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Microtendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD7257FF9E9B2DDC4B7" box="[1284,1429,1653,1677]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Microtendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (G) mentum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD72150F905B6FAC48B" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1911" box="[299,434,1689,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD72150F905B6FAC48B" box="[299,434,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Paratendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (H) mentum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD7222CF905B5BDC48B" box="[599,757,1689,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheotanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD7222CF905B5BDC48B" box="[599,757,1689,1713]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Rheotanytarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (I) labrum-epipharynx;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD72384F906B325C48B" authorityName="Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1023,1133,1690,1713]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD72384F906B325C48B" box="[1023,1133,1690,1713]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Tanytarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD72088F921B6D2C4EF" box="[243,410,1725,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cladotanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD72088F921B6D2C4EF" box="[243,410,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Cladotanytarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD7236EF921B4C5C4EF" box="[789,909,1725,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stempellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD7236EF921B4C5C4EF" box="[789,909,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Stempellina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (N) anterodorsal head;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD724FAF921B25AC4EF" authorityName="Brundin" authorityYear="1947" box="[1153,1298,1725,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stempellinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD724FAF921B25AC4EF" box="[1153,1298,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Stempellinella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD722C4F97DB460C4C3" authorityName="Tokunaga" authorityYear="1938" box="[703,808,1761,1785]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Yuasaiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD722C4F97DB460C4C3" box="[703,808,1761,1785]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Yuasaiella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E65FFD720ECF8D5B47FC546" blockId="14.[151,1437,1865,1916]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E65FFD720ECF8D5B47FC546" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
17' Mandible with 3 inner teeth. Basal Lauterborn organ apical on segment 2.......................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD724B9F8D5B2D5C564" authority="Cranston" authorityName="Cranston" authorityYear="2018" box="[1218,1437,1865,1886]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paraskusella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E65FFD724B9F8D5B277C564" box="[1218,1343,1865,1886]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Paraskusella</emphasis>
Cranston
</taxonomicName>
[ad, Borneo (
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E65FFD7211BF8FAB6F0C546" box="[352,440,1894,1916]" name="Malaysia" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Sarawak</collectingCountry>
); L, Africa,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E65FFD72251F8FAB5CAC546" box="[554,642,1894,1916]" name="Australia" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Australia</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E65FFD722F5F8FAB465C546" author="Cranston, P. S." box="[654,813,1894,1916]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" pagination="268 - 281" refId="ref39251" refString="Cranston, P. S. (2018 b) [2019] Paraskusella Cranston, a new Afro-Australian genus in the tribe Chironomini (Diptera: Chironomidae). Austral Entomology, 50, 268 - 281. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / aen. 12366" type="journal article" year="2018">Cranston 2018b</bibRefCitation>
).
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E65FFD620ECF83CB2D4C2F0" lastPageId="15" lastPageNumber="166" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E65FFD720ECF83CB2D4C5CA" blockId="14.[151,1437,1952,2033]" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E65FFD720ECF83CB2D4C5CA" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">
18(5) S1 setal bases fused, SII on pedestals (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E65FFD72237F83DB5C6C58C" box="[588,654,1953,1975]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Fig. 8I</figureCitation>
). Antenna 5 segmented with distinct Lauterborn organs (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E65FFD724DDF83DB262C58C" box="[1190,1322,1953,1975]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Fig. 8K, L, M</figureCitation>
) sometimes on pedestal. Ventromental plates approximated (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E65FFD722CBF822B5B6C5E9" box="[688,766,1982,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Figs. 8J</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E65FFD72373F822B46CC5E9" box="[776,804,1982,2003]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[152,255,1850,1874]" captionTargetBox="[172,1426,181,1826]" captionTargetId="figure-17@5.[161,1426,181,1826]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Tanypodinae, tribes. Derotanypus, (A) ventral head, (B) abdominal lateral fringe; Natarsia, (C) abdomen; Clinotanypus, (D) dorsomentum; Coelotanypus, (E) ligula; Tanypus, (F) mandible, (G) ligula; Fittkauimyia, (H) dorsomentum, radula, (I) mandible; Procladius, (J) mandible, dorsomentum; Psectrotanypus, (K) dorsomentum, radula; Djalmabatista, (L) mandible; Psectrotanypus, (M) ligula, paraligula; Procladius, (N) paraligula." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618249/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">3B</figureCitation>
) or separated by up to 3 teeth width (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E65FFD724F7F822B3B9C5E9" box="[1164,1265,1982,2004]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="14" pageNumber="165">Fig. 9B, L</figureCitation>
)......................................................................................tribe
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E65FFD724F8F847B3A7C5CB" box="[1155,1263,2011,2033]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="14" pageNumber="165" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Tanytarsini">Tanytarsini</taxonomicName>
............ 19
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFF04B2D4C2F0" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,203]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFF04B2D4C2F0" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
18’ S1 setal bases rarely fused, SII rarely on pedestal. Antenna 5–8 segmented, not on pedestals, Lauterborn organs prominent, opposite, rarely alternate or indistinct. Ventromental plates well separated medially (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD62470FF29B3DFC2F0" box="[1035,1175,181,203]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 10B, D, F</figureCitation>
).................. 33
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECFF6CB2D4C319" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFF6CB2D4C33F" blockId="15.[151,1436,239,291]" box="[151,1436,239,261]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFF6CB2D4C33F" box="[151,1436,239,261]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
19(18) Ventromental plates medially separated by&gt; width of 3 median mental teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD623B7FF73B367C33F" box="[972,1071,239,261]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 8P, Q</figureCitation>
)............................ 20
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFE91B2D4C319" blockId="15.[151,1436,239,291]" box="[151,1436,269,291]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFE91B2D4C319" box="[151,1436,269,291]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
19’ Ventromental plates meet or separated only by width of median mental tooth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD623B5FE91B353C318" box="[974,1051,269,291]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Figs. 8J</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD6245DFE91B30AC318" box="[1062,1090,269,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">9B</figureCitation>
)......................... 25
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECFED4B2D4C340" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFED4B2D4C367" blockId="15.[151,1436,327,379]" box="[151,1436,327,349]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFED4B2D4C367" box="[151,1436,327,349]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
20(19) Antennal pedestal with large multispined / palmate process (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD6235DFEDBB438C367" box="[806,880,327,349]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 8N</figureCitation>
)........................................... 21
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFEF9B2D4C340" blockId="15.[151,1436,327,379]" box="[151,1436,357,379]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFEF9B2D4C340" box="[151,1436,357,379]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">20’ Antennal pedestal simple, without such palmate process..................................................... 22</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECFE3CB414C011" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFE3CB3A2C3E9" blockId="15.[151,1437,415,555]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFE3CB3A2C3E9" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
21(20) Antennal pedestal with spur and multispined process....................................... ...
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD624B6FE03B2D4C38F" authority="Reiss" authorityName="Reiss" authorityYear="1984" box="[1229,1436,415,437]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neostempellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD624B6FE03B22AC38E" box="[1229,1378,415,436]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Neostempellina</emphasis>
Reiss
</taxonomicName>
[lotic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD6215AFE21B62DC3E8" box="[289,357,445,466]" name="Myanmar" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Burma</collectingCountry>
, Reiss, ZSM;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD62197FE21B422C3E9" authority="(Sasa, Suzuki &amp; Sakai)" baseAuthorityName="Sasa, Suzuki &amp; Sakai" baseAuthorityYear="1998" box="[492,874,445,467]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neostempellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="simantoneoa">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD62197FE21B5CBC3E8" box="[492,643,445,466]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">N. simantoneoa</emphasis>
(Sasa, Suzuki &amp; Sakai)
</taxonomicName>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD623B9FE21B4B6C3E9" box="[962,1022,445,467]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">China</collectingCountry>
. Holarctic, Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFE46B414C011" blockId="15.[151,1437,415,555]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFE46B414C011" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
21’ Antennal pedestal with only multispined process (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD622B9FE46B445C3D5" box="[706,781,474,496]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 8N</figureCitation>
)......................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD62491FE46B2D5C3CA" authority="Bause" authorityName="Bause" box="[1258,1437,474,496]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stempellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD62491FE46B213C3D5" box="[1258,1371,474,495]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Stempellina</emphasis>
Bause
</taxonomicName>
[L.,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD62177FE6BB621C037" box="[268,361,503,525]" name="Indonesia" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E64FFD6210CFE64B6ECC037" box="[375,420,504,525]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Java</collectingRegion>
) (Zavřel 1934;
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E64FFD62246FE64B507C02A" box="[573,591,504,528]" count="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD6222DFE64B358C037" authority="Guo &amp; Wang (Guo &amp; Wang 2004)" authorityName="Guo &amp; Wang (Guo &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2004" box="[598,1040,503,525]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stempellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="clavata">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD6222DFE64B5FFC036" box="[598,695,503,525]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">S. clavata</emphasis>
Guo &amp; Wang (
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E64FFD62337FE64B342C037" author="Guo, Y. &amp; Wang, X." box="[844,1034,504,525]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="183 - 189" refId="ref40399" refString="Guo, Y. &amp; Wang, X. (2004) Stempellina and Zavrelia from China (Diptera, Chironomidae, Tanytarsini). Aquatic Insects, 26, 183 - 189. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 0165 - 0420400000312" type="journal article" year="2004">Guo &amp; Wang 2004</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD62410FE6BB3ECC037" box="[1131,1188,503,525]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E64FFD624C9FE64B249C037" box="[1202,1281,504,525]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
); spp.
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD6253AFE6BB2D1C037" box="[1345,1433,503,525]" name="Thailand" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD62099FD89B60EC011" box="[226,326,533,555]" name="Singapore" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Singapore</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD6212BFD89B6DCC010" box="[336,404,533,554]" name="Myanmar" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Burma</collectingCountry>
, Reiss, ZSM; Holarctic, Neotropical,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD62287FD89B41FC011" box="[764,855,533,555]" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECFDCCB2D4C0B8" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFDCCB2D4C05F" blockId="15.[151,1436,591,643]" box="[151,1436,591,613]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFDCCB2D4C05F" box="[151,1436,591,613]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
22(20) Lauterborn organs alternate on 2nd antennal segment (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD62296FDD3B470C05F" box="[749,824,591,613]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 8O</figureCitation>
)................................................ 23
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFDF1B2D4C0B8" blockId="15.[151,1436,591,643]" box="[151,1436,621,643]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFDF1B2D4C0B8" box="[151,1436,621,643]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
22’ Lauterborn organs opposite, apical on 2nd antennal segment (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD6234AFDF1B4EAC0B8" box="[817,930,621,643]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Figs. 8K, L</figureCitation>
;
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD623D7FDF1B4AFC0B8" box="[940,999,621,642]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">9D–F</figureCitation>
).................................. 24
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECFD34B3E5C12F" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFD34B316C0E1" blockId="15.[151,1437,679,792]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFD34B316C0E1" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
23(22) Premandible with 4 teeth. Postoccipital plate well developed, continuous.............................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD6257AFD3BB2D4C087" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[1281,1436,679,701]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Zavrelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD6257AFD3BB219C086" box="[1281,1361,679,700]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Zavrelia</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD6209CFD59B609C0E1" box="[231,321,709,731]" name="Thailand" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD621E1FD59B69BC0E1" box="[410,467,709,731]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">China</collectingCountry>
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD621A1FD59B594C0E0" authority="Guo &amp; Wang" authorityName="Guo &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2007" box="[474,732,709,730]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Zavrelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bragremia">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD621A1FD59B51FC0E0" box="[474,599,709,730]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Z. bragremia</emphasis>
Guo &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
as
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E64FFD62286FD59B447C0E7" box="[765,783,709,733]" count="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E64FFD62360FD59B493C0E0" author="Ekrem, T. &amp; Stur, E." box="[795,987,709,731]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="119 - 144" refId="ref39931" refString="Ekrem, T. &amp; Stur, E. (2009) Review of the genus Zavrelia (Diptera: Chironomidae). European Journal of Entomology, 106, 119 - 144. https: // doi. org / 10.14411 / eje. 2009.016" type="journal article" year="2009">Ekrem &amp; Stur 2009</bibRefCitation>
; Neotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFD7EB3E5C12F" blockId="15.[151,1437,679,792]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFD7EB3E5C12F" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
23’ Premandible with 2–3 teeth; if 4 teeth, then postoccipital plate split...........................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD624C5FD7EB2D5C0C2" authority="Brundin" authorityName="Brundin" authorityYear="1947" box="[1214,1437,738,760]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stempellinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD624C5FD7EB20FC0CD" box="[1214,1351,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Stempellinella</emphasis>
Brundin
</taxonomicName>
[
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD6209CFD63B609C12F" box="[231,321,767,789]" name="Thailand" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD62130FC9CB568C12F" authority="(Sasa)" baseAuthorityName="Sasa" baseAuthorityYear="1980" box="[331,544,768,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stempellinella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tamaseptima">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD62130FC9CB696C12F" box="[331,478,768,789]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">S. tamaseptima</emphasis>
(Sasa)
</taxonomicName>
+2 spp. unreared
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E64FFD622B6FC9CB5B9C122" box="[717,753,768,792]" count="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" type="male">♂♂</specimenCount>
oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD6233DFD63B4CAC12F" box="[838,898,767,789]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">China</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD623F7FC9CB48DC12F" box="[908,965,768,789]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Holarctic, Neotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECFCA6B69DC1D9" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFCA6B30AC157" blockId="15.[151,1436,826,995]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFCA6B30AC157" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
24(22) Mentum with concave anterior margin. Clypeal seta S3 simple (seldom bifurcate) on small pedestal..
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD624CEFCA6B2D4C16A" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1205,1436,826,848]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD624CEFCA6B219C175" box="[1205,1361,826,847]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Thienemanniola</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[lentic, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD62101FCCBB6FEC157" box="[378,438,855,877]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">China</collectingCountry>
;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD621BBFCC4B5FCC157" authority="(Tokunaga)" baseAuthorityName="Tokunaga" box="[448,692,855,877]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Thienemanniola" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="motoharui">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD621BBFCC4B574C156" box="[448,572,855,877]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">T. motoharui</emphasis>
(Tokunaga)
</taxonomicName>
; includes
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD62368FCCBB4B3C157" authority="Tokunaga" authorityName="Tokunaga" authorityYear="1965" box="[787,1019,855,877]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Biwatendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD62368FCCBB4DCC156" box="[787,916,855,876]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Biwatendipes</emphasis>
Tokunaga
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD6247FFCC4B375C157" box="[1028,1085,856,877]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Japan</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFCE9B69DC1D9" blockId="15.[151,1436,826,995]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFCE9B69DC1D9" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
24’
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E64FFD62099FCE9B67BC1B0" box="[226,307,885,906]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with straight or convex anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD622C5FCE9B443C1B0" box="[702,779,885,907]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 8Q</figureCitation>
). Clypeal seta S3 simple (seldom bifurcate) on prominent pedestal....................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD624AEFC0EB2D4C192" authority="Tokunaga" authorityName="Tokunaga" authorityYear="1938" box="[1237,1436,914,936]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Yuasaiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD624AEFC0EB270C19D" box="[1237,1336,914,935]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Yuasaiella</emphasis>
Tokunaga
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD62091FC2CB683C1FF" authority="Tokunaga" authorityName="Tokunaga" box="[234,459,943,965]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Yuasaiella" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kyotensis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD62091FC2CB616C1FE" box="[234,350,943,965]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Y. kyotensis</emphasis>
Tokunaga
</taxonomicName>
, widespread N.
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD6220EFC33B5F9C1FF" box="[629,689,943,965]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD622BBFC2CB5B1C1FF" box="[704,761,944,965]" name="Japan" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Japan</collectingCountry>
, e. Palaearctic, perhaps =
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD62475FC2CB3A2C1FF" authority="Zorina" authorityName="Zorina" box="[1038,1258,943,965]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cladotanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tokunagaia">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD62475FC2CB3D3C1FE" box="[1038,1179,943,965]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">C. tokunagaia</emphasis>
Zorina
</taxonomicName>
;? senior syn. of
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD62099FC51B698C1D9" authority="Brundin" authorityName="Brundin" authorityYear="1947" box="[226,464,973,995]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Constempellina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD62099FC51B631C1D8" box="[226,377,973,994]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Constempellina</emphasis>
Brundin
</taxonomicName>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECFB9BB2D4C600" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFB9BB2D4C627" blockId="15.[151,1436,1031,1083]" box="[151,1436,1031,1053]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFB9BB2D4C627" box="[151,1436,1031,1053]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">25(19) Premandible with 3–5 main teeth....................................................................... 26</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFBB9B2D4C600" blockId="15.[151,1436,1031,1083]" box="[151,1436,1061,1083]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFBB9B2D4C600" box="[151,1436,1061,1083]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">25’ Premandible with 2 main teeth (additional lateral spine or basal tooth may be present)............................. 29</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECFBC3B2D4C6A8" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFBC3B2D4C64F" blockId="15.[151,1436,1119,1171]" box="[151,1436,1119,1141]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFBC3B2D4C64F" box="[151,1436,1119,1141]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
26(25)
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E64FFD62099FBFCB67BC64F" box="[226,307,1120,1141]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with 4 pairs of lateral teeth. Lauterborn organs small, sessile.
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E64FFD623F3FBC3B4A9C64F" box="[904,993,1119,1141]" country="Russia" name="Primorskiy" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Maritime</collectingRegion>
.................................. 27
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFBE1B2D4C6A8" blockId="15.[151,1436,1119,1171]" box="[151,1436,1149,1171]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFBE1B2D4C6A8" box="[151,1436,1149,1171]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
26’
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E64FFD62099FBE1B67BC6A8" box="[226,307,1149,1170]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with 5 pairs of lateral teeth. Lauterborn organs on pedestals (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD623FBFBE1B4ACC6A8" box="[896,996,1149,1171]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 9E, F</figureCitation>
). Freshwater....................... 28
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECFB2BB356C71F" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFB2BB3C1C6D1" blockId="15.[151,1436,1207,1317]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFB2BB3C1C6D1" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
27(26) Posterior parapod claws numerous (c. 60). Abdominal segment VIII tapered.......................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD624A1FB24B2D4C6F7" authority="Edwards" authorityName="Edwards" authorityYear="1926" box="[1242,1436,1207,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Pontomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD624A1FB24B20AC6F7" box="[1242,1346,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Pontomyia</emphasis>
Edwards
</taxonomicName>
[coastal and open ocean; 3 regional spp.,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E64FFD62215FB49B455C6D0" author="Huang, D. &amp; Cranston, P. S. &amp; Cheng, L." box="[622,797,1237,1258]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="277 - 286" refId="ref40889" refString="Huang, D., Cranston, P. S. &amp; Cheng, L. (2014) A complete species phylogeny of the marine midge Pontomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae) reveals a cosmopolitan species and a new synonym. Invertebrate Systematics, 28, 277 - 286. https: // doi. org / 10.1071 / IS 13059" type="journal article" year="2014">
Huang
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD622CFFB49B597C6D0" box="[692,735,1237,1258]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">et al</emphasis>
. 2014
</bibRefCitation>
; Pacific, Indian and Western Atlantic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFB6EB356C71F" blockId="15.[151,1436,1207,1317]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFB6EB356C71F" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
27’ Posterior parapod claws sparse (less than 20). Abdominal segment VIII conventional.................
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD62490FB6FB222C732" box="[1259,1386,1267,1288]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Yaetanyarsus</emphasis>
Sasa [coastal, North Pacific,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD621BEFA93B552C71F" box="[453,538,1295,1317]" name="Thailand" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(Andaman Sea),&gt; 14 Pacific spp.,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E64FFD62314FA8CB351C71F" author="Tang, H. &amp; Cheng, Q. &amp; Krosch, M. N. &amp; Cranston, P. S." box="[879,1049,1295,1317]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="111 - 126" refId="ref44728" refString="Tang, H., Cheng, Q., Krosch, M. N. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2022 b) [2023] Maritime midge radiations in the Pacific Ocean (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 48 (1), 111 - 126. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / syen. 12565" type="journal article" year="2022">
Tang
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD623DEFA8CB487C71E" box="[933,975,1295,1317]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">et al</emphasis>
. 2022b
</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECFAD6B66EC42A" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFAD6B476C7A1" blockId="15.[151,1437,1354,1552]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFAD6B476C7A1" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
28(26) Antennal segment 2 wedge-shaped, not longer than 3rd; Lauterborn organs large, on pedicels usually shorter than organs (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD6250EFAD6B66AC747" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 8L, M</figureCitation>
). Posterior parapod claws smooth or some with fine internal serrations....................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD624C8FAFBB2D4C747" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[1203,1436,1383,1405]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cladotanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD624C8FAFBB21AC746" box="[1203,1362,1383,1404]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Cladotanytarsus</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, lentic, diverse, widespread; taxonomy uncertain; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECFA3EB66EC42A" blockId="15.[151,1437,1354,1552]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECFA3EB66EC42A" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
28’ Antennal segment 2 cylindrical, longer than 3rd; Lauterborn organs small, on long pedicels (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD62423FA3EB3EDC78D" box="[1112,1189,1442,1464]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="14.[152,255,1617,1641]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetId="figure-207@14.[163,1424,403,1593]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 8. Larval Chironominae. Imparipecten, (A) mentum; Stictochironomus affinis, (B) mentum; Stictochironomus sp., (C) mentum;Microtendipes, (D) antenna;Paratendipesnudisquama, (E)antenna;Paratendipes sp.,(F)antennalapex;Microtendipes, (G) mentum; Paratendipes, (H) mentum; Rheotanytarsus, (I) labrum-epipharynx; Tanytarsus, (J) labrum-epipharynx, (K) antenna; Cladotanytarsus, (L) antenna, (M) anterodorsal head; Stempellina, (N) anterodorsal head; Stempellinella, (O) antenna, labrum-epipharynx, (P) mentum, ventromental plates; Yuasaiella, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618269" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618269/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 8K</figureCitation>
). Posterior parapod claws simple, or some serrate / combs, or with pad or row of hooklets; none serrate......................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD624AAFA5CB271C7EF" authorityName="Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[1233,1337,1472,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD624AAFA5CB271C7EF" box="[1233,1337,1472,1493]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Tanytarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
v.d. Wulp [lotic, lectic, diverse, speciose, widespread:&gt;24 spp. oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD6234DFA41B43AC7C9" box="[822,882,1501,1523]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">China</collectingCountry>
;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD62306FA41B31DC7C9" authority="Johannsen" authorityName="Johannsen" authorityYear="1932" box="[893,1109,1501,1523]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oscillans">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD62306FA41B4A2C7C8" box="[893,1002,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">T. oscillans</emphasis>
Johannsen
</taxonomicName>
nuisance in
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD624B4FA41B278C7C9" box="[1231,1328,1501,1523]" name="Singapore" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Singapore</collectingCountry>
reservoirs; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECF9A9B2D4C4BF" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECF9A9B220C452" blockId="15.[151,1436,1588,1669]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECF9A9B220C452" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
29(25) Antennal segment 2 subequal to 3
<location id="6E6B60192E64FFD62253F9A8B5F0C471" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E31D87D42E60FFCE20ECFBA9B3CCC6D1:6E6B60192E64FFD62253F9A8B5F0C471" box="[552,696,1588,1611]" country="Thailand" name="rd. Premandible" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<superScript id="9CC19B8A2E64FFD62253F9A8B57CC47A" attach="none" box="[552,564,1588,1600]" fontSize="5" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">rd</superScript>
. Premandible
</location>
with lateral spine and 2 apical teeth............
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD624DCF9A9B2D4C471" authority="Goetghebuer" authorityName="Goetghebuer" box="[1191,1436,1589,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Neozavrelia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD624DCF9A9B252C470" box="[1191,1306,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Neozavrelia</emphasis>
Goetghebuer
</taxonomicName>
[Burma (Reiss
<collectionCode id="0DA5AE072E64FFD62108F9CEB6E0C45D" box="[371,424,1618,1639]" country="Germany" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/4b7r-7sec" name="Bavarian State Collection of Zoology" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" type="Museum">ZSM</collectionCode>
),
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD621C3F9CEB558C452" box="[440,528,1618,1640]" name="Thailand" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, Pe; oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD622F6F9CEB582C452" box="[653,714,1618,1640]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">China</collectingCountry>
: 5 spp,
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E64FFD62368F9CFB460C451" box="[787,808,1619,1643]" count="1" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, only,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E64FFD6231DF9CEB356C452" author="Guo, Y. &amp; Wang, X." box="[870,1054,1618,1640]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" refId="ref40445" refString="Guo, Y. &amp; Wang, X. (2005) A review of the genus Neozavrelia Goetghebuer from China (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae: Tanytarsini). Oriental Insects, 39,187 - 202. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 00305316.2005.10417432" type="book" year="2005">Guo &amp; Wang 2005</bibRefCitation>
; Holarctic, Neotropical,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD62572F9CEB22CC452" box="[1289,1380,1618,1640]" name="Australia" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECF9ECB2D4C4BF" blockId="15.[151,1436,1588,1669]" box="[151,1436,1647,1669]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECF9ECB2D4C4BF" box="[151,1436,1647,1669]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
29’ Antennal segment 2 usually longer than segment 3 (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD622AEF9F3B473C4BF" box="[725,827,1647,1669]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 9D, F</figureCitation>
). Premandible lacks lateral spine...................... 30
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECF936B2D4C50F" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECF936B613C522" blockId="15.[151,1437,1706,1845]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECF936B613C522" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
30(29) Mandible with lateral hump (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD62181F936B500C485" box="[506,584,1706,1728]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 9A</figureCitation>
). Mentum with 3 central teeth projecting well beyond more lateral teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD6257CF936B218C485" box="[1287,1360,1706,1728]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 9B</figureCitation>
)...........................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD6248FF95BB2D4C4E7" authority="Roback" authorityName="Roback" authorityYear="1975" box="[1268,1436,1735,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sublettea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD6248FF95BB205C4E6" box="[1268,1357,1735,1756]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Sublettea</emphasis>
Roback
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD62091F979B545C4C0" authority="Ashe &amp; O'Connor" authorityName="Ashe &amp; O'Connor" authorityYear="1995" box="[234,525,1765,1787]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sublettea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wilesi">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD62091F979B609C4C0" box="[234,321,1765,1786]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">S. wilesi</emphasis>
Ashe &amp; O’Connor
</taxonomicName>
, Sulawesi; 2+ undescribed regional spp., Pe common Borneo, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E64FFD62483F979B27CC4C1" box="[1272,1332,1765,1787]" name="China" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">China</collectingCountry>
; Nearctic, Neotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECF8BCB2D4C50F" blockId="15.[151,1437,1706,1845]" box="[151,1436,1823,1845]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECF8BCB2D4C50F" box="[151,1436,1823,1845]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">30’ Mandible without lateral hump (apex may be constricted). Central mental teeth weakly projecting.................... 31</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E64FFD620ECF8C6B2D4C5DF" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECF8C6B3B2C591" blockId="15.[151,1437,1882,2021]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECF8C6B3B2C591" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
31(30) Pedicels of Lauterborn organs short (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD6223FF8C6B5D9C555" box="[580,657,1882,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 9D</figureCitation>
). Ventromental plate striae appear block-like (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD62431F8C6B3DDC555" box="[1098,1173,1882,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 9C</figureCitation>
). Pecten epipharyngis plate multitoothed comb or incompletely divided in three parts.....................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E64FFD624BDF8EBB2D5C5B7" authority="Bause" authorityName="Bause" box="[1222,1437,1911,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheotanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD624BDF8EBB213C5B6" box="[1222,1371,1911,1932]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Rheotanytarsus</emphasis>
Bause
</taxonomicName>
[Rheophilic, widespread,&gt; 20 described regional spp., few immature stages;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E64FFD623BCF809B3E3C590" author="Kyerematen, R. A. K. &amp; Andersen, T. &amp; Saether, O. A." box="[967,1195,1941,1962]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166" pagination="225 - 258" refId="ref41360" refString="Kyerematen, R. A. K., Andersen, T. &amp; Saether, O. A. (2000) A review of Oriental Rheotanytarsus Thienemann &amp; Bause, with descriptions of some new species (Insecta, Diptera, Chironomidae). Spixiana, 23 (3), 225 - 258." type="journal article" year="2000">
Kyerematen
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E64FFD62439F809B325C590" box="[1090,1133,1941,1962]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">et al</emphasis>
. 2000
</bibRefCitation>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E64FFD620ECF82EB2D4C5DF" blockId="15.[151,1437,1882,2021]" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E64FFD620ECF82EB2D4C5DF" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">
31’ Lauterborn organs, sessile, placed on short or long pedicels (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD6234FF82EB4D2C5FD" box="[820,922,1970,1992]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 9E, F</figureCitation>
). Ventromental plate striae fine. Pecten epipharyngis plate 3–5 distally rounded, pointed or serrated scales (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E64FFD62293F853B418C5DF" box="[744,848,1999,2021]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="15" pageNumber="166">Fig. 9G, H</figureCitation>
).............................................. 32
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<caption id="3FCB664A2E7BFFC920E3F93AB7B5C549" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" startId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" targetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" targetPageId="16" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7BFFC920E3F93AB7B5C549" blockId="16.[151,1437,1702,1907]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7BFFC920E3F93AB65FC484" bold="true" box="[152,279,1702,1726]" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">FIGURE 9.</emphasis>
Larval
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC92118F93BB6BFC485" box="[355,503,1703,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chironominae">Chironominae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC92184F93BB515C485" authorityName="Roback" authorityYear="1975" box="[511,605,1703,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sublettea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7BFFC92184F93BB515C485" box="[511,605,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Sublettea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC9243CF93BB3ADC485" box="[1095,1253,1703,1727]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Rheotanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7BFFC9243CF93BB3ADC485" box="[1095,1253,1703,1727]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Rheotanytarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC92124F957B685C4D8" authorityName="Wulp" authorityYear="1874" box="[351,461,1739,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Tanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7BFFC92124F957B685C4D8" box="[351,461,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Tanytarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (E) antenna;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC9221AF957B5B5C4D8" box="[609,765,1739,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7BFFC9221AF957B5B5C4D8" box="[609,765,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Paratanytarsus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC924F0F957B25BC4D8" box="[1163,1299,1739,1762]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Micropsectra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7BFFC924F0F957B25BC4D8" box="[1163,1299,1739,1762]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Micropsectra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (H) labrumepipharynx;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC92166F973B6BAC53D" baseAuthorityName="Johannsen" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[285,498,1775,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Dicrotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flexus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7BFFC92166F973B6BAC53D" box="[285,498,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Dicrotendipes flexus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (I) labrum–epipharynx;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC9237EF973B48AC53D" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1918" box="[773,962,1775,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cryptochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7BFFC9237EF973B48AC53D" box="[773,962,1775,1799]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Cryptochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (J) labrum-epipharynx;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC924AAF973B2D1C53D" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1977" box="[1233,1433,1775,1799]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Pseudochironomini">Pseudochironomini</taxonomicName>
, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC922C1F88FB476C511" authorityName="Reiss" authorityYear="1982" box="[698,830,1811,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Hyporhygma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7BFFC922C1F88FB476C511" box="[698,830,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Hyporhygma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC924E9F88FB25EC511" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1170,1302,1811,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kribiodorum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7BFFC924E9F88FB25EC511" box="[1170,1302,1811,1835]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Kribiodorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC921C4F8ABB557C575" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[447,543,1847,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilodosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7BFFC921C4F8ABB557C575" box="[447,543,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Nilodosis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (R) ventral head;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7BFFC9228CF8ABB4CCC575" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[759,900,1847,1871]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kribiocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="167" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7BFFC9228CF8ABB4CCC575" box="[759,900,1847,1871]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="167">Kribiocosmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7AFFC820ECFF04B5CCC341" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFF04B684C33F" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,379]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFF04B684C33F" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
32(31) Lauterborn organs sessile or on pedicels no more than 2× longer than antennal segments 3–5 combined (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82487FF0BB201C297" box="[1276,1353,151,173]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9F</figureCitation>
). Pecten epipharyngis 3–5 pointed or lobe-like scales (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC822E3FF29B5ADC2F0" box="[664,741,181,203]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9G</figureCitation>
), occasionally 3 serrate plates...............
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC824B3FF29B2D5C2F0" authority="Bause" authorityName="Bause" box="[1224,1437,181,202]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC824B3FF29B214C2F0" box="[1224,1372,181,202]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Paratanytarsus</emphasis>
Bause
</taxonomicName>
[widespread, lotic and lentic, moderately speciose, 7+ from oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC82317FF4EB4E0C2D2" box="[876,936,210,232]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">China</collectingCountry>
, 2 as P, no L;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7AFFC82450FF4EB38DC2DD" author="Li, Z. Q. &amp; Tang, H. Q." box="[1067,1221,210,232]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="430 - 438" refId="ref41500" refString="Li, Z. Q. &amp; Tang, H. Q. (2021) Two new species of Paratanytarsus Thienemann &amp; Bause from Oriental China. Zootaxa, 4903 (3), 430 - 438. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4903.3.8" type="journal article" year="2021">Li &amp; Tang 2021</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC824B4FF4FB2D1C2D2" authority="Schneider" authorityName="Schneider" box="[1231,1433,210,232]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratanytarsus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grimmii">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC824B4FF4FB27AC2D2" box="[1231,1330,211,232]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">P. grimmii</emphasis>
Schneider
</taxonomicName>
, parthenogenetic; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFE91B5CCC341" blockId="17.[151,1437,151,379]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFE91B5CCC341" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
32’ Lauterborn organs placed on pedicels always more than 2× longer than antennal segments 3–5 combined. Pecten epipharyngis always 3 apically serrate scales (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82260FEB6B52EC305" box="[539,614,298,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9H</figureCitation>
)..................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC824AAFEB7B2D4C37A" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[1233,1436,298,320]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Micropsectra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC824AAFEB7B219C37A" box="[1233,1361,299,320]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Micropsectra</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, lentic, immature stages difficult, regional status unclear,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC8232AFED4B37EC367" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[849,1078,327,349]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Micropsectra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrofasciata">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC8232AFED4B4AFC367" box="[849,999,328,349]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">M. atrofasciata</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC824E9FEDBB386C367" box="[1170,1230,327,349]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">China</collectingCountry>
, sp. indet. N.
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC82520FED4B2D4C367" box="[1371,1436,328,349]" name="Myanmar" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Burma</collectingCountry>
(Reiss, unpubl. ZSM; global exc.
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC8225EFEF9B5C8C341" box="[549,640,357,379]" name="Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7AFFC820ECFE3CB2D4C072" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFE3CB2D4C3D5" blockId="17.[151,1437,415,584]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFE3CB2D4C3D5" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
33(18) Labrum with S I partially or fully plumose, S II never blade-like; labral lamella usually well-developed (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC8257AFE03B20FC38F" box="[1281,1351,415,437]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9I</figureCitation>
). Pecten epipharyngis plate wide, distally toothed (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82206FE21B58AC3E8" box="[637,706,445,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9J</figureCitation>
) or divided into 3, usually toothed, rarely finger-like. Pecten mandibularis strong (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82150FE46B630C3D5" box="[299,376,474,496]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9K</figureCitation>
), rarely absent.......................................................................... 34
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFE64B2D4C072" blockId="17.[151,1437,415,584]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFE64B2D4C072" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
33' Labrum with S I and S II simple, frequently bladelike, S I rarely divided into 3–5 slender lobes. Labral lamella usually absent. Pecten epipharyngis single scale, sometimes large, toothed, more commonly small, without distinct teeth though sometimes lobed or serrate. Pecten mandibularis absent or few lamellae......... '
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC823E4FDAEB343C07D" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[927,1035,562,583]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Harnischia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC823E4FDAEB343C07D" box="[927,1035,562,583]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Harnischia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex’, tribe
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC824D1FDAEB26DC072" box="[1194,1317,562,584]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Chironomini">Chironomini</taxonomicName>
........56
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7AFFC820ECFDF1B2D4C12F" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFDF1B576C0E1" blockId="17.[151,1438,621,789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFDF1B576C0E1" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
34(33) Ventromental plate bar-like, in near-contact medially (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82292FDF1B47CC0B8" box="[745,820,621,643]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9L</figureCitation>
). Insertion of seta subdentalis on same side (dorsal) of mandible as seta interna (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC8210CFD16B68EC0A5" box="[375,454,650,672]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9M</figureCitation>
).......................................................... ..’tribe Pseudochironomini’ [
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E7AFFC82091FD34B7B4C0FA" box="[234,252,680,704]" count="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC8217FFD34B6D0C087" authority="Fittkau" authorityName="Fittkau" authorityYear="1963" box="[260,408,679,701]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Manoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC8217FFD34B600C087" box="[260,328,680,701]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Manoa</emphasis>
Fittkau
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC821DFFD34B5D3C087" authority="Qi &amp; Lin" authorityName="Qi &amp; Lin" authorityYear="2017" box="[420,667,679,701]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Manoa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xianjuensis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC821DFFD34B57AC087" box="[420,562,680,701]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">M. xianjuensis</emphasis>
Qi &amp; Lin
</taxonomicName>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC82283FD3BB479C087" box="[760,817,679,701]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7AFFC8233AFD3BB4D2C087" box="[833,922,679,701]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
)
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7AFFC823D3FD3BB37FC087" author="Qi, X. &amp; Wang, X. &amp; Andersen, T. &amp; Lin, X. L." box="[936,1079,679,701]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="398 - 408" refId="ref43191" refString="Qi, X., Wang, X., Andersen, T. &amp; Lin, X. L. (2017) A new species of Manoa Fittkau (Diptera: Chironomidae), with DNA barcodes from Xianju National Park, Oriental China. Zootaxa, 4231 (3), 398 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4231.3.6" type="journal article" year="2017">
Qi
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC823B2FD34B4BEC086" box="[969,1014,679,701]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">et al</emphasis>
. 2017
</bibRefCitation>
;
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E7AFFC82438FD34B31DC0FA" box="[1091,1109,680,704]" count="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCounty id="826A4E4E2E7AFFC8241FFD34B336C087" box="[1124,1150,680,701]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Pe</collectingCounty>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC824A7FD3BB25DC087" box="[1244,1301,679,701]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7AFFC8255EFD3BB678C0E0" isEnumeration="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Guangdong, Yunnan</collectingRegion>
);
<collectingMunicipality id="8B6FACB82E7AFFC8213BFD59B612C0E0" box="[320,346,709,730]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Pe</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC82118FD59B6F3C0E1" box="[355,443,709,731]" name="Thailand" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Thailand</collectingCountry>
;
<location id="6E6B60192E7AFFC821BEFD59B571C0E1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E31D87D42E60FFCE20ECFBA9B3CCC6D1:6E6B60192E7AFFC821BEFD59B571C0E1" box="[453,569,709,731]" country="China" county="Pe" municipality="Pe" name="Neotropical" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" stateProvince="Zhejiang">Neotropical</location>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFD7EB2D4C12F" blockId="17.[151,1438,621,789]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFD7EB2D4C12F" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">34’ Ventromental plate very variable, not bar-like or rarely in near median contact. Seta subdentalis inserted opposite side (ventral) of mandible to seta interna............................................................................ 35</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7AFFC820ECFCA6B2D4C157" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFCA6B2D4C16A" blockId="17.[151,1436,826,877]" box="[151,1436,826,848]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFCA6B2D4C16A" box="[151,1436,826,848]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
35(34) Median tooth or teeth of mentum recessed (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC822FFFCA6B5B6C175" box="[644,766,826,848]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9P, R, S</figureCitation>
).................................................... 36
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFCCBB2D4C157" blockId="17.[151,1436,826,877]" box="[151,1436,855,877]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFCCBB2D4C157" box="[151,1436,855,877]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
35' Median mentum not recessed (e.g.,
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82243FCCBB5E0C157" box="[568,680,855,877]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 10D, F</figureCitation>
)........................................................... 39
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7AFFC820ECFC0EB2D4C627" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFC0EB4E7C1D9" blockId="17.[151,1437,914,1053]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFC0EB4E7C1D9" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
36(35) Mentum shining black; 1st lateral tooth broad, slightly flanged; anterior margin of ventomental plate scalloped (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC8253AFC0EB2D9C19D" box="[1345,1425,914,936]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9N</figureCitation>
). Mandible with well-developed seta interna. Separate frons, clypeal and labral sclerites..............?
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC8249EFC33B2D4C1FF" authority="Reiss" authorityName="Reiss" authorityYear="1982" box="[1253,1436,943,965]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Hyporhygma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC8249EFC33B22AC1FE" box="[1253,1378,943,964]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Hyporhygma</emphasis>
Reiss
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, leaf-miner, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC821A4FC51B554C1D9" box="[479,540,973,995]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">China</collectingCountry>
: Pe nr genus,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7AFFC822DBFC51B405C1D8" author="Wei, J. &amp; Tang, H." box="[672,845,973,995]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="64 - 67" refId="ref44933" refString="Wei, J. &amp; Tang, H. (2019) Descriptions of two interesting chironomid pupae collected in Yunnan Province, China (Chironomidae: Chironominae). CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research, 32, 64 - 67. https: // doi. org / 10.5324 / cjcr. v 0 i 32.2996" type="journal article" year="2019">Wei &amp; Tang 2019</bibRefCitation>
. Nearctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFC76B2D4C627" blockId="17.[151,1437,914,1053]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFC76B2D4C627" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
36'
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7AFFC82099FC77B67BC63A" box="[226,307,1003,1024]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Mentum</collectingRegion>
brown; 1st lateral tooth lower than 2nd, ventromental plate with smooth anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC824ECFC76B3BEC1C5" box="[1175,1270,1002,1024]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9P, S</figureCitation>
). Mandible lacks seta interna (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82126FB9BB689C627" box="[349,449,1031,1053]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9S, T</figureCitation>
). Dorsal head sclerites differ......................................................... 37
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7AFFC820ECFBDEB2D4C73D" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFBDEB5C9C6F7" blockId="17.[151,1437,1090,1288]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFBDEB5C9C6F7" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
37(36) Mentum with single median tooth in shallow recess; 1st lateral tooth lower than 2nd (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82470FBDEB31CC66D" box="[1035,1108,1090,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9P</figureCitation>
). Mandible with 4 inner teeth; seta subdentalis narrow and straight (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC8225BFBC3B526C64F" box="[544,622,1119,1141]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9Q</figureCitation>
). Pecten epipharyngis scales distally toothed. Clypeal and labral sclerites fused into single sclerite........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC824AFFBE1B2D4C6A9" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1236,1436,1149,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kribiodorum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC824AFFBE1B219C6A8" box="[1236,1361,1149,1170]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Kribiodorum</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[syn.
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC82160FB06B697C68A" authority="Reiss." authorityName="Reiss." box="[283,479,1178,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stelechomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC82160FB06B6D3C695" box="[283,411,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Stelechomyia</emphasis>
Reiss.
</taxonomicName>
Wood-mining,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC82207FB07B401C695" authority="Cranston" authorityName="Cranston" authorityYear="2018" box="[636,841,1178,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kribiodorum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="malicky">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC82207FB07B5AEC695" box="[636,742,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">K. malicky</emphasis>
Cranston
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC8232EFB06B4E5C68A" box="[853,941,1178,1200]" name="Thailand" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC823C1FB07B3D8C695" authority="Cranston" authorityName="Cranston" authorityYear="2018" box="[954,1168,1178,1200]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kribiodorum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="belalong">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC823C1FB07B366C695" box="[954,1070,1178,1200]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">K. belalong</emphasis>
Cranston
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC824E5FB06B3AAC68A" box="[1182,1250,1178,1200]" name="Brunei" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Brunei</collectingCountry>
, Borneo;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7AFFC8253DFB06B668C6F7" author="Cranston, P. S." pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="535 - 547" refId="ref39193" refString="Cranston, P. S. (2018 a) Kribiodorum Kieffer (= Stelechomyia Reiss) (Diptera: Chironomidae) extends into the Oriental region: three new species and expanded diagnoses. Zootaxa, 4486 (4), 535 - 547. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4486.4.7" type="journal article" year="2018">Cranston 2018a</bibRefCitation>
; Afrotropical, Nearctic, Neotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFB49B2D4C73D" blockId="17.[151,1437,1090,1288]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFB49B2D4C73D" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
37’
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7AFFC82099FB49B67BC6D0" box="[226,307,1237,1258]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Mentum</collectingRegion>
deeply cleft without median teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC822FBFB49B580C6D0" box="[640,712,1237,1259]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9S</figureCitation>
). Mandible with clumped 3 inner teeth; seta subdentalis broad, long, sinuous (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82092FB6EB605C73D" box="[233,333,1266,1288]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9S, T</figureCitation>
). Pecten epipharyngis scales simple. Clypeal sclerite fragmented, labral sclerite small, medial to SI seta....... 38
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7AFFC820ECFAB1B528C42A" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFAB1B353C7A1" blockId="17.[151,1437,1325,1552]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFAB1B353C7A1" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
38(37) Occipital margin with triangulum occipitale. Ventromental plate&gt; 2× as long as high (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82460FAB1B32FC778" box="[1051,1127,1325,1347]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9R</figureCitation>
). Antenna blade extending wellbeyond flagellum........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC8248CFAD6B2D4C75A" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1271,1436,1354,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilodosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC8248CFAD6B21AC765" box="[1271,1362,1354,1375]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Nilodosis</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[L, Indonesian Borneo: Kalimantan;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC82232FAFBB5EBC747" box="[585,675,1383,1405]" name="Malaysia" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC822D5FAFBB44EC747" box="[686,774,1383,1405]" name="Thailand" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC8231AFAFBB4D5C747" box="[865,925,1383,1405]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">China</collectingCountry>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7AFFC823D3FAF4B3D3C747" author="Tang, H. &amp; Yamamoto, M." box="[936,1179,1384,1405]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="205 - 213" refId="ref44308" refString="Tang, H. &amp; Yamamoto, M. (2012) Descriptions of four larval forms of Nilodosis Kieffer from East Asia. Fauna norvegica, 31, 205 - 213. https: // doi. org / 10.5324 / fn. v 31 i 0.1406" type="journal article" year="2012">Tang &amp; Yamamoto 2012</bibRefCitation>
;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC824DDFAF4B63AC7A0" authority="Tang &amp; Cranston 2017" authorityName="Tang &amp; Cranston" authorityYear="2017" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilodosis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="austrosinensis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC824DDFAF4B203C747" box="[1190,1355,1384,1405]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">N. austrosinensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7AFFC82528FAF4B63AC7A0" author="Tang, H. &amp; Cranston, P. S." pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="339 - 346" refId="ref44356" refString="Tang, H. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2017) Review of Nilodosis Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), with description of a new species from South China. Zootaxa, 4353 (2), 339 - 346. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4353.2.5" type="journal article" year="2017">Tang &amp; Cranston 2017</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; previously confused with extralimital
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC82293FA19B35EC7A1" authority="Cranston &amp; Nolte" authorityName="Cranston &amp; Nolte" authorityYear="1996" box="[744,1046,1413,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fissimentum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC82293FA19B42BC7A0" box="[744,867,1413,1434]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fissimentum</emphasis>
Cranston &amp; Nolte
</taxonomicName>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECFA3EB528C42A" blockId="17.[151,1437,1325,1552]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECFA3EB528C42A" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
38’ Occipital margin conventional. Ventromental plate squat, seldom wider than high (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC8245BFA3EB324C78D" box="[1056,1132,1442,1464]" captionStart="FIGURE 9" captionStartId="16.[152,255,1702,1726]" captionTargetBox="[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetId="figure-26@16.[183,1403,181,1678]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 9. Larval Chironominae. Sublettea, (A) mandible, (B) mentum, ventromental plate; Rheotanytarsus, (C) ventromental plate, (D) antenna; Tanytarsus, (E) antenna; Paratanytarsus, (F) antenna, (G) labrum-epipharynx; Micropsectra, (H) labrumepipharynx; Dicrotendipes flexus, (I) labrum–epipharynx; Cryptochironomus, (J) labrum-epipharynx; Pseudochironomini, (K) labrum-epipharynx, (L) mentum, (M) mandible; Hyporhygma, (N) mentum, (O) ventral head; Kribiodorum, (P) labrumepipharynx, (Q) mandible; Nilodosis, (R) ventral head; Kribiocosmus, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible, (T) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618271" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618271/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 9S</figureCitation>
). Antenna blade ends short of flagellum...........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC824B7FA23B2D4C7EF" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1228,1436,1471,1493]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kribiocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC824B7FA23B219C7EE" box="[1228,1361,1471,1492]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Kribiocosmus</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[L, Peninsular
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC8210FFA41B686C7C9" box="[372,462,1501,1523]" name="Malaysia" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, as
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC8218EFA41B5DCC7C8" box="[501,660,1501,1522]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Fissimentum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC8218EFA41B538C7C8" box="[501,624,1501,1522]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fissimentum</emphasis>
sp.
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7AFFC822DAFA41B4F4C7C8" author="Ahmad A. K. &amp; Siti Hafizah, A." box="[673,956,1501,1523]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="61 - 70" refId="ref38120" refString="Ahmad A. K. &amp; Siti Hafizah, A. (2017) A first record of Fissimentum Cranston &amp; Nolte (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Peninsular Malaysia. Serangga, 22 (2), 61 - 70." type="journal article" year="2017">Ahmad &amp; Siti Hafizah 2017</bibRefCitation>
), undescribed
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E7AFFC82430FA41B317C7C8" box="[1099,1119,1501,1522]" count="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC82410FA41B3ECC7C9" box="[1131,1188,1501,1523]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7AFFC824C8FA41B3B4C7C9" box="[1203,1276,1501,1523]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Hainan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7AFFC8257DFA41B21BC7C8" box="[1286,1363,1501,1522]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
),
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC8251DFA41B2D5C7C8" box="[1382,1437,1501,1522]" name="Japan" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Japan</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7AFFC82093FA66B60AC42A" box="[232,322,1530,1552]" country="Japan" name="Okinawa" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Okinawa</collectingRegion>
) as
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC82113FA67B513C42A" authority="Yamamoto" authorityName="Yamamoto" authorityYear="1993" box="[360,603,1530,1552]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kribiocosmus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kanazawai">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC82113FA67B6A3C435" box="[360,491,1530,1552]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">K. kanazawai</emphasis>
Yamamoto
</taxonomicName>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7AFFC820ECF9A9B2D4C4BF" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECF9A9B31EC452" blockId="17.[151,1436,1589,1669]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECF9A9B31EC452" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
39(35) Mental and mandibular teeth pale (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82249F9A9B5EEC470" box="[562,678,1589,1611]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 10A, B</figureCitation>
). Mentum characteristic (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC823E7F9A9B4BCC470" box="[924,1012,1589,1611]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 10B</figureCitation>
). Small, &lt;
<quantity id="AC4C9B272E7AFFC82426F9A9B3DCC470" box="[1117,1172,1589,1610]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" unit="mm" value="7.0">7 mm</quantity>
.....
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC8249BF9A9B2D4C471" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1248,1436,1589,1611]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC8249BF9A9B219C470" box="[1248,1361,1589,1610]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Nilothauma</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[lotic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC8215BF9CEB630C452" box="[288,376,1618,1640]" name="Thailand" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 8 spp. oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC8226BF9CEB504C452" box="[528,588,1618,1640]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">China</collectingCountry>
,
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E7AFFC8222EF9CFB531C451" box="[597,633,1619,1643]" count="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" type="male">♂♂</specimenCount>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7AFFC822FFF9CFB46CC452" author="Yan, C. C. &amp; Tang, H. Q. &amp; Wang, X." box="[644,804,1618,1640]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="213 - 220" refId="ref45236" refString="Yan, C. C., Tang, H. Q. &amp; Wang, X. (2005 a) Nilothauma Kieffer from China (Diptera: Chironomidae). Aquatic Insects, 27, 213 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 01650420500062824" type="journal article" year="2005">
Yan
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC822CBF9CFB592C45D" box="[688,730,1618,1640]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">et al</emphasis>
. 2005a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7AFFC82357F9CEB349C45D" author="Adam, J. L. &amp; Saether, O. A." box="[812,1025,1618,1640]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" refId="ref38082" refString="Adam, J. L. &amp; Saether, O. A. (1999) Revision of the genus Nilothauma Kieffer, 1921 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 56,1 - 107." type="book" year="1999">Adam &amp; Saether 1999</bibRefCitation>
; global].
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECF9ECB2D4C4BF" blockId="17.[151,1436,1589,1669]" box="[151,1436,1647,1669]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECF9ECB2D4C4BF" box="[151,1436,1647,1669]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
39' Mental and mandibular teeth dark (brown or black) in part at least.
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7AFFC82313F9ECB4F1C4BF" box="[872,953,1648,1669]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Mentum</collectingRegion>
teeth different. Usually&gt;
<quantity id="AC4C9B272E7AFFC824CDF9F3B3A5C4BF" box="[1206,1261,1647,1669]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" unit="mm" value="5.0">5 mm</quantity>
............ 40
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7AFFC820ECF936B2D4C52D" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECF936B4DAC4C1" blockId="17.[151,1436,1706,1816]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECF936B4DAC4C1" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
40(39) Labrum with lamellar setal brush (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82255F936B5CEC485" box="[558,646,1706,1728]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 10C</figureCitation>
). Typical mentum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82344F936B4DEC485" box="[831,918,1706,1728]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 10D</figureCitation>
) often worn flat..........
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC824CBF936B2D4C4FA" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1200,1436,1706,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC824CBF936B21AC485" box="[1200,1362,1706,1727]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Xenochironomus</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[sponge-feeder (hence worn teeth);
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC8224CF954B441C4E7" authority="(Kieffer)" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[567,777,1735,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="xenolabis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC8224CF954B5E5C4E6" box="[567,685,1735,1757]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">X. xenolabis</emphasis>
(Kieffer)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC82368F954B37BC4E7" authority="(Freeman)" baseAuthorityName="Freeman" baseAuthorityYear="1959" box="[787,1075,1735,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="canterburyensis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC82368F954B48EC4E6" box="[787,966,1735,1757]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">X. canterburyensis</emphasis>
(Freeman)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC82440F954B258C4E7" authority="Yu &amp; Wang." authorityName="Yu &amp; Wang." box="[1083,1296,1735,1757]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glaber">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC82440F954B3DDC4E6" box="[1083,1173,1735,1757]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">X. glaber</emphasis>
Yu &amp; Wang.
</taxonomicName>
oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC82518F95BB2D4C4E7" box="[1379,1436,1735,1757]" name="China" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">China</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7AFFC82093F979B6DCC4C0" author="Yu, X. &amp; Wang, X." box="[232,404,1765,1786]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" pagination="481 - 485" refId="ref45487" refString="Yu, X. &amp; Wang, X. (2010) Xenochironomus Kieffer from China (Diptera, Chironomidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 35 (3), 481 - 485." type="journal article" year="2010">Yu &amp; Wang 2010</bibRefCitation>
); L,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC821C4F979B55FC4C1" box="[447,535,1765,1787]" name="Thailand" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Thailand</collectingCountry>
; Holarctic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7AFFC822FEF979B597C4C1" box="[645,735,1765,1787]" name="Australia" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Australia</collectingCountry>
, N.Z., Neotropics]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECF89EB2D4C52D" blockId="17.[151,1436,1706,1816]" box="[151,1436,1794,1816]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECF89EB2D4C52D" box="[151,1436,1794,1816]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
40' Labrum conventional, lacking lamellar brush.
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7AFFC822E5F89FB5A7C522" box="[670,751,1795,1816]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Mentum</collectingRegion>
teeth otherwise arranged.................................. 40
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7AFFC820ECF8A1B2D4C5FD" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECF8A1B328C591" blockId="17.[151,1437,1853,1992]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECF8A1B328C591" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
41(40) Mandible with basal striae (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82195F8A1B50EC568" box="[494,582,1853,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 10E</figureCitation>
). Median mentum with tripartite central tooth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82477F8A1B32BC568" box="[1036,1123,1853,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 10F</figureCitation>
). Premandible with 2 (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82545F8A1B2DEC568" box="[1342,1430,1853,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 10G</figureCitation>
) or rarely 5–7 teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC821DBF8C6B6B1C555" box="[416,505,1882,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 10H</figureCitation>
). Typically,1–2 pairs of ventral tubules (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7AFFC82307F8C6B481C555" box="[892,969,1882,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Fig. 10I</figureCitation>
)......................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC824ACF8C6B2D4C54A" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" box="[1239,1436,1882,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC824ACF8C6B205C555" box="[1239,1357,1882,1903]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Chironomus</emphasis>
Meigen
</taxonomicName>
[speciose, morphological taxonomy difficult, 5, 6 or 7 pmd teeth in
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC82325F8E4B347C5B7" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1924" box="[862,1039,1911,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="javanus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC82325F8E4B48CC5B7" box="[862,964,1912,1933]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">C. javanus</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC8246CF8E4B3ABC5B7" authority="Freeman" authorityName="Freeman" authorityYear="1961" box="[1047,1251,1911,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vitellinus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC8246CF8E4B3C2C5B6" box="[1047,1162,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">C. vitellinus</emphasis>
Freeman
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC82574F8E4B6DEC590" authority="Hasegawa &amp; Sasa." authorityName="Hasegawa &amp; Sasa." class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="okinawanus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC82574F8E4B2D5C5B6" box="[1295,1437,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">C. okinawanus</emphasis>
Hasegawa &amp; Sasa.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7AFFC821E0F809B50BC591" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[411,579,1941,1963]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Benthalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="168" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC821E0F809B6B0C590" box="[411,504,1941,1962]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">Benthalia</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
is included; molecular data Pramaul
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7AFFC823D2F809B49BC590" box="[937,979,1941,1962]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">et al</emphasis>
. 2016; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7AFFC820ECF82EB2D4C5FD" blockId="17.[151,1437,1853,1992]" box="[151,1436,1970,1992]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7AFFC820ECF82EB2D4C5FD" box="[151,1436,1970,1992]" pageId="17" pageNumber="168">41' Mandible without basal striae. Ventral tubules absent or with 1 pair. Premandible variably toothed.................... 42</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<caption id="3FCB664A2E79FFCB20E3F977B50AC5E6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" startId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" targetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E79FFCB20E3F977B50AC5E6" blockId="18.[151,1437,1771,2012]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB20E3F977B661C53E" bold="true" box="[152,297,1771,1796]" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">FIGURE 10.</emphasis>
Larval
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB2104F970B55BC53E" box="[383,531,1772,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chironominae">Chironominae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB225AF970B5D1C53E" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[545,665,1772,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilothauma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB225AF970B5D1C53E" box="[545,665,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Nilothauma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (A) mandible, (B) mentum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB23AEF970B3C8C53E" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[981,1152,1772,1796]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Xenochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB23AEF970B3C8C53E" box="[981,1152,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Xenochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (C) labrum, (D) mentum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB20ECF88CB65BC512" box="[151,275,1808,1832]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB20ECF88CB65BC512" box="[151,275,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Chironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB2397F88CB310C51D" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1924" box="[1004,1112,1808,1831]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="javanus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB2397F88CB310C51D" box="[1004,1112,1808,1831]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">C. javanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), (I) posterior abdomen (usual);
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB20ECF8A8B66EC576" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,294,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Dicrotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB20ECF8A8B66EC576" box="[151,294,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Dicrotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (J) dorsal head;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB21A1F8A8B575C576" authorityName="Shilova" authorityYear="1961" box="[474,573,1844,1868]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Lipiniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB21A1F8A8B575C576" box="[474,573,1844,1868]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Lipiniella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB20ECF8C4B797C555" authorityName="Roback" authorityYear="1980" box="[151,223,1880,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Axarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB20ECF8C4B797C555" box="[151,223,1880,1903]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Axarus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB2393F8C4B33FC54A" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[1000,1143,1880,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Dicrotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB2393F8C4B33FC54A" box="[1000,1143,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Dicrotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB22F9F8E0B5BBC5AE" authorityName="Goetghebuer" authorityYear="1922" box="[642,755,1916,1940]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kiefferulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB22F9F8E0B5BBC5AE" box="[642,755,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Kiefferulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB2578F8E0B608C582" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Glyptotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Heynotendipes">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB2578F8E0B2D4C5AE" box="[1283,1436,1916,1940]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Glyptotendipes</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB20DBF83CB67FC582" box="[160,311,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Heynotendipes</emphasis>
)
</taxonomicName>
, (V) dorsal head sclerites;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB2218F83CB588C582" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1924" box="[611,704,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Einfeldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB2218F83CB588C582" box="[611,704,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Einfeldia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (W) fenestra;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E79FFCB231FF83CB4AFC582" authorityName="Grodhaus" authorityYear="1987" box="[868,999,1952,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Endotribelos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="169" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E79FFCB231FF83CB4AFC582" box="[868,999,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="169">Endotribelos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E78FFCA20ECFF04B2D4C33F" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFF04B2D4C2F0" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,261]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFF04B2D4C2F0" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
42(41) Ventromental plate&gt;1.5 x width of mentum, contiguous medially, narrowly drawn-out laterally (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA24EBFF0BB259C297" box="[1168,1297,151,173]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10 K, N</figureCitation>
). Premandible teeth 2, or 5+....................................................................................... 43
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFF4EB2D4C33F" blockId="19.[151,1436,151,261]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFF4EB2D4C33F" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
42' Ventromental plate &lt;1.5 × as wide as mentum, not narrowly drawn-out laterally and not contiguous medially (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2573FF4EB7BCC33E" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10F, W, X, Z</figureCitation>
). Premandibles with no more than 3 teeth............................................................... 45
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E78FFCA20ECFEB5B2D4C3EA" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFEB5B47DC389" blockId="19.[151,1437,297,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFEB5B47DC389" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
43(42) Frons with +/- ovoid fenestra (fen, thinned cuticle) (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA22B7FEB5B453C304" box="[716,795,297,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10J</figureCitation>
). Premandible with&gt;5 teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2449FEB5B3CDC304" box="[1074,1157,297,319]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10T</figureCitation>
)...
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA24CFFEB5B2D4C305" authority="Goetghebuer" authorityName="Goetghebuer" authorityYear="1922" box="[1204,1436,297,319]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kiefferulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA24CFFEB5B255C304" box="[1204,1309,297,318]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Kiefferulus</emphasis>
Goetghebuer
</taxonomicName>
[Lentic, widespread, 5–6 spp. oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA2216FEDAB5E1C366" box="[621,681,326,348]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">China</collectingCountry>
, saline coastal-subcoastal
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA23CFFEDBB3D3C366" authority="(Kieffer)" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" box="[948,1179,326,348]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kiefferulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="longilobus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA23CFFEDBB373C361" box="[948,1083,326,348]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">K. longilobus</emphasis>
(Kieffer)
</taxonomicName>
is potential nuisance;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA25FDFEDBB6F9C343" authority="Hashimoto" authorityName="Hashimoto" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kiefferulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nodulosus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA25FDFEDBB60BC342" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">K. nodulosus</emphasis>
Hashimoto
</taxonomicName>
(? =
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA21A4FEF8B5F2C342" authority="Song et al." authorityName="Song" box="[479,698,355,377]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kiefferulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="trigonum">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA21A4FEF8B51AC343" box="[479,594,356,377]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">K. trigonum</emphasis>
Song
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA22F6FEF8B5FEC342" box="[653,694,355,377]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al</emphasis>
.
</taxonomicName>
) eutrophic inc. Thai rice-fields, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA2440FEFFB33CC343" box="[1083,1140,355,377]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E78FFCA24FBFEFFB381C343" box="[1152,1225,355,377]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Hainan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E78FFCA24AAFEFFB20BC343" box="[1233,1347,355,377]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E78FFCA2530FEFFB2DEC342" box="[1355,1430,355,376]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E78FFCA2093FE1CB68EC3AF" author="Hashimoto, H. &amp; Wongsiri, T. &amp; Wongsiri, N. &amp; Tirawat, C. &amp; Lewvanich, A. &amp; Yasamatsu, H." box="[232,454,384,406]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="1 - 47" refId="ref40756" refString="Hashimoto, H., Wongsiri, T., Wongsiri, N., Tirawat, C., Lewvanich, A. &amp; Yasamatsu, H. (1981) Chironomidae from rice fields of Thailand with descriptions of 7 new species. Technical Bulletin, Entomology and Zoology Division, Department of Agriculture, Bangkok, Thailand, 7, 1 - 47." type="journal article" year="1981">
Hashimoto
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2120FE1DB6CFC3AF" box="[347,391,384,406]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al</emphasis>
. 1981
</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E78FFCA21A9FE1CB530C3AF" author="Song, C. &amp; Wang, X. &amp; Bu, W. &amp; Qi, X." box="[466,632,384,406]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="67 - 77" refId="ref43843" refString="Song, C., Wang, X., Bu, W. &amp; Qi, X. (2020) Morphology lies: a case - in - point with a new non - biting midge species from Oriental China (Diptera, Chironomidae). Zookeys, 909, 67 - 77 https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 909.39347" type="journal article" year="2020">
Song
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2270FE1DB57FC3AF" box="[523,567,384,406]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al</emphasis>
. 2020
</bibRefCitation>
);
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA22F0FE1CB5BBC3AF" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[651,755,384,405]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Nilodorum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA22F0FE1CB5BBC3AF" box="[651,755,384,405]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Nilodorum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA235EFE1DB4D1C3AC" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1928" box="[805,921,385,406]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Carteronica" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA235EFE1DB4D1C3AC" box="[805,921,385,406]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Carteronica</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of regional auctt. are synonyms; L key for
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA253CFE1CB2D4C3AC" box="[1351,1436,384,406]" name="Thailand" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E78FFCA2093FE01B633C388" author="Cranston, P. S." box="[232,379,413,434]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="231 - 244" refId="ref39052" refString="Cranston, P. S. (2007) The Chironomidae larvae associated with the tsunami - impacted waterbodies of the coastal plain of south - western Thailand. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 55, 231 - 244." type="journal article" year="2007">Cranston 2007</bibRefCitation>
); Molecular data,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E78FFCA2253FE01B5AFC389" author="Pramual, P. &amp; Simwisat, K. &amp; Martin, J." box="[552,743,413,435]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="39 - 60" refId="ref43073" refString="Pramual, P., Simwisat, K. &amp; Martin, J. (2016) Identification and reassessment of the specific status of some tropical freshwater midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) using DNA barcode data. Zootaxa, 4072 (1), 39 - 60. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4072.1.2" type="journal article" year="2016">
Pramual
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2205FE02B5E7C388" box="[638,687,413,435]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al.</emphasis>
2016
</bibRefCitation>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFE27B2D4C3EA" blockId="19.[151,1437,297,464]" box="[151,1436,442,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFE27B2D4C3EA" box="[151,1436,442,464]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
43’ Frons usually lacks fenestra (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2181FE26B5C7C3EA" box="[506,655,442,464]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10M, O, Y</figureCitation>
).............................................................. 44
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E78FFCA20ECFE69B4B7C0A6" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFE69B428C07E" blockId="19.[151,1436,501,668]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFE69B428C07E" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
44(43) Frons fused with tuberculose clypeus (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA222DFE69B5FCC030" box="[598,692,501,523]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10M</figureCitation>
). Mandible with pale dorsal tooth and 3 inner teeth, dorsally with hump; seta subdentalis simple (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA21DAFD8EB6BEC01D" box="[417,502,530,552]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10L</figureCitation>
)..............................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA248BFD8EB2D4C012" authority="Shilova" authorityName="Shilova" authorityYear="1961" box="[1264,1436,530,552]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Lipiniella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA248BFD8EB205C01D" box="[1264,1357,530,551]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Lipiniella</emphasis>
Shilova
</taxonomicName>
[L.,
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E78FFCA2170FDB3B655C07D" box="[267,285,559,583]" count="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA2103FDB3B6F9C07F" box="[376,433,559,581]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E78FFCA21C5FDB3B5C0C07F" box="[446,648,559,581]" isEnumeration="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Yunnan, Guangdong</collectingRegion>
);
<location id="6E6B60192E78FFCA22E2FDB3B5BAC07F" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E31D87D42E60FFCE20ECFBA9B3CCC6D1:6E6B60192E78FFCA22E2FDB3B5BAC07F" box="[665,754,559,581]" country="China" name="Holarctic" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" stateProvince="Yunnan, Guangdong">Holarctic</location>
inc.
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA2359FDB3B413C07E" box="[802,859,559,580]" name="Japan" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Japan</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFDD0B4B7C0A6" blockId="19.[151,1436,501,668]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFDD0B4B7C0A6" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
44' Frons, clypeus and labral sclerites separate (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA22F1FDD0B5ABC05B" box="[650,739,588,610]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10O</figureCitation>
). Mandible with 4 flattened inner teeth, dorsal tooth absent (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA255CFDD0B234C05B" box="[1319,1404,588,610]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10P</figureCitation>
)..........................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA2572FDF5B2D4C045" authority="Roback" authorityName="Roback" authorityYear="1980" box="[1289,1436,617,639]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Axarus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2572FDF5B205C044" box="[1289,1357,617,638]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Axarus</emphasis>
Roback
</taxonomicName>
[L.,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA2171FD1AB62AC0A6" box="[266,354,646,668]" name="Thailand" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E78FFCA2110FD1AB6D3C0A1" box="[363,411,646,667]" count="1" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" type="generic">1 sp.</specimenCount>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA218FFD1AB565C0A6" box="[500,557,646,668]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E78FFCA2241FD1AB5E6C0A6" box="[570,686,646,668]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E78FFCA22CCFD1AB459C0A6" box="[695,785,646,668]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
).
<collectingMunicipality id="8B6FACB82E78FFCA235AFD1AB435C0A6" box="[801,893,646,668]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Holarctic</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="6E6B60192E78FFCA23FDFD1AB4B2C0A6" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E31D87D42E60FFCE20ECFBA9B3CCC6D1:6E6B60192E78FFCA23FDFD1AB4B2C0A6" box="[902,1018,646,668]" country="Thailand" municipality="Holarctic" name="Neotropical" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" stateProvince="Guangdong">Neotropical</location>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E78FFCA20ECFD5CB2D4C15D" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFD5CB52FC117" blockId="19.[151,1438,704,871]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFD5CB52FC117" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
45(42) Ventromental plate distinctly narrower than mentum width (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2361FD5CB43AC0EF" box="[794,882,704,726]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10Q</figureCitation>
). Pecten epipharyngis single, with &lt;13 broad, blunt apical teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2165FD41B638C0C8" box="[286,368,733,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10S</figureCitation>
).......................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA24B1FD41B2D4C0C9" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[1226,1436,733,755]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Dicrotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA24B1FD41B219C0C8" box="[1226,1361,733,754]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Dicrotendipes</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA2091FD67B698C12A" authority="(Kieffer)" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[234,464,762,784]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Dicrotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pelochloris">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2091FD67B6C9C135" box="[234,385,762,784]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">D. pelochloris (</emphasis>
Kieffer)
</taxonomicName>
, widespread regionally, 7+ spp. oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA232FFD66B4D8C12A" box="[852,912,762,784]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">China</collectingCountry>
; marine
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA2399FD67B3E5C12A" authority="Hashimoto" authorityName="Hashimoto" authorityYear="1984" box="[994,1197,762,784]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Dicrotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="inouei">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2399FD67B374C12A" box="[994,1084,763,784]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">D. inouei</emphasis>
Hashimoto
</taxonomicName>
, others lentic freshwater. L key
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA2165FC8BB63BC117" box="[286,371,791,813]" name="Thailand" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Thailand</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E78FFCA21FBFC8BB55AC116" author="Cranston, P. S." box="[384,530,791,812]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="231 - 244" refId="ref39052" refString="Cranston, P. S. (2007) The Chironomidae larvae associated with the tsunami - impacted waterbodies of the coastal plain of south - western Thailand. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 55, 231 - 244." type="journal article" year="2007">Cranston 2007</bibRefCitation>
); global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFCA8B2D4C15D" blockId="19.[151,1438,704,871]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFCA8B2D4C15D" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
45' Ventromental plate as wide or wider than mentum width (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2368FCA8B423C173" box="[787,875,820,842]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10T</figureCitation>
). Pecten epipharyngis 3 separate scales, or if single, often with&gt; 15 pointed, mostly slender teeth, also on surface (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2379FCCDB41DC15C" box="[770,853,849,871]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10S</figureCitation>
)............................................. 46
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E78FFCA20ECFC17B2D4C184" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFC17B2D4C19B" blockId="19.[151,1436,907,959]" box="[151,1436,907,929]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFC17B2D4C19B" box="[151,1436,907,929]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
46(45) Frons or frontoclypeus with fenestra of thinned cuticle (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2281FC17B41FC19B" box="[762,855,907,929]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10W</figureCitation>
)............................................. 47
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFC34B2D4C184" blockId="19.[151,1436,907,959]" box="[151,1436,936,959]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFC34B2D4C184" box="[151,1436,936,959]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
46' Dorsal head smooth without fenestra (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA222BFC35B5E0C184" box="[592,680,937,959]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10Y</figureCitation>
)............................................................ 49
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E78FFCA20ECFC7FB2D4C608" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFC7FB6A9C62C" blockId="19.[151,1437,995,1075]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFC7FB6A9C62C" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
47(46) Premandible with&gt;5 sharp teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA225CFC7FB536C1C2" box="[551,638,995,1017]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10T</figureCitation>
). Seta subdentalis broad, distally serrate (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2477FC7FB32EC1C2" box="[1036,1126,995,1017]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10U</figureCitation>
)...........
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA248DFC7FB229C1C2" authorityName="Goetghebuer" authorityYear="1922" box="[1270,1377,995,1016]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kiefferulus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA248DFC7FB229C1C2" box="[1270,1377,995,1016]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Kiefferulus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(part) [see couplet 39 for details]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFB81B2D4C608" blockId="19.[151,1437,995,1075]" box="[151,1436,1053,1075]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFB81B2D4C608" box="[151,1436,1053,1075]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">47' Premandible with 2 pointed apical teeth. Seta subdentalis simple, slender....................................... 48</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E78FFCA20ECFBCBB2CBC6C4" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFBCBB428C69D" blockId="19.[151,1437,1111,1278]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFBCBB428C69D" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
48(47) Separate clypeal sclerite present; frons smooth, anteriorly with oval fenestra or small distal-median depression or mark, with concave anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA21A3FBE8B566C6B3" box="[472,558,1140,1162]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10V</figureCitation>
).....................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA238FFBE8B398C6B0" authority="Keiffer" authorityName="Keiffer" box="[1012,1232,1140,1162]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Glyptotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA238FFBE8B3CDC6B3" box="[1012,1157,1140,1161]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Glyptotendipes</emphasis>
Keiffer
</taxonomicName>
(s.g.
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA257DFBE8B2DDC6B3" box="[1286,1429,1140,1161]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Heynotendipes</emphasis>
) [
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA2091FB0DB529C69D" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[234,609,1169,1191]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Glyptotendipes" isUncertain="true" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="signatus" subGenus="Heytotendipes">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2091FB0DB64AC69C" box="[234,258,1169,1190]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">G.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2174FB0DB6D0C69C" box="[271,408,1169,1190]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Heytotendipes</emphasis>
)
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA21DDFB0DB55CC69D" box="[422,532,1169,1191]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">cf. signatus</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA22C2FB0DB5BDC69D" box="[697,757,1169,1191]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">China</collectingCountry>
; Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFB32B2CBC6C4" blockId="19.[151,1437,1111,1278]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFB32B2CBC6C4" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
48' Frontoclypeus fused, with large cordate to subovate fenestra, sclerite granular in mid-section, with convex anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA250EFB32B65AC6DA" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10W</figureCitation>
).............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA24BEFB57B255C6DA" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1924" box="[1221,1309,1227,1248]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Einfeldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA24BEFB57B255C6DA" box="[1221,1309,1227,1248]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Einfeldia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(s.s.) Kieffer [=
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA2086FB74B61DC6C7" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1924" box="[253,341,1256,1277]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Einfeldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2086FB74B61DC6C7" box="[253,341,1256,1277]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Einfeldia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘group A’; minimally
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA2257FB75B5A6C6C4" authority="(Meigen)" baseAuthorityName="Meigen" baseAuthorityYear="1838" box="[556,750,1256,1278]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Einfeldia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pagana">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2257FB75B5C7C6C4" box="[556,655,1257,1278]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">E. pagana</emphasis>
(Meigen)
</taxonomicName>
in oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA2327FB74B4D0C6C4" box="[860,920,1256,1278]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA23DAFB75B493C6C4" box="[929,987,1257,1278]" name="Japan" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Japan</collectingCountry>
; Holarctic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA2432FB74B3ECC6C4" box="[1097,1188,1256,1278]" name="Australia" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Australia</collectingCountry>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E78FFCA24D6FB74B236C6C4" author="Cranston, P. S. &amp; Martin, J. &amp; Mulder, M. &amp; Spies, M." box="[1197,1406,1256,1278]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="491 - 506" refId="ref39701" refString="Cranston, P. S., Martin, J., Mulder, M. &amp; Spies, M. (2016 b) Clarification of Einfeldia Kieffer, 1922 (Diptera: Chironomidae) with E. australiensis (Freeman, 1961), comb. n. based on immature stages. Zootaxa, 4158 (4), 491 - 506. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4158.4.3" type="journal article" year="2016">
Cranston
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2571FB75B27CC6C7" box="[1290,1332,1256,1278]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al</emphasis>
. 2016b
</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E78FFCA20ECFABEB2D4C7B5" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFABEB2D4C76F" blockId="19.[151,1437,1314,1424]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFABEB2D4C76F" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
49(46)
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E78FFCA2099FABFB67BC702" box="[226,307,1315,1336]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Mentum</collectingRegion>
divided into median ventromentum; anteromedially-directed ends of ventromental plate links to base of teeth delimitating from more lateral dorsomental teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA22B9FAA3B47CC76F" box="[706,820,1343,1365]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10X, Z</figureCitation>
)................................................ 50
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFAC1B2D4C7B5" blockId="19.[151,1437,1314,1424]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFAC1B2D4C7B5" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">49' Inner (median) margins of ventromental plate not directed anteriorly, or if weakly indicated, then fused to mentum posterior to bases of mental teeth; median/central ventromentum indistinct................................................ 55</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E78FFCA20ECFA28B2D4C404" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECFA28B651C41A" blockId="19.[151,1437,1460,1598]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECFA28B651C41A" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
50(49) Mandible with deeply incised mola proximal to teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2297FA28B40DC7F3" box="[748,837,1460,1482]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10X</figureCitation>
). Mentum strongly arched (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2434FA28B38BC7F3" box="[1103,1219,1460,1482]" captionStart="FIGURE 10" captionStartId="18.[152,255,1771,1795]" captionTargetBox="[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetId="figure-26@18.[175,1413,181,1748]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="FIGURE 10. Larval Chironominae. Nilothauma, (A) mandible, (B) mentum; Xenochironomus, (C) labrum, (D) mentum; Chironomus, (E) mandible, (F) mentum, (G) premandible (usual), (H) premandible (C. javanus), (I) posterior abdomen (usual); Dicrotendipes, (J) dorsal head; Lipiniella, (K) mentum, ventromental plates, (L) mandible, (M) anterior dorsal head sclerites; Axarus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates, (O) dorsal head sclerites, (P) mandible; Dicrotendipes, (Q) ventromental plate, (R) fenestra (dorsal head), (S) labrum-epipharynx; Kiefferulus, (T) mentum, ventromental plates, (U) mandible; Glyptotendipes (Heynotendipes), (V) dorsal head sclerites; Einfeldia, (W) fenestra; Endotribelos, (X) mandible, mentum, (Y) dorsal head sclerites, (Z) mentum, ventromental plate." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618273" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618273/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 10X, Z</figureCitation>
)........
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA255BFA28B677C7DD" authority="Grodhaus" authorityName="Grodhaus" authorityYear="1987" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Endotribelos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA255BFA28B2D4C7F3" box="[1312,1436,1460,1481]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Endotribelos</emphasis>
Grodhaus
</taxonomicName>
[L,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA2178FA72B613C43E" box="[259,347,1518,1540]" name="Thailand" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E78FFCA211FFA72B69FC43E" box="[356,471,1518,1540]" country="Thailand" name="Chiang Mai" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Chiang Mai</collectingRegion>
, L,
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E78FFCA2181FA72B57CC43E" box="[506,564,1518,1540]" country="Thailand" name="Phrae" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Phrae</collectingRegion>
; L/P, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA22CDFA72B5A7C43E" box="[694,751,1518,1540]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">China</collectingCountry>
(
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA2286FA72B431C439" authorityName="Grodhaus" authorityYear="1987" box="[765,889,1518,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Endotribelos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2286FA72B431C439" box="[765,889,1518,1539]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Endotribelos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E78FFCA23ECFA72B351C439" author="Qi, X. &amp; Shi, S. &amp; Lin, X. &amp; Wang, X." box="[919,1049,1518,1540]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="284 - 289" refId="ref43135" refString="Qi, X., Shi, S., Lin, X. L, &amp; Wang, X. (2013) First report of the genus Endotribelos Grodhaus, 1987 (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China, with description of a new species. Entomotaxonomia, 35, 284 - 289." type="journal article" year="2013">
Qi
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA23CFFA73B496C439" box="[948,990,1518,1540]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
=
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA244AFA72B260C439" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[1073,1320,1518,1539]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Endochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pekanus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA244AFA72B260C439" box="[1073,1320,1518,1539]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Endochironomus pekanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
),
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E78FFCA2540FA72B65DC41A" author="Li, Z. X. &amp; Tang, H. Q." pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="581 - 587" refId="ref41551" refString="Li, Z. X. &amp; Tang, H. Q. (2024) Immature stages of Endochironomus pekanus (Kieffer) (Diptera, Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 5446 (4), 581 - 587. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5446.4.10" type="journal article" year="2024">Li &amp; Tang 2024</bibRefCitation>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECF9B4B2D4C404" blockId="19.[151,1437,1460,1598]" box="[151,1436,1576,1598]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECF9B4B2D4C404" box="[151,1436,1576,1598]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
50’ Mandible with smooth rounded mola.
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E78FFCA2229F9B4B5EBC407" box="[594,675,1576,1597]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Mentum</collectingRegion>
less arched.................................................... 50
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E78FFCA20ECF9FEB2D4C4AF" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECF9FEB2D4C442" blockId="19.[151,1436,1634,1685]" box="[151,1436,1634,1656]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECF9FEB2D4C442" box="[151,1436,1634,1656]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
51(50) SI plumose on inner side only (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2275F9FEB5C9C44D" box="[526,641,1634,1656]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 11A, B</figureCitation>
)............................................................... 52
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECF9E3B2D4C4AF" blockId="19.[151,1436,1634,1685]" box="[151,1436,1663,1685]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECF9E3B2D4C4AF" box="[151,1436,1663,1685]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">51’ SI plumose on both sides.............................................................................. 54</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E78FFCA20ECF925B2D4C533" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECF925B209C4D6" blockId="19.[151,1436,1721,1801]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECF925B209C4D6" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
52(51) Premandible with 4 distinct teeth. Pecten epipharyngis only with apical teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA23ABF925B309C4F4" box="[976,1089,1721,1743]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 11C, D</figureCitation>
)...
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA2415F925B2D4C4F5" authority="Sasa &amp; Shirasaka" authorityName="Sasa &amp; Shirasaka" authorityYear="1988" box="[1134,1436,1721,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Ainuyusurika" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2415F925B3A6C4F4" box="[1134,1262,1721,1742]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Ainuyusurika</emphasis>
Sasa &amp; Shirasaka
</taxonomicName>
[marine, 2 spp. oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA21BCF94AB54BC4D6" box="[455,515,1750,1772]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">China</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA2276F94BB50EC4D6" box="[525,582,1751,1772]" name="Japan" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA222BF94BB5C3C4D6" box="[592,651,1751,1772]" name="South Korea" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Korea</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA22ECF94AB594C4D6" box="[663,732,1750,1772]" name="Russia" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Russia</collectingCountry>
:
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E78FFCA229EF94AB475C4D6" box="[741,829,1750,1772]" country="Russia" name="Sakhalin" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Sakhalin</collectingRegion>
);
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E78FFCA2335F94BB4B4C4D6" author="Han, W. &amp; Tang, H." box="[846,1020,1751,1772]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="131 - 147" refId="ref40493" refString="Han, W. &amp; Tang, H. (2019) Phylogeny of marine Ainuyusurika tuberculata (Tokunaga) (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae), with description of the immature stages. Zootaxa, 4695 (2), 131 - 147. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4695.2.3" type="journal article" year="2019">Han &amp; Tang 2019</bibRefCitation>
, inc.
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA2454F94AB274C4D6" authority="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityName="Saether &amp; Wang" authorityYear="1993" box="[1071,1340,1750,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Zhouomyia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2454F94AB3D3C4D1" box="[1071,1179,1750,1771]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Zhouomyia</emphasis>
Saether &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECF96FB2D4C533" blockId="19.[151,1436,1721,1801]" box="[151,1436,1779,1801]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECF96FB2D4C533" box="[151,1436,1779,1801]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
52' Premandible with 2–3 teeth. Pecten epipharyngis with additional basal teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA23B3F96FB353C533" box="[968,1051,1779,1801]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 11E</figureCitation>
)............................. 53
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E78FFCA20ECF8B2B6B3C5ED" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECF8B2B3A1C545" blockId="19.[151,1437,1838,2007]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECF8B2B3A1C545" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
53(52) Anterior margin of cardo tuberculate (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA2213F8B2B589C579" box="[616,705,1838,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 11F</figureCitation>
). Mandible with 3 inner teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA247DF8B2B32BC579" box="[1030,1123,1838,1860]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 11G</figureCitation>
), seta premandibularis apically divided...........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA24D5F8D7B2D4C55B" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1918" box="[1198,1436,1867,1889]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Endochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA24D5F8D7B219C55A" box="[1198,1361,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Endochironomus</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[L,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA217FF8F5B614C545" box="[260,348,1897,1919]" name="Thailand" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Thailand</collectingCountry>
; in oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA21B5F8F5B542C545" box="[462,522,1897,1919]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">China</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA2268F8F5B535C544" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1916" box="[531,637,1897,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Endochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pekanus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2268F8F5B535C544" box="[531,637,1897,1918]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">E. pekanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(as
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA22DEF8F5B469C544" authorityName="Grodhaus" authorityYear="1987" box="[677,801,1897,1918]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Endotribelos" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA22DEF8F5B469C544" box="[677,801,1897,1918]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Endotribelos</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E78FFCA233AF8F5B48EC544" author="Qi, X. &amp; Shi, S. &amp; Lin, X. &amp; Wang, X." box="[833,966,1897,1919]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="284 - 289" refId="ref43135" refString="Qi, X., Shi, S., Lin, X. L, &amp; Wang, X. (2013) First report of the genus Endotribelos Grodhaus, 1987 (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China, with description of a new species. Entomotaxonomia, 35, 284 - 289." type="journal article" year="2013">
Qi
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA2324F8F5B4C1C544" box="[863,905,1897,1918]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">et al</emphasis>
. 2013
</bibRefCitation>
) (
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E78FFCA23A2F8F5B330C544" author="Li, Z. X. &amp; Tang, H. Q." box="[985,1144,1897,1919]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" pagination="581 - 587" refId="ref41551" refString="Li, Z. X. &amp; Tang, H. Q. (2024) Immature stages of Endochironomus pekanus (Kieffer) (Diptera, Chironomidae). Zootaxa, 5446 (4), 581 - 587. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5446.4.10" type="journal article" year="2024">Li &amp; Tang 2024</bibRefCitation>
). Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E78FFCA20ECF81AB6B3C5ED" blockId="19.[151,1437,1838,2007]" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E78FFCA20ECF81AB6B3C5ED" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">
53’ Anterior margin of cardo smooth or tuberculate. Mandible with 4 inner teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E78FFCA23B3F81AB357C5A1" box="[968,1055,1926,1948]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Fig. 11H</figureCitation>
), seta premandibularis apically divided, or mandible with 3 inner teeth and simple seta praemandibularis...........................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E78FFCA24E3F83FB2D4C583" authority="Grodhaus" authorityName="Grodhaus" authorityYear="1987" box="[1176,1436,1955,1977]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Synendotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="19" pageNumber="170" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E78FFCA24E3F83FB271C582" box="[1176,1337,1955,1976]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">Synendotendipes</emphasis>
Grodhaus
</taxonomicName>
[L, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E78FFCA212FF85DB6D8C5ED" box="[340,400,1985,2007]" name="China" pageId="19" pageNumber="170">China</collectingCountry>
; Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<caption id="3FCB664A2E7FFFCD20E3F9B2B63AC524" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" startId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" targetPageId="20" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7FFFCD20E3F9B2B63AC524" blockId="20.[151,1437,1582,1822]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD20E3F9B2B660C47C" bold="true" box="[152,296,1582,1606]" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
Larval
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD21FBF9B2B55CC47C" box="[384,532,1582,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chironominae">Chironominae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD2259F9B2B586C47C" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1918" box="[546,718,1582,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Endochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD2259F9B2B586C47C" box="[546,718,1582,1606]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Endochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD2499F9B2B221C47C" authorityName="Sasa &amp; Shirasaka" authorityYear="1988" box="[1250,1385,1582,1606]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Ainuyusurika" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD2499F9B2B221C47C" box="[1250,1385,1582,1606]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Ainuyusurika</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD2255F9CEB590C450" authorityName="Grodhaus" authorityYear="1987" box="[558,728,1618,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Synendotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD2255F9CEB590C450" box="[558,728,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Synendotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (E) pecten epipharyngis;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD2396F9CEB3D1C450" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1918" box="[1005,1177,1618,1642]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Endochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD2396F9CEB3D1C450" box="[1005,1177,1618,1642]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Endochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G) mandible;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD211FF9EAB546C4B4" authorityName="Grodhaus" authorityYear="1987" box="[356,526,1654,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Synendotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD211FF9EAB546C4B4" box="[356,526,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Synendotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (H) mandible;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD22D1F9EAB442C4B7" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1922" box="[682,778,1654,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sergentia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD22D1F9EAB442C4B7" box="[682,778,1654,1677]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Sergentia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (I) mandible;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD23E7F9EAB304C4B4" box="[924,1100,1654,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD23E7F9EAB354C4B4" box="[924,1052,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Polypedilum</emphasis>
spp.
</taxonomicName>
, (K) dorsal heads;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD2578F9EAB2D4C4B4" box="[1283,1436,1654,1678]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Glyptotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD2578F9EAB2D4C4B4" box="[1283,1436,1654,1678]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Glyptotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(s.s.), (L) dorsal head;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD21EAF906B6B9C488" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1977" box="[401,497,1690,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Robackia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD21EAF906B6B9C488" box="[401,497,1690,1714]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Robackia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD232CF906B30DC488" authorityName="Lenz" authorityYear="1941" box="[855,1093,1690,1714]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Demicryptochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD232CF906B30DC488" box="[855,1093,1690,1714]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Demicryptochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; C
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD227FF922B5F8C4EC" box="[516,688,1726,1750]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">ryptochironomus</emphasis>
, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates;
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD24E5F922B259C4EC" box="[1182,1297,1726,1750]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Cyphomela</emphasis>
, (T) antenna;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD20ECF97EB608C4C0" authorityName="Lenz" authorityYear="1921" box="[151,320,1762,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD20ECF97EB608C4C0" box="[151,320,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Parachironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (U) labrum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD21A3F97EB5C4C4C0" box="[472,652,1762,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Microchironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD21A3F97EB5C4C4C0" box="[472,652,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Microchironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7FFFCD248DF97EB220C4C0" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1270,1384,1762,1786]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Harnischia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="20" pageNumber="171" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7FFFCD248DF97EB220C4C0" box="[1270,1384,1762,1786]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="171">Harnischia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (X) labrum, premandible.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7EFFCC20ECFF0BB5D6C33F" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFF0BB21DC2F0" blockId="21.[151,1436,151,261]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFF0BB21DC2F0" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
54(51) Mandible usually with 4 inner teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC223EFF0BB5DAC297" box="[581,658,151,173]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11I</figureCitation>
)..................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC248DFF04B2D4C297" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1922" box="[1270,1436,151,173]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sergentia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC248DFF04B219C297" box="[1270,1361,152,173]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Sergentia</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC2091FF29B696C2F1" authority="(Tokunaga)" baseAuthorityName="Tokunaga" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[234,478,181,203]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Sergentia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kizakiensis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC2091FF29B622C2F0" box="[234,362,181,202]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">S. kizakiensis</emphasis>
(Tokunaga)
</taxonomicName>
oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2248FF29B527C2F1" box="[563,623,181,203]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7EFFCC2202FF29B599C2F1" box="[633,721,181,203]" country="China" name="Zhejiang" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Zhejiang</collectingRegion>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7EFFCC22A1FF29B4C8C2F0" author="Wang, Q. &amp; Yu, H. J. &amp; Wang, X. H. &amp; Lin, X. L." box="[730,896,181,202]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" pagination="75 - 78" refId="ref44853" refString="Wang, Q., Yu, H. J., Wang, X. H. &amp; Lin, X. L. (2019) A newly recorded species, Sergentia kizakiensis (Tokunaga, 1940) (Diptera: Chironomidae), from Oriental China with DNA barcode. CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research, 32, 75 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.5324 / cjcr. v 0 i 32.3322" type="journal article" year="2019">
Wang
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC236CFF29B409C2F0" box="[791,833,181,202]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">et al</emphasis>
. 2019
</bibRefCitation>
; Holarctic (*? inseparable from
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC24CEFF29B20DC2F0" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1205,1349,181,202]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Phaenopsectra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC24CEFF29B20DC2F0" box="[1205,1349,181,202]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Phaenopsectra</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
)]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFF4EB5D6C33F" blockId="21.[151,1436,151,261]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFF4EB5D6C33F" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
54’ Mandible with 3 inner teeth...........................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC24BAFF4EB2D4C2D2" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1217,1436,210,232]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Phaenopsectra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC24BAFF4EB219C2DD" box="[1217,1361,210,231]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Phaenopsectra</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC2091FF6CB6D6C33F" authority="Meigen" authorityName="Meigen" box="[234,414,239,261]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Phaenopsectra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavipes">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC2091FF6CB604C33E" box="[234,332,239,261]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">P. flavipes</emphasis>
Meigen
</taxonomicName>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC218CFF73B57BC33F" box="[503,563,239,261]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
; Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7EFFCC20ECFEB6B327C3E9" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFEB6B6C4C3A2" blockId="21.[151,1436,298,467]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFEB6B6C4C3A2" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
55(49) Clypeus and frons fused as frontoclypeus, with straight anterior margin, broadened into lobes anterolaterally (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC2484FEB6B222C305" box="[1279,1386,298,320]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11J, K</figureCitation>
).......................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC24A3FEDBB2D4C367" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[1240,1436,327,349]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC24A3FEDBB219C366" box="[1240,1361,327,348]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Polypedilum</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[very speciose, taxonomy based on
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E7EFFCC2242FEF9B506C347" box="[569,590,357,381]" count="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
, keys Pe, L cannot reliably differentiate even to subgenus; Cranston
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC2499FEF9B245C340" box="[1250,1293,357,378]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">et al</emphasis>
. 2016;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7EFFCC252EFEF9B677C3AD" author="Tang, H. &amp; Cheng, Q. &amp; Han, W. &amp; Cranston, P. S." pageId="21" pageNumber="172" pagination="102 - 119" refId="ref44648" refString="Tang, H., Cheng, Q., Han, W. &amp; Cranston, P. S. (2022 a) Integrative taxonomy: molecular phylogenetics of Polypedilum (Cerobregma) and revisited morphology of Yaethauma and Collartomyia (Diptera: Chironomidae) reveals synonymy and supports new classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 194, 102 - 119. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zlaa 187" type="journal article" year="2022">
Tang
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC25F0FEF9B7B3C3AD" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">et al.</emphasis>
2022a
</bibRefCitation>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFE03B327C3E9" blockId="21.[151,1436,298,467]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFE03B327C3E9" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
55' Clypeus and frons distinct, anterior margin concave (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC22A4FE03B47AC38F" box="[735,818,415,437]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11L</figureCitation>
).......................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC2421FE03B27EC38F" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1913" box="[1114,1334,415,437]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Glyptotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC2421FE03B3A3C38E" box="[1114,1259,415,436]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Glyptotendipes</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
(s.s., part) [
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC209CFE21B60AC3E9" box="[231,322,445,467]" name="Thailand" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Thailand</collectingCountry>
; oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC21E0FE21B69FC3E9" box="[411,471,445,467]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
, inc.
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC2271FE21B56AC3E8" box="[522,546,445,466]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">G.</emphasis>
(s.s.)
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC2227FE21B5F4C3E8" box="[604,700,445,466]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">tokunagai</emphasis>
Sasa &amp; Kawai;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2323FE21B4DAC3E8" box="[856,914,445,466]" name="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Japan</collectingCountry>
; widespread Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7EFFCC20ECFE6BB2D4C011" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFE6BB2D4C037" blockId="21.[151,1436,503,555]" box="[151,1436,503,525]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFE6BB2D4C037" box="[151,1436,503,525]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
56(33) Antenna&gt; half head length, with 7–8 segments (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC22CFFE6BB401C037" box="[692,841,503,525]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11M, N, O</figureCitation>
).............................................. 57
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFD89B2D4C011" blockId="21.[151,1436,503,555]" box="[151,1436,533,555]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFD89B2D4C011" box="[151,1436,533,555]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
56’ Antenna &lt;half head length, with 5 or indistinctly 6 segments (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC2341FD89B4E5C010" box="[826,941,533,555]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11Q, R</figureCitation>
)...................................... 58
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7EFFCC20ECFDD3B33DC12F" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFDD3B5EFC09A" blockId="21.[151,1437,591,789]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFDD3B5EFC09A" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
57(56) Abdominal segments 1–7 subdivided.Antenna 8-segmented. Posterior parapods ventrally directed. Head long, narrow anteriorly. Mentum untoothed, ventromental plate weak...............................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC24AFFDF1B2D5C0B9" authority="Saether" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1977" box="[1236,1437,621,643]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Chernovskiia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC24AFFDF1B21CC0B8" box="[1236,1364,621,642]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Chernovskiia</emphasis>
Saether
</taxonomicName>
[Pe, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2126FD16B6DEC09A" box="[349,406,650,672]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7EFFCC21D8FD16B6BAC0A5" box="[419,498,650,671]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
); Holarctic;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2213FD17B5E9C09A" box="[616,673,651,672]" name="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Japan</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFD3BB33DC12F" blockId="21.[151,1437,591,789]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFD3BB33DC12F" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
57’ Abdominal segments conventional. Antenna 7-segmented (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC2362FD3BB43BC087" box="[793,883,679,701]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11M</figureCitation>
) (including hyaline ‘bubble’ at apex). Long thin posterior prolegs and procercus apical setae directed posteriorly.Mentum toothed, ventromental plate distinct (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC24EFFD59B3A4C0E0" box="[1172,1260,709,731]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 12U</figureCitation>
). Head rectangular (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC2092FD7EB677C0CD" box="[233,319,738,760]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11N</figureCitation>
)...............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC2482FD7EB2D5C0C2" authority="Saether" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1977" box="[1273,1437,738,760]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Robackia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC2482FD7EB21CC0CD" box="[1273,1364,738,759]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Robackia</emphasis>
Saether
</taxonomicName>
[2–3 spp., Borneo,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC21E1FD63B6BCC12F" box="[410,500,767,789]" name="Malaysia" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2236FD63B5CEC12F" box="[589,646,767,789]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7EFFCC22E8FC9CB5A8C12F" box="[659,736,768,789]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7EFFCC2291FD63B416C12F" box="[746,862,767,789]" country="China" name="Guangdong" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Guangdong</collectingRegion>
); Holarctic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC23AFFC9CB345C12F" box="[980,1037,768,789]" name="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC246EFD63B338C12F" box="[1045,1136,767,789]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7EFFCC20ECFCA6B2D4C1B1" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFCA6B2D4C157" blockId="21.[151,1436,826,907]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFCA6B2D4C157" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
58(56)
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7EFFCC2099FCA7B67BC16A" box="[226,307,827,848]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Mentum</collectingRegion>
concave, with broad pale median tooth flanked by inward-directed, well sclerotized dark teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC2560FCA6B2D8C175" box="[1307,1424,826,848]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11P, S</figureCitation>
). Ventromental plate&gt; 3 × as wide as long (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC220CFCCBB581C157" box="[631,713,855,877]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11P</figureCitation>
)......................................................... 59
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFCE9B2D4C1B1" blockId="21.[151,1436,826,907]" box="[151,1436,885,907]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFCE9B2D4C1B1" box="[151,1436,885,907]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
58’
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7EFFCC2099FCE9B67BC1B0" box="[226,307,885,906]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Mentum</collectingRegion>
convex (arched) or linear; if concave than mentum completely pale. Ventromental plate &lt;2× as wide as long.... 61
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7EFFCC20ECFC33B2D4C627" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFC33B439C63A" blockId="21.[151,1437,943,1053]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFC33B439C63A" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
59(58) Antenna 7-segmented (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC21BAFC33B551C1FF" box="[449,537,943,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11Q</figureCitation>
). Mentum with 7 pairs of lateral teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC23EAFC33B4ABC1FF" box="[913,995,943,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11P</figureCitation>
)............
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC24FEFC33B2D4C1FF" authority="Lenz" authorityName="Lenz" authorityYear="1941" box="[1157,1436,943,965]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Demicryptochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC24FEFC33B22FC1FE" box="[1157,1383,943,964]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Demicryptochironomus</emphasis>
Lenz
</taxonomicName>
[7 spp., oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC21FDFC51B68AC1D9" box="[390,450,973,995]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
, in 2 subgenera, s.s.,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC22E1FC51B5AEC1D8" box="[666,742,973,994]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Irmakia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC22E1FC51B5AEC1D8" box="[666,742,973,994]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Irmakia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC228FFC51B369C1D8" authority="(Song &amp; Wang)" baseAuthorityName="Song &amp; Wang" box="[756,1057,973,994]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Demicryptochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bullum" subGenus="I.">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC228FFC51B445C1D8" box="[756,781,973,994]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">D.</emphasis>
(
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC2367FC51B436C1D8" box="[796,894,973,994]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">I.) bullum</emphasis>
(Song &amp; Wang)
</taxonomicName>
(based on newly associated material), unidentified Pe,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC21FBFC76B690C63A" box="[384,472,1002,1024]" name="Malaysia" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
(inc. Borneo); Holarctic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC22ABFC77B441C63A" box="[720,777,1003,1024]" name="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Japan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC236AFC76B424C63A" box="[785,876,1002,1024]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFB9BB2D4C627" blockId="21.[151,1437,943,1053]" box="[151,1436,1031,1053]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFB9BB2D4C627" box="[151,1436,1031,1053]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
59’ Antenna 5-segmented (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC21BAFB9BB55EC627" box="[449,534,1031,1053]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11R</figureCitation>
)........................................................................ 60
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7EFFCC20ECFBDEB53CC6F7" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFBDEB5A6C64F" blockId="21.[151,1437,1090,1229]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFBDEB5A6C64F" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
60(59) Mentum with 4–6 pairs of lateral teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC221BFBDEB5FCC66D" box="[608,692,1090,1112]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11S</figureCitation>
). Ventromental plate conventional..............
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC24E5FBDEB2D4C662" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1918" box="[1182,1436,1090,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cryptochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC24E5FBDEB219C66D" box="[1182,1361,1090,1111]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Cryptochironomus</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[widespread, abundant, 5+ spp. oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2218FBC3B5D7C64F" box="[611,671,1119,1141]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFBE1B53CC6F7" blockId="21.[151,1437,1090,1229]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFBE1B53CC6F7" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
60 Mentum with 7 pairs of lateral teeth, Ventromental plate elongate, wrapped around ventral head............
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC257CFBE1B2D4C6A9" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1287,1436,1149,1171]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Gillotia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC257CFBE1B21AC6A8" box="[1287,1362,1149,1170]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Gillotia</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, lentic, perhaps rare,
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E7EFFCC219DFB07B6B0C689" box="[486,504,1179,1203]" count="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
C.
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC2260FB06B532C695" box="[539,634,1178,1199]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">distractus</emphasis>
Johannsen,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC228AFB06B406C68A" box="[753,846,1178,1200]" name="Indonesia" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7EFFCC2327FB06B4C1C695" box="[860,905,1178,1199]" country="Indonesia" name="Jawa Timur" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Java</collectingRegion>
) likely belongs; distinctive Pe oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC257EFB06B276C68A" box="[1285,1342,1178,1200]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7EFFCC2530FB06B2D0C695" box="[1355,1432,1178,1199]" country="China" name="Yunnan" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Yunnan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectorName id="C64153142E7EFFCC2099FB24B60BC6F7" box="[226,323,1208,1229]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Luosuo R</collectorName>
); Holarctic, Afrotropical,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2240FB2BB527C6F7" box="[571,623,1207,1229]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">India</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7EFFCC20ECFB6EB2D4C71F" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFB6EB2D4C732" blockId="21.[151,1436,1266,1317]" box="[151,1436,1266,1288]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFB6EB2D4C732" box="[151,1436,1266,1288]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
61(58) Antenna 5 segmented (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC21C4FB6EB55AC73D" box="[447,530,1266,1288]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11T</figureCitation>
)........................................................................ 62
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFA93B2D4C71F" blockId="21.[151,1436,1266,1317]" box="[151,1436,1295,1317]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFA93B2D4C71F" box="[151,1436,1295,1317]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
61’ Antenna 6–7 segmented (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC21ACFA93B50FC71F" box="[471,583,1295,1317]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 12R, T</figureCitation>
)................................................................... 67
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7EFFCC20ECFAD6B2D4C7EF" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFAD6B622C7A1" blockId="21.[151,1437,1354,1493]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFAD6B622C7A1" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
62(61) Pecten epipharyngis plate broad, multitoothed (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC22D2FAD6B449C765" box="[681,769,1354,1376]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11U</figureCitation>
). Premandible with 2–4 teeth..............
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC24BDFAD6B2D4C75A" authority="Lenz" authorityName="Lenz" authorityYear="1921" box="[1222,1436,1354,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC24BDFAD6B22EC765" box="[1222,1382,1354,1375]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Parachironomus</emphasis>
Lenz
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, lentic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC211FFAFBB6F4C747" box="[356,444,1383,1405]" name="Thailand" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, 4–5 spp. inc. widespread
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC22BBFAF4B4C4C747" authority="(Kieffer)" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" box="[704,908,1383,1405]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="atrophus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC22BBFAF4B465C746" box="[704,813,1383,1405]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">P. atrophus</emphasis>
(Kieffer)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC23ECFAF4B329C747" authority="(Kieffer)" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[919,1121,1383,1405]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Parachironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gracilior">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC23ECFAF4B34DC746" box="[919,1029,1383,1405]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">P. gracilior</emphasis>
(Kieffer)
</taxonomicName>
oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC24C2FAFBB3BDC747" box="[1209,1269,1383,1405]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
;
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7EFFCC257BFAF4B2D1C747" author="Yan C. C. &amp; Yan, J. &amp; Jiang, L. &amp; Guo, Q. &amp; Liu, T. &amp; Ge, X. Y. &amp; Wang, X. H. &amp; Pan, B. P." box="[1280,1433,1383,1405]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" pagination="31 - 50" refId="ref45406" refString="Yan C. C., Yan, J., Jiang, L., Guo, Q., Liu, T., Ge, X. Y., Wang, X. H. &amp; Pan, B. P. (2015) Parachironomus Lenz from China and Japan (Diptera, Chironomidae). ZooKeys, 494, 31 - 50. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 494.6837" type="journal article" year="2015">
Yan
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC2556FAF4B211C746" box="[1325,1369,1383,1405]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">et al</emphasis>
. 2015
</bibRefCitation>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2099FA19B654C7A0" box="[226,284,1413,1434]" name="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Japan</collectingCountry>
; global]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFA3EB2D4C7EF" blockId="21.[151,1437,1354,1493]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFA3EB2D4C7EF" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
62’ Pecten epipharyngis plate simple, rounded or weakly lobed; premandible bifid (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC23B7FA3EB368C78D" box="[972,1056,1442,1464]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11X</figureCitation>
) or pecten epipharyngis plate triangular, shallowly trifid and premandible with several small inner teeth................................................ 63
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7EFFCC20ECFA66B2D4C417" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECFA66B2D4C42A" blockId="21.[151,1436,1530,1581]" box="[151,1436,1530,1552]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECFA66B2D4C42A" box="[151,1436,1530,1552]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">63(62) Premandible apically bifid............................................................................. 64</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECF98BB2D4C417" blockId="21.[151,1436,1530,1581]" box="[151,1436,1559,1581]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECF98BB2D4C417" box="[151,1436,1559,1581]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">63’ Premandible with&gt;2 teeth............................................................................. 66</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7EFFCC20ECF9CEB2D4C4C1" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECF9CEB46CC4FA" blockId="21.[151,1436,1618,1787]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECF9CEB46CC4FA" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
64(63) Outline of mentum nearly linear, median tooth trifid (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC2298F9CEB40AC45D" box="[739,834,1618,1640]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11W</figureCitation>
); antennal blade extends to or beyond flagellum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC2567F9CEB239C452" box="[1308,1393,1618,1640]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="20.[152,255,1582,1606]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetId="figure-26@20.[151,1436,181,1558]" captionTargetPageId="20" captionText="FIGURE 11. Larval Chironominae. Endochironomus, (A) S1 seta, (B) pecten epipharyngis, S1 setae; Ainuyusurika, (C) premandible, (D) pecten epipharyngis; Synendotendipes, (E) pecten epipharyngis; Endochironomus, (F) cardo, ventromental plate, (G)mandible; Synendotendipes, (H) mandible; Sergentia, (I) mandible; Polypedilum spp., (K) dorsal heads; Glyptotendipes (s.s.), (L) dorsal head; Robackia, (M) antenna, (N) ventral head; Demicryptochironomus, (O) ventral head, (P) mentum, ventromental plates, (Q) antenna; Cryptochironomus, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates; Cyphomela, (T) antenna; Parachironomus, (U) labrum; Microchironomus, (V) antenna, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, labrum; Harnischia, (X) labrum, premandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618277/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 11V</figureCitation>
).................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC24DCF9F3B2D4C4BF" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" box="[1191,1436,1647,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Microchironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC24DCF9F3B219C4BE" box="[1191,1361,1647,1668]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Microchironomus</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[lentic, some saline tolerance, 4+ spp.,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC222DF911B5E6C499" box="[598,686,1677,1699]" name="Thailand" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC22CCF911B45FC499" box="[695,791,1677,1699]" name="Indonesia" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC235BF911B432C499" box="[800,890,1677,1699]" name="Malaysia" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC23FFF911B4A0C499" box="[900,1000,1677,1699]" name="Singapore" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Singapore</collectingCountry>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2444F911B333C499" box="[1087,1147,1677,1699]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
; inc.
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC24D5F911B2D4C499" authority="(Kieffer)" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1921" box="[1198,1436,1677,1699]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Microchironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lacteipennis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC24D5F911B20AC498" box="[1198,1346,1677,1698]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">M. lacteipennis</emphasis>
(Kieffer)
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2099F936B663C4FA" box="[226,299,1706,1728]" name="Taiwan" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
, widespread
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC21DCF937B51EC4FA" authority="(Kieffer)" baseAuthorityName="Kieffer" baseAuthorityYear="1918" box="[423,598,1706,1728]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Microchironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tener">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC21DCF937B6B0C4FA" box="[423,504,1707,1728]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">M. tener</emphasis>
(Kieffer)
</taxonomicName>
; Holarctic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC22BFF936B457C4FA" box="[708,799,1706,1728]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECF95BB2D4C4C1" blockId="21.[151,1436,1618,1787]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECF95BB2D4C4C1" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
64’ Outline of mentum convex (arched), with median tooth single (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC2329F95BB482C4E7" box="[850,970,1735,1757]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 12A, D</figureCitation>
) or notched laterally, appearing trifid, medially notched, or double; antennal blade shorter than flagellum.................................................... 65
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7EFFCC20ECF883B265C5DF" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECF883B2D1C5B7" blockId="21.[151,1437,1823,2021]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECF883B2D1C5B7" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
65(64) Median tooth of mentum broadly rounded or laterally notched to appear trifid, set well forward of lateral teeth so median mentum slopes sharply (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC21B3F8A1B569C568" box="[456,545,1853,1875]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 12A</figureCitation>
); basal segment of antenna about 2–2.5 × longer than wide and subequal to length of flagellum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC2092F8C6B676C555" box="[233,318,1882,1904]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 12B</figureCitation>
)..........................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC24AFF8C6B2D4C54A" authority="Lenz" authorityName="Lenz" authorityYear="1941" box="[1236,1436,1882,1904]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cryptotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC24AFF8C6B22FC555" box="[1236,1383,1882,1903]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Cryptotendipes</emphasis>
Lenz
</taxonomicName>
[4–5 spp. Key to L., oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2196F8EBB56EC5B7" box="[493,550,1911,1933]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
,
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7EFFCC2255F8E4B580C5B7" author="Yan, C. C. &amp; Tang, H. Q. &amp; Wang, X." box="[558,712,1911,1933]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref45287" refString="Yan, C. C., Tang, H. Q. &amp; Wang, X. (2005 b) A review of the genus Cryptotendipes Lenz (Diptera: Chironomidae) from China. Zootaxa, 1086 (1), 1 - 24. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1086.1.1" type="journal article" year="2005">
Yan
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC2223F8E4B5C9C5B6" box="[600,641,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">et al</emphasis>
. 2005b
</bibRefCitation>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC22AAF8E4B492C5B7" authority="Yan, Tang &amp; Wang" authorityName="Yan, Tang &amp; Wang" authorityYear="2005" box="[721,986,1911,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cryptotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nodus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC22AAF8E4B46BC5B6" box="[721,803,1911,1933]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">C. nodus</emphasis>
Yan, Tang &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
,
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E7EFFCC2398F8E4B4BCC5AA" box="[995,1012,1912,1936]" count="1" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
. oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2437F8EBB3CDC5B7" box="[1100,1157,1911,1933]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7EFFCC24F5F8EBB39CC5B7" box="[1166,1236,1911,1933]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Hainan</collectingRegion>
; Holarctic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC2546F8EBB2DCC5B7" box="[1341,1428,1911,1933]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7EFFCC20ECF809B265C5DF" blockId="21.[151,1437,1823,2021]" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7EFFCC20ECF809B265C5DF" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">
65’ Median tooth of mentum usually double or notched medially, may be broadly rounded but not extending far forward of lateral teeth, so mentum less sloped (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC2184F82EB510C5FD" box="[511,600,1970,1992]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 12D</figureCitation>
); basal segment of antenna 2.8–4×&gt; than flagellum (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7EFFCC2429F82EB3EFC5FD" box="[1106,1191,1970,1992]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Fig. 12C</figureCitation>
)...
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC24A5F82EB2D4C5F2" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1246,1436,1970,1992]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cladopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC24A5F82EB21AC5FD" box="[1246,1362,1970,1991]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Cladopelma</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[many regional synonyms, 2 spp. oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC220DF853B5FAC5DF" box="[630,690,1999,2021]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">China</collectingCountry>
, widespread
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7EFFCC2355F84CB356C5DF" authority="(Kruseman)" baseAuthorityName="Kruseman" baseAuthorityYear="1933" box="[814,1054,1999,2021]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cladopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="21" pageNumber="172" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="edwardsi">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7EFFCC2355F84CB4E9C5DE" box="[814,929,1999,2021]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">C. edwardsi</emphasis>
(Kruseman)
</taxonomicName>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC245CF84CB328C5DF" box="[1063,1120,2000,2021]" name="Japan" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Japan</collectingCountry>
, Holarctic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7EFFCC24B6F853B260C5DF" box="[1229,1320,1999,2021]" name="Australia" pageId="21" pageNumber="172">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<caption id="3FCB664A2E7DFFCF20E3F9D8B512C50E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" startId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" targetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" targetPageId="22" targetType="figure">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7DFFCF20E3F9D8B512C50E" blockId="22.[151,1437,1604,1844]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7DFFCF20E3F9D8B66DC466" bold="true" box="[152,293,1604,1628]" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">FIGURE 12.</emphasis>
Larval
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7DFFCF2108F9D8B54FC466" box="[371,519,1604,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chironominae">Chironominae</taxonomicName>
.
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7DFFCF226BF9D8B5E3C466" authorityName="Lenz" authorityYear="1941" box="[528,683,1604,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cryptotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7DFFCF226BF9D8B5E3C466" box="[528,683,1604,1628]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Cryptotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7DFFCF24EDF9D8B25AC466" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1174,1298,1604,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Cladopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7DFFCF24EDF9D8B25AC466" box="[1174,1298,1604,1628]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Cladopelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7DFFCF2275F9F4B5C8C4BA" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[526,640,1640,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Harnischia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7DFFCF2275F9F4B5C8C4BA" box="[526,640,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Harnischia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7DFFCF20ECF910B608C49E" authorityName="Harnisch" authorityYear="1923" box="[151,320,1676,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paracladopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7DFFCF20ECF910B608C49E" box="[151,320,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Paracladopelma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7DFFCF235CF910B49EC49E" authorityName="Ree" authorityYear="1992" box="[807,982,1676,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Hanochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7DFFCF235CF910B49EC49E" box="[807,982,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Hanochironomus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (J) premandible;
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7DFFCF24EBF910B224C49E" box="[1168,1388,1676,1700]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Olecryptochironomus</emphasis>
, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7DFFCF22E1F92CB474C4F2" authorityName="Cranston" authorityYear="1999" box="[666,828,1712,1736]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Anuncotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7DFFCF22E1F92CB474C4F2" box="[666,828,1712,1736]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Anuncotendipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7DFFCF20ECF948B7B0C4D6" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1977" box="[151,248,1748,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Saetheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7DFFCF20ECF948B7B0C4D6" box="[151,248,1748,1772]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Saetheria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7DFFCF2447F948B3C3C4D6" box="[1084,1163,1748,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kloosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7DFFCF2447F948B3C3C4D6" box="[1084,1163,1748,1772]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Kloosia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7DFFCF219AF964B509C52A" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1977" box="[481,577,1784,1808]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Robackia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="22" pageNumber="173" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7DFFCF219AF964B509C52A" box="[481,577,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Robackia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible;
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7DFFCF2569F964B22CC52A" box="[1298,1380,1784,1808]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="173">Beckdia</emphasis>
, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7CFFCE20ECFF0BB5ADC319" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFF0BB5ACC2F1" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,291]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFF0BB5ACC2F1" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
66(63) Antennal segments 2 and 3 subequal (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE2235FF0BB5E0C297" box="[590,680,151,173]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12G</figureCitation>
); ventromental plate weakly striate (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE247DFF0BB325C297" box="[1030,1133,151,173]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig.12E, F</figureCitation>
).........
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE249EFF0BB2D4C297" authority="Kieffer" authorityName="Kieffer" authorityYear="1921" box="[1253,1436,151,173]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Harnischia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE249EFF0BB219C296" box="[1253,1361,151,172]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Harnischia</emphasis>
Kieffer
</taxonomicName>
[
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE209CFF29B60AC2F1" box="[231,322,181,203]" name="Thailand" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Thailand</collectingCountry>
; 4 spp. oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE21A1FF29B55EC2F1" box="[474,534,181,203]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">China</collectingCountry>
; Holarctic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE22FFFF29B597C2F1" box="[644,735,181,203]" name="Australia" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFF4EB5ADC319" blockId="23.[151,1437,151,291]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFF4EB5ADC319" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
66’ Antennal segment 2 much longer than 3rd (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE22F8FF4EB595C2DD" box="[643,733,210,232]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12H</figureCitation>
); ventromental plate coarsely striate (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE243EFF4EB3DAC2DD" box="[1093,1170,210,232]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12I</figureCitation>
)...............................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE24DBFF73B2D5C33F" authority="Harnisch" authorityName="Harnisch" authorityYear="1923" box="[1184,1437,239,261]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paracladopelma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE24DBFF73B208C33E" box="[1184,1344,239,260]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Paracladopelma</emphasis>
Harnisch
</taxonomicName>
[
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE209CFE91B609C319" box="[231,321,269,291]" name="Thailand" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE2130FE91B6EDC319" box="[331,421,269,291]" name="Malaysia" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
, 2 spp. oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE2245FE91B532C319" box="[574,634,269,291]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">China</collectingCountry>
; Holarctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7CFFCE20ECFEDBB2D4C340" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFEDBB2D4C367" blockId="23.[151,1436,327,379]" box="[151,1436,327,349]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFEDBB2D4C367" box="[151,1436,327,349]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
67(61) Antenna 6-segmented (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE21BAFEDBB551C367" box="[449,537,327,349]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12R</figureCitation>
); mandible with seta interna (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE234DFEDBB4C4C367" box="[822,908,327,349]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12O</figureCitation>
)......................................... 68
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFEF9B2D4C340" blockId="23.[151,1436,327,379]" box="[151,1436,357,379]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFEF9B2D4C340" box="[151,1436,357,379]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
67’ Antenna 7-segmented (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE21BAFEF9B550C340" box="[449,536,357,379]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12T</figureCitation>
); mandible without seta interna (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE2328FEF9B48DC340" box="[851,965,357,379]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12V, X</figureCitation>
).................................... 72
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</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7CFFCE20ECFE03B2D4C3E8" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFE03B2D4C38F" blockId="23.[151,1436,415,467]" box="[151,1436,415,437]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFE03B2D4C38F" box="[151,1436,415,437]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
68(67) Mandible with dorsal tooth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE218FFE03B503C38F" box="[500,587,415,437]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12K</figureCitation>
).................................................................... 69
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFE21B2D4C3E8" blockId="23.[151,1436,415,467]" box="[151,1436,445,467]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFE21B2D4C3E8" box="[151,1436,445,467]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
68’ Mandible lacks dorsal tooth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE2181FE21B524C3E8" box="[506,620,445,467]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12V, X</figureCitation>
)................................................................. 70
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</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7CFFCE20ECFE6BB430C087" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFE6BB6EEC05F" blockId="23.[151,1437,503,701]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFE6BB6EEC05F" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
69(68) Each anterior abdominal segment 1–7 subdivided, thus appearing 17 segmented. Posterior parapod elongate. Premandible with 2 broad teeth, at least 2 procercus setae&gt; 50% body length (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE235FFD89B431C010" box="[804,889,533,555]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12L</figureCitation>
)........................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE24DDFD89B2D4C011" authority="Zorina" authorityName="Zorina" authorityYear="2007" box="[1190,1436,533,555]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Olecryptotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE24DDFD89B21EC010" box="[1190,1366,533,554]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Olecryptotendipes</emphasis>
Zorina
</taxonomicName>
[lotic, psammophilic,
<specimenCount id="7DB2FD4B2E7CFFCE21C3FDAFB682C071" box="[440,458,563,587]" count="1" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" type="male">♂</specimenCount>
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE21AAFDAFB56BC07D" authorityName="Yan, Wang &amp; Bu" authorityYear="2012" box="[465,547,562,584]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Olecryptotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exilis">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE21AAFDAFB56BC07D" box="[465,547,562,584]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">O. exilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE224AFDAFB5E6C07D" authorityName="Yan, Wang &amp; Bu" authorityYear="2012" box="[561,686,562,584]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Olecryptotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melasmus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE224AFDAFB5E6C07D" box="[561,686,562,584]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">O. melasmus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both Yan, Wang &amp; Bu, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE238EFDAEB366C072" box="[1013,1070,562,584]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">China</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7CFFCE2447FDAEB3CDC072" box="[1084,1157,562,584]" country="China" name="Hainan" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Hainan</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7CFFCE24EBFDAEB398C072" box="[1168,1232,562,584]" country="China" name="Fujian" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fujian</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7CFFCE24A0FDAEB264C072" box="[1243,1324,562,584]" country="China" name="Shaanxi" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Shaanxi</collectingRegion>
),
<bibRefCitation id="0F254B332E7CFFCE2546FDAFB65DC05F" author="Yan, C. C. &amp; Wang, X. H. &amp; Bu, W. J." pageId="23" pageNumber="174" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref45347" refString="Yan, C. C., Wang, X. H. &amp; Bu, W. J. (2012) Two new species of Olecryptotendipes Zorina, 2007 from China (Diptera, Chironomidae). Zookeys, 208, 1 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 208.3299" type="journal article" year="2012">
Yan
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE2510FDAFB2D5C07D" box="[1387,1437,562,584]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">et al.</emphasis>
2012
</bibRefCitation>
; e. Palaearctic]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFDF1B430C087" blockId="23.[151,1437,503,701]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFDF1B430C087" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
69’ Abdominal segmentation conventional, 10 segmented. Posterior parapod short. Premandible with 6 small teeth, procercus setae conventional (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE2110FD16B6F5C0A5" box="[363,445,650,672]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12J</figureCitation>
).................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE24B0FD16B2D4C09A" authority="Ree" authorityName="Ree" authorityYear="1992" box="[1227,1436,650,672]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Hanochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE24B0FD16B239C0A5" box="[1227,1393,650,671]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Hanochironomus</emphasis>
Ree
</taxonomicName>
[marine/seashore,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE21E9FD34B51EC087" authority="Ree" authorityName="Ree" authorityYear="1992" box="[402,598,679,701]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Hanochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tumerestylus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE21E9FD34B56FC086" box="[402,551,679,701]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">H. tumerestylus</emphasis>
Ree
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE2224FD34B5D4C087" box="[607,668,680,701]" name="South Korea" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Korea</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE22DEFD34B596C087" box="[677,734,680,701]" name="Japan" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Japan</collectingCountry>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE234CFD3BB43BC087" box="[823,883,679,701]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">China</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7CFFCE20ECFD7EB2D4C175" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFD7EB41CC109" blockId="23.[151,1437,738,848]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFD7EB41CC109" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
70(68) Procercus anal setae&gt; 50% body length (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE2214FD7EB585C0CD" box="[623,717,738,760]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12M</figureCitation>
).
<collectingRegion id="A970F8202E7CFFCE22A6FD7FB466C0C2" box="[733,814,739,760]" country="Myanmar" name="Chin" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Mentum</collectingRegion>
with 4 dark teeth flanking broad pale median tooth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE2553FD7EB2C8C0CD" box="[1320,1408,738,760]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12N</figureCitation>
).................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE24DDFD63B2D5C12F" authority="Cranston" authorityName="Cranston" authorityYear="1999" box="[1190,1437,767,789]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Anuncotendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE24DDFD63B277C12E" box="[1190,1343,767,788]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Anuncotendipes</emphasis>
Cranston
</taxonomicName>
[L, distinctive, lotic (burrows in clay banks),
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE22EFFC81B5A4C109" box="[660,748,797,819]" name="Thailand" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Thailand</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE228EFC81B418C109" box="[757,848,797,819]" name="Australia" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFCA6B2D4C175" blockId="23.[151,1437,738,848]" box="[151,1436,826,848]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFCA6B2D4C175" box="[151,1436,826,848]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
70’ Procercus anal setae conventional, &lt;25% of body length (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE2370FCA6B428C175" box="[779,864,826,848]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12P</figureCitation>
). Mentum with 5 or more lateral teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE24A1FCA6B207C175" box="[1242,1359,826,848]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12Q, U</figureCitation>
)... 70
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7CFFCE20ECFCE9B499C63A" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFCE9B213C192" blockId="23.[151,1436,885,1024]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFCE9B213C192" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
71(70) Most ventromental plate striae complete to anterior margin (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE235FFCE9B433C1B0" box="[804,891,885,907]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12Q</figureCitation>
)..............................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE2495FCE9B2D4C1B1" authority="Jackson" authorityName="Jackson" authorityYear="1977" box="[1262,1436,885,907]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Saetheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE2495FCE9B202C1B0" box="[1262,1354,885,906]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Saetheria</emphasis>
Jackson
</taxonomicName>
[psammophilic, c. 4 spp, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE2258FC0EB517C192" box="[547,607,914,936]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">China</collectingCountry>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE2213FC0FB459C19D" authority="(Townes)" baseAuthorityName="Townes" baseAuthorityYear="1945" box="[616,785,914,936]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Saetheria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tylus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE2213FC0FB5E5C19D" box="[616,685,914,936]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">S. tylus</emphasis>
(Townes)
</taxonomicName>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE2360FC0EB43DC192" box="[795,885,914,936]" name="Malaysia" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE2305FC0EB49EC192" box="[894,982,914,936]" name="Thailand" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Thailand</collectingCountry>
.
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE239BFC0FB352C192" box="[992,1050,915,936]" name="Japan" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Japan</collectingCountry>
. Holarctic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE24FDFC0EB3A8C192" box="[1158,1248,914,936]" name="Australia" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Australia</collectingCountry>
, Neotropics]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFC2CB499C63A" blockId="23.[151,1436,885,1024]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFC2CB499C63A" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
71’ Ventromental plate striae not reaching anterior margin, separate row of short striae near anterior of plate (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE24AEFC33B260C1FF" box="[1237,1320,943,965]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12S</figureCitation>
)..............................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE2491FC51B2D4C1D9" authority="Kluseman" authorityName="Kluseman" box="[1258,1436,973,995]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kloosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE2491FC51B27DC1D8" box="[1258,1333,973,994]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Kloosia</emphasis>
Kluseman
</taxonomicName>
[lotic,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE215BFC77B68EC63A" authority="Reiss" authorityName="Reiss" authorityYear="1988" box="[288,454,1002,1024]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Kloosia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="koreana">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE215BFC77B6C3C1C5" box="[288,395,1002,1024]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">K. koreana</emphasis>
Reiss
</taxonomicName>
,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE21ABFC77B545C63A" box="[464,525,1003,1024]" name="South Korea" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Korea</collectingCountry>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE221DFC76B5EAC63A" box="[614,674,1002,1024]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">China</collectingCountry>
;
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE22D7FC77B5AEC63A" box="[684,742,1003,1024]" name="Japan" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Japan</collectingCountry>
. Holarctic, Afrotropical]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
<keyStep id="D0402E672E7CFFCE20ECFBB9B3CCC6D1" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFBB9B553C6A9" blockId="23.[151,1437,1061,1259]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFBB9B553C6A9" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
72(67) Mentum with even number of teeth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE2239FBB9B5D4C600" box="[578,668,1061,1083]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12U</figureCitation>
); mandible with elongate apical tooth, innermost teeth enlarged (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE2570FBB9B229C600" box="[1291,1377,1061,1083]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12V</figureCitation>
)...........................................................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE2482FBDEB2D5C662" authority="Saether" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1977" box="[1273,1437,1090,1112]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Robackia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE2482FBDEB21CC66D" box="[1273,1364,1090,1111]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Robackia</emphasis>
Saether
</taxonomicName>
[Lotic, lentic, psammophilic;
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE2187FBFCB5F2C64F" authority="Saether" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1977" box="[508,698,1119,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Robackia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pilicauda">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE2187FBFCB539C64E" box="[508,625,1119,1141]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">R. pilicauda</emphasis>
Saether
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE22B8FBFCB4FFC64F" authority="Yan &amp; Wang" authorityName="Yan &amp; Wang" box="[707,951,1119,1141]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Bilyjomyia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL,GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="parallela">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE22B8FBFCB59AC64F" box="[707,722,1120,1141]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">R</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE22A6FBC3B47DC64E" box="[733,821,1119,1140]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">parallela</emphasis>
Yan &amp; Wang
</taxonomicName>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE2475FBC3B302C64F" box="[1038,1098,1119,1141]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">China</collectingCountry>
; Pe common
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE24B1FBC3B26AC64F" box="[1226,1314,1119,1141]" name="Malaysia" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
inc. Borneo,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE2099FBE1B67FC6A9" box="[226,311,1149,1171]" name="Thailand" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Thailand</collectingCountry>
+; Holarctic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE21C0FBE1B55EC6A9" box="[443,534,1149,1171]" name="Australia" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Australia</collectingCountry>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="6B0B36C22E7CFFCE20ECFB06B3CCC6D1" blockId="23.[151,1437,1061,1259]" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
<keyLead id="D04595F72E7CFFCE20ECFB06B3CCC6D1" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">
72’ Mentum with odd number of teeth, median tooth trifid (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE237CFB06B42EC695" box="[775,870,1178,1200]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12W</figureCitation>
) but simple if worn; mandible conventional with modestlength apical tooth (
<figureCitation id="F38F2A472E7CFFCE21D9FB2BB6B1C6F7" box="[418,505,1207,1229]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="22.[152,255,1604,1628]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,181,1579]" captionTargetId="figure-26@22.[151,1435,181,1580]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="FIGURE 12. Larval Chironominae. Cryptotendipes, (A) mentum, ventromental plates, (B) antenna; Cladopelma, (C) antenna; (D) mentum, ventromental plates; Harnischia, E) ventral head capsule, (F) mentum, ventromental plates, (G) antenna; Paracladopelma, (H) antenna, (I) mentum, ventromental plates; Hanochironomus, (J) premandible; Olecryptochironomus, (K) labrum, premandible, mentum, (L) posterior body; Anuncotendipes, (M) whole body habitus, (N) mentum, ventromental plates; Saetheria, (O) antenna, premandible, (P) posterior body, (Q) mentum, ventromental plates; Kloosia, (R) antenna, (S) mentum, ventromental plates, mandible; Robackia, (T) ventral head, (U) mentum, ventromental plates, (V) mandible; Beckdia, (W) mentum, ventromental plates, (X) mandible." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13618281" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/13618281/files/figure.png" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Fig. 12X</figureCitation>
)...............................................................
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE257BFB2BB2D5C6F7" authority="Saether" authorityName="Saether" authorityYear="1979" box="[1280,1437,1207,1229]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Beckidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE257BFB2BB21CC6F6" box="[1280,1364,1207,1228]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Beckidia</emphasis>
Saether
</taxonomicName>
[Lotic, psammophilic,
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE21C7FB49B55CC6D1" box="[444,532,1237,1259]" name="Thailand" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, oriental
<collectingCountry id="13A376522E7CFFCE2216FB49B5E1C6D1" box="[621,681,1237,1259]" name="China" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">China</collectingCountry>
, L, Pe,?
<taxonomicName id="ACB44D412E7CFFCE2280FB4AB336C6D1" authority="Saether. Holarctic, Afrotropical" authorityName="Saether. Holarctic, Afrotropical" box="[763,1150,1237,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Beckidia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="23" pageNumber="174" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tethys">
<emphasis id="59C0EAD02E7CFFCE2280FB4AB406C6D0" box="[763,846,1237,1259]" italics="true" pageId="23" pageNumber="174">B. tethys</emphasis>
Saether. Holarctic, Afrotropical
</taxonomicName>
]
</keyLead>
</paragraph>
</keyStep>
</key>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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