239 lines
29 KiB
XML
239 lines
29 KiB
XML
<document id="D8114241D4E5141C8F006B75626A9A45" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ebc90ee8-ffdd-462c-b5dd-8a8fe3921e5a" ModsDocID="z01366p001" checkinTime="1247129421035" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Paul V. Loiselle" docDate="2006" docId="898CA4A4291323455A98A1A3AA427472" docLanguage="en" docName="2006_Loiselle_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1366" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D12AF7A9-88CB-46F2-9550-2A97D5E91389" docTitle="Pachypanchax arnoulti Loiselle, 2006, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="12" lastPageNumber="40" masterDocId="4E72EC2AAF5694D0370179C9FD10254A" masterDocTitle="A review of the Malagasy Pachypanchax (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae), with descriptions of four new species." masterLastPageNumber="44" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="34" updateTime="1701314513838" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="49B765CC79C76DC65EB4E14C2A4117AE">A review of the Malagasy Pachypanchax (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae), with descriptions of four new species.</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="3F23F57BD387DD7654672D737AD9B0FB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="77ED8FF50000858740674151D4CA03D2">Paul V. Loiselle</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C3E53F07F46A4EDF86D57A9B87FE883E">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="EEE58C0D85625392492C70F2A474B8BA">
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<mods:date id="001BF08489BFBFEC4D54C6AA2D3C81FD">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="866B766A9B076FBB04AAA964F3F4A443">1366</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="91A6267A2A7AA22F77352F404DBD2D75">http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:D12AF7A9-88CB-46F2-9550-2A97D5E91389</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="A54B51D6C78D563D247596C81AA4FFE0">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="898CA4A4291323455A98A1A3AA427472" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6259215" ID-GBIF-Taxon="100118540" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6259215" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:898CA4A4291323455A98A1A3AA427472" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/898CA4A4291323455A98A1A3AA427472" lastPageNumber="40" pageNumber="34">
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<subSubSection id="9FE235E42FE8E3E57870F49E315E85ED" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="F6FF23251C2784178BE2CAFEC7C43323" pageNumber="34">
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<taxonomicName id="96C389CA1DAEC48DFE074E2D9E875302" ID-CoL="4BTGZ" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="34" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnoulti">Pachypanchax arnoulti</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="D1EE3306D9A3EF2FF1C1B4A8A05BC0B5" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="619D8DEFBAE7454D7FB1A55928A73646" lastPageNumber="35" pageNumber="34">
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<materialsCitation id="D06D1F7A5E76C3596D6601EB851E382C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923930539" collectingDate="1997-10-07" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="P. V. Loiselle, R. Haeffner and J. Davidson" country="Madagascar" latitude="-17.18861" location="Pandanus-Dracaena swamp draining into a tributary stream of the Ikopa River, flowing parallel to RN- 4 at Antanimbary Village, 246 m a.s.l. (Betsiboka River drainage)" longitude="46.860275" specimenCode="AMNH 235862" typeStatus="Holotype">
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<typeStatus id="BC67291B9A962534D799A8AA8E0F7C28">Holotype</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCode id="6C4B1B87BFE47E666B76027C4425346F">
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<collectionCode id="F26A1B5A691E54922223C9278A37A4A9">AMNH</collectionCode>
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235862
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</specimenCode>
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(male, 58.8 mm SL), F2 descendant of fish collected from a
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<location id="54623CC7AF9B6151FF2611EFA0397920" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:898CA4A4291323455A98A1A3AA427472:54623CC7AF9B6151FF2611EFA0397920" country="Madagascar" latitude="-17.18861" longitude="46.860275" name="Pandanus-Dracaena swamp draining into a tributary stream of the Ikopa River, flowing parallel to RN- 4 at Antanimbary Village, 246 m a.s.l. (Betsiboka River drainage)">Pandanus-Dracaena swamp draining into a tributary stream of the Ikopa River, flowing parallel to RN-4 at Antanimbary Village</location>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="F53046369E25081F5613BD3EA6D16647" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-17.18861">17°10'79”S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="FF3140D4AFD289352D201BF6B36E44C4" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="46.860275">46°50'97”E</geoCoordinate>
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), 246 m a.s.l. (Betsiboka River drainage),
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<collectorName id="15CC5C7B650950CB0AACB8027FE8F8D2">P. V. Loiselle, R. Haeffner and J. Davidson</collectorName>
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,
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<date id="8AA042FEBF0370A84B4D6316F0C76737" day="07" month="10" value="1997-10-07" year="1997">
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<collectingDate id="A9FDA824460B9701245F8183EFA2C216" day="07" month="10" value="1997-10-07" year="1997">7 Oct. 1997</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="90029477820CA2FC25FB7E6BE69F5CED" pageNumber="35">
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<materialsCitation id="71B5178E5A3CBD7F9548EB67DC86EE64" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923930541" collectingDate="1997-10-07" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="P. V. Loiselle, R. Haeffner and J. Davidson" country="Madagascar" latitude="-17.18861" location="Pandanus-Dracaena swamp draining into a tributary stream of the Ikopa River, flowing parallel to RN- 4 at Antanimbary Village, 246 m a.s.l. (Betsiboka River drainage)" longitude="46.860275" specimenCode="AMNH 229576" typeStatus="Paratypes, Paratopotypes">
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<typeStatus id="CB24417A77C7E1678088C54A5F587304">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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:
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<specimenCode id="A181477657BF55E56590F11AA248A282">
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<collectionCode id="FB7C4D036E919F9000ECBC18589B5D40">AMNH</collectionCode>
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229576
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</specimenCode>
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(7, 43.2-55.1 mm SL),
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<typeStatus id="6D74C9E51665817B7454F88C3E39F079">paratopotypes</typeStatus>
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,
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<location id="0EEFB77AC7FB1798F3A491E16239A395" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:898CA4A4291323455A98A1A3AA427472:0EEFB77AC7FB1798F3A491E16239A395" country="Madagascar" latitude="-17.18861" longitude="46.860275" name="Pandanus-Dracaena swamp draining into a tributary stream of the Ikopa River, flowing parallel to RN- 4 at Antanimbary Village, 246 m a.s.l. (Betsiboka River drainage)">from same stock as holotype</location>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="0E491F8A25141F4D3350200EFEF85541" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923930544" collectingDate="1997-10-08" collectionCode="AMNH" collectorName="P. V. Loiselle, R. Haeffner and J. Davidson" country="Madagascar" latitude="-16.863611" location="Boinakely River, immediately below bridge on RN- 4, 153 m a.s.l. (Betsiboka River drainage)" longitude="46.97222" specimenCode="AMNH 229575" typeStatus="Paratypes">
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<specimenCode id="9D9E884C3777582D8307CF4EFF44EFF0">
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<collectionCode id="27EAE20700DF94BE394B470796E713DD">AMNH</collectionCode>
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229575
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</specimenCode>
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(5, 27.2-36.9 mm SL),
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<location id="F37589F33075CE47E7002F0AD6851D17" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:898CA4A4291323455A98A1A3AA427472:F37589F33075CE47E7002F0AD6851D17" country="Madagascar" latitude="-16.863611" longitude="46.97222" name="Boinakely River, immediately below bridge on RN- 4, 153 m a.s.l. (Betsiboka River drainage)">Boinakely River, immediately below bridge on RN-4</location>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="D7A9AFB3D1CBAE5283616A37EE4653B9" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-16.863611">16°51'49”S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="7B94DFAA120DAAEDF76F7F0ABBB9F8AA" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="46.97222">46°57'80”E</geoCoordinate>
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), 153 m a.s.l. (Betsiboka River drainage),
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<collectorName id="F681CAA9E58B84122183171786414167">P. V. Loiselle</collectorName>
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,
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<collectorName id="FF5F24E254BE819F04BEE0D22807CA9C">R. Haeffner and J. Davidson</collectorName>
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,
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<date id="BCBBA87F493DF211C9848B71518A1348" day="08" month="10" value="1997-10-08" year="1997">
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<collectingDate id="C3FD2314BA31FE5811BBC63B19364D87" day="08" month="10" value="1997-10-08" year="1997">8 Oct. 1997</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="A0E50EFF214C63D519CCE42FE0003601" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923930542" collectionCode="MNHN" collectorName="G. Petit" country="Madagascar" latitude="-16.4" location="Namahota River at Namoroka Village (Andranomavo River drainage)" longitude="45.283333" specimenCode="MNHN 1928 0297" typeStatus="Paratypes">
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<specimenCode id="DC130713A8402FE42D4246E75C350CD3">
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<collectionCode id="C2CE2D10D03B081A5666717BCBB6C2FC">MNHN</collectionCode>
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1928 0297
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</specimenCode>
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(5, 23.0-35.7 mm SL),
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<location id="C952378D86F68504C72AE5099A3BBC11" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:898CA4A4291323455A98A1A3AA427472:C952378D86F68504C72AE5099A3BBC11" country="Madagascar" latitude="-16.4" longitude="45.283333" name="Namahota River at Namoroka Village (Andranomavo River drainage)">Namahota River at Namoroka Village</location>
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(
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<geoCoordinate id="E75CA77D0DA2D57C79B0B321E7F80B87" direction="south" orientation="latitude" value="-16.4">16°24'S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="58F4854B9042F7A7F1E490E015BFDA51" direction="east" orientation="longitude" value="45.283333">45°17'E</geoCoordinate>
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||
) (Andranomavo River drainage),
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<collectorName id="E1738DBE0FEB11C8F4B99ABDF3E107B0">G. Petit</collectorName>
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||
</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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<materialsCitation id="8D27F43838EE536B6BC99B296A2ECD79" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="923930543" collectionCode="MNHN" collectorName="J. Arnoult" country="Madagascar" location="Ampijoroa (Betsiboka drainage)" specimenCode="MNHN 1963" typeStatus="Paratypes">
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<specimenCode id="D0C3995A6BC8A6F286420B41EDE70772">
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<collectionCode id="EB887BBD7BF14356214251EA1C6CC755">MNHN</collectionCode>
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1963 0173
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</specimenCode>
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(7, 24.3-58.2 mm SL),
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<location id="2C89C154AC67EDE56F4432470779A89E" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:898CA4A4291323455A98A1A3AA427472:2C89C154AC67EDE56F4432470779A89E" country="Madagascar" name="Ampijoroa (Betsiboka drainage)">Ampijoroa (Betsiboka drainage)</location>
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,
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<collectorName id="B81F5196F46EB4C1D051B4749F3221F7">J. Arnoult</collectorName>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="CB6C1C45FDCCE88CE4C1206DF561C3FA" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="3A8354731507FB2FC0721EEB720DAF68" pageNumber="35">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2AD871378B486DB6A2CF775F18F3EF16" pageNumber="35">
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The absence of raised dorsolateral scales and red lateral spots in males and of an ocellated black basal spot in the dorsal of females preclude confusion of this species with
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<taxonomicName id="72ABC66128C6227DD3BA2F8AB2B12F9E" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="playfairii">P. playfairii</taxonomicName>
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. It differs from
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<taxonomicName id="1F02D1CE2EF0777682CA7C325A6775D2" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sakaramyi">P. sakaramyi</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="06F9F6B3427BCD5A1AA35145E5DEB5E2" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sparksorum">P. sparksorum</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="1D5BEAD233F27AFD570D7C5AF8C4B71F" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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in lacking reduced pectoral squamation.
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<taxonomicName id="9981168F4FCC7DC556D3AA9C8BDDB567" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnoulti">Pachypanchax arnoulti</taxonomicName>
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has the longest head (30.2 ± 1.8% SL) of any Malagasy
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<taxonomicName id="507068EB1F057845226BFB18F1427131" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
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. This feature, together with lack of red coloration on the body and fins, distinguishes it from
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<taxonomicName id="D73F6068C140D0006053FE6E9E9F9F41" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patriciae">P. patriciae</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="47C049C44960FB4D304644E54679E8FB" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="varatraza">P. varatraza</taxonomicName>
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. The combination of more rounded dorsal and anal fins, a longer caudal peduncle (17.0 ± 1.9% SL vs. 14.7 ± 1.6% SL), absence of rows of discrete metallic lateral spots and the presence of a narrow iridescent white margin along the anal and lower edge of the caudal in males set it apart from
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<taxonomicName id="C06BF5A7C5B7505C6622DBE20971EE63" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omalonotus">P. omalonotus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F88E662BDCA8E6639DA15BCBC896FAB4" type="description">
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<paragraph id="81C5354C26D959F2DFCA6742E1AD5CA8" pageNumber="35">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8FB0B538AFE38560D32FBCCEDE8B9359" pageNumber="35">
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Morphometric characters are given in Table 8. A
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<taxonomicName id="5EF00B8B46877E69AFEB3BE2E06AC0CF" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F37E2B4C-B726-4D09-B675-CB3E4082BD81" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Pachypanchax Myers 1933:1" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="35" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pachypanchax</taxonomicName>
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of moderate size with a distinctly pointed snout. The mouth is wide, cleft directed upward. A single row of slightly recurved, conical teeth present in each jaw. Nine (1), 10 (11) or 11 (15) branchiospines on the first gill arch. Two (11) or 3 (15) scale rows present on the cheeks. Frontal squamation of E-type, with H scales present. Cephalic neuromast pattern closed in three specimens in the type series, open in the remaining 22 and in all the additional material examined. Scales cycloid, 29-33 (modes=30-31) along the midlateral line. Fourteen or 15 (mode=14) transverse scale rows immediately anterior to origin of anal fin; 16-20 (mode=18) scale rows around caudal peduncle. Scales on chest same size as those on flanks. Vertebrae 14 pre-caudal + 17 caudal.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="9465C868856A69EA70667E4AD043132D" pageNumber="35">Dorsal fin origin above midpoint between origins of fifth and sixth anal-fin rays. Dorsal fin rays iii,8 (6); ii,9 (1); iii,9 (2); ii,10 (11); iii,10 (1); ii,11 (4); iii,11 (1); ii,12 (5). Seventh or eighth branched dorsal ray longest in both sexes. Anal-fin rays iii,12 (2); iii,13 (3); ii,14 (1); iii,14 (7); ii,15 (5); iii,15 (3); ii,16 (5); ii,17 (5). Twelfth or thirteenth anal ray longest in males, seventh or eight longest in females. Base of dorsal and anal fins scaled. Caudal fin rounded truncate, basal two-thirds to three-quarters heavily scaled. Pelvic-fin rays i,5. Pectoral-fin rays 14-16 (mode=16).</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="2DBABA75BD4FF6BCF7D7E6FF9D311581" pageNumber="36">Coloration</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="DC2500C529DC90BB2793475711D2193E" pageNumber="36">
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Living specimens: Figures 17 and 18 depict, respectively, an adult male and adult female of
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<taxonomicName id="E2779B9619DD9CF21C1A7BA309AF2951" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnoulti">P. arnoulti</taxonomicName>
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. As they age, individuals of the topotypical population of
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<taxonomicName id="CF70FD04F4104FDF0AE9A0280FA737E4" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="36" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnoulti">P arnoulti</taxonomicName>
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sometimes develop amelanic patches on the dorsum. These appear as irregular areas of coppery or brassy pigmentation. These aberrant phenotypes occur more frequently in captivity than in the wild, possibly because such wild heteromelanic individuals are more vulnerable to avian predation.
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="AD4E5A95416FEEEA7A13BF84AE6277BE" pageNumber="36">Preserved specimens (Males): Dorsum, upper half of head, lips, and upper third of flanks brown, shading to beige on cheeks, operculum, throat, lower two-thirds of flanks, and venter. Scales of dorsum and upper two-thirds of flanks narrowly edged in dark brown. A pattern of faint, narrow, irregular dark vertical lines present on posterior half of body. Dorsal area gray, narrowly edged anteriorly with opaque white. Caudal fin gray, marked with a pattern of darker inter-radial dots basally and a narrow opaque white margin. Anal fin clear gray, narrowly edged with opaque white and marked basally with light blotches. Pelvic fins clear gray, with a darker leading edge. Pectoral fins hyaline. (Females): As in males, but without dark lines on flanks. All fins hyaline.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="7FA7C0AB26058DF6CA971B71FBC01246" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="288A28DDF1429A184E8270EC2853AB34" pageNumber="38">Etymology</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="0DD8142FAED5C27763D4D8C71BDB62D9" pageNumber="38">The species name honors Jacques Arnoult, in recognition of his many contributions to Malagasy ichthyology, and who first introduced this and other fishes from Madagascar to science and to the aquarium hobby in the 1950's.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="17F06A36E10A10484D1E259567C24813" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="E2929E17CDA93EF3C0F7E00218A56AE4" pageNumber="38">Range</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="390F5A6F0660A55E6922428B2FD900AA" pageNumber="38">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="36B8352015A84155CA86D59ECDF34B01" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnoulti">Pachypanchax arnoulti</taxonomicName>
|
||
is native to the basins of the Mahavavy du Sud and the Betsiboka, to the small independent streams that flow into the Mozambique Channel between the estuaries of the Betsiboka and Mahavavy du Sud, and to Lake Kinkony and its satellite lakes (Figure 19). It has also been collected from a hill stream draining the Tampoketsa highlands, which crosses the Antananarivo-Maevatanana road at the Kilometre 240 marker, 53 km east of the town of Maevatanana, and from the upper Kamoro drainage (P. de Rham, pers. com.). Its presence in the Mahajamba drainage, which lies to the north of the Betsiboka and is connected to it by the Kamoro, is probable but has yet to be confirmed. It is replaced in the Sofia River basin by an undescribed congener. Reports of this species from the Soahany drainage near the town of Antsalova, south of the Mahavavy du Sud (de Rham, 2000a), require confirmation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="A4912BFC7936B61D4EE28D15575F323F" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="6D50EB5D52EA4F25694888201BECC4A0" pageNumber="38">Natural history</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="40901F98794757E30E5DD48D4A6A0B0B" pageNumber="38">
|
||
This species, like
|
||
<taxonomicName id="BE59525AD06A59CAF958D6753942E487" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="patriciae">P. patriciae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, has been collected from a wide range of habitats. The type locality is a Pandanus-Dracaena swamp, whose waters are clear, tannin stained, acidic (pH of 6.2), soft (total hardness <17.1 ppm), and deficient in dissolved substances (electrical conductivity 16 μS/cm2). Neither filamentous algae nor vascular aquatic plants were present.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="C3E214E7148B117076CE354B4D13D944" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EAFFD63B-B782-416F-AC9C-D4511B159FF9" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel 1848:291" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellerii">Xiphophorus hellerii</taxonomicName>
|
||
was also collected from the swamp’s outflowing stream, but
|
||
<taxonomicName id="B29A783D7EFB2BCDAE376F55065D1658" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnoulti">P. arnoulti</taxonomicName>
|
||
was the only species present in the swamp proper, which did supports a diverse assemblage of aquatic Coleoptera and Hemiptera.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="CA74141AEEAA1CA5A3407481FF220316" pageNumber="38">
|
||
This species was also collected in a small creek flowing into the Akalimolitra River, a tributary of the Betsiboka, and was observed in the shallows of the main channel of the Akalimolitra proper. Its waters were clear, colorless, with a neutral pH, moderate hardness (total hardness 68.4 ppm), and deficient in dissolved substances (electrical conductivity 34 μS/cm2). Neither filamentous algae nor vascular aquatic plants were present in either the main channel of the Akalimolitra or its tributary. Only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="F0761DE97D339F1667DDE9A6E195210D" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnoulti">P. arnoulti</taxonomicName>
|
||
and dragonfly nymphs were collected from this creek, but, in the main channel of the Akalimolitra, this species occurs syntopically with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7A93508FA969B147381DF520A0C627AB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:6B0B3A6C-CB67-4188-9671-E303D1801370" family="Cichlidae" genus="Paretroplus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Paretroplus kieneri Arnoult 1960:305" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="kieneri">Paretroplus kieneri</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="D9BCA62080651C3878CAB5DC7C5C8C81" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:70A0FCE8-EBAA-4CF9-BAEB-1C946BC32958" family="Cichlidae" genus="Paretroplus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Paretroplus tsimoly Stiassny, Chakrabarty & Loiselle 2001:34" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tsimoly">P. tsimoly</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3B4424746E21D8C0D1C2C5BA9844E92D" family="Cichlidae" genus="Oreochromis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mossambicus">Oreochromis mossambicus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="7A7B3DA49E8DE2A7DD1D685E3176EFEB" family="Gobiidae" genus="Glossogobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giuris">Glossogobius giuris</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FB94856818304AE424104761B8ABDFC5" family="Gobiidae" genus="Awaous" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macrorhynchus">Awaous macrorhynchus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="48D1BC5AF9469A03629EDCE45C28A966" pageNumber="38">
|
||
Feces of freshly captured specimens contained recognizable remains of both the imagos of terrestrial insects and the nymphs and larvae of aquatic insects. Although this species is at risk from such piscivorous fishes as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8AEA721F8069D3AF4B00ED8CC982359D" family="Gobiidae" genus="Glossogobius" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageNumber="38" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="giuris">G. giuris</taxonomicName>
|
||
, its most important predators in most habitats appear to be fish-eating birds and dragonfly nymphs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="35C2BF6DC9B8AC5741D9B2DC306C7E70" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8258D9006988C209CC3196F9CF816BE6" pageNumber="39">Specimens collected in late October began spawning within a week after their arrival in the United States in early November. Observations of the growth rate of juveniles in captivity taken with the size distribution of specimens from the type locality suggest a protracted breeding season lasting through the austral summer.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8F047C6B4D8FE95BA829A2CC941FA56A" pageNumber="40">Conservation status</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="3EEF77CD8DA2DF89C97FFF8D963AC8D5" pageNumber="40">
|
||
The conservation status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="31D7CD6E14E8F2B3B2CD2CB27939B81F" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnoulti">P. arnoulti</taxonomicName>
|
||
varies over its extensive range. During the past fifty years, its numbers have declined significantly within the Betsiboka-Ikopa drainage. Recent efforts to recollect this species from streams near the town of Maevatanana, where Arnoult (1955) found it to be abundant, were unsuccessful. These localities now are home to substantial populations of naturalized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6D10343F4C9A7136E491CB39FAD3EEAB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EAFFD63B-B782-416F-AC9C-D4511B159FF9" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel 1848:291" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellerii">Xiphophorus hellerii</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This species has also become very rare in the Ampijoroa Forest Reserve, where Arnoult collected a large series of specimens in the 1960's (J. S. Sparks, pers. com.), and appears to be under significant pressure from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="8ED1F63A3146F1375AF91F6738F90F42" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:EAFFD63B-B782-416F-AC9C-D4511B159FF9" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Xiphophorus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Xiphophorus hellerii Heckel 1848:291" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hellerii">X. hellerii</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the type locality and from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A4BD6DAC7B91C147536DA9D877B51BAE" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:684412E0-BF79-474B-AFD7-4E17F8E12B03" family="Poeciliidae" genus="Gambusia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Gambusia holbrooki Girard & Agassiz 1859:62" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="holbrooki">G. holbrooki</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the lower reaches of the Kamoro (P. deRham, pers. com.). However, it remains abundant in both the upper Kamoro River and in the small streams situated between the mouths of the Betsiboka and Mahavavy du Sud (P. de Rham., pers. com.), as well as in satellite lakes of the Kinkony basin in the delta of the Mahavavy du Sud (N. Raminosoa, pers. com.). Following the criteria established by the World Conservation Union (Raminosoa et al., 2002),
|
||
<taxonomicName id="FEB5A25FC5841331D2E97902701C06F4" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="arnoulti">P. arnoulti</taxonomicName>
|
||
is thus classified as a species of special concern, whose status needs to be monitored on a regular basis.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="96EDC7A7D557B1E9A60B1413713B9336" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="E8439C5B76C553A0D3F32039DC0BAC3E" pageNumber="40">Discussion</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="4BDDEDA38BDFD8FDBCE22146C368AFA5" pageNumber="40">
|
||
Most literature published since 1950 purporting to deal with various aspects of the biology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="3709BDBE3E680A795D99F6C2B910539F" family="Aplocheilidae" genus="Pachypanchax" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cyprinodontiformes" pageNumber="40" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="omalonotus">P. omalonotus</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Arnoult, 1955, 1959; Kiener, 1963; Kiener and
|
||
<normalizedToken id="F262CF957AB0A4DE7081F65C109A1D70" originalValue="Thérezien">Therezien</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 1963; Scheel, 1968; Parenti, 1981; Lazarra, 1984) actually refers to this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |