210 lines
24 KiB
XML
210 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.582.7684" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ccf9ce1b-6566-48fe-a3a5-ca83eee6ab8a" ID-PMC="PMC4857046" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-582-13" ID-PubMed="27199586" ID-ZBK="00296D5BFDE44257B93F2D1C2D889200" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2016" ModsDocID="1313-2970-582-13" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 582" ModsDocTitle="Systematics of testudacarine torrent mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Torrenticolidae) with descriptions of 13 new species from North America" checkinTime="1461288000862" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="O'Neill, Joseph C., Fisher, J. Ray, Nelson, Whitney A., Skvarla, Micheal J., Fisher, Danielle M. & Dowling, Ashley P. G." docDate="2016" docId="65AFC85434D62D1572E313D4C5A73729" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 582: 13-110" docOrigin="ZooKeys 582" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.582.7684" docTitle="Testudacarinae Cook 1974" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="22" masterDocId="BD769D09FFA6B5624614FC26FFE2FFE9" masterDocTitle="Systematics of testudacarine torrent mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Torrenticolidae) with descriptions of 13 new species from North America" masterLastPageNumber="110" masterPageNumber="13" pageNumber="21" updateTime="1668163022662" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Systematics of testudacarine torrent mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Torrenticolidae) with descriptions of 13 new species from North America</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>O'Neill, Joseph C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Fisher, J. Ray</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Nelson, Whitney A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Skvarla, Micheal J.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Fisher, Danielle M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Dowling, Ashley P. G.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2016</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>582</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>13</mods:start>
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<mods:end>110</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.582.7684</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.582.7684</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-582-13</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">00296D5BFDE44257B93F2D1C2D889200</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">00296D5BFDE44257B93F2D1C2D889200</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="127902298" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:65AFC85434D62D1572E313D4C5A73729" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/65AFC85434D62D1572E313D4C5A73729" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="8" pageNumber="21">
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="21" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="21">Taxon classification Animalia Trombidiformes Torrenticolidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="21" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/82730C11-1A78-4B39-8F74-6AD8ACF83A04" authority="Cook, 1974" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1974" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Testudacarinae">Testudacarinae Cook, 1974</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="21" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="21">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/82730C11-1A78-4B39-8F74-6AD8ACF83A04" lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Testudacarinae">Testudacarinae</taxonomicName>
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<bibRefCitation author="Cook, DR" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="79" pageNumber="92" pagination="1 - 841" title="Water mite genera and subgenera." volume="21" year="1974">Cook 1974</bibRefCitation>
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: 145-146;
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<bibRefCitation author="Imamura, T" journalOrPublisher="Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses" pageId="80" pageNumber="93" pagination="279 - 284" title="Two new species of water-mites from Nikko National Park, Japan." volume="49" year="1976">Imamura 1976</bibRefCitation>
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: 279;
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<bibRefCitation author="Fuste, LA" journalOrPublisher="Geological Survey Circular" pageId="80" pageNumber="93" title="Effects of the Mount St. Helens eruption on the benthic fauna of the Toutle River, Muddy River, and Pine Creek Drainage Basins, Washington." volume="850 - H" year="1980">Fuste 1980</bibRefCitation>
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: H7;
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<bibRefCitation author="Viets, KO" journalOrPublisher="Sonderbaende des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg" pageId="83" pageNumber="96" pagination="1 - 1012" title="Die milben des Suesswassers (Hydrachnellae und Halacaridae [part.], Acari). 2: Katalog." volume="8" year="1987">Viets 1987</bibRefCitation>
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: 222, 724;
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<bibRefCitation author="Bader, C" journalOrPublisher="Revue Suisse de Zoologie" pageId="78" pageNumber="91" pagination="87 - 98" title="Die Torrenticolidae (Acari, Hydrachnaellae). Eine abklaerende studie ueber eine schwierige Wassermilben-Familie." url="10.5962/bhl.part.79640" volume="95" year="1988">Bader 1988</bibRefCitation>
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: 90;
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, IM" editor="Thorp, JH" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, San Diego" pageId="83" pageNumber="96" pagination="523 - 592" title="Water mites (Hydrachnidiae) and other arachnids." volumeTitle="Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates" year="1991">Smith and Cook 1991</bibRefCitation>
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: 529, 552, 564-565, 574, 582;
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<bibRefCitation author="Cramer, C" journalOrPublisher="Anales Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacionale Autonoma de Mexico, Seria Zoologia" pageId="79" pageNumber="92" pagination="13 - 27" title="Estudios sobre hidracaridos Mexicanos, familia Torrenticolidae. I. Cinco especies nuevas de Neoatractides y Torrenticola y primer registro de Testudacarus para Mexico." volume="63" year="1992">Cramer 1992</bibRefCitation>
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: 13-14;
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<bibRefCitation author="Wiles, PR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="84" pageNumber="97" pagination="191 - 236" title="Asian and Oriental Torrenticolidae Piersig, 1902 (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Lebertioidea): a revision of the family and descriptions of ne species of Torrenticola Piersig and Pseudotorrenticola Walter, from Southeast Asia." url="10.1080/00222939700770121" volume="31" year="1997 a">Wiles 1997a</bibRefCitation>
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: 192, 194, 199-200, 205, 209;
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<bibRefCitation author="Harvey, MS" journalOrPublisher="CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood" pageId="80" pageNumber="93" title="The Australian Water Mites: A Guide to Families and Genera." year="1998">Harvey 1998</bibRefCitation>
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: 67;
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, IM" editor="Needham, GR" journalOrPublisher="Ohio Biological Survey, Columbus" pageId="83" pageNumber="96" pagination="109 - 124" title="An assessment of global distribution patterns in water mites (Acari: Hydrachnida)." volumeTitle="Acarology IX" year="1999">Smith and Cook 1999</bibRefCitation>
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: 115;
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, IM" editor="Covich, JH" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, San Diego" pageId="83" pageNumber="96" pagination="551 - 659" title="Water mites (Hydrachnida) and other arachnids." url="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012690647950017X" volumeTitle="Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates" year="2001">Smith et al. 2001</bibRefCitation>
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: 579, 592, 608, 625, 645;
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<bibRefCitation author="Guo, J-J" journalOrPublisher="Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica" pageId="80" pageNumber="93" pagination="70 - 72" title="Description of a new species Testudacarus in the subfamily Testudacarinae newly recorded from China (Acari, Lebertioidea, Torrenticolidae)." volume="30" year="2005">Guo and Jin 2005</bibRefCitation>
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: 70;
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<bibRefCitation author="Abe, H" journalOrPublisher="Acta Arachnologica" pageId="78" pageNumber="91" pagination="111 - 145" title="Annotated checklist of Japanese water mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Hydracarina)." url="10.2476/asjaa.54.111" volume="54" year="2005">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Abé">Abe</normalizedToken>
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2005
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 120;
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<bibRefCitation author="Abe, H" journalOrPublisher="The Acarological Society of Japan" pageId="78" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 16" title="A catalogue of Japanese water mites (Acari: Prostigmata: Hydracarina)." url="10.2300/acari.15.1" volume="15" year="2006">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Abé">Abe</normalizedToken>
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2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 6;
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<bibRefCitation author="Davids, C" editor="Gerecke, R" journalOrPublisher="Elsevier Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Muenchen, Germany" pageId="79" pageNumber="92" pagination="241 - 376" title="Acari: Hydrachnidia." volumeTitle="Chelicerata: Araraneae, Acari I. Suesswasserfauna von Mitteleuropa" year="2007">Davids et al. 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 243;
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<bibRefCitation author="Goldschmidt, T" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="80" pageNumber="93" pagination="443 - 678" title="Studies on Latin American water mites of the genus Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Torrenticolidae, Hydrachnidia, Acari)." url="10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00305.x" volume="150" year="2007">Goldschmidt 2007</bibRefCitation>
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: 444;
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<bibRefCitation author="Boyaci, YOe" journalOrPublisher="Turkish Journal of Zoology" pageId="79" pageNumber="92" pagination="363 - 366" title="The species of the genus Monatractides Viets, 1926 (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Torrenticolidae) in Turkey." volume="32" year="2008">
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Boyaci and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Özkan">Oezkan</normalizedToken>
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2008
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</bibRefCitation>
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: 364;
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<bibRefCitation author="Walter, DE" editor="Krantz, GW" journalOrPublisher="Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock" pageId="84" pageNumber="97" pagination="233 - 420" title="Order Trombidiformes." volumeTitle="A Manual of Acarology" year="2009">Walter et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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: 264;
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<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, P" journalOrPublisher="Guizhou Agricultural Sciences" pageId="84" pageNumber="97" title="Research progress on phylogeny of Torrenticolidae (Acari, Lebertioidea)." volume="38" year="2010">Zhang and Guo 2010</bibRefCitation>
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: 117-118;
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<bibRefCitation author="Jin, D-C" editor="Zhang, Z-Q" journalOrPublisher="Zoosymposia" pageId="80" pageNumber="93" pagination="106 - 119" title="A review of progress in taxonomy of water mites from China (Acari: Hydrachnidia)." volume="4" volumeTitle="Centenary: Progress in Chinese Acarology." year="2010">Jin et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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: 111;
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, IM" editor="Thorp, JH" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, San Diego" pageId="83" pageNumber="96" pagination="485 - 586" title="Water mites (Hydrachnidiae) and other arachnids." url="10.1016/B978-0-12-374855-3.00015-7" volumeTitle="Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates" year="2010">Smith et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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: 492, 522, 535, 550, 566;
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<bibRefCitation author="Guo, J-J" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Southwest University (Natural Science Edition)" pageId="80" pageNumber="93" pagination="46 - 49" title="Cladistics and phylogeny of genus (subgenus) relationships within Torrenticolidae." volume="33" year="2011">Guo and Zhang 2011</bibRefCitation>
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: 46, 48-49;
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<bibRefCitation author="Esen, Y" journalOrPublisher="Firat University Journal of Science" pageId="79" pageNumber="92" pagination="49 - 44" title="Kahramanmaras Ili Monatractides K. Viets, 1926 ve Torrenticola Piersig, 1896 (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Torrenticolidae) Tuerleri ve Tuerkiye faunasi icin Iki yeni kayit." volume="26" year="2014">Esen and Erman 2014</bibRefCitation>
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: 39;
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<bibRefCitation author="Proctor, HC" editor="Thorp, JH" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, London" pageId="82" pageNumber="95" pagination="599 - 660" title="Subphylum Chelicerata, Class Arachnida." url="10.1016/b978-0-12-385026-3.00025-5" volumeTitle="Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates: Ecology and General Biology" year="2015">Proctor et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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: 622;
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<bibRefCitation author="Fisher, JR" journalOrPublisher="Acarologia" pageId="80" pageNumber="93" pagination="71 - 116" title="An integrative description of Torrenticolatrimaculata sp. nov. (Parasitengona: Torrenticolidae), a three-spotted, riffle- dwelling mite from eastern North America: morphology, phylogenetics, and taxonomic history of the genus." url="10.1051/acarologia/20152155" volume="55" year="2015">Fisher et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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: 83-84.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="21" type="subfamilial diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="21">Subfamilial diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="21">
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For larval diagnosis see
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, IM" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Entomologist" pageId="82" pageNumber="95" pagination="901 - 990" title="Larvae of water mites of the genera of the superfamily Lebertioidea (Prostigmata: Parasitengona) in North America with comments on phylogeny and higher classification of the superfamily." url="10.4039/Ent114901-10" volume="114" year="1982">Smith (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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. Adults differ from torrenticolines in having three pairs of acetabula (six in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Torrenticolinae">Torrenticolinae</taxonomicName>
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); condyles present over the insertions of leg-IV; long posterio-dorsal subcapitular apodemes (also long in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Torrenticolidae" genus="Monatractides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monatractides" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Monatractides</taxonomicName>
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); a ridge extending anteriorly from the leg-IV socket; and a ring of platelets closely affiliated with the central dorsal plate, i.e., not hidden within a dorsal furrow as in torrenticolines (Fig. 1). They are further characterized by having a single anterio-medial dorsal platelet and pedipalps without ventral projections, although some torrenticolines also have these characters.
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Testudacarinae">Testudacarinae</taxonomicName>
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can be further diagnosed by the following combination of characters. Medial dorsal plate exhibiting secondary and occasionally tertiary sclerotization. Dorsal platelets variable in size, shape, and coloration. Anterio-medial platelet smaller than anterio-lateral platelets and trapeziform (rounded to rectangular). Anterio-lateral platelets long with anterior bulge and posterior tapering. Seven pairs of lateral platelets present. Lateral-platelet-2, -4, and -6 large and elongate and -1, -3, -5, and -7 smaller and rounded. Lateral-platelet-3 highly variable and positioned either anterior or lateral to lateral-platelet-4. Lateral-platelet-4 highly variable in shape mostly depending on lateral-platelet-3 position. Dorso-glandularia-2 and post-ocularial setae located together on anterio-lateral platelet. Dorso-glandularia-3, -5, and -6 located on lateral-platelet-1, -5, and -7 respectively. Dorso-glandularia-4 located on the large medial dorsal plate. Latero-glandularia-4 located on lateral-platelet-3. Ventro-glandularia-3 posterior to coxae-IV (on coxae-IV in other torrenticolids). Coxo-glandularia-4 located at tip of coxae-I (as in
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Torrenticolidae" genus="Monatractides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monatractides" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Monatractides</taxonomicName>
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and many
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Torrenticolidae" genus="Torrenticola" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Torrenticola" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Torrenticola</taxonomicName>
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). Pedipalp, femur, and genu with plumose setae ventrally. Also similar to
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Torrenticolidae" genus="Monatractides" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Monatractides" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Monatractides</taxonomicName>
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, posterio-dorsal subcapitular apodemes are long. Rostrum short.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="8" pageNumber="21" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="21">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="21">
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Testudacarines have been reported on many occasions outside of their original descriptions. Furthermore, the Canadian National Collection in Ottawa, Canada includes thousands of testudacarines collected from across most of North America (
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith, IM" editor="Thorp, JH" journalOrPublisher="Academic Press, San Diego" pageId="83" pageNumber="96" pagination="485 - 586" title="Water mites (Hydrachnidiae) and other arachnids." url="10.1016/B978-0-12-374855-3.00015-7" volumeTitle="Ecology and Classification of North American Freshwater Invertebrates" year="2010">Smith et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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). In Asia there have only been a handful of additional reports (
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<bibRefCitation author="Walter, C" journalOrPublisher="Treubia" pageId="84" pageNumber="97" pagination="211 - 273" title="Hydracarinen aus Java." volume="11" year="1929">Walter 1929</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Pesic, V" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="82" pageNumber="95" pagination="45 - 56" title="First records of water mites (Acari: Hydrachnidia) from Bhutan, with descriptions of two new species." volume="1613" year="2007">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pešić">Pesic</normalizedToken>
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and Smit 2007
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Jin, D-C" editor="Zhang, Z-Q" journalOrPublisher="Zoosymposia" pageId="80" pageNumber="93" pagination="106 - 119" title="A review of progress in taxonomy of water mites from China (Acari: Hydrachnidia)." volume="4" volumeTitle="Centenary: Progress in Chinese Acarology." year="2010">Jin et al. 2010</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Morimoto, S" journalOrPublisher="Symbiosis" pageId="81" pageNumber="94" pagination="85 - 87" title="Jewelry in the water." volume="7" year="2012">Morimoto 2012</bibRefCitation>
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). This is not completely due to a lack of torrenticolid work in Asia, for an extensive list see
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<bibRefCitation author="Walter, DE" editor="Krantz, GW" journalOrPublisher="Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock" pageId="84" pageNumber="97" pagination="233 - 420" title="Order Trombidiformes." volumeTitle="A Manual of Acarology" year="2009">Walter et al. (2009</bibRefCitation>
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, pg. 256) and
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<bibRefCitation author="Fisher, JR" journalOrPublisher="Acarologia" pageId="80" pageNumber="93" pagination="71 - 116" title="An integrative description of Torrenticolatrimaculata sp. nov. (Parasitengona: Torrenticolidae), a three-spotted, riffle- dwelling mite from eastern North America: morphology, phylogenetics, and taxonomic history of the genus." url="10.1051/acarologia/20152155" volume="55" year="2015">Fisher et al. (2015)</bibRefCitation>
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. Extensive work has also been done on water mites in Europe, Africa, and Australia without any reports of testudacarines. Therefore, testudacarines are currently thought to be widely distributed throughout most of North America (with southern limits in Mexico and northern limits around the 60th parallel), and sparsely distributed in parts of Asia.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="21">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="22" pageId="8" pageNumber="21">
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The three pairs of acetabula, coxae-IV condyles, and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="“generalized”">"generalized"</normalizedToken>
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pedipalps are plesiomorhphic states that clearly show testudacarines as retaining ancestral torrenticolid characteristics (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wiles, PR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="84" pageNumber="97" pagination="191 - 236" title="Asian and Oriental Torrenticolidae Piersig, 1902 (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Lebertioidea): a revision of the family and descriptions of ne species of Torrenticola Piersig and Pseudotorrenticola Walter, from Southeast Asia." url="10.1080/00222939700770121" volume="31" year="1997 a">Wiles 1997a</bibRefCitation>
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).
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<bibRefCitation author="Wiles, PR" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="84" pageNumber="97" pagination="191 - 236" title="Asian and Oriental Torrenticolidae Piersig, 1902 (Acari: Hydrachnidia: Lebertioidea): a revision of the family and descriptions of ne species of Torrenticola Piersig and Pseudotorrenticola Walter, from Southeast Asia." url="10.1080/00222939700770121" volume="31" year="1997 a">Wiles (1997a)</bibRefCitation>
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and other authors suggest latero-glandularia-3 is present on the dorsum of testudacarines. However, we suggest that this is latero-glandularia-4 due to its posterior-most positioning. We also detail sexually dimorphic characters (Fig. 7). Although
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<bibRefCitation author="Habeeb, H" journalOrPublisher="Leaflets of Acadian Biology" pageId="80" pageNumber="93" pagination="1 - 14" title="North American Hydrachnellae, Acari - IX-XVI." volume="2" year="1954">Habeeb (1954)</bibRefCitation>
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first noted differences between the sexes of
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<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Torrenticolidae" genus="Testudacarus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Testudacarus vulgaris" order="Trombidiformes" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="vulgaris">Testudacarus vulgaris</taxonomicName>
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, he did not present these distinctions in their wider context as overall conditions of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Testudacarinae">Testudacarinae</taxonomicName>
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. Sexual dimorphism present in
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="8" pageNumber="21" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Testudacarinae">Testudacarinae</taxonomicName>
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include: 1) female dorso-glandularia-4 positioned closer to the muscle
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<pageBreakToken pageId="9" pageNumber="22" start="start">scars</pageBreakToken>
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; 2) dorsal secondary sclerotization always present in females and usually absent in males (very small if present in males); 3) female coxae-II+III midline short; 4) genital field almost entirely enveloped by coxal field in females but only around half of male genital field within coxal field; 5) females idiosoma larger and rounder (males around 80% of female size) with less of the ventral shield composed of coxal field; and 6) excretory pore well separated from ventral line of secondary sclerotization in females, and is either in direct contact with or nearly so in males.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="9" pageNumber="22">
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<paragraph pageId="9" pageNumber="22">Figure 7. Testudacarine sexual dimorphism: female dorsal shield (A) and ventral shield (C) differing from male (B, D) by the following characters: 1) dorso-glandularia-4 positioned far closer to muscle scares; 2) area of secondary sclerotization always present (males rarely present; very small if present); 3) with shorter coxae-II+III midline; 4) genital field enveloped by coxal field; 5) larger and rounder body (males around 80% of female size); 6) excretory pore well separated from ventral line of secondary sclerotization.</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |