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41 KiB
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412 lines
41 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" ID-GBIF-Dataset="3fc0de51-2536-45b8-8be2-d8b860355539" ID-PMC="PMC6554266" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-123-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" ID-PubMed="31198402" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240750" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1314-2003-123-1" ModsDocOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" ModsDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" checkinTime="1559283366142" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Knapp, Sandra, Barboza, Gloria E., Bohs, Lynn & Saerkinen, Tiina" docDate="2019" docId="5E41D9899EA99E4D72CBD124DE5F8440" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 123: 1-144" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 123" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738" docTitle="Solanum douglasii Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 48. 1852" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" id="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" lastPageNumber="49" masterDocId="8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB" masterDocTitle="A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="45" updateTime="1668139316858" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>A revision of the Morelloid Clade of Solanum L. (Solanaceae) in North and Central America and the Caribbean</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Barboza, Gloria E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Bohs, Lynn</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Saerkinen, Tiina</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>PhytoKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>123</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>144</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2003-123-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">8347FFA73705456BFF950322FFBBFFDB</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">3240750</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="157330217" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5E41D9899EA99E4D72CBD124DE5F8440" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E41D9899EA99E4D72CBD124DE5F8440" lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<subSubSection pageId="44" pageNumber="45" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="44" pageNumber="45">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="44" pageNumber="45" start="start">4</pageBreakToken>
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.
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<taxonomicName LSID="C332018F-436C-5187-966A-5D00A914D3B2" authority="Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 48. 1852" authorityName="Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13 (1): 48." authorityYear="1852" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="44" pageNumber="45" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">Solanum douglasii Dunal, Prodr. [A. P. de Candolle] 13(1): 48. 1852</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 12. Solanum douglasii Dunal A Habit B detail of adaxial leaf surface C detail of abaxial leaf surface D floral bud E dissected flower F fruiting branch G maturing fruit (A-G Carter et al. 2149). Drawing by R. Wise." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305311" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">Figure 12</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 13" captionStartId="F13" captionText="Figure 13. Solanum douglasii Dunal A Habit B young and maturing inflorescences with buds and flowers C flowers at full anthesis D fully mature matte black fruits with appressed calyx lobes (A-D Ochoterena et al. 979). Photos by S. Knapp." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305312" pageId="44" pageNumber="45">, 13</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName authority="Eschsch." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum umbelliferum var. trachycladum" order="Solanales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="variety" species="umbelliferum" variety="trachycladum">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="45" pageNumber="46" start="start">Solanum</pageBreakToken>
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umbelliferum Eschsch. var. trachycladum
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</taxonomicName>
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Torr., Pacific Railr. Rep. Parke, Bot. 7(3) [preprint]: 17. 1856. Type. United States of America. California: Ventura County, San Buenaventura Ranch, 16 Feb 1855,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">T. Antisell s.n.</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated here: NY [NY00821411]).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Parish" authorityYear="1901" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum arizonicum" order="Solanales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="arizonicum">Solanum arizonicum</taxonomicName>
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Parish, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 3, 2: 165. 1901. Type. United States of America. Arizona: Copper Basin,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">J.W. Toumey 397</emphasis>
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(holotype: US [acc. # 211749, US00027460; isotype: UC n.v.).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Bitter" authorityYear="1912" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum extusviolascens" order="Solanales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="extusviolascens">Solanum extusviolascens</taxonomicName>
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Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 11: 7. 1912. Type. Mexico. Sin. loc.,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">J.G. Schaffner 654</emphasis>
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(holotype: B, destroyed; no duplicates found).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum profundeincisum" order="Solanales" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="profundeincisum">Solanum profundeincisum</taxonomicName>
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Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 12: 80. 1913. Type. Mexico. Baja California: Guadalupe Island,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="cañon">canon</normalizedToken>
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near beach, 1875,
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">E. Palmer 61</emphasis>
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(lectotype, designated here: UPS [UPS-V-851402]; isolectotypes: BM [BM001007201], MO [MO-568699, acc. # 5510874], NY [NY00139024, NY00828776], YU [YU065318]).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Type.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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United States of America. California: "Nova California",
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">D. Douglas s.n.</emphasis>
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(holotype: G-DC [G00144189]; isotypes: BM [BM000838093], K [K001159712]).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="45" pageNumber="46">Description.</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="47" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="45" pageNumber="46">
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Perennial, subwoody herbs or shrubs, erect to ascending, up to 2 m tall. Stems terete, green or purple-tinged, moderately to densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate 4-10-celled spreading eglandular trichomes, 0.5-1 mm long; new growth more densely pubescent. Sympodial units difoliate, not geminate. Leaves simple, 3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–10(–">-10(-</normalizedToken>
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17) cm long, 1.3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–5(–">-5(-</normalizedToken>
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7.5) cm wide, (broadly) ovate to lanceolate, green or marked with purple, green above, paler greyish-green below; adaxial surface moderately to densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem, these evenly spread along the lamina and veins; abaxial surface more densely pubescent than the abaxial surface; primary veins 4-6 pairs, clearly evident abaxially; base abruptly contracted to attenuate, at times asymmetric, decurrent on the petiole; margins sinuate-dentate to toothed, rarely entire; apex acute; petiole 1
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–4(–">-4(-</normalizedToken>
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7) cm long, moderately to densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate like those on stem. Inflorescences 1.5-4.5 cm long, lateral, internodal, unbranched to occasionally forked, with (3
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–)6–">-)6-</normalizedToken>
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14 flowers spaced along the rhachis, moderately to densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stems; peduncle 1.5-4 cm long; pedicels 10-41 mm long, 0.3-0.4 mm in diameter at the base and 0.4-0.6 mm in diameter at the apex, straight and spreading, articulated at the base, spaced ca. 0.5-1 mm apart. Buds ovoid and narrower at the tips, the corolla exserted 1/5 of its length beyond the calyx tube. Flowers 5-merous, all perfect. Calyx tube 1-2 mm long, the lobes (1-)1.5-2.9 mm long, 0.7-1.5 mm wide, lanceolate to broadly triangular with obtuse to acute apices, moderately to densely pubescent with simple, uniseriate trichomes like those on stem. Corolla 13
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<normalizedToken originalValue="–15(–">-15(-</normalizedToken>
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20) mm in diameter, stellate, white to lilac with a yellow-green central eye with
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<pageBreakToken pageId="46" pageNumber="47" start="start">black</pageBreakToken>
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coloration at the base, lobed 1/3 to the base, the lobes 4.5-7 mm long, 2-4 mm wide, strongly reflexed at anthesis, sparsely pubescent abaxially with 1-4-celled simple uniseriate trichomes like those on stems and leaves but shorter. Stamens equal; filament tube 0.3-1 mm long; free portion of the filaments 0.1-0.5(1) mm long, sparsely pubescent with spreading uniseriate 4-6-celled simple trichomes adaxially; anthers (2.5-)3-4.5 mm long, 0.9-1.2 mm wide, ellipsoid and slightly tapered towards the tips, yellow, poricidal at the tips, the pores lengthening to slits with age. Ovary globose, glabrous; style 6.5-7.5 mm long, exserted 1.7-2.3 mm beyond the anther cone, densely pubescent with 2-3-celled simple uniseriate trichomes to 1/2-2/3 from the base; stigma capitate, minutely papillate, green in live plants. Fruit a globose berry, 6-14 mm in diameter, black at maturity, opaque, the surface of the pericarp matte; fruiting pedicels 8-11 mm long, 0.4-0.5 mm in diameter at the base, 0.5-0.6 mm in diameter at the apex, spaced 1-3 mm apart, spreading to reflexed, dropping with mature fruits, very occasionally remaining on the inflorescence rhachis; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the tube less than 1 mm long, the lobes 1.2-3 mm long, appressed against the berry. Seeds usually>50 per berry, 1.5-1.9 mm long, 1.2-1.5 mm wide, flattened and tear-drop shaped with a subapical hilum, brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal
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<pageBreakToken pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="start">cells</pageBreakToken>
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pentagonal in outline. Stone cells (2-)6-8 per berry, rather large, 0.5-0.7 mm in diameter. Chromosome number: 2
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">n</emphasis>
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=2
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<normalizedToken originalValue="×">x</normalizedToken>
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=24 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Henderson, RJF" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="1 - 78" refId="B111" refString="Henderson, RJF, 1974. Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia. Contributions from the Queensland Herbarium 16: 1 - 78" title="Solanum nigrum L. (Solanaceae) and related species in Australia." volume="16" year="1974">Henderson 1974</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" author="Heiser, Jr CB" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="471 - 488" refId="B109" refString="Heiser, Jr CB, Soria, J, Burton, DL, 1965. A numerical taxonomic study of Solanum species and hybrids. American Naturalist 99 (909): 471 - 488, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" title="A numerical taxonomic study of Solanum species and hybrids." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/282392" volume="99" year="1965">Heiser et al. 1965</bibRefCitation>
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as
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<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. amethystinum" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="amethystinum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. amethystinum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb02583.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" refId="B80" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1982. Epidermal hair morphology in SolanumL.sectionSolanum. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 85(3): 153-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb02583.x" title="Epidermal hair morphology in SolanumL. sectionSolanum. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 85 (3): 153 - 167." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1982.tb02583.x" year="1982">Edmonds 1982</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="111" pageNumber="112" pagination="229 - 246" refId="B81" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1983. Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 87 (3): 229 - 246, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" title="Seed coat structure and development in Solanum L. section Solanum (Solanaceae)." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.1983.tb00992.x" volume="87" year="1983">1983</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Stebbins, GL" journalOrPublisher="Madrono" pageId="118" pageNumber="119" pagination="70 - 81" refId="B228" refString="Stebbins, GL, Paddock, EF, 1949. The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America. Madrono 10: 70 - 81" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Pacific North America." volume="10" year="1949">Stebbins and Paddock 1949</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Heiser, CB" journalOrPublisher="Ceiba" pageId="112" pageNumber="113" pagination="293 - 299" refId="B105" refString="Heiser, CB, 1955. The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica. Ceiba 4: 293 - 299" title="The Solanum nigrum complex in Costa Rica." volume="4" year="1955">Heiser 1955</bibRefCitation>
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(as
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<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. amethystinum" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="amethystinum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. amethystinum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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);
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<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862165" author="Soria, J" journalOrPublisher="Economic Botany" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="245 - 255" refId="B219" refString="Soria, J, Heiser, CB, 1961. A statistical study of relationships of certain species of the Solanum nigrum complex. Economic Botany 15 (3): 245 - 255, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862165" title="A statistical study of relationships of certain species of the Solanum nigrum complex." url="https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862165" volume="15" year="1961">Soria and Heiser 1961</bibRefCitation>
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(as
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<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. amethystinum" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="amethystinum">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. amethystinum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="douglasii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. douglasii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240766" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305311" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="Figure 12" startId="F12">
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figure 12.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Dunal
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A</emphasis>
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Habit
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B</emphasis>
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detail of adaxial leaf surface
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C</emphasis>
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detail of abaxial leaf surface
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">D</emphasis>
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floral bud
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">E</emphasis>
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dissected flower
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">F</emphasis>
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fruiting branch
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">G</emphasis>
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maturing fruit (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A-G</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Carter et al. 2149</emphasis>
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). Drawing by R. Wise.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240768" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure13" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305312" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="Figure 13" startId="F13">
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<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figure 13.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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Dunal
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A</emphasis>
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Habit
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">B</emphasis>
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young and maturing inflorescences with buds and flowers
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">C</emphasis>
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flowers at full anthesis
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">D</emphasis>
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fully mature matte black fruits with appressed calyx lobes (
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<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">A-D</emphasis>
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ochoterena et al. 979</emphasis>
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). Photos by S. Knapp.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
(Figure
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 14" captionStartId="F14" captionText="Figure 14. Distribution of Solanum douglasii Dunal" figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305313" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">14</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in North America from California east to Arizona and south to Nicaragua; it is the most common black nightshade in the southwestern United States of America and northern Mexico.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Zenodo-Dep="3240770" doi="10.3897/phytokeys.123.31738.figure14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/305313" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" start="Figure 14" startId="F14">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Figure 14.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Dunal
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="ecology">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Ecology.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Open areas and disturbed habitats in a wide variety of vegetation types, from xerophytic to mesophytic forests and oak-pine woodlands between (sea level-) 600 and 3,400 m elevation.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="common names">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Common names.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
United States of America. Arizona nightshade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martin, WC" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B155" refString="Martin, WC, Hutchins, CR, 1980. A flora of New Mexico. J. Cramer in A.R. Gantner Verlag, Vaduz." title="A flora of New Mexico. J. Cramer in A. R. Gantner Verlag, Vaduz." year="1980">Martin and Hutchins 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Douglas’">Douglas'</normalizedToken>
|
||
horse-nettle (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="NatureServe" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Botany" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" publicationUrl="http://explorer.matureserve.org" refId="B169" refString="NatureServe, 2017. NatureServe Explorer. An online encyclopedia of life [web application] Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington [available http://explorer.matureserve.org" title="NatureServe Explorer. An online encyclopedia of life [web application] Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington [available" url="http://explorer.matureserve.org" year="2017">NatureServe 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Douglas’s">Douglas's</normalizedToken>
|
||
nightshade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peck, ME" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the American Society of Sugarcane Technologists" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B177" refString="Peck, ME, 1941. A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. Binfords and Mort, Portland." title="A manual of the higher plants of Oregon. Binfords and Mort, Portland." year="1941">Peck 1941</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Martin, WC" journalOrPublisher="Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" refId="B155" refString="Martin, WC, Hutchins, CR, 1980. A flora of New Mexico. J. Cramer in A.R. Gantner Verlag, Vaduz." title="A flora of New Mexico. J. Cramer in A. R. Gantner Verlag, Vaduz." year="1980">Martin and Hutchins 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nee, M" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" refId="B172" refString="Nee, M, 2012. Solanaceae. In: Baldwin BG, Goldman DH, Keil DJ, Patterson R, Rosetti TJ, Wilken DH (Eds) The Jepson Manual: vascular plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Solanaceae. In: Baldwin BG, Goldman DH, Keil DJ, Patterson R, Rosetti TJ, Wilken DH (Eds) The Jepson Manual: vascular plants of California. University of California Press, Berkeley." year="2012">Nee 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Greenspot nightshade (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="USDA Plants" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Botany Monographs" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" publicationUrl="http://plants.usda.gov" refId="B181" refString="USDA Plants, 2017. USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [http://plants.usda.gov" title="USDA- NCRS The PLANTS Database National Plant Data Team, Greensboro [" url="http://plants.usda.gov" year="2017">USDA Plants 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mexico. Hierba (yerba) mora (many sources, [Chihuahua] Chichequelite (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Pennington 42</emphasis>
|
||
), [Chiapas] Moen (Tzeltal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Shilom Ton 9185</emphasis>
|
||
), Mora wamul (Tzeltal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Gómez">Gomez</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
|
||
426
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), [Guerrero] Moradito (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Kruse 1656</emphasis>
|
||
), [Hidalgo] Tomaquilit (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Villa Kumel 53</emphasis>
|
||
), [
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="México">Mexico</normalizedToken>
|
||
] Tomatillo (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
la Cruz
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Bolaños">Bolanos</normalizedToken>
|
||
Adec-12
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), [Oaxaca] Pchfux-yaas (Zapotec,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Hunn OAX-1547</emphasis>
|
||
), Skelemal
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ch’aben">ch'aben</normalizedToken>
|
||
(Tzeltal,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="López">Lopez</normalizedToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pérez">Perez</normalizedToken>
|
||
326
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
), [Puebla] Teconchichi (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Tlapa & Ubierna 105</emphasis>
|
||
), [Sonora] Chichicalite (
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Guizar N. et al. 4260</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="uses">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Uses.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
United States of America. [California] Leaves used as a potherb (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Luiseño">Luiseno</normalizedToken>
|
||
people of Orange County,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sparkman, PS" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in American archeology and Ethnology" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="187 - 234" publicationUrl="https://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/index.htm" refId="B222" refString="Sparkman, PS, 1908. The culture of the Luiseno Indians. University of California Publications in American archeology and Ethnology 8 (4): 187 - 234, https://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/index.htm" title="The culture of the Luiseno Indians." url="https://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/index.htm" volume="8" year="1908">Sparkman 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); juice of berries used as wash for inflamed eyes and in tattooing or for dye (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Luiseño">Luiseno</normalizedToken>
|
||
people,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sparkman, PS" journalOrPublisher="University of California Publications in American archeology and Ethnology" pageId="117" pageNumber="118" pagination="187 - 234" publicationUrl="https://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/index.htm" refId="B222" refString="Sparkman, PS, 1908. The culture of the Luiseno Indians. University of California Publications in American archeology and Ethnology 8 (4): 187 - 234, https://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/index.htm" title="The culture of the Luiseno Indians." url="https://www.sacred-texts.com/nam/ca/coli/index.htm" volume="8" year="1908">Sparkman 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Cahuilla people of the Sonoran Desert,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bean, JL" journalOrPublisher="Canadian Journal of Plant Science" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refId="B15" refString="Bean, JL, Saubel, KS, 1972. Temalpakh (From the Earth): Cahuilla Indian knowledge and usage of plants. Malki Museum Press, Banning." title="Temalpakh (From the Earth): Cahuilla Indian knowledge and usage of plants. Malki Museum Press, Banning." year="1972">Bean and Saubel 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Mexico. Leaves used as a potherb (
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“quelite”">"quelite"</normalizedToken>
|
||
). See also section on Uses.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="preliminary conservation status (iucn 2017)">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Preliminary conservation status (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="IUCN" journalOrPublisher="Alaska Park Science" pageId="113" pageNumber="114" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B115" refString="IUCN, 2017. Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee. http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" title="Guidelines for Using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 13. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee." url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2017">IUCN 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
Least Concern (LC).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread and weedy in the southwestern United States of America and throughout Mexico. For EOO see Table
|
||
<tableCitation captionStart="Table 6" captionStartId="T6" captionText="Table 6. Preliminary conservation assessments for morelloid species from the Caribbean and North and Central America. For details see Materials and Methods and individual species treatments. Preliminary assessments are based on EOO only (see Materials and Methods) and have been calculated for worldwide ranges for each species. The EOO and conservation status of species known to be solely cultivated, introduced or adventive in the region has been assessed in Saerkinen et al. (2018)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" tableUuid="C3922CEBD29B29D2373D9CB546F06573">6</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is most common west of the Rocky Mountains, along the western coast and southwesternmost United States of America along the Mexican border.
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Verbenaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum douglasii" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="douglasii">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">Solanum douglasii</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be distinguished from the morphologically similar and sympatric
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrescens" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="nigrescens">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. nigrescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by its longer, slightly tapering anthers (greater than 3 mm long and in North America usually 4-4.5 mm long) and the minute free portion of the filaments. Both species are morphologically highly variable and sympatric through much of Mexico and Central America, often growing in the same areas; detailed studies are needed to establish whether interbreeding occurs between particular areas/populations in areas of sympatry. The two species have been put in synonymy by other authors (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" author="Edmonds, JM" journalOrPublisher="Kew Bulletin" pageId="110" pageNumber="111" pagination="95 - 114" refId="B75" refString="Edmonds, JM, 1972. A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America. Kew Bulletin 27 (1): 95 - 114, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" title="A synopsis of the taxonomy of Solanum sect. Solanum (Maurella) in South America." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/4117874" volume="27" year="1972">Edmonds 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="573 - 780" refId="B54" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974a. [1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 60: 573 - 780, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" title="[1973]) Solanaceae, Flora of Panama. Part 9." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395139" volume="60" year="1974 a">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="D’Arcy">D'Arcy</normalizedToken>
|
||
1974a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" author="D'Arcy, WG" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" pagination="819 - 867" refId="B55" refString="D'Arcy, WG, 1974b. Solanum and its close relatives in Florida. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61 (3): 819 - 867, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" title="Solanum and its close relatives in Florida." url="https://doi.org/10.2307/2395032" volume="61" year="1974 b">b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but characterised as
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="“ill-defined”">"ill-defined"</normalizedToken>
|
||
by others (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Nee, M" editor="Nee, M" journalOrPublisher="Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond" pageId="115" pageNumber="116" pagination="285 - 333" refId="B171" refString="Nee, M, 1999. Synopsis of Solanum in the New World. In: Nee, M, Symon, DE, Lester, RN, Jessop, JP, Eds., Solanaceae IV: advances in biology and utilization. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond: 285 - 333" title="Synopsis of Solanum in the New World." volumeTitle="Solanaceae IV: advances in biology and utilization." year="1999">Nee 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="48" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The description of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" infraspecific-rank="var." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. umbelliferum var. trachycladum" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="variety" species="umbelliferum" variety="trachycladum">S. umbelliferum var. trachycladum</taxonomicName>
|
||
cites "Santa Inez and San Buenaventura Ranch" and "Flowers apparently white, about as large as in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. nigrum" order="Solanales" pageId="47" pageNumber="48" rank="species" species="nigrum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="47" pageNumber="48">S. nigrum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Torrey, J" journalOrPublisher="Pacific Railway Reports" pageId="119" pageNumber="120" pagination="1 - 28" refId="B242" refString="Torrey, J, 1856. Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Botanical report. Pacific Railway Reports 7 (3): 1 - 28" title="Explorations and surveys for a railroad route from the Mississippi River to the Pacific Ocean. Botanical report." volume="7" year="1856">Torrey 1856</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with no collector or date. The plants collected in the several expeditions ordered by the United States Government to plan a railway leading across the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific were variously described by Asa Gray (Harvard) and John Tor
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="48" pageNumber="49" start="start">rey</pageBreakToken>
|
||
(New York). Thomas Antisell collected between the Rio Grande River and southern California; his collections are described in Volume VII of the Reports (
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1086/272473" author="Brendel, F" journalOrPublisher="American Naturalist" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" pagination="25 - 38" refId="B32" refString="Brendel, F, 1880. Historical sketch of the science of botany in North America from 1840 to 1858. American Naturalist 14 (1): 25 - 38, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/272473" title="Historical sketch of the science of botany in North America from 1840 to 1858." url="https://doi.org/10.1086/272473" volume="14" year="1880">Brendel 1880</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) by Torrey. We have only found a single specimen collected by Antisell and annotated by Torrey with this name; it has the locality "San Buenaventura Ranch/Feb 16/Dr Antisell". We select this sheet (NY00821411) as the lectotype following
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.12705/635.7" author="McNeill, J" journalOrPublisher="Taxon" pageId="114" pageNumber="115" pagination="1112 - 1113" refId="B157" refString="McNeill, J, 2014. Holotype specimens and type citations: General issues. Taxon 63 (5): 1112 - 1113, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12705/635.7" title="Holotype specimens and type citations: General issues." url="https://doi.org/10.12705/635.7" volume="63" year="2014">McNeill (2014)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">
|
||
In describing
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. profundeincisum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="profundeincisum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S. profundeincisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="76 - 89" refId="B22" refString="Bitter, G, 1913. Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae. Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium 12: 76 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" volume="12" year="1913">Bitter (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
cited two collections of Edward
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Palmer’s">Palmer's</normalizedToken>
|
||
from Guadelupe Island,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Palmer 60</emphasis>
|
||
pro parte and
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Palmer 61</emphasis>
|
||
, both from UPS.
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Palmer 60</emphasis>
|
||
is a mixed collection, some parts of which were used to describe
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. calvum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="calvum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S. calvum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. americanum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="americanum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S. americanum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and some as part of the protologue of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. profundeincisum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="profundeincisum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S. profundeincisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The collection
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Palmer 61</emphasis>
|
||
is represented by many duplicates and is not mixed; we select the UPS sheet of
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Palmer 61</emphasis>
|
||
(UPS-V-851402) cited by
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" author="Bitter, G" journalOrPublisher="Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" pagination="76 - 89" refId="B22" refString="Bitter, G, 1913. Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae. Repertorium Species Novarum Regni Vegetabilium 12: 76 - 89, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" title="Solana nova vel minus cognita X. XXVII. Morellae nova vel criticae." url="https://doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19130120905" volume="12" year="1913">Bitter (1913)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as the lectotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Verbenaceae" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. profundeincisum" order="Solanales" pageId="48" pageNumber="49" rank="species" species="profundeincisum">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="48" pageNumber="49">S. profundeincisum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="48" pageNumber="49" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="48" pageNumber="49">See Suppl. materials 1 and 3.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |