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<document id="6C908681CC26D388D6517F03ABF4CD38" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4500.4.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5297792" ID-ZooBank="70672C0A-EC78-40BA-85EE-6206184CE0F0" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630087137194" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Lago-Barcia, Domingo &amp; Carbayo, Fernando" docDate="2018" docId="4F7187CFC550FFE7D5A8F3C5FAF0FD15" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4500.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4500 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Cratera hina Lago-Barcia &amp; Carbayo 2018, comb. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="525" masterDocId="B348FFB7C555FFEFD53FF64FFF9FFF96" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic revision of four species of the Neotropical land planarian genera Cratera and Geoplana (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) with a description of two new species and an emendation of Cratera" masterLastPageNumber="542" masterPageNumber="517" pageNumber="522" updateTime="1699141755645" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
<mods:mods id="CD6D03CEA46969697EA502F53A1C5235" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="A1C638DAFE8C604177FDDE95ADE906E2">
<mods:title id="DD278D7A88465ED92D3FE4B54BBB1C98">Taxonomic revision of four species of the Neotropical land planarian genera Cratera and Geoplana (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida) with a description of two new species and an emendation of Cratera</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="9A981316E173B772652362B051484C0B" type="personal">
<mods:role id="FE3E03B2680CDE9A0A36FA48008C5CBF">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="75E414633ABD9EF157AE82E9AE92331B">Lago-Barcia, Domingo</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="0B63668B86A287EC4D24D498F5D9FCC5" type="personal">
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</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="F5D9906FCA9EA99DE44159B91B43F02F">Carbayo, Fernando</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="383EC2F59F42F5A34E228A0B78FF567E">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="90063AE80DD0E54C0785735378BE581C">Zootaxa</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="0E581963288DC313DDDB219C5AD9B112">
<mods:date id="42F77A91FFF67BD5AB9A76156248074F">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8E6456AF7040F2334082BDD7854D11BD">2018-10-18</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="E5D8351EF082169745AF80868B0A6653" type="volume">
<mods:number id="33ED9117B585BF38EF79CEEB755BB0E1">4500</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="BC280A97E6CCD33F2DAD43C95574A700">journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="75892F6B65D96024E229A9E65DDF201C" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4500.4.3</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="07199839E8052EA15FCA0A71657EE6F1" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="9DFEC872B0128FD82BCA82F88111ECEA" type="Zenodo-Dep">5297792</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
<treatment id="4F7187CFC550FFE7D5A8F3C5FAF0FD15" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4F7187CFC550FFE7D5A8F3C5FAF0FD15" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F7187CFC550FFE7D5A8F3C5FAF0FD15" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="525" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<subSubSection id="8FC26552C550FFEAD5A8F3C5FE9BFA7E" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="C76736D9C550FFEAD5A8F3C5FDF0FA33" blockId="5.[151,623,1418,1445]" box="[151,623,1418,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<heading id="9C2F81B5C550FFEAD5A8F3C5FDF0FA33" bold="true" box="[151,623,1418,1445]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" reason="1">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD5A8F3C5FDF0FA33" bold="true" box="[151,623,1418,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<taxonomicName id="00D84D5AC550FFEAD5A8F3C5FE68FA33" authority="(Marcus, 1951)" authorityName="Lago-Barcia &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Marcus" baseAuthorityYear="1951" box="[151,503,1418,1445]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Cratera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hina" status="comb. nov.">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD5A8F3C5FEADFA32" bold="true" box="[151,306,1418,1444]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Cratera hina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A3494B28C550FFEAD47DF3C4FE70FA33" author="Marcus, E." box="[322,495,1419,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" pagination="5 - 215" refId="ref14818" refString="Marcus, E. (1951) Turbellaria brasileiros (9). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia, 16, 5 - 215." type="journal article" year="1951">Marcus, 1951</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EE9F57B0C550FFEAD73AF3C4FDF0FA33" box="[517,623,1419,1445]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" rank="species">comb. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C76736D9C550FFEAD5A8F39DFE9BFA7E" blockId="5.[151,872,1490,1573]" box="[151,260,1490,1512]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Synonymy</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FC26552C550FFEAD5A8F3BFFCF7F9B3" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="C76736D9C550FFEAD5A8F3BFFE20F990" blockId="5.[151,872,1490,1573]" box="[151,447,1520,1542]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<taxonomicName id="00D84D5AC550FFEAD5A8F3BFFE20F990" authority="Marcus, 1951" authorityName="Marcus" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,447,1520,1542]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hina">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD5A8F3BFFEB1F990" box="[151,302,1520,1542]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Geoplana hina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A3494B28C550FFEAD40BF3BEFE20F990" author="Marcus, E." box="[308,447,1520,1542]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" pagination="5 - 215" refId="ref14818" refString="Marcus, E. (1951) Turbellaria brasileiros (9). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia, 16, 5 - 215." type="journal article" year="1951">Marcus, 1951</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C76736D9C550FFEAD5A8F040FCF7F9B3" blockId="5.[151,872,1490,1573]" box="[151,872,1551,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<taxonomicName id="00D84D5AC550FFEAD5A8F040FEB1F9B3" authorityName="Marcus" authorityYear="1951" box="[151,302,1551,1573]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hina">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD5A8F040FEB1F9B3" box="[151,302,1551,1573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Geoplana hina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="A3494B28C550FFEAD404F040FD93F9B3" author="Carbayo, F. &amp; Alvarez-Presas, M. &amp; Olivares, M. T. &amp; Marques, F. P. L. &amp; Froehlich, E. M. &amp; Riutort, M." box="[315,524,1551,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" pagination="508 - 528" refId="ref14412" refString="Carbayo, F., Alvarez-Presas, M., Olivares, M. T., Marques, F. P. L., Froehlich, E. M. &amp; Riutort, M. (2013) Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: proposal of taxonomic actions. Zoologica Scripta, 42, 508 - 528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12019" type="journal article" year="2013">
Carbayo
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD4A8F05FFE5BF9B3" box="[407,452,1551,1573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">et al</emphasis>
., 2013
</bibRefCitation>
, non
<taxonomicName id="00D84D5AC550FFEAD77DF040FCF7F9B3" authority="(Marcus, 1951)" authorityName="Lago-Barcia &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Marcus" baseAuthorityYear="1951" box="[578,872,1551,1573]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Cratera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hina">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD77DF040FD59F9B3" box="[578,710,1551,1573]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Cratera hina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A3494B28C550FFEAD7ECF040FCFEF9B3" author="Marcus, E." box="[723,865,1551,1573]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" pagination="5 - 215" refId="ref14818" refString="Marcus, E. (1951) Turbellaria brasileiros (9). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia, 16, 5 - 215." type="journal article" year="1951">Marcus, 1951</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FC26552C550FFEAD5A8F01EFADEF838" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="C76736D9C550FFEAD5A8F01EFDDBF888" blockId="5.[151,1436,1617,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD5A8F01EFE1CF9FF" box="[151,387,1617,1642]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" reason="1">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD5A8F01EFEE4F9FC" bold="true" box="[151,379,1617,1642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Material examined</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="77B03C84C550FFEAD4B3F01DFDDBF888" collectingDate="1950-11" collectingDateMax="2012-12-21" collectingDateMin="1950-11" collectionCode="MZUSP" collectorName="F. Carbayo" county="Reserva Biologica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba" location="State" municipality="Santo Andre" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" specimenCode="PL 2118, PL 2119" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Sao Paulo" typeStatus="holotype">
<collectingCounty id="2E064E55C550FFEAD4B3F01DFC67F9FC" box="[396,1016,1617,1642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba</collectingCounty>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="2703ACA3C550FFEAD13AF01EFB08F9FC" box="[1029,1175,1617,1642]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Santo André</collectingMunicipality>
,
<location id="C2076002C550FFEAD19BF01EFB44F9FC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:4F7187CFC550FFE7D5A8F3C5FAF0FD15:C2076002C550FFEAD19BF01EFB44F9FC" box="[1188,1243,1617,1642]" county="Reserva Biologica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba" municipality="Santo Andre" name="State" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" stateProvince="Sao Paulo">State</location>
of
<collectingRegion id="051CF83BC550FFEAD039F01EFAE3F9FC" box="[1286,1404,1617,1642]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
, (- 23.77, -46.30).
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD479F03AFE2CF918" bold="true" box="[326,435,1653,1678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<typeStatus id="1863887BC550FFEAD479F03AFE2CF918" box="[326,435,1653,1678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="A1C9AE1CC550FFEAD4FCF03AFDBDF918" box="[451,546,1653,1678]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">MZUSP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="977E9EA2C550FFEAD714F039FD0FF918" box="[555,656,1653,1678]" collectionCode="PL" country="Czech Republic" name="Západoceské muzeum v Plzni" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="Museum">PL 2118</specimenCode>
).
<date id="B3661019C550FFEAD79BF03AFCC1F918" box="[676,862,1653,1678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" value="1950-11">
<collectingDate id="A322E9F1C550FFEAD79BF03AFCC1F918" box="[676,862,1653,1678]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" value="1950-11">November 1950</collectingDate>
</date>
, transverse sections of pre-pharyngeal region on 2 slides (S431-S432); sagittal sections of pharynx on 2 slides (S433-S434); sagittal sections of copulatory apparatus on 3 slides (S428-S430).
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD48CF0F2FE63F940" bold="true" box="[435,508,1725,1750]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">F5682</emphasis>
(
<collectionCode id="A1C9AE1CC550FFEAD735F0F2FDF6F940" box="[522,617,1725,1750]" country="Brazil" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">MZUSP</collectionCode>
<specimenCode id="977E9EA2C550FFEAD74EF0F1FD4BF940" box="[625,724,1725,1750]" collectionCode="PL" country="Czech Republic" name="Západoceské muzeum v Plzni" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="Museum">PL 2119</specimenCode>
).
<collectorName id="6A2D530FC550FFEAD7D8F0F1FCFEF940" box="[743,865,1725,1750]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">F. Carbayo</collectorName>
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD657F0F0FC3FF940" box="[872,928,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD691F0F2FC40F940" box="[942,991,1725,1750]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">coll.</emphasis>
<date id="B3661019C550FFEAD6D9F0F2FB21F940" box="[998,1214,1725,1750]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" value="2012-12-21">
<collectingDate id="A322E9F1C550FFEAD6D9F0F2FB21F940" box="[998,1214,1725,1750]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" value="2012-12-21">21 December 2012</collectingDate>
</date>
, horizontal sections of anterior end on 9 slides; transverse sections of pre-pharyngeal region on 3 slides; horizontal sections of pharynx and copulatory apparatus on 10 slides.
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C76736D9C550FFEAD5F8F165FEACF8F0" blockId="5.[151,1436,1617,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
Note: Specimen MZUSP PL 1008, examined in
<bibRefCitation id="A3494B28C550FFEAD7D2F166FC7DF8D4" author="Carbayo, F. &amp; Alvarez-Presas, M. &amp; Olivares, M. T. &amp; Marques, F. P. L. &amp; Froehlich, E. M. &amp; Riutort, M." box="[749,994,1833,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" pagination="508 - 528" refId="ref14412" refString="Carbayo, F., Alvarez-Presas, M., Olivares, M. T., Marques, F. P. L., Froehlich, E. M. &amp; Riutort, M. (2013) Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: proposal of taxonomic actions. Zoologica Scripta, 42, 508 - 528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12019" type="journal article" year="2013">
Carbayo
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD66CF165FC13F8D4" box="[851,908,1833,1858]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
, is not conspecific (see Remarks on
<taxonomicName id="00D84D5AC550FFEAD0BDF165FF42F8F0" authority="Lago-Barcia &amp; Carbayo, 2018" authorityName="Lago-Barcia &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2018" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Cratera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="picuia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD0BDF165FF42F8F0" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">C. picuia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD5DBF102FEBCF8F0" bold="true" box="[228,291,1869,1894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EE9F57B0C550FFEAD5DBF102FEBCF8F0" box="[228,291,1869,1894]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C76736D9C550FFEAD5F8F13EFADEF838" blockId="5.[151,1436,1617,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">Our observations of the material examined are in agreement with Marcus’ (1951) description. Here we complement the original description and make a reinterpretation of the ventral cavity of the female atrium.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FC26552C550FFE9D5F8F1F6FD8CFF26" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="523" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="C76736D9C550FFE9D5F8F1F6FD8CFF26" blockId="5.[151,1436,1617,2002]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="523" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC550FFEAD5F8F1F6FEFFF844" bold="true" box="[199,352,1977,2002]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="522" reason="1">Distribution.</emphasis>
Only known from the
<typeStatus id="1863887BC550FFEAD75FF1F5FD0FF844" box="[608,656,1978,2002]" pageId="5" pageNumber="522">type</typeStatus>
locality, Reserva Biológica do Alto da Serra de Paranapiacaba, Santo André, State of
<collectingRegion id="051CF83BC553FFE9D477F6D8FE23FF26" box="[328,444,151,176]" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="BFCF7649C553FFE9D4F9F6D8FD91FF26" box="[454,526,151,176]" name="Brazil" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Brazil</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FC26552C553FFE9D5F8F6F3FC62FE46" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="C76736D9C553FFE9D5F8F6F3FC62FE46" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC553FFE9D5F8F6F3FEDEFF45" box="[199,321,188,213]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" reason="1">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC553FFE9D5F8F6F3FEA5FF43" bold="true" box="[199,314,188,213]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Diagnosis</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
Species of
<taxonomicName id="00D84D5AC553FFE9D4FBF6F3FD82FF45" box="[452,541,188,211]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Cratera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC553FFE9D4FBF6F3FD82FF45" box="[452,541,188,211]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Cratera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
some
<quantity id="00209B3CC553FFE9D758F6F3FD29FF45" box="[615,694,188,213]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" unit="mm" value="60.0">60 mm</quantity>
in maximum length. Dorsal coloration a median orange band and a lateral black band on each side. Dorsal and ventral epidermis ciliated. Dorsal eyes initiating in cephalic region. Penis bulb short, extending very little anteriorly to the penis papilla. Proximal portion of prostatic vesicle bifurcated, extrabulbar and attached from penis bulb. Ejaculatory duct not dilated distally. Muscle tube surrounding ejaculatory duct thick, with diameter equivalent to three times to that of the ejaculatory duct. Underlying muscularis of the penis papilla consisting of three layers, two circular and a longitudinal in between. Dorsal insertion of penis papilla slightly anterior to the ventral. Penis papilla projects into female atrium. Dorsal surface of the male atrium pierced by numerous glands. Common glandular duct absent.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="8FC26552C553FFE8D5F8F793FD54FE8B" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="524" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" type="description">
<paragraph id="C76736D9C553FFE9D5F8F793FB1FFD66" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC553FFE9D5F8F793FEC7FE65" box="[199,344,476,501]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" reason="1">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC553FFE9D5F8F793FECEFE63" bold="true" box="[199,337,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Description</emphasis>
.
</emphasis>
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC553FFE9D460F793FDBFFE63" bold="true" box="[351,544,476,501]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">External aspect.</emphasis>
Color of the dorsum consists of a median orange band and a lateral black band, on each side of the body; anterior margin black (
<figureCitation id="5FE32A5CC553FFE9D7FAF7B0FCBEFD8E" box="[709,801,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,250,1285,1307]" captionTargetBox="[170,1417,210,1225]" captionTargetId="figure-238@5.[151,1436,193,1264]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Cratera crioula (Froehlich, 1955). (A): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus of holotype. (B): diagrammatic representation of the copulatory apparatus of specimen F2946 from sagittal sections." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5297798" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5297798/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
). Eyes monolobulated. They spread from anterior tip to rear end of the body, and occupying the dorsal surface to the maximum extent of about 1/4-1/3 of the body width in mid body, on either side. Clear halos present around the eyes. Sensory pits are 15 µm deep. They are arranged in a single row and contour the anterior extremity. They extend backwards to at least a length equal to 31% of body length. The creeping sole is as wide as 90% of the body width, provided with 5 µm long cilia at the pre-pharyngeal region. Relative mouth:body length and relative gonopore:body length, 68% and 80%, respectively in
<typeStatus id="1863887BC553FFE9D00CF4FBFA07FD5B" box="[1331,1432,692,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, and 71% and 81% in specimen F5682. Dorsal epidermis provided with 2.5 µm long cilia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C76736D9C553FFE9D5F8F4B3FAC6FC33" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC553FFE9D5F8F4B3FE53FC83" bold="true" box="[199,460,764,789]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" reason="1">Internal morphology.</emphasis>
There is a glandular margin, which is composed of
<specimenCount id="D1DEFD50C553FFE9D16DF4B3FB5BFC82" box="[1106,1220,764,788]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
of cells secreting erythrophil and xanthophil granules, respectively. Cutaneous musculature with the usual three layers present in the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="00D84D5AC553FFE9D42EF50BFE3CFCCB" authorityName="Stimpson" authorityYear="1857" box="[273,419,836,861]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Geoplaninae">Geoplaninae</taxonomicName>
: a thin subepithelial circular layer (2.5 µm thick, dorsally and ventrally) followed by a diagonal with decussate bundles (10 µm thick dorsally, 22 µm ventrally), and then a longitudinal layer (45 µm thick dorsally, 55 µm ventrally) arranged in bundles. Cutaneous musculature as thick as 12% of body height.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C76736D9C553FFE9D5F8F5E0FB4BFB86" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">The three most common parenchymal muscle layers are also present, a weak dorsal layer of decussate diagonal fibers (25 µm thick), a supraintestinal layer of transverse fibers (40 µm thick), and a subintestinal layer (40 µm thick). There are no subepidermic, nor parenchymal muscle modifications in the cephalic region.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C76736D9C553FFE9D5F8F253FD96FB53" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Esophagus present, 17% of pharynx length. Relative position mouth:pharyngeal pouch length, of 60%. Pharynx cylindrical. Outer epithelium of the pharynx underlain by a thin layer (3 µm thick) of longitudinal muscle, followed by a thin layer of circular fibers (8 µm thick). Inner pharynx musculature consisting of a subepithelial layer (2 µm thick) of longitudinal musculature, followed by a circular layer (100 µm thick) and an outermost 10 µm thick layer of longitudinal fibers.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C76736D9C553FFE9D5F8F29FFBB4F8DB" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
Testes are arranged in a single row on each side of the body. They extend from 400 µm behind the level of the ovaries (equal to 29% of the body length, specimen F5682) to closely the root of the pharynx (equal to 68% of the body length). Shortly anterior to the penis bulb, sperm ducts curve medially to communicate with the two short branches of the prostatic vesicle. The unpaired section of the prostatic vesicle, attached to the penis bulb, runs dorsally, subsequently penetrates the penis bulb to continue as an ejaculatory duct. Penis bulb moderately developed, extending very little anterior to the penis papilla. The prostatic vesicle is lined with a ciliated epithelium, and is pierced by glands producing erythrophil granules. It is surrounded by a circular muscle layer (10 µm thick). This duct traverses the central region of the penis papilla to open at its tip; there is no dilation in the distal portion of the duct. The ejaculatory duct is lined with a ciliated epithelium. This duct is 25 µm in diameter, and is surrounded by a conspicuous 30 µm thick circular muscle which becomes thinner distally (
<figureCitation id="5FE32A5CC553FFE9D1C5F05BFACBF9BB" box="[1274,1364,1556,1581]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[177,1424,335,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-189@7.[151,1436,315,1832]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cratera hina (Marcus, 1951). (A): dorsal view of the live specimen F5682. (B): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of penis papilla of specimen F5682; arrowheads point to longitudinal muscle between two circular muscle underlying the papillar epithelium (detail in inset). (C): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus of holotype. (D): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the penis papilla tip of specimen F5682, showing the ejaculatory duct. (E): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the copulatory apparatus of specimen F5682, showing glands piercing dorsal epithelium of male atrium and encountering of ovovitelline ducts with female genital duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5297800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5297800/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). This muscle constitutes a tube with diameter equivalent to three times the diameter of the ejaculatory duct. The penis papilla is conical, horizontal, and is lined with a cuboidal, non-ciliated epithelium (
<figureCitation id="5FE32A5CC553FFE9D155F013FB2EF9E3" box="[1130,1201,1628,1653]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[177,1424,335,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-189@7.[151,1436,315,1832]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cratera hina (Marcus, 1951). (A): dorsal view of the live specimen F5682. (B): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of penis papilla of specimen F5682; arrowheads point to longitudinal muscle between two circular muscle underlying the papillar epithelium (detail in inset). (C): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus of holotype. (D): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the penis papilla tip of specimen F5682, showing the ejaculatory duct. (E): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the copulatory apparatus of specimen F5682, showing glands piercing dorsal epithelium of male atrium and encountering of ovovitelline ducts with female genital duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5297800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5297800/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
B-D). Its underlying muscularis is compact; it consists of an 18 µm thick layer of circular fibers followed by a 5 µm thick of longitudinal fibers and an innermost 12 µm thick layer of circular fibers (
<figureCitation id="5FE32A5CC553FFE9D6EEF0EBFBB5F92B" box="[977,1066,1700,1725]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[177,1424,335,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-189@7.[151,1436,315,1832]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cratera hina (Marcus, 1951). (A): dorsal view of the live specimen F5682. (B): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of penis papilla of specimen F5682; arrowheads point to longitudinal muscle between two circular muscle underlying the papillar epithelium (detail in inset). (C): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus of holotype. (D): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the penis papilla tip of specimen F5682, showing the ejaculatory duct. (E): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the copulatory apparatus of specimen F5682, showing glands piercing dorsal epithelium of male atrium and encountering of ovovitelline ducts with female genital duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5297800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5297800/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
). The stroma of the penis papilla is traversed by numerous glands discharging erythrophil granules through the epithelium of the papilla; they pierce its dorsal epithelium at highest density. The muscularis of the male atrium consists of a 10 µm thick circular muscle, followed in the distal half of the atrium by some longitudinal fibers. There is a distinct dorsal surface of the male atrium pierced by numerous glands producing pinkish granules (
<figureCitation id="5FE32A5CC553FFE9D698F17BFB80F8DB" box="[935,1055,1844,1869]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[177,1424,335,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-189@7.[151,1436,315,1832]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cratera hina (Marcus, 1951). (A): dorsal view of the live specimen F5682. (B): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of penis papilla of specimen F5682; arrowheads point to longitudinal muscle between two circular muscle underlying the papillar epithelium (detail in inset). (C): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus of holotype. (D): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the penis papilla tip of specimen F5682, showing the ejaculatory duct. (E): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the copulatory apparatus of specimen F5682, showing glands piercing dorsal epithelium of male atrium and encountering of ovovitelline ducts with female genital duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5297800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5297800/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Fig. 4C, E</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C76736D9C553FFE8D5F8F118FD54FE8B" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2013]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="524" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">
Ovaries 500 µm long and 200 µm wide (specimen F5682). They are located at a distance from anterior end equal to 31% of body length. The ovovitelline ducts arise from the dorso-lateral aspect of the ovaries. Shell glands pierce distal section of these ducts only (
<figureCitation id="5FE32A5CC553FFE9D746F1EFFD4AF82F" box="[633,725,1952,1977]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[177,1424,335,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-189@7.[151,1436,315,1832]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cratera hina (Marcus, 1951). (A): dorsal view of the live specimen F5682. (B): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of penis papilla of specimen F5682; arrowheads point to longitudinal muscle between two circular muscle underlying the papillar epithelium (detail in inset). (C): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus of holotype. (D): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the penis papilla tip of specimen F5682, showing the ejaculatory duct. (E): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the copulatory apparatus of specimen F5682, showing glands piercing dorsal epithelium of male atrium and encountering of ovovitelline ducts with female genital duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5297800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5297800/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="523">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
). Thus, there is no common glandular ovovitelline duct. The female genital duct projetcs from postero-dorsal portion of female atrium, and is lined with a non ciliated epithelium. This epithelium is underlain by a 10 µm thick circular muscle layer. The female atrium is a cavity with 1-2 lateral folds; female:male atrial length, 1:1.5. This atrium is lined with a 25 µm high epithelium, which is underlain by a 20 µm thick muscle layer of circular and longitudinal fibers (
<figureCitation id="5FE32A5CC552FFE8D138F690FBFCFF6E" box="[1031,1123,223,248]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1853,1875]" captionTargetBox="[177,1424,335,1807]" captionTargetId="figure-189@7.[151,1436,315,1832]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cratera hina (Marcus, 1951). (A): dorsal view of the live specimen F5682. (B): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of penis papilla of specimen F5682; arrowheads point to longitudinal muscle between two circular muscle underlying the papillar epithelium (detail in inset). (C): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus of holotype. (D): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the penis papilla tip of specimen F5682, showing the ejaculatory duct. (E): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the copulatory apparatus of specimen F5682, showing glands piercing dorsal epithelium of male atrium and encountering of ovovitelline ducts with female genital duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5297800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5297800/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
); circular muscle fibers are predominant in posterior section of female atrium.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="93A76651C552FFE8D5A8F172FBB2F87A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5297800" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5297800" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5297800/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" startId="7.[151,250,1853,1875]" targetBox="[177,1424,335,1807]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="C76736D9C552FFE8D5A8F172FBB2F87A" blockId="7.[151,1436,1853,2028]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC552FFE8D5A8F172FE8AF8C4" bold="true" box="[151,277,1853,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="00D84D5AC552FFE8D422F172FDD2F8C5" authority="(Marcus, 1951)" authorityName="Lago-Barcia &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2018" baseAuthorityName="Marcus" baseAuthorityYear="1951" box="[285,589,1853,1875]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Cratera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hina">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC552FFE8D422F172FE3CF8C5" box="[285,419,1853,1875]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="524">Cratera hina</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="A3494B28C552FFE8D48CF172FDDAF8C5" author="Marcus, E." box="[435,581,1853,1875]" pageId="7" pageNumber="524" pagination="5 - 215" refId="ref14818" refString="Marcus, E. (1951) Turbellaria brasileiros (9). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia, 16, 5 - 215." type="journal article" year="1951">Marcus, 1951</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. (A): dorsal view of the live specimen F5682. (B): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of penis papilla of specimen F5682; arrowheads point to longitudinal muscle between two circular muscle underlying the papillar epithelium (detail in inset). (C): photomicrograph of a sagittal section of the copulatory apparatus of holotype. (D): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the penis papilla tip of specimen F5682, showing the ejaculatory duct. (E): photomicrograph of a horizontal section of the copulatory apparatus of specimen F5682, showing glands piercing dorsal epithelium of male atrium and encountering of ovovitelline ducts with female genital duct.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="8FC26552C55DFFE7D5F8F6D8FAF0FD15" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="C76736D9C55DFFE7D5F8F6D8FDF7FED6" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC55DFFE7D5F8F6D8FEA4FF26" bold="true" box="[199,315,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
Prof. Eudóxia M. Froehlich kept in her office the histological slides of most land planarians studied by Marcus. Histological slides in her collection include more than
<specimenCount id="D1DEFD50C55DFFE7D694F6F3FBD6FF43" box="[939,1097,188,213]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
labeled only “hina”. Marcus presented diagrammatic reconstructions of the pharynx and the copulatory apparatus of the
<typeStatus id="1863887BC55DFFE7D1B0F690FB6EFF6E" box="[1167,1265,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(Figs.
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<bibRefCitation id="A3494B28C55DFFE7D583F74BFEFCFE8B" author="Marcus, E." box="[188,355,260,285]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" pagination="5 - 215" refId="ref14818" refString="Marcus, E. (1951) Turbellaria brasileiros (9). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia, 16, 5 - 215." type="journal article" year="1951">Marcus, 1951</bibRefCitation>
). These reconstructions fully match the organs on the histological sections of what we consequently consider to be the
<typeStatus id="1863887BC55DFFE7D4C0F768FDFAFED6" box="[511,613,295,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C76736D9C55DFFE7D5F8F703FDB3FD8E" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<bibRefCitation id="A3494B28C55DFFE7D5F8F703FEF0FEF3" author="Marcus, E." box="[199,367,332,357]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" pagination="5 - 215" refId="ref14818" refString="Marcus, E. (1951) Turbellaria brasileiros (9). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia, 16, 5 - 215." type="journal article" year="1951">Marcus (1951)</bibRefCitation>
described the distal portion of the penis papilla as housed in a ventral pouch of the female atrium. Our interpretation of parasagittal sections of the
<specimenCount id="D1DEFD50C55DFFE7D62DF73FFC26FE1E" box="[786,953,367,392]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
is that the presumed pouch is actually part of the single space constituting the female atrium which is partially occluded by its own lateral fold. Marcus also distinguished a short female genital duct -which is lined with ciliated epithelium-, from a dorsal diverticulum of the female atrium -lined with a nonciliated epithelium, after Marcus. However, we were unable to make this distinction since both epithelia are non ciliated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="C76736D9C55DFFE7D5F8F46BFAF0FD15" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<bibRefCitation id="A3494B28C55DFFE7D5F8F46BFE2AFDAB" author="Carbayo, F. &amp; Alvarez-Presas, M. &amp; Olivares, M. T. &amp; Marques, F. P. L. &amp; Froehlich, E. M. &amp; Riutort, M." box="[199,437,548,573]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" pagination="508 - 528" refId="ref14412" refString="Carbayo, F., Alvarez-Presas, M., Olivares, M. T., Marques, F. P. L., Froehlich, E. M. &amp; Riutort, M. (2013) Molecular phylogeny of Geoplaninae (Platyhelminthes) challenges current classification: proposal of taxonomic actions. Zoologica Scripta, 42, 508 - 528. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / zsc. 12019" type="journal article" year="2013">
Carbayo
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC55DFFE7D413F46AFEFBFDAB" box="[300,356,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">et al.</emphasis>
(2013)
</bibRefCitation>
included the specimen MZUSP PL
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their molecular analyses. They identified this specimen as
<taxonomicName id="00D84D5AC55DFFE7D41AF408FDF0FDF6" authority="Marcus, 1951" authorityName="Marcus" authorityYear="1951" box="[293,623,583,608]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hina">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC55DFFE7D41AF408FE53FDF6" box="[293,460,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">Geoplana hina</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="A3494B28C55DFFE7D4ECF407FDF0FDF6" author="Marcus, E." box="[467,623,583,608]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" pagination="5 - 215" refId="ref14818" refString="Marcus, E. (1951) Turbellaria brasileiros (9). Boletins da Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciencias e Letras da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Serie Zoologia, 16, 5 - 215." type="journal article" year="1951">Marcus, 1951</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. Although very alike, the external aspect and the copulatory apparatus of this specimen do not fully match diagnosis of
<taxonomicName id="00D84D5AC55DFFE7D7A4F423FD71FD13" authorityName="Marcus" authorityYear="1951" box="[667,750,620,645]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Geoplana" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hina">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC55DFFE7D7A4F423FD71FD13" box="[667,750,620,645]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">C. hina</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. See below the section Remarks on
<taxonomicName id="00D84D5AC55DFFE7D1BBF423FAB6FD12" authority="Lago-Barcia &amp; Carbayo, 2018" authorityName="Lago-Barcia &amp; Carbayo" authorityYear="2018" box="[1156,1321,620,644]" family="Geoplanidae" genus="Cratera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tricladida" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="picuia" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC55DFFE7D1BBF423FAB6FD12" box="[1156,1321,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">Cratera picuia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="F5ACEACBC55DFFE7D00FF423FAF0FD15" bold="true" box="[1328,1391,620,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="EE9F57B0C55DFFE7D00FF423FAF0FD15" box="[1328,1391,620,645]" pageId="8" pageNumber="525" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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