234 lines
24 KiB
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234 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.125.1754" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f7d434c4-65d0-40ab-adc9-06bb079a2d8f" ID-PMC="PMC3185369" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-125-59" ID-PubMed="21998538" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2011" ModsDocID="1313-2970-125-59" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 125" ModsDocTitle="Oviposition behaviour of four ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae, Neoneurini and Ichneumonidae, Hybrizontinae), with the description of three new European species" checkinTime="1451249943128" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Gomez Duran, Jose-Maria & van Achterberg, Cornelis" docDate="2011" docId="2D7106040EE8F3959ABB9CA213FB2D63" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 125: 59-106" docOrigin="ZooKeys 125" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.125.1754" docTitle="Elasmosoma luxemburgense Wasmann 1909" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="66" masterDocId="EA59FFA64938FFC63A30FFDBC903FFB1" masterDocTitle="Oviposition behaviour of four ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae, Neoneurini and Ichneumonidae, Hybrizontinae), with the description of three new European species" masterLastPageNumber="106" masterPageNumber="59" pageNumber="62" updateTime="1668152038590" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Oviposition behaviour of four ant parasitoids (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Euphorinae, Neoneurini and Ichneumonidae, Hybrizontinae), with the description of three new European species</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Gomez Duran, Jose-Maria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>van Achterberg, Cornelis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2011</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>125</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.125.1754</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.125.1754</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-125-59</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152030571" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:2D7106040EE8F3959ABB9CA213FB2D63" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/2D7106040EE8F3959ABB9CA213FB2D63" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
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<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="62" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Elasmosoma_luxemburgense" authority="Wasmann, 1909" authorityName="Wasmann" authorityYear="1909" class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma luxemburgense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luxemburgense">Elasmosoma luxemburgense Wasmann, 1909</taxonomicName>
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Figs 1-7
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" type="oviposition behaviour">
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<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="62">Oviposition behaviour</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="63" pageId="3" pageNumber="62">
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Oviposition of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elasmosoma</taxonomicName>
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spp. into the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ants’">ants'</normalizedToken>
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metasoma has long been observed (
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fuer die gesammten Naturwissenschaften" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 452" title="Les fourmis de la Suisse. Systematique. Notices anatomiques et physiologiques. Architecture. Distribution geographique. Nouvelles experiences et observations de moeurs." volume="26" year="1874">Forel 1874</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Olivier, E" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" title="[No title]." volume="1893" year="1893">Olivier 1893</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Pierre, A" journalOrPublisher="Revue Scientifique du Bourbonnais et du Centre de la France" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="112 - 114" title="Un parasite des fourmis Elasmosoma berolinense Ruthe." volume="6" year="1893">Pierre 1893</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Wasmann, E" editor="Marshall, TA" journalOrPublisher="Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe et d'Algerie" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="188 - 189" title="[Note]." volume="5" year="1897">Wasmann 1897</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Donisthorpe, HJK" journalOrPublisher="London" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" title="The Guests of British Ants." year="1927">Donisthorpe 1927</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Kariya, M" journalOrPublisher="Konchu Sekai" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="298 - 301" title="[Observations on a braconid species parasitic on ants]." volume="36" year="1932">Kariya 1932</bibRefCitation>
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), and adults of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elasmosoma</taxonomicName>
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have been reared from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="62" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Formica</taxonomicName>
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nests on various occasions (
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<bibRefCitation author="Wasmann, E" editor="Marshall, TA" journalOrPublisher="Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe et d'Algerie" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="188 - 189" title="[Note]." volume="5" year="1897">Wasmann 1897</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Watanabe, C" journalOrPublisher="Insecta Matsumurana" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="90 - 94" title="On two hymenopterous guests of ants in Japan." volume="9" year="1935">Watanabe 1935</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G Jr" journalOrPublisher="Parasitology" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 11" title="Behaviour and development of Elasmosoma sp. (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), an endoparasitoid of Formica ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera)." url="doi: 10.1017/S0031182004004809" volume="128" year="2004">Poinar 2004</bibRefCitation>
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). Due to the very quick act of oviposition, few details are known about the accompanying behav
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<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="63" start="start">iour</pageBreakToken>
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of grasping the ant or about the location of ovipositor insertion.
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<bibRefCitation author="Wasmann, E" editor="Marshall, TA" journalOrPublisher="Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe et d'Algerie" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="188 - 189" title="[Note]." volume="5" year="1897">Wasmann (1897)</bibRefCitation>
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supposed that
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elasmosoma</taxonomicName>
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females lay the eggs between the abdominal segments; other authors, considering the strongly curved morphology of the ovipositor, have suggested that the eggs are probably laid through the anus (
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<bibRefCitation author="Huddleston, T" journalOrPublisher="Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="215 - 225" title="A revision of Elasmosoma Ruthe (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) with two new species from Mongolia." volume="68" year="1976">Huddleston 1976</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="van Achterberg, C" journalOrPublisher="Zoologische Mededelingen Leiden" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="63 - 74" title="Kollasmosoma gen. nov. and a key to the genera of the subfamily Neoneurinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="67" year="1993">van Achterberg and Argaman 1993</bibRefCitation>
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). Here we report new observations on the oviposition behaviour of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma luxemburgense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luxemburgense">Elasmosoma luxemburgense</taxonomicName>
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on
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica rufibarbis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufibarbis">Formica rufibarbis</taxonomicName>
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Fabricius, 1793, comprising alighting and grasping the worker ant and ovipositor insertion.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
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The observations were made in
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Almazán">Almazan</normalizedToken>
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(Soria, Spain) in August, 2010 on a warm and calm day between 12.26 PM and 13.38 PM. A group of 30 to 40 of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica rufibarbis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufibarbis">Formica rufibarbis</taxonomicName>
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workers were present surrounding a nest entrance on the ground. They were excited and aggressive, carrying materials, entering and leaving the nest. Some cadavers of another species of ant and isolated fights indicated that a more extensive battle recently occurred.
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<bibRefCitation author="Forel, A" journalOrPublisher="Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft fuer die gesammten Naturwissenschaften" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 452" title="Les fourmis de la Suisse. Systematique. Notices anatomiques et physiologiques. Architecture. Distribution geographique. Nouvelles experiences et observations de moeurs." volume="26" year="1874">Forel (1874)</bibRefCitation>
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noted that these struggle situations attract
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma berolinense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="berolinense">Elasmosoma berolinense</taxonomicName>
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, and possibly the formic acid exuded in the course of these fights serve as a kairomon to the parasitoid wasps (Huddleston, 1976). During the 72 minutes of observation, groups of 2-3 females of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma luxemburgense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luxemburgense">Elasmosoma luxemburgense</taxonomicName>
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could be seen hovering over and attacking the ants at a height of 1-3 cm from the ground. A total of 50 attempts at oviposition was recorded (Movie
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elasmosoma</taxonomicName>
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, Appendix I). The ants were aware of these attacks, turning around and chasing the wasps with open mandibles. On one occasion, a worker caught a wasp while flying (Movie
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="63" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elasmosoma</taxonomicName>
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, last sequence).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="63">The wasp attacks always come from behind, paralleling their longitudinal axis to those of the ants. When they are less than 1 cm from an ant they dart forward and the fore legs contact the dorsal surface of the metasoma first. Meanwhile the hind legs, arranged in curved shape, are situated to brace the apex of the metasoma (Fig. 2).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="63">
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Contact with the fore legs is usually followed by hitting of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="parasitoid’s">parasitoid's</normalizedToken>
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head on the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="host’s">host's</normalizedToken>
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metasoma. At this moment the middle and hind legs grasp the metasoma and the wasp folds its wings. The site chosen by the wasp for the initial hit of the fore legs, or the head, is usually the posterior margin of the first gastral segment (T1; Fig. 3), i.e., of a total of 48 hits observed, 44 were on the posterior margin of the first gastral segment (91.7%), three on the posterior margin of the second (6.3%), and one on the posterior margin of the third (2%).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="64" start="start">When</pageBreakToken>
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the hit occurs at the posterior margin of the second or third gastral segments, the wasp climbs onto the metasoma, changing its position to reach the posterior margin of the first gastral segment (Fig. 4).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="64">
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This locational preference for alighting may be visually stimulated by the differentiated border of the posterior margin of the first gastral segment, enhanced by the characteristic dark stripe behind it. The frame analysis in the film clip suggests that the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
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head hits the posterior margin of T1 with the mandibles opened, and that a slight deformation of the suture between T1 and T2 is produced. Presumably, the modified structure of the T1-T2 suture is used by the wasp to secure its grasp. The tarsal modifications of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="64" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elasmosoma</taxonomicName>
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(vestigial tarsal claws and enlarged pulvillus;
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<bibRefCitation author="Shaw, SR" journalOrPublisher="Entomography" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="277 - 370" title="A phylogenetic study of the subfamilies Meteorinae and Euphorinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)." volume="3" year="1985">Shaw 1985</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Shaw, SR" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 8" title="A new species of Elasmosoma Ruthe (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Neoneurinae) from the northwestern United States associated with the western thatching ants, Formica obscuripes Forel and Formica obscuriventris clivia Creighton (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)." volume="109" year="2007">2007</bibRefCitation>
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) may be adaptations to effect this grasping behaviour. In the final arrangement, prior to oviposition, the fore tarsi usually grasp the posterior margin of the first gastral segment, and the hind tibiae and tarsi brace the apex of the metasoma on the fourth gastral segment, with the middle legs positioned near or somewhat posterior to the hind margin of the second gastral segment (Fig. 5).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="65" start="start">This</pageBreakToken>
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arrangement of the legs facilitates the appropriate position of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
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metasoma in order to insert the ovipositor into the posterior area of the last metasomal segment, between the pygidium and the hypopygium, probably through the anus.
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<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G Jr" journalOrPublisher="Parasitology" pageId="32" pageNumber="91" pagination="1 - 11" title="Behaviour and development of Elasmosoma sp. (Braconidae: Hymenoptera), an endoparasitoid of Formica ants (Formicidae: Hymenoptera)." url="doi: 10.1017/S0031182004004809" volume="128" year="2004">Poinar (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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dissected the metasoma of the ant
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica obscuriventris subsp. clivia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subSpecies" species="obscuriventris" subSpecies="clivia">Formica obscuriventris clivia</taxonomicName>
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Creighton, 1940, a host of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma michaeli" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="michaeli">Elasmosoma michaeli</taxonomicName>
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Shaw, 2007, and found for the first time the wasp egg "just under the body wall of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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metasoma."
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="66" pageId="6" pageNumber="65">
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The precise moment of ovipositor insertion could be detected by the conspicuous downward-movement of the apex of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
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metasoma (Fig. 6 and first sequence of Movie
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="65" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Elasmosoma</taxonomicName>
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). Although one single movement of the apex of the metasoma normally occurred during oviposition, in some cases 2 or 3 consecutive movements
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<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="66" start="start">were</pageBreakToken>
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observed. On one occasion the same wasp alighted and oviposited two consecutive times in the same ant.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
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Oviposition attempts sometimes failed due to strong movements of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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metasoma, to strikes by the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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legs, or because of defective alighting by the wasp (Fig. 7). Of a total of 50 oviposition attempts, 40 were successful (80%) and 10 failed (20%). The whole oviposition behaviour of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma luxemburgense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luxemburgense">Elasmosoma luxemburgense</taxonomicName>
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(comprising grasping of the ant by the wasp and the insertion of the ovipositor, until taking off) lasted a mean of 0.727 seconds (95% confidence interval: 0.578-0.877; N = 38; SE = 0.074), with a median of 0.602 seconds (interquartile range: 0.480-0.900) (Fig. 79).
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
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Figure 1.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma luxemburgense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luxemburgense">Elasmosoma luxemburgense</taxonomicName>
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Wasmann, female, Spain,
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Almazán">Almazan</normalizedToken>
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. Habitus lateral.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
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Figure 2. 1 female of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma luxemburgense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luxemburgense">Elasmosoma luxemburgense</taxonomicName>
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approaches the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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metasoma with the hind legs extended in curved shape (arrow) 2 the fore legs are darted forward (arrow) 3 when alighting the hind legs brace the apex of the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
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metasoma (arrow).
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
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Figure 3. Two sequences of a female of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma luxemburgense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luxemburgense">Elasmosoma luxemburgense</taxonomicName>
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(red arrow) hitting on the posterior margin of the first gastral segment (yellow arrow) of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Formica" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Formica rufibarbis" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufibarbis">Formica rufibarbis</taxonomicName>
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. After hitting, the wasp begins to fold its wings.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
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<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
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Figure 4. 1 female of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma luxemburgense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luxemburgense">Elasmosoma luxemburgense</taxonomicName>
|
||
approaches the ant metasoma 2 hits on the posterior margin of the third gastral segment 3 begins to climb 4 arrives at the posterior margin of the second gastral segment 5 reaches the posterior margin of the first gasrtal segment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Figure 5. Arrangement of the legs of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma luxemburgense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luxemburgense">Elasmosoma luxemburgense</taxonomicName>
|
||
grasping the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
|
||
metasoma for oviposition.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Figure 6. Insertion of the ovipositor by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma luxemburgense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luxemburgense">Elasmosoma luxemburgense</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 1 the red arrow shows the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
|
||
metasoma separated from the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
|
||
metasoma 2 the yellow arrow shows the metasoma of the parasitoid and of the ant joined during insertion of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="wasp’s">wasp's</normalizedToken>
|
||
ovipositor. The fore legs have now advanced their position towards the posterior margin of the first gastral segment.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="66">
|
||
Figure 7. Two sequences of failed attacks by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Braconidae" genus="Elasmosoma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Elasmosoma luxemburgense" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="66" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="luxemburgense">Elasmosoma luxemburgense</taxonomicName>
|
||
. 1 the wasp (red arrow) approaches the ant 2 the wasp hits the metasoma 3 the right hind leg of the ant (yellow arrow) strikes the wasp and 4 throws it off 5 the wasp approaches the ant 6 when alighting, the right hind leg of the wasp (yellow arrow) remains over the hind leg of the ant, impeding the grasp of the
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="ant’s">ant's</normalizedToken>
|
||
metasoma 7 and 8 the wasp flies away.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |