828 lines
112 KiB
XML
828 lines
112 KiB
XML
<document id="7B5C996FE0931D701C58A7DBC2C78F9F" ID-CLB-Dataset="21155" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4691.1.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="41efbd34-97a3-43aa-bd59-adeb491a5432" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3998635" ID-ZooBank="30167B32-C19D-4723-9399-C9BC65522B6D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1598306998752" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Pires-Silva, Carlos Moreno, Zilberman, Bruno, Eloi, Igor & Bezerra-Gusmão, Maria Avany" docDate="2019" docId="216387BA1569FFD7AAE1F9BBFC38FBD8" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4691.1.3.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4691 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Corotoca melantho Schiodte 1853" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="54" masterDocId="DD5AFFC21568FFD0AA76FFB6FF85FFCB" masterDocTitle="First record of stenogastric Corotoca Schiødte (Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Corotocini) with notes on behavior, morphology and its phylogenetic significance" masterLastPageNumber="56" masterPageNumber="47" pageNumber="48" updateTime="1698845365894" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo id="0C451BABA73E7F5E3725805AAA9478C6">
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<mods:title id="68874D60D7DC12C72AF5A81FC3BD5A1B">First record of stenogastric Corotoca Schiødte (Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Corotocini) with notes on behavior, morphology and its phylogenetic significance</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="BB8A282F5A42EA3EE612DE2033571BB8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="BAC80D448EB7376539E11A33BE65EACC">Pires-Silva, Carlos Moreno</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="3EB98761E261CC3BC6889220A12F999F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="C3BA6CACBD63998F7BD642011B66A5BA">Zilberman, Bruno</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="2108459E304B10D0372AEDD01A44E9C6" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="29285E8B43DE46523840AA3B2C5D8CDF">Eloi, Igor</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="42E59EAB892501602A9B379578CED5D7" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3E47BF89B5EE3102AFFC93D71CEEF2A3">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="7ECB9D4B4A404F05D33AF9AF5995B38D">Bezerra-Gusmão, Maria Avany</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="5D3C9C44E01EEA2544E6C3CE55EF7E12">Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação (PPGEC), Universidade Estadual da Paraíba (UEPB). Rua Baraúnas, 351 - Bairro Universitário-Campina Grande-Paraíba, Brasil. CEP 58429 - 500</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="55AE0BEC69687A0642925F680540AFAC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="45D7598BC2677B33C2456F29FB45240A">
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<mods:date id="869173E13231BC6455E4D0A1E34BB6B2">2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="A756E148EBC2F5F4FECC405F60266677">2019-10-29</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="3061FF5602CA4C09379AC683F25943EE" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="196C9F85811C3FED1F21492178AA4401">4691</mods:number>
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<treatment id="216387BA1569FFD7AAE1F9BBFC38FBD8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4323778" ID-GBIF-Taxon="167293653" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4323778" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:216387BA1569FFD7AAE1F9BBFC38FBD8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/216387BA1569FFD7AAE1F9BBFC38FBD8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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<subSubSection id="E1D065271569FFD1AAE1F9BBFA12F9E3" box="[151,1431,1549,1576]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="A97536AC1569FFD1AAE1F9BBFA12F9E3" blockId="1.[151,1437,1549,2045]" box="[151,1431,1549,1576]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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<heading id="F23D81C01569FFD1AAE1F9BBFA12F9E3" bold="true" box="[151,1431,1549,1576]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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<emphasis id="9BBEEABE1569FFD1AAE1F9BBFA12F9E3" bold="true" box="[151,1431,1549,1576]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
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Morphological notes on stenogastric individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F1569FFD1A8AEF9B8FC2AF9E3" ID-CoL="YHG5" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[728,943,1549,1576]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
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||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE1569FFD1A8AEF9B8FC2AF9E3" bold="true" box="[728,943,1549,1576]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Corotoca melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: does stenogastry recapitulate phylogeny?
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="E1D065271569FFD5AAB1F984FE39FA7C" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" type="description">
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<paragraph id="A97536AC1569FFD1AAB1F984FCD8F883" blockId="1.[151,1437,1549,2045]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
|
||
The post-imaginal growth in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F1569FFD1A863F984FD08F987" authorityName="Fenyes" authorityYear="1918" box="[533,653,1586,1612]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corotocini">Corotocini</taxonomicName>
|
||
is caused by the expansion of membranous abdomen and secondary sclerotization of sclerites. Although this fact was well known even before Seevers’s monograph on termitophilous beetles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D1569FFD1AA84F9CCFE09F95F" author="Seevers, C. H." box="[242,396,1657,1684]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 334" refId="ref6262" refString="Seevers, C. H. (1957) A Monograph on The Termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana, Zoology, 40, 1 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3797" type="journal article" year="1957">Seevers 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), this phenomenon was treated only in terms of body size difference between physogastric and stenogastric individuals. That author was the first to acknowledge that the post-imaginal growth can lead to other considerable changes besides body size. Among those differences are the possible functional wings in stenogastric individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F1569FFD1AB4AF951FD16F8CB" authority="Tragardh, 1907" authorityName="Tragardh" authorityYear="1907" box="[316,659,1765,1792]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Termitomimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE1569FFD1AB4AF951FE5EF8CB" box="[316,475,1767,1792]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Termitomimus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D1569FFD1AB95F953FD16F8CB" author="Tragardh, I." box="[483,659,1765,1792]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" pagination="172 - 190" refId="ref6377" refString="Tragardh, I. (1907) Description of Termitonimus, a new genus of termitophilous physogastric Aleocharinae, with notes on its anatomy. Zoologiska studier tillagnade Prof. T. Tullberg, 1907, 172 - 190." type="journal article" year="1907">Trägårdh, 1907</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F1569FFD1A8D6F950FBD3F8CB" authority="Mann, 1923" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" box="[672,1110,1766,1793]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Termitozophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="mirandus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE1569FFD1A8D6F950FC40F8CB" box="[672,965,1766,1792]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Termitozophilus mirandus</emphasis>
|
||
Mann, 1923
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F1569FFD1AEF9F951FEE7F8EF" authority="Silvestri, 1901" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Termitozophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE1569FFD1AEF9F951FB6AF8CB" box="[1167,1263,1766,1792]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">T. laetus</emphasis>
|
||
Silvestri, 1901 (Zilberman 2019)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and also the unusual and distinctive hind coxae and metasternum of stenogastrics
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F1569FFD1AF78F8BCFEEDF883" authority="Mann, 1923" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thyreoxenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE1569FFD1AF78F8BCFF5FF883" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Thyreoxenus major</emphasis>
|
||
Mann, 1923
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F1569FFD1ABE9F899FCDDF883" authority="(Seevers, 1957)" baseAuthorityName="Seevers" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[415,856,1837,1864]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Nasutimimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emersoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE1569FFD1ABE9F899FD1AF883" box="[415,671,1839,1864]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Nasutimimus emersoni</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D1569FFD1A8D8F898FCD5F883" author="Seevers, C. H." box="[686,848,1837,1864]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 334" refId="ref6262" refString="Seevers, C. H. (1957) A Monograph on The Termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana, Zoology, 40, 1 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3797" type="journal article" year="1957">Seevers, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC1569FFD2AAB1F8E5FBE7FDD0" blockId="1.[151,1437,1549,2045]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,153,539]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="49" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">
|
||
In general,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D1569FFD1AB30F8E4FE6AF8A7" author="Seevers, C. H." box="[326,495,1873,1900]" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" pagination="1 - 334" refId="ref6262" refString="Seevers, C. H. (1957) A Monograph on The Termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana, Zoology, 40, 1 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3797" type="journal article" year="1957">Seevers (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
describes stenogastric individuals as frail, slender and winged forms with abdomen of typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F1569FFD1AB7BF8C0FE1FF85B" baseAuthorityName="Kistner" baseAuthorityYear="1969" box="[269,410,1910,1936]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="47" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Aleocharinae">aleocharinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
appearance. Indeed, the author showed concern about the matter of identification, noting that due to several morphological discrepancies, stenogastric individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F1569FFD1A98BF82CFB5DF87F" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" box="[1021,1240,1946,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thyreoxenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE1569FFD1A98BF82CFB5DF87F" box="[1021,1240,1946,1972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">Thyreoxenus major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F1569FFD1AF65F82DFA18F87F" baseAuthorityName="Seevers" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[1299,1437,1947,1972]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Nasutimimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emersoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE1569FFD1AF65F82DFA18F87F" box="[1299,1437,1947,1972]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="48">N. emersoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could even mislead someone to classify them as another subtribe than Corotocina, although perhaps as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F1569FFD1AF6BF808FA1CF813" authorityName="Fenyes" authorityYear="1918" box="[1309,1433,1982,2008]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="48" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corotocini">Corotocini</taxonomicName>
|
||
. His notes on stenogastric forms of these two species demonstrated that some features, such as the leg thickness, are modified during post-imaginal development. In case of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2A973FF2CFCE6FF78" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" box="[773,867,154,179]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thyreoxenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2A973FF2CFCE6FF78" box="[773,867,154,179]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">T. major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
several intermediate stages are known and suggest that the changes from stenogastric to physogastric condition are gradual.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156AFFD2A9B9FF0BFBFCFF1C" author="Seevers, C. H." box="[975,1145,188,215]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 334" refId="ref6262" refString="Seevers, C. H. (1957) A Monograph on The Termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana, Zoology, 40, 1 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3797" type="journal article" year="1957">Seevers (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also added some remarks on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2AACFFF54FD5FFF37" authority="Sharp, 1899" authorityName="Sharp" authorityYear="1899" box="[185,730,225,252]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Dioxeuta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microps">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2AACFFF54FEFAFF30" box="[185,383,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Dioxeuta microps</emphasis>
|
||
Sharp, 1899 (Termitopaediini)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and it helped us to understand the range of this transformation. Silvestri examined a series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2AB9DFEB3FD7EFED4" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1910" box="[491,763,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Jacobsonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="termitobia">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2AB9DFEB3FD7EFED4" box="[491,763,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Jacobsonella termitobia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that included stenogastric and physogastric individuals; the stenogastrics were classified as “ovigera form” and physogastrics as “gestans form”.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156AFFD2AE1FFE9FFAA5FE88" author="Franssen, C. J. H." box="[1129,1312,297,323]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" pagination="170 - 174" refId="ref5496" refString="Franssen, C. J. H. (1932) Jacobsonella oudemansi n. sp und termitobia Silvestri. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 75, 170 - 174." type="journal article" year="1932">Franssen (1932)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
concluded that the “gestans forms” individuals belong to a different species, which he named
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2AE49FEFBFAD1FEAC" authorityName="Franssen" authorityYear="1932" box="[1087,1364,333,359]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Jacobsonella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oudemansi">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2AE49FEFBFAD1FEAC" box="[1087,1364,333,359]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Jacobsonella oudemansi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the current name of the species remains as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2A8BEFEC7FB27FE40" authority="(Franssen, 1932)" baseAuthorityName="Franssen" baseAuthorityYear="1932" box="[712,1186,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Neodioxeuta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="oudemansi">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2A8BEFEC7FC52FE40" box="[712,983,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Neodioxeuta oudemansi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156AFFD2A99CFEC7FB1FFE40" author="Franssen, C. J. H." box="[1002,1178,369,395]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" pagination="170 - 174" refId="ref5496" refString="Franssen, C. J. H. (1932) Jacobsonella oudemansi n. sp und termitobia Silvestri. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 75, 170 - 174." type="journal article" year="1932">Franssen, 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. He observed that the apparent stages were actually males and females.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156AFFD2A8A7FE23FCF2FE64" author="Kistner, D. H." box="[721,887,405,431]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 244" refId="ref5815" refString="Kistner, D. H. (1982) The social insects' bestiary. In: Hermann, H. R. (Ed.), Social insects. Academic Press, New York, pp. 1 - 244. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 342203 - 3.50008 - 4" type="book chapter" year="1982">Kistner (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
describes similar changes between the different forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2AA89FE0CFD85FE18" baseAuthorityName="Seevers" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[255,512,442,467]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Nasutimimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emersoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2AA89FE0CFD85FE18" box="[255,512,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Nasutimimus emersoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as noted in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156AFFD2A8FDFE0FFCB2FE18" author="Seevers, C. H." box="[651,823,440,467]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 334" refId="ref6262" refString="Seevers, C. H. (1957) A Monograph on The Termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana, Zoology, 40, 1 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3797" type="journal article" year="1957">Seevers (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. In this case, an intermediate stage between the stenogastric and physogastric forms was also presented. This intermediate stage appears to be present in the development of physogastric beetles, and it is illustrated for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2A8D2FDB7FCF9FDD0" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" box="[676,892,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Thyreoxenus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="major">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2A8D2FDB7FCF9FDD0" box="[676,892,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Thyreoxenus major</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156AFFD2A9D0FDB7FBDAFDD0" author="Emerson, A. E." box="[934,1119,512,539]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" pagination="369 - 395" refId="ref5406" refString="Emerson, A. E. (1935) Termitophile distribution and quantitative characters as indicators of physiological speciation in British Guiana termites (Isoptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 28, 369 - 395. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 28.3.369" type="journal article" year="1935">Emerson (1935)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FDB56624156AFFD2AAE1FDFCFB8FFD4C" ID-Table-UUID="FDB56624156AFFD2AAE1FDFCFB8FFD4C" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/FDB56624156AFFD2AAE1FDFCFB8FFD4C" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" startId="2.[151,239,586,610]" targetBox="[166,1418,658,1405]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156AFFD2AAE1FDFCFB8FFD4C" blockId="2.[151,1436,586,647]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2AAE1FDFCFE8FFDA8" bold="true" box="[151,266,586,611]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Criteria for qualification of interaction behaviour between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2A9F3FDFDFB4BFDA8" baseAuthorityName="Silvestri" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[901,1230,587,611]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Constrictotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyphergaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2A9F3FDFDFB4BFDA8" box="[901,1230,587,611]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Constrictotermes cyphergaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2AF74FDFDFAE3FDA9" box="[1282,1382,587,610]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Corotoca</taxonomicName>
|
||
mel-
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2AAE1FDD9FF5EFD4C" box="[151,219,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">antho.</emphasis>
|
||
Interaction tests were performed with physogastric and stenogastric beetles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156AFFD2AAD0FD24FA04FAB6" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<table id="DBCAC40C156A002FAAD0FD24FA0FFAB6" box="[166,1418,658,1405]" gridcols="4" gridrows="16" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FD24FA0FFD60" box="[166,1418,658,683]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FD24FED6FD60" box="[166,339,658,683]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2AAD0FD24FED6FD60" bold="true" box="[166,339,658,683]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Interaction type</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FD24FE4BFD60" box="[384,462,658,683]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2ABF6FD24FE3BFD60" bold="true" box="[384,446,658,683]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Actor</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFD24FA85FD60" box="[522,1280,658,683]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2A87CFD24FD02FD60" bold="true" box="[522,647,658,683]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FD24FA0FFD60" box="[1318,1418,658,683]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2AF50FD24FA0FFD60" bold="true" box="[1318,1418,658,683]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Category</emphasis>
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FD0EFA0FFD1A" box="[166,1418,696,721]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FD0EFED6FD1A" box="[166,339,696,721]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Bite</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FD0EFE4BFD1A" box="[384,462,696,721]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Beetle</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFD0EFA85FD1A" box="[522,1280,696,721]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">The beetle draws the attention of termite using their mouthparts; bites the</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FD0EFA0FFD1A" box="[1318,1418,696,721]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Positive</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FD6AFA0FFCDD" box="[166,1418,732,790]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FD6AFED6FCDD" box="[166,339,732,790]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Rubbing</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FD6AFE4BFCDD" box="[384,462,732,790]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Beetle</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFD6AFA85FCDD" box="[522,1280,732,790]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">legs or the pleura The beetle rubs its abdomen on the termite’s body</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FD6AFA0FFCDD" box="[1318,1418,732,790]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Positive</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FC95FA0FFCF7" box="[166,1418,803,828]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FC95FED6FCF7" box="[166,339,803,828]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Feeding</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FC95FE4BFCF7" box="[384,462,803,828]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Termite</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFC95FA85FCF7" box="[522,1280,803,828]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Termites feed the beetle by trophallaxis</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FC95FA0FFCF7" box="[1318,1418,803,828]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Positive</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FCFEFA0FFCAA" box="[166,1418,840,865]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FCFEFED6FCAA" box="[166,339,840,865]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Phoresy</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FCFEFE4BFCAA" box="[384,462,840,865]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Termite</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFCFEFA85FCAA" box="[522,1280,840,865]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">A termite carries the beetle overtheir body or using mouthparts</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FCFEFA0FFCAA" box="[1318,1418,840,865]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Positive</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FCD8FA0FFC4C" box="[166,1418,878,903]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FCD8FED6FC4C" box="[166,339,878,903]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Grooming</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FCD8FE4BFC4C" box="[384,462,878,903]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Termite</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFCD8FA85FC4C" box="[522,1280,878,903]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Termite groom the beetle with its mouthparts</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FCD8FA0FFC4C" box="[1318,1418,878,903]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Positive</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FC22FA0FFC66" box="[166,1418,916,941]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FC22FED6FC66" box="[166,339,916,941]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Antennal contact</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FC22FE4BFC66" box="[384,462,916,941]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Mutual</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFC22FA85FC66" box="[522,1280,916,941]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Beetle and termite touch each other using the antennae in various parts of</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FC22FA0FFC66" box="[1318,1418,916,941]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Positive</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FC0EFA0FFC39" box="[166,1418,952,1010]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FC0EFED6FC39" box="[166,339,952,1010]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Exudate release</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FC0EFE4BFC39" box="[384,462,952,1010]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Beetle</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFC0EFA85FC39" box="[522,1280,952,1010]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">the body for more than two seconds The beetle releases the exudate using the abdominal glands</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FC0EFA0FFC39" box="[1318,1418,952,1010]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Positive</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FC48FA0FFBDC" box="[166,1418,1022,1047]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FC48FED6FBDC" box="[166,339,1022,1047]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Wing touching</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FC48FE4BFBDC" box="[384,462,1022,1047]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Beetle</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFC48FA85FBDC" box="[522,1280,1022,1047]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">The beetle stretches its abdomen, exposes its wings and performs a “clean-</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FC48FA0FFBDC" box="[1318,1418,1022,1047]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Neutral</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FB94FA0FFB97" box="[166,1418,1058,1116]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FB94FED6FB97" box="[166,339,1058,1116]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Stand still</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FB94FE4BFB97" box="[384,462,1058,1116]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Beetle</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFB94FA85FB97" box="[522,1280,1058,1116]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">ing move” with the last pair of legs The beetle stands still without showing behavioral change</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FB94FA0FFB97" box="[1318,1418,1058,1116]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Neutral</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FBDFFA0FFB49" box="[166,1418,1129,1154]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FBDFFED6FB49" box="[166,339,1129,1154]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Avoid</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FBDFFE4BFB49" box="[384,462,1129,1154]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Beetle</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFBDFFA85FB49" box="[522,1280,1129,1154]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">When a termite approaches or touches the beetle, the later avoids contact</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FBDFFA0FFB49" box="[1318,1418,1129,1154]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Neutral</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FB3BFA0FFB0C" box="[166,1418,1165,1223]" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FB3BFED6FB0C" box="[166,339,1165,1223]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Ignore</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FB3BFE4BFB0C" box="[384,462,1165,1223]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Mutual</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFB3BFA85FB0C" box="[522,1280,1165,1223]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">running fast Termite and beetle touches each others quickly</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FB3BFA0FFB0C" box="[1318,1418,1165,1223]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Neutral</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FB65FA0FFB27" box="[166,1418,1235,1260]" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FB65FED6FB27" box="[166,339,1235,1260]" gridcol="0" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Alarm vibration</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FB65FE4BFB27" box="[384,462,1235,1260]" gridcol="1" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Termite</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFB65FA85FB27" box="[522,1280,1235,1260]" gridcol="2" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Termite vibrates its head repeatedly warning danger</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FB65FA0FFB27" box="[1318,1418,1235,1260]" gridcol="3" gridrow="12" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Negative</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FB4FFA0FFAD9" box="[166,1418,1273,1298]" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FB4FFED6FAD9" box="[166,339,1273,1298]" gridcol="0" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Bites</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FB4FFE4BFAD9" box="[384,462,1273,1298]" gridcol="1" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Termite</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFB4FFA85FAD9" box="[522,1280,1273,1298]" gridcol="2" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Termite worker bites the beetle causing injury, such as tearing a beetle</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FB4FFA0FFAD9" box="[1318,1418,1273,1298]" gridcol="3" gridrow="13" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Negative</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FAABFA0FFA9C" box="[166,1418,1309,1367]" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FAABFED6FA9C" box="[166,339,1309,1367]" gridcol="0" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Chemical attack</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FAABFE4BFA9C" box="[384,462,1309,1367]" gridcol="1" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Termite</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFAABFA85FA9C" box="[522,1280,1309,1367]" gridcol="2" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">member Termite soldier shoots the chemical substances by its nasus</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FAABFA0FFA9C" box="[1318,1418,1309,1367]" gridcol="3" gridrow="14" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Negative</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="17FA34EE156A002FAAD0FAD2FA0FFAB6" box="[166,1418,1380,1405]" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
<th id="542B5D92156A002FAAD0FAD2FED6FAB6" box="[166,339,1380,1405]" gridcol="0" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Thanotousis</th>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FABF6FAD2FE4BFAB6" box="[384,462,1380,1405]" gridcol="1" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Beetle</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FA87CFAD2FA85FAB6" box="[522,1280,1380,1405]" gridcol="2" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">The beetle pretends to be dead</td>
|
||
<td id="542B5D92156A002FAF50FAD2FA0FFAB6" box="[1318,1418,1380,1405]" gridcol="3" gridrow="15" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Negative</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156AFFD2AAB1FA1BFDDCF993" blockId="2.[151,1437,1453,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The morphology discrepancies between the different forms of the same individual is probably an important factor for identification of the species. Besides, the majority of the taxonomic keys for termitophilous species, probably due to lack of material, do not consider characteristics of stenogastric individuals (Casey 1889;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156AFFD2AE88FA40FA12F9DB" author="Seevers, C. H." box="[1278,1431,1525,1552]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 334" refId="ref6262" refString="Seevers, C. H. (1957) A Monograph on The Termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana, Zoology, 40, 1 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3797" type="journal article" year="1957">Seevers 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156AFFD2AAE1F9ACFEA1F9FF" author="Fontes, L." box="[151,292,1562,1588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" pagination="69 - 74" refId="ref5459" refString="Fontes, L. (1977) Notes on the termitophilous genus Corotoca, with a new species from Brazil (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 21, 69 - 74." type="journal article" year="1977">Fontes 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156AFFD2AB47F9ACFE7DF9FF" author="Caron, E. & Bortoluzzi, S. & Rosa, C. S." box="[305,504,1561,1588]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" pagination="566 - 578" refId="ref5195" refString="Caron, E., Bortoluzzi, S. & Rosa, C. S. (2018) Two new species of obligatory termitophilous rove beetles from Brazil (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Termitomorpha Wasmann). Zootaxa, 4413 (3), 566 - 578. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4413.3.10" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Caron
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2AB0BF9ACFE33F9F8" box="[381,438,1561,1587]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Zilberman 2019). Some characters of various stenogastric forms were included in the Seevers’ identification keys in 1957.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156AFFD2AAB1F9D4FBFDF898" blockId="2.[151,1437,1453,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
Seevers concerns commented above on the uncertainty of the identity of stenogastric individuals allow the raising of interesting questions about the taxonomic work on those termitophilous. Throughout the history, little attention was given to the chaetotaxy of species across the genera, but we believe that it may be the best character to identify stenogastric individuals of some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2A8E0F97BFC8BF92C" authorityName="Fenyes" authorityYear="1918" box="[662,782,1741,1767]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corotocini">Corotocini</taxonomicName>
|
||
beetles. Recent taxonomic works on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2AEB2F978FAA8F923" box="[1220,1325,1742,1768]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2AEB2F978FAA8F923" box="[1220,1325,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
highlight chaetotaxy as a great diagnose character for the group (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156AFFD2A96FF947FC67F8C7" author="Zilberman, B." box="[793,994,1777,1804]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" pagination="547 - 560" refId="ref6613" refString="Zilberman, B. (2018 a) New species and synonymy in the genus Corotoca Schiodte, 1853 (Coleoptera, Aleocharinae, Corotocini). Zootaxa, 4434 (3), 547 - 560. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4434.3.9" type="journal article" year="2018">Zilberman 2018a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156AFFD2A999F947FA9CF8C7" author="Zilberman, B. & Casari, S. A." box="[1007,1305,1777,1804]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" pagination="521 - 540" refId="ref6751" refString="Zilberman, B. & Casari, S. A. (2018) New species of Corotoca Schiodte, 1853 from South America and description of first instar larva. Zootaxa, 4527 (4), 521 - 540. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4527.4.4" type="journal article" year="2018">Zilberman & Casari 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Zilberman 2019). The fact is that whatever differences the stenogastric has in comparison to physogastric individuals, it will be limited to the matter of secondary sclerotization, while chaetotaxy remains conservative.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156AFFD3AAB1F8EBFC35FE64" blockId="2.[151,1437,1453,2020]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,153,971]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="50" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">
|
||
The stenogastric individual discussed in this paper is an example of how the chaetotaxy can help identify the specimen to a genus, even with all the other differences regarding secondary sclerotization when compared to physogastric ones. Some diagnostic features for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2A977F810FCEFF80B" box="[769,874,1958,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2A977F810FCEFF80B" box="[769,874,1958,1984]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also found in stenogastric individuals are the row of bristles on vertex, a pair of bristles on pronotum (exceptionally,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156AFFD2A9F3F87CFB19F82F" authority="Seevers, 1957" authorityName="Seevers" authorityYear="1957" box="[901,1180,1993,2020]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araujoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156AFFD2A9F3F87CFC72F828" box="[901,1015,1994,2020]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="49">C. araujoi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156AFFD2A989F87CFB19F82F" author="Seevers, C. H." box="[1023,1180,1993,2020]" pageId="2" pageNumber="49" pagination="1 - 334" refId="ref6262" refString="Seevers, C. H. (1957) A Monograph on The Termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana, Zoology, 40, 1 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3797" type="journal article" year="1957">Seevers, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has no bristles on pro- notum and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156BFFD3AB62FF2FFC7AFF78" authority="Zilberman, 2018 in Zilberman & Casari (2018)" authorityName="Zilberman, 2018 in Zilberman & Casari" authorityYear="2018" box="[276,1023,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudomelantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3AB62FF2FFE69FF78" box="[276,492,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">C. pseudomelantho</emphasis>
|
||
Zilberman,
|
||
<quantity id="6E329B49156BFFD3A802FF2FFD4DFF78" box="[628,712,153,179]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.125719999999999" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" unit="in" value="2018.0">2018 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156BFFD3A8B9FF2FFC7AFF78" author="Zilberman, B. & Casari, S. A." box="[719,1023,153,179]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" pagination="521 - 540" refId="ref6751" refString="Zilberman, B. & Casari, S. A. (2018) New species of Corotoca Schiodte, 1853 from South America and description of first instar larva. Zootaxa, 4527 (4), 521 - 540. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4527.4.4" type="journal article" year="2018">Zilberman & Casari (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has two pairs) and a comb of bristles on posterior tibia. Additionally, the eyes occupying more than 2/3 the lateral region of the head, scarcity of bristles on elytra and a V-shaped depression on pronotum, made it possible to identify the individual as a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156BFFD3AEA3FF57FABBFF30" box="[1237,1342,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3AEA3FF57FABBFF30" box="[1237,1342,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. Along with the long bristles on sternites V, VI and VII, and only one pair of bristles on pronotum, it is possible to conclude that the stenogastric individual is a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156BFFD3A8E3FE9FFC9BFE88" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[661,798,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3A8E3FE9FFC9BFE88" box="[661,798,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen and it is a female (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156BFFD3AE1FFE9FFA14FE88" author="Zilberman, B. & Casari, S. A." box="[1129,1425,297,323]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" pagination="521 - 540" refId="ref6751" refString="Zilberman, B. & Casari, S. A. (2018) New species of Corotoca Schiodte, 1853 from South America and description of first instar larva. Zootaxa, 4527 (4), 521 - 540. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4527.4.4" type="journal article" year="2018">Zilberman & Casari 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It is noteworthy to add, that the stenogastric individual analyzed has an additional bristle of asymmetrical distribution on vertex, but it is probably an anomaly because one of the authors (Zilberman, Obs. Pers.) observed similar phenomenon in physoga
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3ABDFFE20FE7EFE64" box="[425,507,406,431]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">stric sp</emphasis>
|
||
ecimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156BFFD3A80AFE23FC28FE64" authority="Zilberman, 2018" authorityName="Zilberman" authorityYear="2018" box="[636,941,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fontesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3A80AFE23FD62FE64" box="[636,743,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">C. fontesi</emphasis>
|
||
Zilberman, 2018
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156BFFD3AAB8FE0FFE5EFD4C" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,971]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">
|
||
The slender, fragile and size reduced body (
|
||
<quantity id="6E329B49156BFFD3A8C3FE0EFC9BFE18" box="[693,798,440,467]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="1.35">1.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
), when compared to physogastric individuals (~
|
||
<quantity id="6E329B49156BFFD3AF43FE0EFA15FE18" box="[1333,1424,440,467]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" unit="mm" value="3.5">3.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
), and the different size of legs (being longer on stenogastric individual), fit Seevers’ description for stenogastric individuals of other species (
|
||
<figureCitation id="31F12A29156BFFD3AB90FDB7FDD1FDD7" box="[486,596,513,540]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1–4" captionStart-1="FIGURES 5–6" captionStartId-0="3.[151,264,1967,1992]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,264,1311,1336]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,985,1948]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1439,409,1291]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[151,1436,985,1948]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1439,409,1291]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURES 1–4. Corotoca melantho Schiødte, stenogastric habitus (1, lateral; 3, ventral) and physiogastric habitus (2, lateral; 4, ventral)." captionText-1="FIGURES 5–6. Corotoca melantho Schiødte, habitus dorsal, physogastric (5) and stenogastric (6)." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998637" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998639" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/3998637/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/3998639/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Figs. 1–6</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some features present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156BFFD3A9E4FDB7FC7EFDD0" box="[914,1019,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3A9E4FDB7FC7EFDD0" box="[914,1019,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species are cryptic on steonogastric individual, as the absence of characteristic secondary sclerotization and pigmentation. A conspicuous feature absent in stenogastric individuals is the long lateral extensions on tergites IV and V that are fused along their length and nearly encircle the abdomen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156BFFD3AAB1FD27FDF7FC00" blockId="3.[151,1437,153,971]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">
|
||
According to
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156BFFD3AB16FD27FD8FFD60" author="Seevers, C. H." box="[352,522,656,683]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 334" refId="ref6262" refString="Seevers, C. H. (1957) A Monograph on The Termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana, Zoology, 40, 1 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3797" type="journal article" year="1957">Seevers (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the presence of wings seems to be a characteristic that also disappears throughout the development of individuals of certain species. For example
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156BFFD3A906FD00FC7FFD04" baseAuthorityName="Seevers" baseAuthorityYear="1957" box="[880,1018,694,719]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Nasutimimus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="emersoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3A906FD00FC7FFD04" box="[880,1018,694,719]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">N. emersoni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has functional wings in stenogastric specimens and “thin-walled non-functional sacs” in physogastric ones. Furthermore, the dispersive cycle of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156BFFD3AF33FD6FFF34FCDC" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3AF33FD6FFF34FCDC" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests that inside the nest the wings are of no use, since the dispersion occurs passively by immatures (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156BFFD3AF49FD4BFE96FCF0" author="Oliveira, M. H. de & Vieira, R. V. da & Moreira, I. E. & Pires-Silva, C. M. & Lima, H. V. G. de & Andrade, M. R. de & Bezerra-Gusmao, M. A." pageId="3" pageNumber="50" pagination="531 - 533" refId="ref6009" refString="Oliveira, M. H. de, Vieira, R. V. da. S., Moreira, I. E., Pires-Silva, C. M., Lima, H. V. G. de., Andrade, M. R. de L. & Bezerra-Gusmao, M. A. (2018) " The road to reproduction ": foraging trails of Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) as maternities for Staphylinidae beetles. Sociobiology, 65, 531 - 533. https: // doi. org / 10.13102 / sociobiology. v 65 i 3.2902" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Oliveira
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3AAE1FC94FF55FCF0" box="[151,208,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Once inside the colony (the nest), a stable environment, the dispersion and wings are no longer necessary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156BFFD3AAA2FCF3FE76FC94" author="Wagner, D. L. & Liebherr, J. K." box="[212,499,837,863]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" pagination="216 - 220" refId="ref6490" refString="Wagner, D. L. & Liebherr, J. K. (1992) Flightlessness in insects. Trends Ecology Evolution, 7, 216 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0169 - 5347 (92) 90047 - F" type="journal article" year="1992">Wagner & Liebherr 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the way that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156BFFD3A97FFCF3FCF7FC94" box="[777,882,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3A97FFCF3FCF7FC94" box="[777,882,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen finds a new nest to host itself in, is still subject to discussions and uncertainties. It is expected that stenogastric individuals may provide more clues about social parasitic relationship and integration than physogastric individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156BFFD3A9A0FC3BFBF7FC6C" author="Seevers, C. H." box="[982,1138,908,935]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" pagination="1 - 334" refId="ref6262" refString="Seevers, C. H. (1957) A Monograph on The Termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana, Zoology, 40, 1 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3797" type="journal article" year="1957">Seevers 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), because
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156BFFD3AE92FC3BFAC8FC6C" box="[1252,1357,909,935]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3AE92FC3BFAC8FC6C" box="[1252,1357,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be found inside the nest in its emergent form.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FDB56624156BFFD3AAE1F819FE82F827" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998637" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3998637" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998637/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" startId="3.[151,264,1967,1992]" targetBox="[151,1436,985,1948]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156BFFD3AAE1F819FE82F827" blockId="3.[151,1436,1967,2028]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3AAE1F819FEB9F803" bold="true" box="[151,316,1967,1992]" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">FIGURES 1–4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156BFFD3AB35F807FDEFF803" authority="Schiodte" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[323,618,1967,1992]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="50" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156BFFD3AB35F807FD82F803" box="[323,519,1968,1992]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="50">Corotoca melantho</emphasis>
|
||
Schiødte
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, stenogastric habitus (1, lateral; 3, ventral) and physiogastric habitus (2, lateral; 4, ventral).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156CFFD4AAB1FF2FFB8AFE40" blockId="4.[151,1436,153,396]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
|
||
Although it is expected that all species within the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4A94DFF2FFC21FF78" box="[827,932,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4A94DFF2FFC21FF78" box="[827,932,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possess the same kind of dispersion strategy, keeping the wings throughout their life is not a character shared by all members of the group. In physogastric
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4AF2CFF0BFF4AFF30" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4AF2CFF0BFF4FFF30" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Corotoca</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
the species that have wings in that stage are
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4A8B6FF57FCCCFF30" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[704,841,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4A8B6FF57FCCCFF30" box="[704,841,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4A920FF57FBE3FF30" authority="Mann, 1923" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" box="[854,1126,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guyanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4A920FF57FC53FF30" box="[854,982,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">C. guyanae</emphasis>
|
||
Mann, 1923
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4AED6FF57FAFAFF30" box="[1184,1407,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4AED6FF57FAFEFF30" authorityName="Zilberman, 2018 in Zilberman & Casari" authorityYear="2018" box="[1184,1403,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pseudomelantho">C. pseudomelantho</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
In the other species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4AB29FEB3FDEAFED4" authority="Schiodte, 1853" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[351,623,260,287]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="phylo">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4AB29FEB3FE38FED4" box="[351,445,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">C. phylo</emphasis>
|
||
Schiødte, 1853
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4A80CFEB3FC2CFED4" authority="Zilberman, 2018" authorityName="Zilberman" authorityYear="2018" box="[634,937,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fontesi">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4A80CFEB3FD60FED4" box="[634,741,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">C. fontesi</emphasis>
|
||
Zilberman, 2018
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4A995FEB3FB78FED4" authority="Seevers, 1957" authorityName="Seevers" authorityYear="1957" box="[995,1277,260,287]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="araujoi">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4A995FEB3FBD3FED4" box="[995,1110,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">C. araujoi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156CFFD4AE2BFEB3FB78FED4" author="Seevers, C. H." box="[1117,1277,260,287]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 334" refId="ref6262" refString="Seevers, C. H. (1957) A Monograph on The Termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana, Zoology, 40, 1 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3797" type="journal article" year="1957">Seevers, 1957</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the wings are vestigial. Although both forms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4A879FE9FFD12FE88" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[527,663,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4A879FE9FFD12FE88" box="[527,663,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(steno. and physo.) are winged, the long lateral extensions on tergites IV and V that are fused along their length, possibly constrain the flexibility of the abdomen and perhaps prevents them from exposing their wings (non-functional) as the stenogastric form does.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FDB56624156CFFD4AAE1FAA9FB07FAF3" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998639" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3998639" box="[151,1154,1311,1336]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998639/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" startId="4.[151,264,1311,1336]" targetBox="[151,1439,409,1291]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156CFFD4AAE1FAA9FB07FAF3" blockId="4.[151,1154,1311,1336]" box="[151,1154,1311,1336]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4AAE1FAA9FEBEFAF3" bold="true" box="[151,315,1311,1336]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">FIGURES 5–6.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4AB37FA96FDE3FAF3" authority="Schiodte" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[321,614,1311,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4AB37FA96FD81FAF3" box="[321,516,1312,1336]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Corotoca melantho</emphasis>
|
||
Schiødte
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, habitus dorsal, physogastric (5) and stenogastric (6).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156CFFD4AAB1FAD0FD0FF80A" blockId="4.[151,1437,1382,2021]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
|
||
The stenogastric form of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4AB94FAD1FD3CFA4B" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[482,697,1382,1409]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4AB94FAD1FD3CFA4B" box="[482,697,1382,1409]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Corotoca melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has membranous wings that are maintained throughout the development of the individual. Whether or not physogastric wingless specimens of other species across
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4AE86FA3CFAEDFA6F" authorityName="Fenyes" authorityYear="1918" box="[1264,1384,1418,1444]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corotocini">Corotocini</taxonomicName>
|
||
lose their wings during the development of physogastry and integration into the host colony is an open issue and possibly vary in different groups. Even if the adult of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4A8F4FA65FC8CFA27" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[642,777,1490,1517]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4A8F4FA65FC8CFA27" box="[642,777,1490,1517]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not use its wings while inside the termite nest, it is unknown if the wings can be used by the stenogastric forms to find a new nest since it is unknown how
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4AE83FA41FADBF9DA" box="[1269,1374,1527,1553]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4AE83FA41FADBF9DA" box="[1269,1374,1527,1553]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
finds a new colony. Within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4ABF9F9ACFD8FF9FF" authorityName="Fenyes" authorityYear="1918" box="[399,522,1562,1588]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corotocini">Corotocini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the stenogastric individuals collected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156CFFD4A997F9ACFB0EF9FF" author="Seevers, C. H." box="[993,1163,1561,1588]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 334" refId="ref6262" refString="Seevers, C. H. (1957) A Monograph on The Termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana, Zoology, 40, 1 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3797" type="journal article" year="1957">Seevers (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
had wings (even if they did not have them as physogastric), and the same could be expected for the non-winged species in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4AE8AF989FAE0F992" box="[1276,1381,1599,1625]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4AE8AF989FAE0F992" box="[1276,1381,1599,1625]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and perhaps this plays an important role in the search for another colony. Zilberman (2019) stated that in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4AF76F9D4FE29F96B" authority="Silvestri, 1901" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1901" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Termitozophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4AF76F9D4FE87F96B" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Termitozophilus laetus</emphasis>
|
||
Silvestri, 1901
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
stenogastric individuals have wings and physogastric forms have them partially or totally removed. The author’s hypothesis is that it is reasonable to infer that stenogastric forms are the dispersal individuals and then inside the nest, they “lose their wings because they were not needed anymore”. Similar situation occurs with parasite
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4AB59F944FE52F8C7" authorityName="Samouelle" authorityYear="1819" box="[303,471,1778,1804]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hippoboscidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
flies, which lose their wings after locating a suitable host (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156CFFD4AE19F944FA15F8C7" author="Wagner, D. L. & Liebherr, J. K." box="[1135,1424,1778,1804]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" pagination="216 - 220" refId="ref6490" refString="Wagner, D. L. & Liebherr, J. K. (1992) Flightlessness in insects. Trends Ecology Evolution, 7, 216 - 220. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / 0169 - 5347 (92) 90047 - F" type="journal article" year="1992">Wagner & Liebherr 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Another possibility is that the wings are being absent during the whole development of the species, which is also a subject to be explored across the wingless species in the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156CFFD4A92AF88DFC40F89E" box="[860,965,1851,1877]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156CFFD4A92AF88DFC40F89E" box="[860,965,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156CFFD4A9A5F88CFBFEF89F" author="Seevers, C. H." box="[979,1147,1849,1876]" pageId="4" pageNumber="51" pagination="1 - 334" refId="ref6262" refString="Seevers, C. H. (1957) A Monograph on The Termitophilous Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Fieldiana, Zoology, 40, 1 - 334. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 3797" type="journal article" year="1957">Seevers (1957)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was the first to show that the differences could be more than just the body size, but here it is suggested that these differences may also have a significant phylogenetic implications. These conclusions are based on a taxonomic revision and cladistic analyses performed by Zilberman (unpublished data).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156CFFD5AAB1F87CFE3AFEAC" blockId="4.[151,1437,1382,2021]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1437,153,719]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="52" pageId="4" pageNumber="51">
|
||
The degree of secondary sclerotization may have evolved over time in certain taxa and possibly created these structures or conditions across different evolutionary branches.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A91BFF2FFBC3FF78" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[877,1094,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5A91BFF2FFBC3FF78" box="[877,1094,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Corotoca melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimen has the long lateral extensions on tergites IV and V are caused by secondary sclerotization and this structure is a synapomorphy of the group of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AA8BFF57FEE3FF30" box="[253,358,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AA8BFF57FEE3FF30" box="[253,358,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A801FF57FCADFF30" baseAuthorityName="Silvestri" baseAuthorityYear="1901" box="[631,808,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Constrictotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyphergaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5A801FF57FCADFF30" box="[631,808,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">C. cyphergaster</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
living in Brazilian Cerrado and Caatinga, and Argentinean Chaco (which means all species excluding
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5A8D5FEB3FCACFED4" box="[675,809,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A8D5FEB3FCA0FED4" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" box="[675,805,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guyanae">C. guyanae</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
this one is associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AE2EFEB3FA19FED4" authority="Holmgren, 1910" authorityName="Holmgren" authorityYear="1910" box="[1112,1436,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cavifrons">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AE2EFEB3FB5AFED4" box="[1112,1247,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">C. cavifrons</emphasis>
|
||
Holmgren, 1910
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
living in forests). The stenogastric individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A8CEFE9FFCC7FE88" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[696,834,297,323]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5A8CEFE9FFCC7FE88" box="[696,834,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
do not have character state of this structure, which is considered plesiomorphic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156DFFD5AAB1FEC7FE89FD04" blockId="5.[151,1437,153,719]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The longitudinal suture present on head’s surface of physogastric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A9DAFEC7FBFEFE40" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" box="[940,1147,369,395]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guyanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5A9DAFEC7FBFEFE40" box="[940,1147,369,395]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Corotoca guyanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is absent on physogastric specimens of remaining
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5ABD1FE23FD95FE64" box="[423,528,405,431]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5ABD1FE23FD95FE64" box="[423,528,405,431]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species. The suture, however, is present in the stenogastric individual analyzed in this study. It is noteworthy that the suture occupies almost entirely the length of the head surface, which is different from the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AA88FE6BFEFBFE3C" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" box="[254,382,477,503]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guyanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AA88FE6BFEFBFE3C" box="[254,382,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">C. guyanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in which it reaches half the length of the head (
|
||
<figureCitation id="31F12A29156DFFD5A9EBFE6BFB88FE3C" box="[925,1037,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURES 7–10" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1042,1067]" captionTargetBox="[155,1430,736,1016]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[151,1436,733,1023]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 7–10. Schemes of dorsal surface of head. 7, Spiractha eurymedusa Schiødte; 8, Corotoca guayanae Mann; 9, Corotoca melantho Schiødte (stenogastric); 10, C. melantho (physogastric)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998641/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Fig. 7–10</figureCitation>
|
||
). The suture found is similar to that of physogastric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AB3AFDB7FC8EFDD0" authority="Schiodte, 1853" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[332,779,512,539]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Spirachtha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eurymedusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AB3AFDB7FDD3FDD0" box="[332,598,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Spirachtha eurymedusa</emphasis>
|
||
Schiødte, 1853
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the sister group to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A99AFDB7FBD0FDD0" box="[1004,1109,513,539]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5A99AFDB7FBD0FDD0" box="[1004,1109,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is possible that the suture was present in the common ancestor of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A82DFD93FD53FDF4" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[603,726,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Spirachtha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5A82DFD93FD53FDF4" box="[603,726,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Spirachtha</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A880FD93FCDAFDF4" box="[758,863,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5A880FD93FCDAFDF4" box="[758,863,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and it was similar to that found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AE87FD93FA10FDF4" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[1265,1429,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Spirachtha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eurymedusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AE87FD93FA10FDF4" box="[1265,1429,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">S. eurymedusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, being reduced over time in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5ABB2FDFFFDC6FDA8" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" box="[452,579,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guyanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5ABB2FDFFFDC6FDA8" box="[452,579,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">C. guyanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
until be completely covered by secondary sclerotization in remaining species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AAC0FDDBFE9AFD4C" box="[182,287,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AAC0FDDBFE9AFD4C" box="[182,287,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="31F12A29156DFFD5AB46FDDBFE04FD4C" box="[304,385,621,647]" captionStart="FIGURE 11" captionStartId="6.[151,250,1276,1301]" captionTargetBox="[151,1434,373,1229]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[151,1434,373,1229]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 11. Corotoca melantho Schiødte (physogastric), head, dorsal view." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998643" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998643/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Fig. 11</figureCitation>
|
||
), remaining visible only in stenogastric individuals. Therefore, we wonder if the stenogastric individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AB4DFD27FE39FD60" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1923" box="[315,444,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guyanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AB4DFD27FE39FD60" box="[315,444,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">C. guyanae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a longer suture similar to that of stenogastric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AE72FD27FB08FD60" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[1028,1165,657,683]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AE72FD27FB08FD60" box="[1028,1165,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and physogastric
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AF2DFD27FE89FD04" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AF2DFD27FE8DFD04" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Spirachtha" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eurymedusa">S. eurymedusa</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="FDB56624156DFFD5AAE1FBA4FCE1FB84" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998641" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3998641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998641/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" startId="5.[151,264,1042,1067]" targetBox="[155,1430,736,1016]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156DFFD5AAE1FBA4FCE1FB84" blockId="5.[151,1437,1042,1103]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AAE1FBA4FEC4FBE0" bold="true" box="[151,321,1042,1067]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">FIGURES 7–10</emphasis>
|
||
. Schemes of dorsal surface of head. 7,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A8BDFBA5FB95FBE0" authority="Schiodte" authorityName="Schiodte" box="[715,1040,1042,1067]" class="Insecta" family="Hippoboscidae" genus="Spiractha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eurymedusa">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5A8BDFBA5FC28FBE0" box="[715,941,1043,1067]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Spiractha eurymedusa</emphasis>
|
||
Schiødte
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 8,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AE44FBA5FABBFBE1" authority="Mann" authorityName="Mann" box="[1074,1342,1043,1067]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="guayanae">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AE44FBA5FB7CFBE0" box="[1074,1273,1043,1067]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Corotoca guayanae</emphasis>
|
||
Mann
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 9,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AF17FBA5FE02FB84" authority="Schiodte" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AF17FBA5FEA2FB84" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Corotoca melantho</emphasis>
|
||
Schiødte
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(stenogastric); 10,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A83CFB81FD43FB84" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[586,710,1079,1103]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5A83CFB81FD43FB84" box="[586,710,1079,1103]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(physogastric).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156DFFD5AAB1FBCBFE39FA7C" blockId="5.[151,1437,1149,1463]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The pattern of ontogenetic changes occurs in such a way that if one would find a stenogastric beetle, and compared it to its physogastric form without knowing the true identity of the species, one could consider as dealing with two different species. The results of morphological study by Zilberman (unpublished data) on the phylogeny of the genus
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AB5CFB5CFE1CFACF" box="[298,409,1258,1284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AB5CFB5CFE10FACF" box="[298,405,1258,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Corotoca</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
along with the morphology of the stenogastric individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AE3AFB5CFB50FAC8" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[1100,1237,1257,1284]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AE3AFB5CFB50FAC8" box="[1100,1237,1257,1284]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, strongly suggest the importance of study of stenogastric specimens of different
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A917FABBFC5CFAEC" authorityName="Fenyes" authorityYear="1918" box="[865,985,1293,1319]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corotocini">Corotocini</taxonomicName>
|
||
groups. When stenogastry is taken into consideration, the evolutionary history narrative of certain characters could be changed entirely. In fact, this
|
||
<typeStatus id="7671880E156DFFD5AF38FA84FAFBFA87" box="[1358,1406,1330,1356]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of development needs to be thoroughly studied. There are probably many triggers for the first changes in stenogastric individuals. Studies on physogastry and its physiological role in termitophily are necessary for a better understanding of this transformation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSection id="C0452F47156DFFD6AAE1FA52FE34FEAC" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="E1D06527156DFFD6AAE1FA52FE34FEAC" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156DFFD5AAE1FA52FCE2FA34" blockId="5.[151,1437,1508,2040]" box="[151,871,1508,1535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
|
||
<heading id="F23D81C0156DFFD5AAE1FA52FCE2FA34" bold="true" box="[151,871,1508,1535]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AAE1FA52FCE2FA34" bold="true" box="[151,871,1508,1535]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Identifying stenogastric specimens: a new or known species?</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156DFFD5AAB1F9BFFB8BF97F" blockId="5.[151,1437,1508,2040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Given the discussed morphological discrepancies between stenogastric and physogastric individuals, a possible question to address is why we consider the former belonging to an already known rather than a new species. Following the collection of stenogastric individuals, there are two facts to consider to lead to correct identification and possibly it is a general rule for physogastric termitophiles: the rarity of finding stenogastrics specimens in nests and the morphological changes resulting from the secondary sclerotization process.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156DFFD5AAB1F90BFE39F818" blockId="5.[151,1437,1508,2040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">
|
||
The shortage of stenogastric individuals in nests is evident not only from practical experience, but also from the rarity of stenogastric individuals in termitophile collections. The Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de
|
||
<collectingRegion id="6B0EF84E156DFFD5AF04F957FF52F8D4" country="Brazil" name="Sao Paulo" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">São Paulo</collectingRegion>
|
||
has an extensive collection of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A846F8B3FD2EF8D4" authorityName="Fenyes" authorityYear="1918" box="[560,683,1797,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Corotocini">Corotocini</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with over a thousand specimens of mainly Neotropical species but the number of stenogastric individuals is only ten (nine for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5A94EF89FFBB3F888" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1901" box="[824,1078,1833,1859]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Termitozophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5A94EF89FFBB3F888" box="[824,1078,1833,1859]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">Termitozophilus laetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156DFFD5AEE9F89CFAADF888" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[1183,1320,1833,1860]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="52" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156DFFD5AEE9F89CFAADF888" box="[1183,1320,1833,1860]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The difficulty in collecting stenogastric individuals means that when it occurs, it is unlikely that the physogastric of this species will remain undiscovered during nest investigation procedures. Additionally, known morphological changes resulting from the secondary sclerotization process are a rule rather than an exception, and radical differences in morphology are expected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156DFFD6AAB1F86BFE34FEAC" blockId="5.[151,1437,1508,2040]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,153,359]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="53" pageId="5" pageNumber="52">The first step after collecting a stenogastric sample is to determine the species of all physogastric representa- tives of all species within a termite nest; chances are this individual belongs to one of these species. Subsequently, it is essential to know that the secondary sclerotization process undermines characters that may be useful only for identifying physogastrics. It is recommended to use characters that are expected to be conservative at both stages, and here it is believed those related to chaetotaxy are continuous among the adult semaphoronts of a given species. The less the chaetotaxy is addressed in a given description the greater is the difficulty in determining the species of its stenogastric variation.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
<caption id="FDB56624156EFFD6AAE1FB4AFC26FADE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998643" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3998643" box="[151,931,1276,1301]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998643/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" startId="6.[151,250,1276,1301]" targetBox="[151,1434,373,1229]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156EFFD6AAE1FB4AFC26FADE" blockId="6.[151,931,1276,1301]" box="[151,931,1276,1301]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156EFFD6AAE1FB4AFE9BFADE" bold="true" box="[151,286,1276,1301]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">FIGURE 11.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156EFFD6AB53FB4BFDC2FADE" authority="Schiodte" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[293,583,1276,1301]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156EFFD6AB53FB4BFE6DFADE" box="[293,488,1277,1301]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Corotoca melantho</emphasis>
|
||
Schiødte
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(physogastric), head, dorsal view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSection id="C0452F47156EFFD7AAE1FAF4FC38FBD8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="multiple">
|
||
<subSubSection id="E1D06527156EFFD7AAE1FAF4FC38FBD8" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="54" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156EFFD6AAE1FAF4FEDAFA96" blockId="6.[151,1437,1346,2022]" box="[151,351,1346,1373]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
|
||
<heading id="F23D81C0156EFFD6AAE1FAF4FEDAFA96" bold="true" box="[151,351,1346,1373]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156EFFD6AAE1FAF4FEDAFA96" bold="true" box="[151,351,1346,1373]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Behavioral notes</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156EFFD6AAB1FADEFC19FA6E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1346,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">It is expected that the same species display similar behavior, but it is evident that the stenogastric form does not behave similarly to the physogastric one (χ² =6.4299, df=2, P =0.04).</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156EFFD6AAB1FA19FA18F90D" blockId="6.[151,1437,1346,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
|
||
The stenogastric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156EFFD6ABFDFA06FDE0FA02" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[395,613,1455,1482]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156EFFD6ABFDFA06FDE0FA02" box="[395,613,1455,1482]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">Corotoca melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
beetle shows a particularly curious behavior: frequently displaying and pulling his wings using the hind legs. The absence of intersegmental membranes in the abdomen, coupled with the absence of secondary sclerotization that surrounds the outermost part of the body is probably responsible for this action. The bioassay revealed no statistical differences in frequency of wing pulling in the presence of termites (Wilcoxon signed rank V=20.5, P>0.05), and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156EFFD6A82BF9F6FD61F992" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[605,740,1599,1626]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156EFFD6A82BF9F6FD61F992" box="[605,740,1599,1626]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
does not lose its wings along lifespan, and therefore we are not sure of the reasons behind this action. Zilberman (2019) found multiple
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156EFFD6A9DCF9D2FB82F9B6" authorityName="Silvestri" authorityYear="1901" box="[938,1031,1635,1661]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Termitozophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laetus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156EFFD6A9DCF9D2FB82F9B6" box="[938,1031,1635,1661]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">T. laetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacking a wing or having torn wings, which suggests that wing puling might be common among Corocotini beetles. The probable reason why
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156EFFD6AF58F93EFF3EF90E" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156EFFD6AF58F93EFF3EF90E" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits this behavior, despite not losing its wings, may be simple genetic memory from wing pulling ancestors.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156EFFD6AAB1F979FAFDF82E" blockId="6.[151,1437,1346,2022]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">
|
||
Interactions between termites and termitophiles take place at any moment inside the nest, which helps in understanding how these organisms integrate into the termite society. Unlikely the physogastric form, stenogastric
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156EFFD6AFF5F942FF7BF8FA" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156EFFD6AFF5F942FF7BF8FA" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is much more agile among termites, moving faster, and do not interact actively with their hosts. Contact avoidance can be hypothesized as a defense strategy, since the beetle may not be fully integrated into the colony, as with some mymercophiles that avoid ant contact for days before colony invasion (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156EFFD6AE6BF8E9FAE5F8B2" author="Holldobler, B. & Kwapich, C. L." box="[1053,1376,1887,1913]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" pagination="0210524" refId="ref5526" refString="Holldobler, B. & Kwapich, C. L. (2019) Behavior and exocrine glands in the myrmecophilous beetle Dinarda dentata (Gravenhorst, 1806) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae). PLoS One, 14, e 0210524. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0210524" type="journal article" year="2019">Hölldobler & Kwapich 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The high agility and faster movements can be explained by the absence of a greatly developed abdomen that carries a larva inside, increasing its weight and being the cause of the slowness and fragility of the beetles. Similar agility is present in species of limuloid beetles, which prefer to go effectively unnoticed within their host society (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156EFFD6AEB5F87DFAE9F82E" author="Cai, C. & Huang, D. & Newton, A. F. & Eldredge, K. T. & Engel, M. S." box="[1219,1388,1995,2021]" pageId="6" pageNumber="53" pagination="1229 - 1235" refId="ref5129" refString="Cai, C., Huang, D., Newton, A. F., Eldredge, K. T. & Engel, M. S. (2017) Early evolution of specialized termitophily in cretaceous rove beetles. Current Biology, 27, 1229 - 1235. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. cub. 2017.03.009" type="journal article" year="2017">
|
||
Cai
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156EFFD6AE84F87AFAAFF82E" box="[1266,1322,1995,2021]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="53">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156FFFD7AAB1FF2FFD71FE40" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Avoiding contact with the new colony seems to be a good option when one is not fully integrated with society. In some mymercophiles the "odor" of the colony can be acquired gradually.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156FFFD7A98BFF0BFB33FF1C" author="Kistner, D. H." box="[1021,1206,189,215]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" pagination="339 - 413" refId="ref5748" refString="Kistner, D. H. (1979) Social and Evolutionary Significance of Social Insect Symbionts. In: Hermann, H. R. (Ed.), Social Insects. Academic Press, New York, pp. 339 - 413. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 342201 - 9.50015 - X" type="book chapter" year="1979">Kistner’s (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
observations of
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7AF02FF08FF74FF30" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Mimocetes</emphasis>
|
||
flying from one side to another for about
|
||
<quantity id="6E329B49156FFFD7A8B2FF57FC89FF30" box="[708,780,225,251]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" unit="cm" value="10.0">10 cm</quantity>
|
||
, on a
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156FFFD7A93AFF57FBDEFF30" authority="Fabricius, 1793" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1793" box="[844,1115,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7A93AFF57FC23FF30" box="[844,934,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Dorylus</emphasis>
|
||
Fabricius, 1793
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
trail, and then entering thick lines of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156FFFD7AA80FEB3FE55FED4" authority="" box="[246,464,261,287]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Dorylus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subGenus" subGenus="Anomma">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7AA80FEB3FE55FED4" box="[246,464,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Dorylus (Anomma)</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggest that it is acquiring odors. However, even if the odor of the species does not seem to be of high importance,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156FFFD7AB8DFE9FFD1AFE88" author="Kistner, D. H." box="[507,671,297,323]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" pagination="339 - 413" refId="ref5748" refString="Kistner, D. H. (1979) Social and Evolutionary Significance of Social Insect Symbionts. In: Hermann, H. R. (Ed.), Social Insects. Academic Press, New York, pp. 339 - 413. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 342201 - 9.50015 - X" type="book chapter" year="1979">Kistner (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
shows that experimental transfers of termitophiles from one termite nest to another conspecific nest have always been successful, suggesting that this is not regarded as an integrating mechanism but as an adaptation to the nest as a niche.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156FFFD7AAB1FE23FF65FDD0" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">
|
||
Chemical integration provides an adequate elucidation for social interactions. Cuticular hydrocarbons in termites can mediate the nest mate recognition, and the same mechanism can be understood when treating termophiles as members of the colony since the recognition in social insects is mediated by chemical affinity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156FFFD7AF6AFE6BFF51FDD0" author="Rosa, C. S. & Cristaldo, P. F. & Florencio, D. F. & Marins, A. & Lima, E. R. & DeSouza, O." pageId="7" pageNumber="54" pagination="38 - 47" refId="ref6188" refString="Rosa, C. S., Cristaldo, P. F., Florencio, D. F., Marins, A., Lima, E. R. & DeSouza, O. (2018) On the Chemical Disguise of a Physogastric Termitophilous Rove Beetle. Sociobiology, 65, 38 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.13102 / sociobiology. v 65 i 1.1942" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Rosa
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7AF16FE68FA10FE3C" box="[1376,1429,477,503]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156FFFD7AAB1FD93FAB0FD38" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">
|
||
When
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156FFFD7AB66FD93FEFCFDF4" box="[272,377,549,575]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7AB66FD93FEFCFDF4" box="[272,377,549,575]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
pupates, their way for reintroduction in termite colony is not yet well understood.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156FFFD7AF7BFD93FE80FDA8" author="Zilberman, B. & Pires-Silva, C. M. & Moreira, I. E. & Pisno, R. M. & Bezerra-Gusmao, M. A." pageId="7" pageNumber="54" pagination="20195919" refId="ref6805" refString="Zilberman, B., Pires-Silva, C. M., Moreira, I. E., Pisno, R. M. & Bezerra-Gusmao, M. A. (2019) State of knowledge of viviparity in Staphylinidae and the evolutionary significance of this phenomenon in Corotoca Schiodte, 1853. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 59, e 20195919. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / 1807 - 0205 / 2019.59.19" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Zilberman
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7AFFEFD90FF31FDA8" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
explains that the stenogastric form can enter (invade a new colony) in the nest different from birth origin, and this change of hosts can influence the adaptation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156FFFD7A970FDDBFCEAFD4C" box="[774,879,621,647]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7A970FDDBFCEAFD4C" box="[774,879,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
inside the colony, as well as its interactions, since the beetle would come from a nest with different chemical profile than the current. The probable chemical profile differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156FFFD7ABF4FD03FE6EFD04" box="[386,491,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7ABF4FD03FE6EFD04" box="[386,491,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156FFFD7A853FD03FCE8FD04" authority="(Rosa 2018)" baseAuthorityName="Rosa" baseAuthorityYear="2018" box="[549,877,693,719]" class="Insecta" family="Termitidae" genus="Constrictotermes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Blattodea" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyphergaster">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7A853FD03FD5DFD04" box="[549,728,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">C. cyphergaster</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156FFFD7A89FFD03FCE0FD04" author="Rosa, C. S. & Cristaldo, P. F. & Florencio, D. F. & Marins, A. & Lima, E. R. & DeSouza, O." box="[745,869,693,719]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" pagination="38 - 47" refId="ref6188" refString="Rosa, C. S., Cristaldo, P. F., Florencio, D. F., Marins, A., Lima, E. R. & DeSouza, O. (2018) On the Chemical Disguise of a Physogastric Termitophilous Rove Beetle. Sociobiology, 65, 38 - 47. https: // doi. org / 10.13102 / sociobiology. v 65 i 1.1942" type="journal article" year="2018">Rosa 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be the reason for the stenogastric defensive behavior (
|
||
<figureCitation id="31F12A29156FFFD7AB7FFD6FFEDEFD38" box="[265,347,729,755]" captionStart="FIGURE 12" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1955,1980]" captionTargetBox="[163,1424,1073,1920]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,1057,1935]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 12. Interaction plot show Pearson’s residuals from categorized interactions between Corotoca Schiødte (stenogastric and physogastric forms) and termite Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Silvestri, 1901)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3998645" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3998645/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Fig. 12</figureCitation>
|
||
), avoiding contact with its host, since its integration into society would occur gradually.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="A97536AC156FFFD7AAE1FD4BFC38FBD8" blockId="7.[151,1437,153,1043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">
|
||
The presence of stenogastric individuals of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156FFFD7A8F9FD4BFCECFCDC" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[655,873,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7A8F9FD4BFCECFCDC" box="[655,873,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Corotoca melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the termite nest reinforces the hypothesis raised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156FFFD7AB72FC97FD8FFCF0" author="Zilberman, B. & Pires-Silva, C. M. & Moreira, I. E. & Pisno, R. M. & Bezerra-Gusmao, M. A." box="[260,522,801,827]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" pagination="20195919" refId="ref6805" refString="Zilberman, B., Pires-Silva, C. M., Moreira, I. E., Pisno, R. M. & Bezerra-Gusmao, M. A. (2019) State of knowledge of viviparity in Staphylinidae and the evolutionary significance of this phenomenon in Corotoca Schiodte, 1853. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 59, e 20195919. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / 1807 - 0205 / 2019.59.19" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Zilberman
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7ABF6FC94FE3DFCF0" box="[384,440,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2019)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
about the way that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156FFFD7A890FC97FCEAFCF0" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[742,879,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7A890FC97FCEAFCF0" box="[742,879,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
invades the nest of its host. After the pupal stage, which occurs outside the nest (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156FFFD7A857FCF3FC9EFC94" author="Oliveira, M. H. de & Vieira, R. V. da & Moreira, I. E. & Pires-Silva, C. M. & Lima, H. V. G. de & Andrade, M. R. de & Bezerra-Gusmao, M. A." box="[545,795,837,863]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" pagination="531 - 533" refId="ref6009" refString="Oliveira, M. H. de, Vieira, R. V. da. S., Moreira, I. E., Pires-Silva, C. M., Lima, H. V. G. de., Andrade, M. R. de L. & Bezerra-Gusmao, M. A. (2018) " The road to reproduction ": foraging trails of Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) as maternities for Staphylinidae beetles. Sociobiology, 65, 531 - 533. https: // doi. org / 10.13102 / sociobiology. v 65 i 3.2902" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Oliveira
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7A8F3FCF0FD3BFC94" box="[645,702,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2018))
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156FFFD7A95EFCF3FC37FC94" authorityName="Schiodte" authorityYear="1853" box="[808,946,837,863]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melantho">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7A95EFCF3FC37FC94" box="[808,946,837,863]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">C. melantho</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is probably guided by trail scent (chemical cues) of its host and follows it to the corresponding nest, invading it. Only females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156FFFD7AE3FFCDFFB37FC48" box="[1097,1202,873,899]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7AE3FFCDFFB37FC48" box="[1097,1202,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. are encountered accompanying termites in foraging trails (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156FFFD7A80FFC3BFCE5FC6C" author="Oliveira, M. H. de & Vieira, R. V. da & Moreira, I. E. & Pires-Silva, C. M. & Lima, H. V. G. de & Andrade, M. R. de & Bezerra-Gusmao, M. A." box="[633,864,909,935]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" pagination="531 - 533" refId="ref6009" refString="Oliveira, M. H. de, Vieira, R. V. da. S., Moreira, I. E., Pires-Silva, C. M., Lima, H. V. G. de., Andrade, M. R. de L. & Bezerra-Gusmao, M. A. (2018) " The road to reproduction ": foraging trails of Constrictotermes cyphergaster (Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) as maternities for Staphylinidae beetles. Sociobiology, 65, 531 - 533. https: // doi. org / 10.13102 / sociobiology. v 65 i 3.2902" type="journal article" year="2018">
|
||
Oliveira
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7A897FC38FC99FC6C" box="[737,796,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2018
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156FFFD7A919FC3BFBD1FC6C" author="Moreira, I. E. & Pires-Silva, C. M. & Ribeiro, K. G. & Zilberman, B. & Bezerra-Gusmao, M. A." box="[879,1108,909,935]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" pagination="20195918" refId="ref5928" refString="Moreira, I. E., Pires-Silva, C. M., Ribeiro, K. G., Zilberman, B. & Bezerra-Gusmao, M. A. (2019) Run to the nest: A parody on the Iron Maiden song by Corotoca spp. (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 59, e 20195918. https: // doi. org / 10.11606 / 1807 - 0205 / 2019.59.18" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Moreira
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7A9A5FC38FB8BFC6C" box="[979,1038,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The males live exclusively within the nests, leading to believe that its only purpose is mating. The life within the stable and resource-rich nest termitarium (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156FFFD7AB5FFC63FE45FC3B" author="Kistner, D. H." box="[297,448,981,1008]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" pagination="525 - 557" refId="ref5680" refString="Kistner, D. H. (1969) The Biology of Termitophiles. In: Krishna K. & Weesner, F. M. (Eds.), Biology of Termites. Academic Press, New York, pp. 525 - 557. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 395529 - 6.50021 - 0" type="book chapter" year="1969">Kistner 1969</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), plus the reduced spermatheca leads to the belief that there is frequent reproductive contact between males and females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="6ECA4D2F156FFFD7A869FC4FFD0DFBD8" box="[543,648,1017,1043]" class="Insecta" family="Staphylinidae" genus="Corotoca" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF,CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7A869FC4FFD0DFBD8" box="[543,648,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">Corotoca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="CD5B4B5D156FFFD7A898FC4FFC34FBD8" author="Pisno, R. M. & Salazar, K. & Lino-Neto, J. & Serrao, J. E. & DeSouza, O." box="[750,945,1017,1043]" pageId="7" pageNumber="54" pagination="305 - 314" refId="ref6118" refString="Pisno, R. M., Salazar, K., Lino-Neto, J., Serrao, J. E. & DeSouza, O. (2019) Termitariophily: expanding the concept of termitophily in a physogastric rove beetle (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Ecological Entomology, 44, 305 - 314. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / een. 12709" type="journal article" year="2019">
|
||
Pisno
|
||
<emphasis id="9BBEEABE156FFFD7A943FC4CFCE8FBD8" box="[821,877,1017,1043]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="54">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2019
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |