317 lines
41 KiB
XML
317 lines
41 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="11957C6A3F3F4C5BA9375383F02FC101"><strong> A revision of the genus <em> Thouarella </ em> Gray, 1870 (Octocorallia: Primnoidae), including an illustrated dichotomous key, a new species description, and comments on <em> Plumarella </ em> Gray, 1870 and <em> Dasystenella </ em>, Versluys, 1906 </ strong></mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="50D5B9E5D29C59B164A1F477B3568A70">AGNEW, D. J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="E9B13F84B6CA1A518A289232BA31D5B9">2013</mods:date>
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<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF0AABE5FD6D0ED7" blockId="85.[151,647,151,210]" box="[151,647,151,177]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFF0AABE5FD6D0ED7" bold="true" box="[151,647,151,177]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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22.
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD0FFBEFF5EABE5FD6D0ED7" ID-CoL="56L4H" authority="Kinoshita, 1908" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityYear="1908" box="[195,647,151,177]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coronata">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFF5EABE5FE560ED7" bold="true" box="[195,444,151,177]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Thouarella coronata</emphasis>
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Kinoshita, 1908
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<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF0AABC8FEFE0EB4" blockId="85.[151,647,151,210]" box="[151,276,186,210]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD0FFBEFF0AABC8FF060EB4" box="[151,236,186,210]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1982,2005]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,177,1961]" captionTargetId="figure-55@86.[204,1383,151,1961]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 34. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a) 13 cm colony; b) close up of polyps; c) whorl of three polyps; d) abaxial polyp view; e) lateral polyp view; f) stereo opercular view. SEM by RZG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259250/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Figs 34</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD0FFBEFF65ABC8FEFE0EB4" box="[248,276,186,210]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[212,1362,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-88@87.[212,1362,157,1916]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 35. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a,b) outer and c) inner surface of accessory operculars; d,g,h) outer and e,f) inner surface of opercular scales; i,j) outer and k) inner surface of marginal scales; l,m) inner surface of submarginal scales; n) inner and o,p) outer surface of body-wall scales; q) coenenchymal scales—inner surface top row left, bottom row right and middle; remainder are the outer surface. Some SEM by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259252/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">35</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitation id="E73E7F60FFD0FFBEFF0AAA70FCCC0F7E" author="Kinoshita, K." box="[151,806,258,280]" page="520" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="1908">
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD0FFBEFF0AAA70FCCC0F7E" ID-CoL="56L4H" authority="Kinoshita, 1908 c: 519 - 520" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityPageNumber="519 - 520" authorityYear="1908" box="[151,806,258,280]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coronata" subGenus="Diplocalyptra">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFF0AAA70FDE10F7E" box="[151,523,258,280]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Thouarella (Diplocalyptra) coronata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFD0FFBEFD8CAA70FCCC0F7E" author="Kinoshita, K." box="[529,806,258,280]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="517 - 528" refId="ref63185" refString="Kinoshita, K. (1908 c) Gorgonacea no ikka Primnoidae ni tsuite. Dobutsugaku zasshi [Zoological Magazine], 20 (242), 517 - 528. (In Japanese, translation at NMNH)." type="journal article" year="1908">Kinoshita, 1908c: 519–520</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 2; 1908b: 56–59, figs 4–6 (in text);
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<treatmentCitation id="E73E7F60FFD0FFBEFB22AA70FF0A0F51" author="Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M." page="28" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="2009">
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFD0FFBEFB22AA70FF0A0F51" author="Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M." pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 79" refId="ref62273" refString="Cairns, S. D. & Bayer, F. M. (2009) A generic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the Primnoidae (Cnidaria: Octocorallia). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 629, 1 - 79. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.629" type="journal article" year="2009">Cairns & Bayer 2009: 28</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(list), 35, figs 7a–g
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF0AAA32FD7C0F30" blockId="85.[151,1437,258,373]" box="[151,662,320,342]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="468F7E5FFFD0FFBEFF0AAA32FD7C0F30" box="[151,662,320,342]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<treatmentCitation id="E73E7F60FFD0FFBEFF0AAA32FDA20F30" author="Aurivillius, M." box="[151,584,320,342]" page="255" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="1931">
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD0FFBEFF0AAA32FDA20F30" ID-CoL="56L4H" authority="Aurivillius 1931: 255" authorityName="Aurivillius" authorityPageNumber="255" authorityYear="1931" box="[151,584,320,342]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coronata">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFF0AAA32FE8D0F30" box="[151,359,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Thouarella coronata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFD0FFBEFEF0AA32FDA20F30" author="Aurivillius, M." box="[365,584,320,342]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="1 - 337" refId="ref61556" refString="Aurivillius, M. (1931) The Gorgonarians from Dr. Sixten Bock's expedition to Japan and Bonin Islands 1914. Kungliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlinga, Series 3, 9 (4), 1 - 337." type="journal article" year="1931">Aurivillius 1931: 255</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(listed)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF0AAA2DFC200F12" blockId="85.[151,1437,258,373]" box="[151,970,350,373]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="468F7E5FFFD0FFBEFF0AAA2DFC200F12" box="[151,970,350,373]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<treatmentCitation id="E73E7F60FFD0FFBEFF0AAA2DFD350F12" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[151,735,350,373]" page="150" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" year="1915">
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<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD0FFBEFF0AAA2DFD350F12" ID-CoL="56L4H" authority="Kukenthal 1915: 150" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityPageNumber="150" authorityYear="1915" box="[151,735,350,373]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coronata" subGenus="Euthouarella">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFF0AAA2DFDE90F12" box="[151,515,351,373]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Thouarella (Euthouarella) coronata</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFD0FFBEFD94AA2CFD350F12" author="Kukenthal, W." box="[521,735,350,372]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" pagination="142 - 158" refId="ref63379" refString="Kukenthal, W. (1915) System und Stammesgeschichte der Primnoidae. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 46 (5), 142 - 158." type="journal article" year="1915">Kükenthal 1915: 150</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(key); 1924: 296 (key)
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="2E850AFAFFD0FFB3FF0AAAD3FAE10C71" lastPageId="88" lastPageNumber="89" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF0AAAD3FB0E0C67" blockId="85.[151,1436,417,514]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFF0AAAD3FE9E0FDF" box="[151,372,417,441]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Material examined:</emphasis>
|
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<materialsCitation id="D6F7532CFFD0FFBEFEE6AAD3FB0A0C67" collectingDate="1908-05" collectionCode="UMUT" elevation="146" location="Uji Island" municipality="Kyushu Island" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
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USNM 50118, fragment of
|
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFD33AAD3FCFF0FDF" bold="true" box="[686,789,417,441]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFD0FFBEFD33AAD3FCFF0FDF" box="[686,789,417,441]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
|
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,
|
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<collectionCode id="008EC1B4FFD0FFBEFCBEAAD0FC9C0FDF" box="[803,886,418,441]" country="Japan" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kzwh-7f0x" name="University Museum, University of Tokyo" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">UMUT</collectionCode>
|
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,
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<location id="63400FAAFFD0FFBEFC1DAAD3FC180FDF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE36E867FFD0FFB3FF0AABE5FAE10C71:63400FAAFFD0FFBEFC1DAAD3FC180FDF" box="[896,1010,417,441]" municipality="Kyushu Island" name="Uji Island" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Uji Island</location>
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,
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="8644C30BFFD0FFBEFC60AAD3FB480FDF" box="[1021,1186,417,441]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Kyushu Island</collectingMunicipality>
|
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,
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<quantity id="A167F494FFD0FFBEFB30AAD3FB1F0FDF" box="[1197,1269,417,441]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="m" value="146.0">
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<elevation id="EDB2BE42FFD0FFBEFB30AAD3FB1F0FDF" box="[1197,1269,417,441]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="m" value="146.0">146 m</elevation>
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</quantity>
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,
|
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<date id="12217FB1FFD0FFBEFA9DAAD0FA9E0FDF" box="[1280,1396,417,442]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" value="1908-05">
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<collectingDate id="02658659FFD0FFBEFA9DAAD0FA9E0FDF" box="[1280,1396,417,442]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" value="1908-05">May 1908</collectingDate>
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</date>
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||
, 13 cm colony of which we viewed
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFD0FFBEFD94AAB7FDB70FBB" box="[521,605,453,477]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
. A small fragment of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFD0FFBEFC15AAB7FC000FBB" box="[904,1002,453,477]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
was available for study, however, the colony shape and branchlet arrangement narrative below relies heavily on the original description
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF0AA940FEF10C2F" blockId="85.[151,1436,562,1665]" box="[151,283,562,585]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFF0AA940FEF10C2F" box="[151,283,562,585]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Description</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF0AA927FD700CD3" blockId="85.[151,1436,562,1665]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
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The colony is mostly sympodially branched with dichotomous branching in one upper portion of the colony (top left of
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||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD0FFBEFF7EA90BFEA90CF7" box="[227,323,633,657]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1982,2005]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,177,1961]" captionTargetId="figure-55@86.[204,1383,151,1961]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 34. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a) 13 cm colony; b) close up of polyps; c) whorl of three polyps; d) abaxial polyp view; e) lateral polyp view; f) stereo opercular view. SEM by RZG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259250/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 34a</figureCitation>
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||
). Basal branchlets are up to
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFD0FFBEFD19A90BFD3E0CF7" box="[644,724,633,657]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="50.0">50 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFD0FFBEFC81A90BFC620CF7" box="[796,904,633,657]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="5.0">5–12 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart, and on rare occasions
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFD0FFBEFB4FA90BFACB0CF7" box="[1234,1313,633,657]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="20.0">20 mm</quantity>
|
||
apart. The axis is brown with a yellowish metallic lustre.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF5AA9B3FB220D47" blockId="85.[151,1436,562,1665]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
The polyps are distally flared with a slender polyp body (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD0FFBEFCD6A9B3FC540CBF" box="[843,958,705,729]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1982,2005]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,177,1961]" captionTargetId="figure-55@86.[204,1383,151,1961]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 34. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a) 13 cm colony; b) close up of polyps; c) whorl of three polyps; d) abaxial polyp view; e) lateral polyp view; f) stereo opercular view. SEM by RZG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259250/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 34d,e</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFD0FFBEFC53A9B3FBBE0CBF" box="[974,1108,705,729]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" metricValueMax="2.1" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="mm" value="2.0" valueMax="2.1" valueMin="1.9">1.9–2.1 mm</quantity>
|
||
high, standing perpendicular to the branchlet in pairs and sometimes whorls of 3 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD0FFBEFC97A997FC840C9B" box="[778,878,741,765]" captionStart="FIGURE 34" captionStartId="86.[151,250,1982,2005]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,177,1961]" captionTargetId="figure-55@86.[204,1383,151,1961]" captionTargetPageId="86" captionText="FIGURE 34. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a) 13 cm colony; b) close up of polyps; c) whorl of three polyps; d) abaxial polyp view; e) lateral polyp view; f) stereo opercular view. SEM by RZG." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259250/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 34c</figureCitation>
|
||
), with 5–7 pairs or whorls per cm. There are 8 marginals, but only 7 longitudinal rows of body-wall scales with 5–6 scales in the abaxial rows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF5AA85FFB030DEB" blockId="85.[151,1436,562,1665]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
The operculars are lanceolate to triangular in shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD0FFBEFCD9A85FFC230D23" box="[836,969,813,837]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[212,1362,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-88@87.[212,1362,157,1916]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 35. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a,b) outer and c) inner surface of accessory operculars; d,g,h) outer and e,f) inner surface of opercular scales; i,j) outer and k) inner surface of marginal scales; l,m) inner surface of submarginal scales; n) inner and o,p) outer surface of body-wall scales; q) coenenchymal scales—inner surface top row left, bottom row right and middle; remainder are the outer surface. Some SEM by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259252/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 35d–h</figureCitation>
|
||
), 260–455 µm high (average 290 µm), 120–240 µm wide (average 180 µm), with an average H:W of 1.6 (range from 1.3–2). The outer surface is smooth whilst the inner surface has a small elliptical tuberclulate area proximally and a smooth distal area.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF5AA8EBFC8D0A7B" blockId="85.[151,1436,562,1665]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Beneath the operculars are 3–4 (perhaps more in other samples) small accessory operculars (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD0FFBEFB4CA8EBFAA30DD7" box="[1233,1353,921,945]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[212,1362,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-88@87.[212,1362,157,1916]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 35. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a,b) outer and c) inner surface of accessory operculars; d,g,h) outer and e,f) inner surface of opercular scales; i,j) outer and k) inner surface of marginal scales; l,m) inner surface of submarginal scales; n) inner and o,p) outer surface of body-wall scales; q) coenenchymal scales—inner surface top row left, bottom row right and middle; remainder are the outer surface. Some SEM by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259252/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 35a–c</figureCitation>
|
||
) which are irregular or tear-shaped, 80–200 µm high (average 150 µm), 70–140 µm wide (average 100 µm), with an average H:W of 1.1. The outer surface is smooth, the inner surface is also smooth with a small patch of tubercles proximally. The scale edges are relatively smooth (not serrated).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF5AAF5BFD010AB7" blockId="85.[151,1436,562,1665]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
The marginals are equilateral triangle-shaped with a rounded proximal edge (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD0FFBEFBDDAF5BFB510A27" box="[1088,1211,1065,1089]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[212,1362,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-88@87.[212,1362,157,1916]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 35. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a,b) outer and c) inner surface of accessory operculars; d,g,h) outer and e,f) inner surface of opercular scales; i,j) outer and k) inner surface of marginal scales; l,m) inner surface of submarginal scales; n) inner and o,p) outer surface of body-wall scales; q) coenenchymal scales—inner surface top row left, bottom row right and middle; remainder are the outer surface. Some SEM by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259252/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 35i–k</figureCitation>
|
||
), 430–560 µm high (average 490 µm), 270–330 µm wide (average 310 µm), with an average H:W of 1.6 (range from 1.3–2.1). The outer scale surface is smooth distally with granules proximally. The inner surface has a multi-channelled keel with smooth areas lateral to the keel and tubercles covering the proximal half below the keel base. A marginal scale’s proximal edge is roughly lobate, and may be angular.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF5AAFAFFC5E0B5B" blockId="85.[151,1436,562,1665]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Some submarginals have small keels or ridges on the distal edge of the inner surface and are a wide tear-shape and pointed distally (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD0FFBEFE1FAE73FE110B7F" box="[386,507,1281,1305]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[212,1362,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-88@87.[212,1362,157,1916]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 35. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a,b) outer and c) inner surface of accessory operculars; d,g,h) outer and e,f) inner surface of opercular scales; i,j) outer and k) inner surface of marginal scales; l,m) inner surface of submarginal scales; n) inner and o,p) outer surface of body-wall scales; q) coenenchymal scales—inner surface top row left, bottom row right and middle; remainder are the outer surface. Some SEM by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259252/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 35l,m</figureCitation>
|
||
). They have a tuberculate inner surface with a narrow smooth band along the distal edge whilst the outer surface is smooth with some granules proximally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF5AAE3BFC730B97" blockId="85.[151,1436,562,1665]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
Body-wall scales are circular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD0FFBEFDBEAE3BFD490B07" box="[547,675,1353,1377]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[212,1362,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-88@87.[212,1362,157,1916]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 35. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a,b) outer and c) inner surface of accessory operculars; d,g,h) outer and e,f) inner surface of opercular scales; i,j) outer and k) inner surface of marginal scales; l,m) inner surface of submarginal scales; n) inner and o,p) outer surface of body-wall scales; q) coenenchymal scales—inner surface top row left, bottom row right and middle; remainder are the outer surface. Some SEM by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259252/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 35n–p</figureCitation>
|
||
), 190–340 µm high (average 250 µm), 200–310 µm wide (average 240 µm), with an average H:W of 1.1 (range from 0.9–1.2). The outer surface is smooth, sometimes with granules proximally whilst the inner surface is tuberculate with a smooth band along the distal edge and infrequent small ridges running perpendicular to the edge. The distal edge of all polyp sclerites of this species is finely serrate (unless otherwise stated) whilst the proximal edge is coarsely lobate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF5AAE8FFE66083B" blockId="85.[151,1436,562,1665]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
The coenenchymal scales are circular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="FEA445F4FFD0FFBEFD18AE8FFD020873" box="[645,744,1533,1557]" captionStart="FIGURE 35" captionStartId="87.[151,250,1914,1937]" captionTargetBox="[212,1362,177,1909]" captionTargetId="figure-88@87.[212,1362,157,1916]" captionTargetPageId="87" captionText="FIGURE 35. Thouarella coronata, holotype, UMUT: a,b) outer and c) inner surface of accessory operculars; d,g,h) outer and e,f) inner surface of opercular scales; i,j) outer and k) inner surface of marginal scales; l,m) inner surface of submarginal scales; n) inner and o,p) outer surface of body-wall scales; q) coenenchymal scales—inner surface top row left, bottom row right and middle; remainder are the outer surface. Some SEM by ZGR." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259252/files/figure.png" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Fig. 35q</figureCitation>
|
||
), around 130 µm diameter and much smaller than the bodywall scales. The outer scale surface is smooth and slightly concave with edges raised from the axis whilst the inner surface is tuberculate.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF5AAD1BFC7808E7" blockId="85.[151,1436,562,1665]" box="[199,914,1641,1665]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Several hundred cylindrical rodlets were found in each tentacle.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF0AADC3FECA08AF" blockId="85.[151,912,1713,1774]" box="[151,288,1713,1737]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFF0AADC3FECA08AF" box="[151,288,1713,1737]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Distribution</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF0AADA4FC7A088B" blockId="85.[151,912,1713,1774]" box="[151,912,1749,1774]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="D6F7532CFFD0FFBEFF0AADA4FC66088B" box="[151,908,1749,1774]" country="Japan" elevation="146" location="Kyushu Island" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" specimenCount="1">
|
||
Known only from
|
||
<typeStatus id="B924E7D3FFD0FFBEFEFBADA4FE7C0888" box="[358,406,1750,1774]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality,
|
||
<location id="63400FAAFFD0FFBEFE63ADA7FD49088B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:EE36E867FFD0FFB3FF0AABE5FAE10C71:63400FAAFFD0FFBEFE63ADA7FD49088B" box="[510,675,1749,1773]" country="Japan" name="Kyushu Island" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Kyushu Island</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1E8819E1FFD0FFBEFD33ADA4FD1B088B" box="[686,753,1750,1773]" name="Japan" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<elevation id="EDB2BE42FFD0FFBEFD61ADA7FC66088B" box="[764,908,1749,1773]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="m" value="146.0">
|
||
<quantity id="A167F494FFD0FFBEFD61ADA7FCA9088B" box="[764,835,1749,1773]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.46" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" unit="m" value="146.0">146 m</quantity>
|
||
depth
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF0AAC6FFF130953" blockId="85.[151,1436,1821,1917]" box="[151,249,1821,1845]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFF0AAC6FFF130953" box="[151,249,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD0FFBEFF0AAC33FB21091B" blockId="85.[151,1436,1821,1917]" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">
|
||
This is the only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD0FFBEFEFAAC33FDA8093F" box="[359,578,1857,1881]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFEFAAC33FE08093F" box="[359,482,1857,1881]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Thouarella</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known to contain tentacular rodlets, a form of sclerite often found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD0FFBEFF0AAC17FEFE091B" baseAuthorityName="Cairns" baseAuthorityYear="2010" box="[151,276,1893,1917]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Plumarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFF0AAC17FEFE091B" box="[151,276,1893,1917]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Plumarella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is also the only
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD0FFBEFE77AC17FD57091B" box="[490,701,1893,1917]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="85" pageNumber="86" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD0FFBEFE77AC17FD8F091B" box="[490,613,1893,1917]" italics="true" pageId="85" pageNumber="86">Thouarella</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
known to have a sympodial branching pattern.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="32E009F9FFD3FFBDFF0AACCCFC3A0994" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259250" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5259250" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259250/files/figure.png" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" startId="86.[151,250,1982,2005]" targetBox="[204,1382,177,1961]" targetPageId="86">
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD3FFBDFF0AACCCFC3A0994" blockId="86.[151,1435,1982,2034]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD3FFBDFF0AACCCFEC809B3" bold="true" box="[151,290,1982,2005]" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">FIGURE 34.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD3FFBDFEB6ACCCFE1409B2" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1915" box="[299,510,1982,2004]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="86" pageNumber="87" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coronata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD3FFBDFEB6ACCCFE1409B2" box="[299,510,1982,2004]" italics="true" pageId="86" pageNumber="87">Thouarella coronata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype, UMUT: a) 13 cm colony; b) close up of polyps; c) whorl of three polyps; d) abaxial polyp view; e) lateral polyp view; f) stereo opercular view. SEM by RZG.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="32E009F9FFD2FFBCFF0AAC08FCEC098B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5259252" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5259252" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5259252/files/figure.png" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" startId="87.[151,250,1914,1937]" targetBox="[212,1362,177,1909]" targetPageId="87">
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFD2FFBCFF0AAC08FCEC098B" blockId="87.[151,1436,1914,2029]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD2FFBCFF0AAC08FECA09F7" bold="true" box="[151,288,1914,1937]" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">FIGURE 35.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFD2FFBCFEBAAC09FE1209F7" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1915" box="[295,504,1915,1937]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="87" pageNumber="88" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coronata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFD2FFBCFEBAAC09FE1209F7" box="[295,504,1915,1937]" italics="true" pageId="87" pageNumber="88">Thouarella coronata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, holotype, UMUT: a,b) outer and c) inner surface of accessory operculars; d,g,h) outer and e,f) inner surface of opercular scales; i,j) outer and k) inner surface of marginal scales; l,m) inner surface of submarginal scales; n) inner and o,p) outer surface of body-wall scales; q) coenenchymal scales—inner surface top row left, bottom row right and middle; remainder are the outer surface. Some SEM by ZGR.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFDDFFB3FF0AABEAFEC60ED6" blockId="88.[151,1438,152,535]" box="[151,300,152,176]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDDFFB3FF0AABEAFEC60ED6" box="[151,300,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFDDFFB3FF0AABCEFEA90FE1" blockId="88.[151,1438,152,535]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
Although the majority of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDDFFB3FE72ABCFFD9B0EB2" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1915" box="[495,625,189,212]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coronata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDDFFB3FE72ABCFFD9B0EB2" box="[495,625,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">T. coronata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony is sympodially branched a portion is dichotomously branched (more examples of this species are required to confirm the branching pattern). Apart from
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDDFFB3FB3BAB93FAC40E9E" box="[1190,1326,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDDFFB3FB3BAB93FAC00E9E" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1915" box="[1190,1322,225,248]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coronata">T. coronata</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
only two other species within Group 2 have dichotomous, uniplanar branching:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDDFFB3FC2BAA77FBFE0F7A" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityYear="1908" box="[950,1044,261,284]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parva">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDDFFB3FC2BAA77FBFE0F7A" box="[950,1044,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">T. parva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, also from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="1E8819E1FFDDFFB3FB05AA76FB300F7D" box="[1176,1242,260,283]" name="Japan" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDDFFB3FA8AAA77FEA60F59" authority="(Nutting, 1908)" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1908" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Amphilaphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biserialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDDFFB3FA8AAA77FA760F7A" box="[1303,1436,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">T. biserialis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="020E2480FFDDFFB3FF03AA55FEAE0F59" author="Nutting, C. C." box="[158,324,295,319]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" pagination="543 - 601" refId="ref63800" refString="Nutting, C. C. (1908) Descriptions of the Alcyonaria collected by the U. S. Bureau of Fisheries steamer Albatross in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands in 1902. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 34, 543 - 601. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.34 - 1624.543" type="journal article" year="1908">Nutting, 1908</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from Hawai’i. Kinoshita’s drawings (1908d, figs 1, 2) indicate that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDDFFB3FB1FAA5BFB0E0F26" authorityName="Kinoshita" authorityYear="1908" box="[1154,1252,297,320]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="parva">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDDFFB3FB1FAA5BFB0E0F26" box="[1154,1252,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">T. parva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDDFFB3FA1AAA5BFF110F02" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1915" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coronata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDDFFB3FA1AAA5BFF110F02" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">T. coronata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in having shorter, more rounded marginals and polyps diverging from branchlets at approximately 45˚ rather than 90˚.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="66205971FFDDFFB3FF5AAAE6FAE10C71" blockId="88.[151,1438,152,535]" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">
|
||
The sclerites of polyps of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDDFFB3FE74AAE7FD860FCA" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[489,620,404,428]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Amphilaphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biserialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDDFFB3FE74AAE7FD860FCA" box="[489,620,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">T. biserialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDDFFB3FD3EAAE7FCC80FCA" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1915" box="[675,802,405,428]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coronata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDDFFB3FD3EAAE7FCC80FCA" box="[675,802,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">T. coronata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are very similar. The marginals of polyps of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDDFFB3FA85AAE7FA760FCA" baseAuthorityName="Nutting" baseAuthorityYear="1908" box="[1304,1436,404,428]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Amphilaphis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="biserialis">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDDFFB3FA85AAE7FA760FCA" box="[1304,1436,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">T. biserialis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to curve over the operculum creating a cylindrical, rounded polyp, whereas those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="A19F22F2FFDDFFB3FB35AACBFAC20FB6" authorityName="Kukenthal" authorityYear="1915" box="[1192,1320,441,464]" class="Anthozoa" family="Primnoidae" genus="Thouarella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Alcyonacea" pageId="88" pageNumber="89" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="coronata">
|
||
<emphasis id="54EB8563FFDDFFB3FB35AACBFAC20FB6" box="[1192,1320,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="88" pageNumber="89">T. coronata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are flared outward. The polyps of the former are inclined at 45˚ and of the latter are perpendicular to branchlets. The importance of these characters remains unclear, so for now these species are considered to be distinct.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |