385 lines
49 KiB
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385 lines
49 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e34825" ID-PMC="PMC6522460" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-7-e34825" ID-PubMed="31139003" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2019" ModsDocID="1314-2828-7-e34825" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 7" ModsDocTitle="Dispersal history of the golden jackal (Canisaureusmoreoticus Geoffroy, 1835) in Europe and possible causes of its recent population explosion" checkinTime="1557466011145" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Spassov, Nikolai & Acosta-Pankov, Ilya" docDate="2019" docId="E09C5EB65578CA1A0D8495C9FC6467BA" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 7: e34825" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 7" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e34825" docTitle="Canis aureus subsp. moreoticus Geoffroy 1835" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="34825" masterDocId="FFCFFFB0D008FF8DCF15631BFFD3651B" masterDocTitle="Dispersal history of the golden jackal (Canisaureusmoreoticus Geoffroy, 1835) in Europe and possible causes of its recent population explosion" masterLastPageNumber="34825" masterPageNumber="34825" pageNumber="34825" updateTime="1668125002693" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>Dispersal history of the golden jackal (Canisaureusmoreoticus Geoffroy, 1835) in Europe and possible causes of its recent population explosion</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart>Spassov, Nikolai</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart>Acosta-Pankov, Ilya</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2019</mods:date>
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<mods:number>7</mods:number>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e34825</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e34825</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-7-e34825</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:E09C5EB65578CA1A0D8495C9FC6467BA" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/E09C5EB65578CA1A0D8495C9FC6467BA" lastPageNumber="34825" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
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<taxonomicName authority="Geoffroy, 1835" authorityName="Geoffroy" authorityYear="1835" class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis aureus" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="moreoticus">Canis aureus moreoticus (Geoffroy, 1835)</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" type="dispersal history of the golden jackal in europe">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">Dispersal history of the golden jackal in Europe</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">Earliest data on jackal presence on the continent. Data on the historical distribution of the golden jackal in Europe and its primary habitats are scarce. Despite the many new data on the population explosion and the rapid spread of the species across Europe, the main factors for such population expansion remain controversial. The core population/local populations and the routes of dispersal remain insufficiently studied.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
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<bibRefCitation author="Hosey, G. R." journalOrPublisher="Saeugetierkundliche Mitteilungen" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="53 - 62" title="The Bosporus land-bridge and mammal distributions in Asia Minor and the Balkans" volume="30" year="1982">Hosey (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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suggested that the jackal could have reached Europe from the east at the end of the Pleistocene, a hypothesis that appears justified from the zoogeographic viewpoint. Theoretically, the jackal could penetrate in Eastern Europe in two ways, that correspond to the potential paths at the end of Pleistocene and Holocene: along the northern Black Sea coast and through the Bosporus (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spassov, Nikolai" journalOrPublisher="Historia Naturalis Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="44 - 56" title="The position of jackals in the Canis genus and life history of the golden jackal (Canisaureus L.) in Bulgaria and on the Balkans" volume="1" year="1989">Spassov 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). The opening of the Bosporus took place 7600 cal BP or, more probably, 9300 cal BP (
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<bibRefCitation author="Yanchilina, A. G." journalOrPublisher="Marine Geology" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="14 - 34" title="Compilation of geophysical, geochronological, and geochemical evidence indicates a rapid Mediterranean-derived submergence of the Black Sea's shelf and subsequent substantial salinification in the early Holocene" volume="383" year="2017">Yanchilina et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
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The area of distribution of the European subspecies
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis aureus" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="aureus" subSpecies="moreoticus">Canis aureus moreoticus</taxonomicName>
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(Geoffroy, 1835) during the first half of 20th century occupies a relatively vast territory from the Balkans, which is the initial European territory, up to Anatolia and Caucasus. There is no significant difference in the colouration pattern and other features across the various subpopulations living in this area (
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<bibRefCitation author="Pocock, R. I." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="37 - 40" title="The Jackals of SW Asia and SE Europe" volume="108" year="1938">Pocock 1938</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Heptner, V. G." journalOrPublisher="Vyshaya Skola, Moscow" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Mammals of the USSR. Sirenia and Carnivora. Vol. 2, Part 1" year="1967">Heptner et al. 1967</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Demeter, Andras" journalOrPublisher="AULA-Verlag (1993), Wiesbaden" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Handbuch der Saeugetiere Europas." year="1993">Demeter and Spassov 1993</bibRefCitation>
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). Despite several old and relatively recent statements about Late Pleistocene presence of the golden jackal in Europe, there are no fossil records of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis aureus" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="aureus">Canis aureus</taxonomicName>
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found on the continent (
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<bibRefCitation author="Demeter, Andras" journalOrPublisher="AULA-Verlag (1993), Wiesbaden" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Handbuch der Saeugetiere Europas." year="1993">Demeter and Spassov 1993</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Lapini, Luca" journalOrPublisher="Bollettino del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Venezia" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="219 - 232" title="Italian jackals 1984 - 2011: an updated review (Canisaureus: Carnivora, Canidae)" volume="62" year="2011">Lapini et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
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). The Pleistocene climate may have been inappropriate for this species (see below) and there are no data on fossil records of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. aureus" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" rank="species" species="aureus">C. aureus</taxonomicName>
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in the proximity of the eastern and south-east European territories between the end of the Pleistocene and the beginning of the Holocene: according to
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<bibRefCitation author="Vereshchagin, N." journalOrPublisher="USSR Academy of Sience Press (Zool. Instit.), Moscow-Leningrad" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="The Mammals of Caucasus" year="1959">Vereshchagin (1959)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Baryshnikov, G." journalOrPublisher="Trudy Zoologicheskogo Instituta AN SSSR" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="33 - 52" title="Pleistocene wolves (genus Canis) of the Greater Caucasus" volume="149" year="1986">Baryshnikov (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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, there are no confirmed remains of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. aureus" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" rank="species" species="aureus">C. aureus</taxonomicName>
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from the Pleistocene of the Caucasus and Transcaucasian Region and that the species possibly reached this area rather recently, in the Middle Holocene. Several doubts, regarding the presence of the jackals in the Holocene of Europe, have been expressed. These concerns, however, were based on problematic remains and turned out to be erroneous (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Spassov, Nikolai" journalOrPublisher="Historia Naturalis Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="44 - 56" title="The position of jackals in the Canis genus and life history of the golden jackal (Canisaureus L.) in Bulgaria and on the Balkans" volume="1" year="1989">Spassov 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). The available remains reported as "subfossil jackals" from Bulgaria were also revised years ago. They clearly belong to dogs (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spassov, Nikolai" journalOrPublisher="Historia Naturalis Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="44 - 56" title="The position of jackals in the Canis genus and life history of the golden jackal (Canisaureus L.) in Bulgaria and on the Balkans" volume="1" year="1989">Spassov 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). More recently, this question was raised again by
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<bibRefCitation author="Sommer, R." journalOrPublisher="Mammalian Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="227 - 241" title="Late-Pleistocene and early Holocene history of the canid fauna of Europe (Canidae)" volume="70" year="2005">Sommer and Benecke (2005)</bibRefCitation>
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, who cited
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<bibRefCitation author="Jullien, R." journalOrPublisher="Mimious" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="569 - 590" title="La faune des vertebres a l'exclusion de l'homme, des oiseaux, des rongeurs et des poissons. La grotte Prehistorique de Kitos (Attique)" volume="78" year="1968">Jullien (1968)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Tranier, M." journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="528 - 535" title="Antre Corycien; Note sur la faune des vertebres associee au gisement prehistorique" volume="97" year="1973">Tranier (1973)</bibRefCitation>
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reporting that the species was found in the Neolithic in Greece. These claims were based, again, on unsure, scarce bone remains which have not been described, compared nor figured. In the last decades, one of the authors (N. S.) observed hundreds of skull remains of
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<taxonomicName class="Mammalia" family="Canidae" genus="Canis" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Canis" order="Carnivora" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Canis</taxonomicName>
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from many Neolithic to Medieval sites in Bulgaria (see Material and methods). No jackals were determined there. All of this suggests that, until now, there is no proof about discovered fossil or subfossil remains of jackals in Europe and that the claim (
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<bibRefCitation author="Sommer, R." journalOrPublisher="Mammalian Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="227 - 241" title="Late-Pleistocene and early Holocene history of the canid fauna of Europe (Canidae)" volume="70" year="2005">Sommer and Benecke 2005</bibRefCitation>
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) about the species presence in the Holocene of Greece (widely cited, e.g.
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<bibRefCitation author="Zachos, F. E." journalOrPublisher="Biochemical Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="241 - 250" title="Genetic variability, differentiation, and founder effect in golden jackals (Canisaureus) from Serbia as revealed by mitochondrial DNA and nuclear microsatellite loci" volume="47" year="2009">Zachos et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Rutkowski, Robert" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="1 - 22" title="A European concern? Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals (Canisaureus) in Europe and the caucasus" volume="10" year="2015">Rutkowski et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Trouwborst, Arie" journalOrPublisher="Biodiversity and Conservation" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="2593 - 2610" title="Legal implications of range expansions in a terrestrial carnivore: the case of the golden jackal (Canisaureus) in Europe" volume="24" year="2015">Trouwborst et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Krofel, Miha" journalOrPublisher="Hystrix" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="1 - 7" title="Golden jackal expansion in Europe: A case of mesopredator release triggered by continent-wide wolf persecution?" volume="28" year="2017">Krofel et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Lanszki, Jozsef" journalOrPublisher="Mammalian Biology" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="81 - 84" title="Golden jackal expansion in Europe: First telemetry evidence of a natal dispersal" volume="88" year="2018">Lanszki et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
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) is more than doubtful, as it is not based on surely determined remains.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
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It possibly penetrated in the Early Holocene and lived as a rear animal without economic value for humans and has almost never been hunted (that is why it has not been found yet); as a good swimmer, it could penetrate from the east even in historical times (
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<bibRefCitation author="Spassov, Nikolai" journalOrPublisher="Historia Naturalis Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="44 - 56" title="The position of jackals in the Canis genus and life history of the golden jackal (Canisaureus L.) in Bulgaria and on the Balkans" volume="1" year="1989">Spassov 1989</bibRefCitation>
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). It could have been introduced most probably in post-antiquity as a pet animal (
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<bibRefCitation author="Keller, O." journalOrPublisher="Verlag Von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Die antike Tierwelt (Erster Band)" year="1909">Keller 1909</bibRefCitation>
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). For the moment, in the absence of evidence, this appears to be a possible hypothesis.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
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The first record of a jackal in Europe (the south-eastern and eastern parts of the continent) dates back to the Middle Ages. The earliest reliable historical data are from the end of the 14thcentury (the vicinity of Sofia), from Turkish chronicles, during the siege of the town (
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">Gueorguiev 1983</bibRefCitation>
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). There is an anecdotal story about Venetian sailors who introduced jackals in the 15thcentury on the Dalmatian coast from North Africa (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kuehn, W." journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fuer Saeugetierkunde" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="144 - 146" title="Die Dalmatinischen Schakale" volume="10" year="1935">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kühn">Kuehn</normalizedToken>
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1935
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Milenkovic, M." journalOrPublisher="Proceeding of the Fauna of SR Serbia" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="233 - 248" title="The distribution of the jackals, Canisaureus Linnaeus 1758 (Mammalia, Canidae) in Yugoslavia" volume="4" year="1987">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Milenković">Milenkovic</normalizedToken>
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1987
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</bibRefCitation>
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). This story which, as it seems, has caused diplomatic complications at that time, finds confirmation in an official letter between the leaders of Zara\Zadar and Venice, which is stored in the national archives in the Zadar City (
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Miklós">Miklos</normalizedToken>
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Heltai in lit.). The North African origin is not supported by taxonomic studies (
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<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, Boris" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B fuer Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="7 - 25" title="Variability and identity of the jackals (Canisaureus) of Dalmatia" volume="91" year="1990">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
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and Tvrtkovic 1990
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</bibRefCitation>
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), but it is interesting to note that the Dalmatian local population is more distant morphologically and genetically from the other Balkan ones (
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<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, Boris" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B fuer Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="7 - 25" title="Variability and identity of the jackals (Canisaureus) of Dalmatia" volume="91" year="1990">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
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and Tvrtkovic 1990
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Fabbri, Elena" journalOrPublisher="Conservation Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="187 - 199" title="Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals (Canisaureus) in the north-western distribution range (Croatia and eastern Italian Alps)" volume="15" year="2014">Fabbri et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
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). For Ukraine, historical data exist from the so-called Cossack Era (16th-18thcentury) (
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<bibRefCitation author="Zagorodniuk, I." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="100 - 105" title="Golden Jackal (Canisaureus) in Ukraine: Modern Expansion and Status of Species" volume="12" year="2014">Zagorodniuk 2014</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
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History of jackal distribution from the end of the 19th until the 1930s of the 20th century (Fig. 2). In Europe, the jackal was mainly distributed within the Balkans (
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<bibRefCitation author="Blasius, I. H." journalOrPublisher="Braunschweig: F. Vieweg und Sohn." pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Fauna der Wirbelthiere Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Laender von Mitteleuropa: 1: Naturgeschichte der Saeugethiere Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Laender von Mitteleuropa" year="1857">Blasius 1857</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Atanassov, N." journalOrPublisher="Notifications of the Zoological Institute and Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="189 - 207" title="Jackal researches (Canisaureus L., 1758) in Bulgaria" volume="2" year="1953">Atanassov 1953</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Pomakov, B." journalOrPublisher="BAN" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Some data on the jackal (Canisaureus) population in Bulgaria" volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Regional Symposium. Project 8 - Mab-Unesco" year="1981">Pomakov 1981</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Milenkovic, M." journalOrPublisher="Proceeding of the Fauna of SR Serbia" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="233 - 248" title="The distribution of the jackals, Canisaureus Linnaeus 1758 (Mammalia, Canidae) in Yugoslavia" volume="4" year="1987">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Milenković">Milenkovic</normalizedToken>
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1987
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Spassov, Nikolai" journalOrPublisher="Historia Naturalis Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="44 - 56" title="The position of jackals in the Canis genus and life history of the golden jackal (Canisaureus L.) in Bulgaria and on the Balkans" volume="1" year="1989">Spassov 1989</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Demeter, Andras" journalOrPublisher="AULA-Verlag (1993), Wiesbaden" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Handbuch der Saeugetiere Europas." year="1993">Demeter and Spassov 1993</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, B." journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="109 - 114" title="Present distribution of the golden jackal Canisaureus in the Balkans and adjacent regions" volume="27" year="1997">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
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et al. 1997
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Giannatos, Giorgos" journalOrPublisher="Belgian Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="145 - 149" title="The status of the golden jackal (Canisaureus L.) in Greece" volume="135" year="2005">Giannatos et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). The more stable local populations were presented in the Thracian Region (Northern Thrace in Bulgaria, Eastern Aegean Thrace in Greece and Western Thrace in European Turkey), Dalmatia and Peloponnesus, with pulsations/expansions to the west/northwest during favourable periods: it existed on the Bulgarian Black sea coast and occasionally reached West & North Bulgaria and possibly even North Serbia (
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<bibRefCitation author="Atanassov, N." journalOrPublisher="Notifications of the Zoological Institute and Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="189 - 207" title="Jackal researches (Canisaureus L., 1758) in Bulgaria" volume="2" year="1953">Atanassov 1953</bibRefCitation>
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). The population occurred mainly on the southern coast, covering the territory between the Marmara and Aegean Seas (from Istanbul to Chalkidiki, interrupted along the western Greek coast and Peloponnese); to the north, the distribution extended between the Eastern Rhodope Mts., the Sakar hills and the Strandja foothills from the Bulgarian and Turkish Territories, as it continued northeast along the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria to Varna and even to the Romanian border; to the west through mountainous border territories from South-Western Bulgaria to the foothills between today's Republic of North Macedonia and northern Greece.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
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On the Adriatic coast, there were fragmented small subpopulations (apparently with temporary connections between them): from the Greek coast south of Ioannina to small spots along the Albanian coast and, from there, to the Dalmatian coastal area (including the
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Pelješac">Peljesac</normalizedToken>
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Peninsula and
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Korčula">Korcula</normalizedToken>
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Island).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
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In Romania, the jackal was also an occasional visitor from Bulgaria, crossing the frozen Danube River during severe winters (
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<bibRefCitation author="Vasiliu, G. D" journalOrPublisher="Saeugetierkundliche Mitteilungen" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="56 - 58" title="Verzeichnis der Saeugetiere Rumaeniens" volume="9" year="1961">Vasiliu 1961</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Vasiliu, G. D." journalOrPublisher="Muzeul judet ̦ ean Baca ̆ u. Sect ̦ ia S ̦ tiint ̦ ele Naturii. Studii s ̦ i Comunica ̆ ri, Baca ̆ u" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Fauna Vertebratica Romaniae (Partea a II-a)" year="1968">
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Vasiliu and
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Şova">Sova</normalizedToken>
|
||
1968
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It was reported for the first time in this period in 1929 in Wallachia, in front of the town of Lom (in North-Western Bulgaria), but in the 1920s, it also appeared in Romanian Dobrudja (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Calinescu, R. J." journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fuer Saeugetierkunde" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="373 - 375" title="Schakale in Rumaenien" volume="5" year="1930">Calinescu 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Atanassov, N." journalOrPublisher="Notifications of the Zoological Institute and Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="189 - 207" title="Jackal researches (Canisaureus L., 1758) in Bulgaria" volume="2" year="1953">Atanassov 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A small localised population existed in Hungary at the beginning of the 20th century (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ehik, J." journalOrPublisher="Annales historico-naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="11 - 15" title="Jackal or reed-wolf from Hungary" volume="31" year="1938">Ehik 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Demeter, A" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata Hungarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="65 - 71" title="Recent records of rare or non-resident large carnivores in Hungary" volume="TOM. XXII" year="1984">Demeter 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). From there, it seemed to have disappeared in the early 1940s.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
|
||
In Eastern Europe, the species occasionally penetrated from the Caucasus to the Don River estuary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Musabekov, K S" journalOrPublisher="Science and World" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="72 - 75" title="The problems of jackal' s (Canisaureus L.) expansion in Eurasia" volume="Vol. II, 12" year="2016">Musabekov et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">There are two very different tendencies of the population dynamics which are treated in this article as two periods: from the middle of the 20th century till the 1980s, a great reduction in the population was observed. It was followed by the beginning of a population expansion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
|
||
History of jackal distribution from the second half of the 1950s until the beginning of 1960s: population minimum (Fig. 3). The jackal population shrunk, the peripheral small populations gradually disappearing from Hungary (unconfirmed individual records from 50s:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toth, Tamas" journalOrPublisher="North-Western Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="386 - 405" title="Records of the golden jackal (Canisaureus Linnaeus, 1758) in Hungary from 1800 th until 2007, based on a literature survey" volume="5" year="2009">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tóth">Toth</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Romania, Republic of North Macedonia, Serbia (except for some small isolated spots) and Bosnia. In fact, in Bulgaria, the reduction of the species numbers was noticed long before this (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Atanassov, N." journalOrPublisher="Notifications of the Zoological Institute and Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="189 - 207" title="Jackal researches (Canisaureus L., 1758) in Bulgaria" volume="2" year="1953">Atanassov 1953</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milenkovic, M." journalOrPublisher="Proceeding of the Fauna of SR Serbia" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="233 - 248" title="The distribution of the jackals, Canisaureus Linnaeus 1758 (Mammalia, Canidae) in Yugoslavia" volume="4" year="1987">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Milenković">Milenkovic</normalizedToken>
|
||
1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Demeter, Andras" journalOrPublisher="AULA-Verlag (1993), Wiesbaden" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Handbuch der Saeugetiere Europas." year="1993">Demeter and Spassov 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, B." journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="109 - 114" title="Present distribution of the golden jackal Canisaureus in the Balkans and adjacent regions" volume="27" year="1997">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the 1950s, jackals were reported in the southern part of Romania and in north-eastern Romania near Piatra Neamt and Focsani (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Banea, Ovidiu C." journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="353 - 366" title="New records, first estimates of densities and questions of applied ecology for jackals in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve and hunting terrains from Romania" volume="64" year="2012">Banea et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). These cases were probably related to occasional dispersals from Bulgaria. It disappeared in many areas during the 1960s because of habitat loss and poisoned bait (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Spassov, Nikolai" journalOrPublisher="Historia Naturalis Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="44 - 56" title="The position of jackals in the Canis genus and life history of the golden jackal (Canisaureus L.) in Bulgaria and on the Balkans" volume="1" year="1989">Spassov 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It remained in localised subpopulations within the Balkans, which we can call basal (core) populations. From these population nuclei, in the late 1960s and most notably in the 1970s, stabilisation and expansion to the north and the west began to occur.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
|
||
The core populations could be defined as follows: 1. Strandja coastal area of Bulgaria and Turkey (probably also some areas in E. Rhodope-Sakar Mts.) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pomakov, B." journalOrPublisher="BAN" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Some data on the jackal (Canisaureus) population in Bulgaria" volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Regional Symposium. Project 8 - Mab-Unesco" year="1981">Pomakov 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Spassov, Nikolai" journalOrPublisher="Historia Naturalis Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="44 - 56" title="The position of jackals in the Canis genus and life history of the golden jackal (Canisaureus L.) in Bulgaria and on the Balkans" volume="1" year="1989">Spassov 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 2. Fragmented Adriatic population, mainly in Dalmatia (in Slovenia from the early 1950s, most likely entering from Croatia, however, disappearing quickly afterwards) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Demeter, Andras" journalOrPublisher="AULA-Verlag (1993), Wiesbaden" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Handbuch der Saeugetiere Europas." year="1993">Demeter and Spassov 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milenkovic, M." journalOrPublisher="Proceeding of the Fauna of SR Serbia" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="233 - 248" title="The distribution of the jackals, Canisaureus Linnaeus 1758 (Mammalia, Canidae) in Yugoslavia" volume="4" year="1987">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Milenković">Milenkovic</normalizedToken>
|
||
1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, B." journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="109 - 114" title="Present distribution of the golden jackal Canisaureus in the Balkans and adjacent regions" volume="27" year="1997">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 3. Strimon-Chalkidiki Region (skeletal population, possibly including vagrants around Dojran lake); 4. Peloponnese population (isolated no later than the end of the 19th century).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
|
||
Most important in relation to the further expansion of the species are the first two core populations. The astonishingly high current number, over 30,000 individuals (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Stoyanov, S." journalOrPublisher="University of forestry, Faculty of Forestry, Sofia" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Population ecology studies on the jackal (Canisaureus Linnaeus, 1758) in Bulgaria. PhD Thesis" year="2013">Stoyanov 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and high-density areas, 5.66 to 7.08 territorial groups per 10 km2 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Acosta-Pankov, I." journalOrPublisher="Hellenic Zoological Archives" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Population Ecology and Monitoring. Preliminary results on population density of golden jackals in Bulgaria" year="2018">Acosta-Pankov et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), represent additional signs that the territory of Bulgaria is related to the core area of the population dispersal in Europe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">Beginning of the expansion on the continent: population explosion of the Strandja and the Adriatic core populations (Fig. 4). Our distribution analysis showed that the most powerful expansion of the jackal began from the Strandja core population and is continuing to the present time.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
|
||
Bulgaria: In the late 1960s and early 1970s, after poison bait was banned and the protection of the species occurred (in 1962), the expansion began to the north (along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast) and to the west (in the Thracian lowlands and to the west of south Dobrudja) avoiding the high mountains (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Pomakov, B." journalOrPublisher="BAN" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Some data on the jackal (Canisaureus) population in Bulgaria" volumeTitle="Proceedings of the Regional Symposium. Project 8 - Mab-Unesco" year="1981">Pomakov 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Spassov, Nikolai" journalOrPublisher="Historia Naturalis Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="44 - 56" title="The position of jackals in the Canis genus and life history of the golden jackal (Canisaureus L.) in Bulgaria and on the Balkans" volume="1" year="1989">Spassov 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Demeter, Andras" journalOrPublisher="AULA-Verlag (1993), Wiesbaden" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Handbuch der Saeugetiere Europas." year="1993">Demeter and Spassov 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). From the Strandja-Sakar region, the expansion increased possibly also to the south, influencing the distribution of the population in Eastern Thrace, Turkey (there is no reliable data for this period) and Western Thrace (judging from the map of distribution of the species in Greece:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Giannatos, Giorgos" journalOrPublisher="Belgian Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="145 - 149" title="The status of the golden jackal (Canisaureus L.) in Greece" volume="135" year="2005">Giannatos et al. 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the first half of the 1980s (some data indicate individual vagrants before this time: Sofia plain), the jackal reached Western Bulgaria excluding the border mountainous territories and south-western parts, where large mountain massifs occur (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Genov, P." journalOrPublisher="Zeitschrift fuer Jagdwissenschaft" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="145 - 150" title="Der Schakal (Canisaureus L.) in Bulgarien. Ein Beitrag zu seiner Verbreitung und Biologie" volume="35" year="1989">Genov and Wassilev 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
|
||
Romania: In the early 1970s, the jackal reached Romanian Dobrudja again (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, B." journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="109 - 114" title="Present distribution of the golden jackal Canisaureus in the Balkans and adjacent regions" volume="27" year="1997">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In 1970, footprints were observed in Romania at the Humor
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Monastery’s">Monastery's</normalizedToken>
|
||
hunting terrain and two jackals were hunted near Voronet (Bucovina); between 1971 and 1975, jackals were registered in the Buzau County in Dedulesti and Stefanesti near Bucharest (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Angelescu, A." journalOrPublisher="MMC Publishing, Bucuresti" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Sacalul auriu (Canisaureus). Origine, morfoanatomie, eco-etologie, management" year="2004">Angelescu 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
|
||
Serbia, Hungary and Slovakia: The species apparently spread westwards, reaching these countries through the lower Danube River plain, coming mainly from Bulgaria, but also from Romania. In the 1980s, the Romanian population expanded to the west and north, from where it reached again, in the early 1980s, Serbia (some individual records exist from the late 70s:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Milenkovic, M." journalOrPublisher="Proceeding of the Fauna of SR Serbia" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="233 - 248" title="The distribution of the jackals, Canisaureus Linnaeus 1758 (Mammalia, Canidae) in Yugoslavia" volume="4" year="1987">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Milenković">Milenkovic</normalizedToken>
|
||
1987
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Hungary (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Demeter, A" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata Hungarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="65 - 71" title="Recent records of rare or non-resident large carnivores in Hungary" volume="TOM. XXII" year="1984">Demeter 1984</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, B." journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="109 - 114" title="Present distribution of the golden jackal Canisaureus in the Balkans and adjacent regions" volume="27" year="1997">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toth, Tamas" journalOrPublisher="North-Western Journal of Zoology" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="386 - 405" title="Records of the golden jackal (Canisaureus Linnaeus, 1758) in Hungary from 1800 th until 2007, based on a literature survey" volume="5" year="2009">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Tóth">Toth</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). It reached Slovakia in 1989 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Arnold, Janosch" journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="1 - 11" title="Current status and distribution of golden jackals Canisaureus in Europe" volume="42" year="2011">Arnold et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Markov, Georgi" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus de L'Academie Bulgare des Sciences" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="787 - 793" title="Epigenetic variation and distinctness of golden jackal (Canisaureus) populations in its expanding Southeast European range" volume="71" year="2018">Markov et al. (2018)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
found a low epigenetic diversity of the jackal populations from Bulgaria and Serbia to Hungary. This indicates that the long-distance expansion from Bulgaria to Hungary is very recent and has started from a small population within a limited region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
|
||
Republic of North Macedonia: In 1989, the species was registered in the north-western part of the country (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, B." journalOrPublisher="Fragmnta Balcanica Musei Macedonici Scientarun Naturalium" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="131 - 138" title="New record of the jackal Canisaureus Linnaeus, 1758 in Macedonia (Mammalia, Carnivora)" volume="14" year="1990">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Petkovski 1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), apparently coming from Serbia. Entering from Bulgaria was a much more difficult occurrence because of the low population density of jackals (until today) in South-Eastern Bulgaria owing to the unfavourable conditions in the border mountain areas.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
|
||
The combination of several factors (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Spassov, Nikolai" journalOrPublisher="Historia Naturalis Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="44 - 56" title="The position of jackals in the Canis genus and life history of the golden jackal (Canisaureus L.) in Bulgaria and on the Balkans" volume="1" year="1989">Spassov 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) could explain the explosion of the Bulgarian population after the 1960s, which was especially important for the further dispersal of the species in Europe: 1. The prohibition of poisoned bait and the temporary protection of the species in 1962; 2. In the 1970/80s, the hunting/farming in Bulgaria was amongst the best in Europe; fallow deer and roe deer fawns and wild game carcasses represented abundant additional food; 3. The well-developed free sheep-breeding (dead animals represent additional food); 4. The intensive plantations of pine forests in unfavourable areas where they cannot develop: creation of a widespread mosaic of impassable shrubs (shelters); 5. The wolf was still missing in the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s from the territories invaded at this time by the jackal (see:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Spiridonov, G." journalOrPublisher="Bulgarian Academy of Science, Sofia" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Red Data Book of Bulgaria" year="1985">Spiridonov and Spassov 1985</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
|
||
In the 1980s, probably from the Dalmatian core population (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, Boris" journalOrPublisher="Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B fuer Botanik und Zoologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="7 - 25" title="Variability and identity of the jackals (Canisaureus) of Dalmatia" volume="91" year="1990">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
|
||
and Tvrtkovic 1990
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, B." journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="109 - 114" title="Present distribution of the golden jackal Canisaureus in the Balkans and adjacent regions" volume="27" year="1997">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), some individuals reached Northern Italy (1985) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">Lapini and Perco 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Slovenia (1985) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, B." journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="109 - 114" title="Present distribution of the golden jackal Canisaureus in the Balkans and adjacent regions" volume="27" year="1997">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and Austria (1988) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoi-Leitner, Maria" journalOrPublisher="Bonner Zoolgische Beitraege" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="197 - 204" title="Der Goldschakal (Canisaureus Linnaeus, 1758) in Oesterreich (Mammalia Austriaca 17)" volume="40" year="1989">Hoi-Leitner and Kraus 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Judging from the growth of the population on the Dalmatian Adriatic coast, the expansion probably reached Albania (see the map of the distribution in
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, B." journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="109 - 114" title="Present distribution of the golden jackal Canisaureus in the Balkans and adjacent regions" volume="27" year="1997">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where the status of the species is still cryptic and the population is not abundant (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Giannatos, G." journalOrPublisher="WWF Greece" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" title="Conservation action plan for the golden jackal Canisaureus L. in Greece" year="2004">Giannatos 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Arnold, Janosch" journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="1 - 11" title="Current status and distribution of golden jackals Canisaureus in Europe" volume="42" year="2011">Arnold et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Genetic analysis confirms that the Italian population originates from Dalmatia and from Slavonia simultaneously (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fabbri, Elena" journalOrPublisher="Conservation Genetics" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="187 - 199" title="Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals (Canisaureus) in the north-western distribution range (Croatia and eastern Italian Alps)" volume="15" year="2014">Fabbri et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), where the population comes from Bulgaria, via Romania and Serbia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Banea, Ovidiu C." journalOrPublisher="Acta Zoologica Bulgarica" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="353 - 366" title="New records, first estimates of densities and questions of applied ecology for jackals in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve and hunting terrains from Romania" volume="64" year="2012">Banea et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Austrian population (possibly also the Slovenian one) may have mixed origins (from the Dalmatian, but also from the Strandja core population, through Serbia): an Austrian vagrant jackal is genetically indistinguishable from the Serbian animals regarding both mtDNA and microsatellites (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kusza, Szilvia" journalOrPublisher="Mammal Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="63 - 69" title="Moderate genetic variability and no genetic structure within the European golden jackal (Canisaureus) population in Hungary" volume="64" year="2018">Kusza et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This is interesting, because it has been assumed that the jackals found in Italy, Slovenia and Austria originate from the Istria Peninsula and North-Western Croatia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Krystufek, B." journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="109 - 114" title="Present distribution of the golden jackal Canisaureus in the Balkans and adjacent regions" volume="27" year="1997">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Kryštufek">Krystufek</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 1997
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
|
||
Continuance of the expansion from the end of the 20th until the beginning of the 21th century: (Fig. 5). In this last period, there are dense populations of the jackal throughout the main territory of Bulgaria and Serbia, practically all the Wallachian Plain in Romania and northwards and westwards to regions of Europe where it has never occurred naturally, such as Germany (1996) and the Czech Republic (2006) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Arnold, Janosch" journalOrPublisher="Mammal Review" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="1 - 11" title="Current status and distribution of golden jackals Canisaureus in Europe" volume="42" year="2011">Arnold et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Vagrant specimens have extended to Switzerland and the Baltic Region and it was reported for Estonia in 2013, the Netherlands (2015) and Denmark (2016) (see:
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="34825">
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Pyšková">Pyskova</normalizedToken>
|
||
et al. 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As noted above, the population genetic research shows that the jackals from Italy, Slovenia and Austria have mixed origins from Dalmatia and Slavonia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kusza, Szilvia" journalOrPublisher="Mammal Research" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="63 - 69" title="Moderate genetic variability and no genetic structure within the European golden jackal (Canisaureus) population in Hungary" volume="64" year="2018">Kusza et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (in Slavonia, jackals likely have SE Balkan origin). From Romania, the species reaches Ukraine: the first record has been reported in 1998 for the Danube River Delta (Odessa Region). From there, the most powerful wave of dispersal was directed to the north, in the Polesie Region and recently from this region, most probably the jackal has reached Poland, Belarus, Lithuania and Estonia at the beginning of this century. In the first decade of our century, the jackals, originating from SE Europe, have reached not only Western Europe but have migrated to the east, reaching the border with Russia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zagorodniuk, I." journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the National Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="100 - 105" title="Golden Jackal (Canisaureus) in Ukraine: Modern Expansion and Status of Species" volume="12" year="2014">Zagorodniuk 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Transcaucasian population appears to be expanding similarly in the late 20th century, reaching, at the 20th/21st century, the eastern parts of the North Caucasus and the Saratov Region, also entering Russia from there. At the beginning of the 21st century, this population has reached to the west the Ciscaucasia regions of Stavropol and Krasnodar in Russia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Musabekov, K S" journalOrPublisher="Science and World" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="72 - 75" title="The problems of jackal' s (Canisaureus L.) expansion in Eurasia" volume="Vol. II, 12" year="2016">Musabekov et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
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). Thus, in recent times, the European population, expanding in the late 1960s from the Strandja core population, has made contact with the Caucasian (Trans-Caucasian) population of
|
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<taxonomicName lsidName="C. a." pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" rank="subSpecies" species="a." subSpecies="moreoticus">C. a. moreoticus</taxonomicName>
|
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, at the border between Ukraine and Russia. The genetic structure of the studied Lithuanian sample suggests that part of the Baltic jackals originate, as could be expected, from the population from South-Eastern Europe, while others (from the Estonian sample) originate from the Caucasus Region (
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Rutkowski, Robert" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="0" pageNumber="34825" pagination="1 - 22" title="A European concern? Genetic structure and expansion of golden jackals (Canisaureus) in Europe and the caucasus" volume="10" year="2015">Rutkowski et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
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), supporting the statement about a Caucasian (Transcaucasian) expansion in recent times.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |