291 lines
42 KiB
XML
291 lines
42 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e10469" ID-PMC="PMC5345054" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2828-5-10469" ID-PubMed="28325975" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2017" ModsDocID="1314-2828-5-e10469" ModsDocOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 5" ModsDocTitle="Three new species of entimine weevils in Early Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)" checkinTime="1486327503469" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Franz, Nico & Zhang, Guanyang" docDate="2017" docId="D16DC84343CDC55D8A1BE170B8FC29DC" docLanguage="en" docName="BiodivDatJour 5: e10469" docOrigin="Biodiversity Data Journal 5" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e10469" docTitle="Tropirhinus palpebratus Franz & Zhang [FZ 2017, sp. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="10469" masterDocId="FF87E012097F1B53963F0B42FF9A226C" masterDocTitle="Three new species of entimine weevils in Early Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)" masterLastPageNumber="10469" masterPageNumber="10469" pageNumber="10469" updateTime="1668127933105" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Three new species of entimine weevils in Early Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Franz, Nico</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Zhang, Guanyang</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Biodiversity Data Journal</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>5</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>10469</mods:start>
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<mods:end>10469</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e10469</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e10469</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1314-2828-5-10469</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2E8D32B1-D021-4E02-BABE-B494098D4C94" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/D16DC84343CDC55D8A1BE170B8FC29DC" lastPageNumber="10469" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
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<taxonomicName LSID="http://symbiota4.acis.ufl.edu/scan/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=25836760" authority="Franz & Zhang [FZ 2017]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus palpebratus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpebratus">Tropirhinus palpebratus Franz & Zhang [FZ2017]</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Materials</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
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<materialsCitation collectingDate="Early Miocene, Burdigalian" collectionCode="SCAN, ARTSYS" collectorName="R. E. Woodruff" country="Dominican Republic" latitude="19.0" location="Unknown mine" longitude="-70.666664" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" specimenCode="ARTSYS 0000270" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" typeStatus="Holotype">
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Type status:
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<typeStatus pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Holotype</typeStatus>
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. Occurrence: catalogNumber:
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<specimenCode pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">ARTSYS0000270</specimenCode>
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; recordNumber: Woodruff #9768; recordedBy:
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<collectorName pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">R.E. Woodruff</collectorName>
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; individualCount:
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<specimenCount pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">1</specimenCount>
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; sex:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Female</specimenType>
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; lifeStage:
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<specimenType pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Adult</specimenType>
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; preparations: Amber inclusion; disposition: USNM, on loan; otherCatalogNumbers: USNM505319; occurrenceID: 266d8782-5bf5-4763-b3fa-ea057a3fc55a; Taxon: scientificName: Tropirhinuspalpebratus; nameAccordingTo: Franz & Zhang 2017; namePublishedIn: Franz, N.M. & G. Zhang. 2017. Three new species of entimine weevils in Early Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biodiversity Data Journal.; kingdom: Animalia; phylum: Arthropoda; class: Insecta; order: Coleoptera; family: Curculionidae; scientificNameAuthorship: Franz & Zhang, 2017; Location: country:
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<collectingCountry pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Dominican Republic</collectingCountry>
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; stateProvince: La Vega; locality:
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:D16DC84343CDC55D8A1BE170B8FC29DC:9DB737CC561B65350151CC38F9CB5F03" country="Dominican Republic" latitude="19.0" longitude="-70.666664" name="Unknown mine" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Unknown mine</location>
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; decimalLatitude:
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<geoCoordinate orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" value="19">19</geoCoordinate>
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; decimalLongitude:
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<geoCoordinate orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" value="-70.666667">-70.666667</geoCoordinate>
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; geodeticDatum: WGS84; georeferencedBy: N.M. Franz; georeferenceSources: Google Earth; georeferenceVerificationStatus: Verfied by Curator; Identification: identifiedBy:
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<determinerName pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">N.M. Franz & G. Zhang</determinerName>
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; dateIdentified: 01/15/2017; identificationReferences: Franz, N.M. & G. Zhang. 2017. Three new species of entimine weevils in Early Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biodiversity Data Journal.; Event: verbatimEventDate:
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<collectingDate pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Early Miocene, Burdigalian</collectingDate>
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; habitat: Amber inclusion, Early Miocene (Burdigalian); Record Level: modified: 24/01/2017 18:31; rights: http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/; rightsHolder: United States National Museum; bibliographicCitation: Franz, N.M. & G. Zhang. 2017. Three new species of entimine weevils in Early Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Biodiversity Data Journal.; institutionID: USNM; collectionID: 0acac5fe-f0ec-4d9f-82f8-0dbb74888de2; institutionCode:
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<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">SCAN</collectionCode>
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; collectionCode:
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<collectionCode pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">ARTSYS</collectionCode>
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; ownerInstitutionCode: USNM; basisOfRecord: FossilSpecimen; source: http://symbiota4.acis.ufl.edu/scan/portal/collections/individual/index.php?occid=25836760
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" type="description">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Description</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Female - habitus (Fig. 2). Length 8.6 mm, width 3.6 mm; shape in dorsal view oval to elongate, length/width ratio 2.4, widest near mid region of elytra; shape in lateral view elongate to pyriform. Integument uniformly dark brown to black; surface sculpture punctate, subcircular punctures largest on pronotum; integument entirely and homogenously covered with setae and scales, each apparently pale yellow in color, with no maculae apparent, darker and with metallic aspects on the legs; setae short and linear, densely and regularly arranged, directed posteriad, appressed, scales very small, subcircular, overlapping.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
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Mouthparts. Mandibles equilateral, with 3-5 coarse and several finer setae; mandibular scar positioned apicolaterally, projected. Maxillae not apparent, covered by labium (however, the maxillary palps are 3-segmented in extant members of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tropirhinus</taxonomicName>
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Schoenherr [FZ2017]). Labium with prementum cordate, equilateral; labial palps apparently 3-segmented.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
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Rostrum. Length 1.3 mm, rostral/pronotal length ratio 0.8, rostral length/width ratio 1.1. Rostrum in dorsal view equilateral to rectangular, dorsolateral margins nearly straight and distance between them anteriorly gradually widening, anterodorsal margin with a distinct, narrow, V-shaped mesal emargination; epistoma with nasal plate (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Vaurie, Patricia" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="241 - 304" title="A revision of the South American genus Hyphantus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Otiorhynchinae)" volume="125" year="1963">Vaurie 1963</bibRefCitation>
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) weakly developed, angled in relation to posterior rostrum region, slightly depressed, V-shaped carina absent; dorsal surface with a median, wide, glabrate, weakly projected carina (or elevation), extending from posterior margin of epistoma to mid point between eyes. Rostrum in lateral view slightly arcuate, tumescent in dorsal mid region; scrobe lateral, slightly arcuate, posteriorly directed ventrad of eye, though also terminating anteriad of eye; antennal insertion near anterior 1/4. Antennae 11-segmented; scape slender, slightly arcuate, extending to posterior margin of eye, and passing ventrad of eye (in idealized position); funicle 7-segmented, funicular antennomeres elongate, weakly clavate, I and II similar in length, III to VII shorter, and increasingly so towards the apex; club 3-segmented, narrowly elongate, similar in length to funicular antennomeres V-VII.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Head. Eyes large, globular (strongly roundly protruded), dorsolaterally positioned, separated by distance similar to anterior-to-posterior length of each eye; outline in lateral profile elliptical (horizontally more extended), ventral margin less rounded.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Thorax. Pronotum in dorsal view equilateral to transverse, weakly convex, length/width ratio 0.85, pronotal/elytral length ratio 0.25; widest near posterior 1/3, lateral margins continuously rounded; surface punctate, with a wide, elliptical median sulcus (or impression) extending along anterior 1/2 of pronotum. Pronotum in lateral view equilateral; anterolateral margins with a small postocular lobe, and dorsad thereof with a tuft of 4-6 slightly longer, anteriorly directed setae ("postocular vibrissae", except these are not projecting from the postocular lobe but are dorsad of it). Scutellum exposed by elytra, small, escudate, posterior margins rounded. Epipleura with mespisternum triangular; mesepimeron dorsally oblique truncate; metepisternum linear, anteriorly widened; metepimeron entirely covered by elytron. Prothoracic ventrite with anterior margin widely emarginate; proxocal cavities positioned near mid point, contiguous. Mesothoracic ventrite with plumose-scopiform scales; mesocoxal cavities separeated by distance 1/3 as wide as each mesocoxal cavity. Metathoracic ventrite with median sulcus present as a large, transverse fovea positioned anteriad of posterior margin; metacoxal cavities separated by distance similar to width of each metacoxal cavity. Metendosternite not observed.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
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Legs. Prothoracic and metathoracic legs each slightly longer than mesothoracic legs (mesofemora shortest in comparison), generally similar to those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Diaprepes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diaprepes abbreviatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="abbreviatus">Diaprepes abbreviatus</taxonomicName>
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sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="41 - 80" title="Redescriptions of critical type species in the Eustylini Lacordaire (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Entiminae)" volume="44" year="2010">Franz (2010a)</bibRefCitation>
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. Profemoral/pronotal length ratio 1.3; profemur ventrally inermous. Protibial/profemoral length ratio 1.2; protibia apically angulate-arcuate, width similar throughout; anteromesal margin with 5-8 small, triangular teeth, each tooth distally with 1 brownish, spiniform seta; protibial apex with anterior margin truncate, setal comb absent, promucro similar in length to protarsal claw; protarsus swith tarsomeres I and II similar in length, each slightly shorter than III which in turn is shorter than V; protarsal claws paired, separate, simple. Mesotibiae and metatibiae nearly straight, apically slightly expanded and obliquely rounded; metatibial apex with a narrowly elliptical outer bevel ("corbel enclosed"; see
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<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, Richard T." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="835 - 891" title="Observations on the morphology and classification of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) with a key to major groups" volume="26" year="1992">Thompson 1992</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Elytra. Length/width ratio 1.8; widest near mid region; anterior margins jointly wider than posterior margin of pronotum, slightly sinuate; humeri present, rounded; lateral margins continously rounded, nearly straight in mid region, more strongly converging in along posterior 1/4; posterior edges each with a short, narrowly triangular, ante-apical projection. Elytra in lateral view with dorsal outline subplane along anterior 1/2, thereafter continuously rounded (hence declivity convex), less so along posterior 1/8. Elytra with striae I-IX complete, stria X only apparent along anterior and posterior 1/3; striae similar in width to intervals; punctures separated by distance similar to width of each puncture; intervals slightly and roundly elevated; pale-colored scales and setae covering elytra homogenously, with no maculae apparent.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Wings. Present, yet not observed (covered by elytra).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
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Abdomen. Venter with segments III and IV jointed (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, Richard T." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="835 - 891" title="Observations on the morphology and classification of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) with a key to major groups" volume="26" year="1992">Thompson 1992</bibRefCitation>
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for segment homology), similar in length, and separated by sinuate suture; V-VII separate; V and VI jointly slightly shorter than IV, posterior margins elevated-projected; VII similar in length to IV, triangular, posteriorly narrowly truncate. Pygidium posteriorly narrowly rounded, covered by elytra.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Terminalia. Not unambiguously observable; however, the stylus and setae of the left coxite appear to project from the terminal opening, which is indicative of the female identity of the specimen (along witht the triangular ventral segment VII).</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Male. Unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Diagnosis</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
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Generic placement.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus palpebratus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpebratus">Tropirhinus palpebratus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017] shares with (e.g.)
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus elegans" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">Tropirhinus elegans</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guérin">Guerin</normalizedToken>
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1847) sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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numerous phylogenetically informative traits inferred in
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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that substantiate this generic placement (see also Tables 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). They include: 9(1): rostrum in lateral profile slightly arched and tumescent in mid region of dorsal surface; 16(1): rostrum dorsally mono- or tricarinate; 17(0): rostrum monocarinate, with one median, wide and rounded carina; 23(1): scrobe (of antenna) passing ventrad of eye in lateral profile; 31(0): head-rostrum transition in lateral profile continuous or only slightly angulate; 32(0): head in dorsal profile without a conspicuous postocular constriction; 34(0): head without an anteocular invagination; 58(2): metatibial apex with an outer bevel ("corbel enclosed"; see
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<bibRefCitation author="Thompson, Richard T." journalOrPublisher="Journal of Natural History" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="835 - 891" title="Observations on the morphology and classification of weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionoidea) with a key to major groups" volume="26" year="1992">Thompson 1992</bibRefCitation>
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); 67(1): posterior margins of elytra with an ante-apical, narrowly triangular projection; and 83(0): wings fully developed. The most parsimonious reconstructions furthermore postulates two wing properties that cannot be obversed in this amber inclusion, viz. 84(1): wings in proximal third with at least one patch of small, densely arranged denticles; and 85(2): patches of denticles in proximal region of wings distributed in rows along R (vein). This combination of character states is shared only between
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus palpebratus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpebratus">Tropirhinus palpebratus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017] and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus elegans" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">Tropirhinus elegans</taxonomicName>
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sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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as coded in that latter analysis, and this correspondence of phylogenetically informative traits is the primary justification for assigning
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus palpebratus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpebratus">Tropirhinus palpebratus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017] to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tropirhinus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017].
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
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We thereby assign to
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tropirhinus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017] an expanded circumscription in comparison to (e.g.)
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tropirhinus</taxonomicName>
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sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, Charles W." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="1 - 382" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidaesensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)" volume="34" year="1982">O'Brien and Wibmer (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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, whose three members lack a postocular lobe and in turn have variously patterned metallic-colored maculae on the pronotum and elytra (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Guerin-Meneville, Felix E." journalOrPublisher="Revue Zoologique" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="2 - 11" title="Decade entomologique" volume="10" year="1847">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guérin-Méneville">Guerin-Meneville</normalizedToken>
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1847
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Chevrolat, Louis A. A." journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="167 - 182" title="Descriptions de Coleopteres nouveaux ou peu connus" volume="5" year="1877">Chevrolat 1877</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, Guanyang" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="226 - 239" title="Model selection in statistical historical biogeography of Neotropical insects - the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae)" volume="109" year="2017">Zhang et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). These and other apparent differences - e.g., only
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus novemdecimpunctatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novemdecimpunctatus">Tropirhinus novemdecimpunctatus</taxonomicName>
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(Fabricius 1781) sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, Charles W." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="1 - 382" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidaesensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)" volume="34" year="1982">O'Brien and Wibmer (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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has strongly protruding eyes - could be emphasized to justify the creation of a new genus-level name for the amber-preversed specimen under study. However, two kinds of considerations caution against this at present (see
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Vences, Miguel" journalOrPublisher="Zootaxa" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="201 - 244" title="To name or not to name: criteria to promote economy of change in Linnaean classification schemes" volume="3636" year="2013">Vences et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
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). First, the characters and states that distinguish
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus palpebratus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpebratus">Tropirhinus palpebratus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017] from the other members of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tropirhinus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017] are frequently homoplasious in this greater lineage of Caribbean entimine weevils (as analyzed in
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz 2012</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, Guanyang" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="226 - 239" title="Model selection in statistical historical biogeography of Neotropical insects - the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae)" volume="109" year="2017">Zhang et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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). The presence or absence of a postocular lobe, or of postocular vibrissae, are variable traits within
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Diaprepes" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diaprepes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diaprepes</taxonomicName>
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Schoenherr [FZ2017] (see also
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<bibRefCitation pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">O'Brien and Kovarik 2001</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz 2012</bibRefCitation>
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). Metallic coloration patterns are often variable within and among the recognized members of (e.g.)
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exophthalmus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Exophthalmus</taxonomicName>
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Schoenherr 1823 sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="Morrone, Juan J." journalOrPublisher="Anales del Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Serie Zoologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="99 - 168" title="The species of Entiminae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ranged in America south of the United States" volume="70" year="1999">Morrone (1999)</bibRefCitation>
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. Accordingly, our expanded genus-level concept
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tropirhinus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017] entails primarily characters and states that appear to be phylogenetically 'labile' at low taxonomic levels. We consider this acceptable. Second, creating a new genus-level name for this specimen makes no tangible contribution to resolving the taxonomic identity of extant and closely related lineages, including members of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Compsoricus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Compsoricus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Compsoricus</taxonomicName>
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Franz 2012 sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachnaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachnaeus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachnaeus</taxonomicName>
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Schoenherr 1826 sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, Charles W." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="1 - 382" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidaesensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)" volume="34" year="1982">O'Brien and Wibmer (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tetrabothynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrabothynus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tetrabothynus</taxonomicName>
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Labram and Imhoff 1852 sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, Charles W." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="1 - 382" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidaesensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)" volume="34" year="1982">O'Brien and Wibmer (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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, and the likely taxonomically misnamed
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exophthalmus quindecimpunctatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quindecimpunctatus">Exophthalmus quindecimpunctatus</taxonomicName>
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(Olivier 1807) sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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(therein incorrectly spelled) and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exophthalmus roseipes" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="roseipes">Exophthalmus roseipes</taxonomicName>
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(Chevrolat 1876) sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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. The combination of an abundance of available genus-level names and still inadequate knowledge of the species-level diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the various aforementioned lineages (see also
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, Guanyang" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="226 - 239" title="Model selection in statistical historical biogeography of Neotropical insects - the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae)" volume="109" year="2017">Zhang et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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) makes it less appealing to create yet another genus-level name at this juncture.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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assigned
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tropirhinus</taxonomicName>
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sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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to the tribe
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<taxonomicName lsidName="" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" rank="tribe" tribe="Geonemini">Geonemini</taxonomicName>
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Gistel 1856 [non-focal], and this placement is not under taxonomic scrutiny here.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
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Differential diagnosis.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus palpebratus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpebratus">Tropirhinus palpebratus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017], in addition to being extinct and recorded from Dominican amber, is readily distinguished from the extant members of
|
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tropirhinus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017] by the presence of a small, postocular lobe (with a setal patch ventral thereof) and absence of metallic-colored pronotal and elytral maculae. Moreover, the eyes of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus palpebratus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpebratus">Tropirhinus palpebratus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017] are more globular and protruded than those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus elegans" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elegans">Tropirhinus elegans</taxonomicName>
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sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus tredecimpunctutatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tredecimpunctutatus">Tropirhinus tredecimpunctutatus</taxonomicName>
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(
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Guérin">Guerin</normalizedToken>
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1847) sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, Charles W." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="1 - 382" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidaesensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)" volume="34" year="1982">O'Brien and Wibmer (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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, although those of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus novemdecimpunctatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="novemdecimpunctatus">Tropirhinus novemdecimpunctatus</taxonomicName>
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sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, Charles W." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="1 - 382" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidaesensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)" volume="34" year="1982">O'Brien and Wibmer (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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are similarly globular (see
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<bibRefCitation author="Chevrolat, Louis A. A." journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="167 - 182" title="Descriptions de Coleopteres nouveaux ou peu connus" volume="5" year="1877">Chevrolat 1877</bibRefCitation>
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; in particular plate IV, figure 4 therein). Lastly,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus palpebratus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpebratus">Tropirhinus palpebratus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017] shows a smaller, only anteriorly extending pronotal sulcus, in contrast with a larger and more posteriorly extending pronotal impression that is flanked laterally by obtuse, rounded elevations, as present in other members of
|
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tropirhinus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017]. Members of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Pachnaeus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Pachnaeus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pachnaeus</taxonomicName>
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sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, Charles W." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="1 - 382" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidaesensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)" volume="34" year="1982">O'Brien and Wibmer (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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have a wider rostrum and lack the posterior elytral projections, whereas those of
|
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tetrabothynus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tetrabothynus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Tetrabothynus</taxonomicName>
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sec.
|
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<bibRefCitation author="O'Brien, Charles W." journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="1 - 382" title="Annotated checklist of the weevils (Curculionidaesensu lato) of North America, Central America, and the West Indies (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea)" volume="34" year="1982">O'Brien and Wibmer (1982)</bibRefCitation>
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have a postocular head constriction. Other close relatives (see
|
|
<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz 2012</bibRefCitation>
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) have distinctly different pronotal and elytral sculpture and coloration patterns; e.g.
|
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Compsoricus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Compsoricus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Compsoricus</taxonomicName>
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sec.
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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has large longitudinal carinae and
|
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exophthalmus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Exophthalmus quindecimpunctatus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quindecimpunctatus">Exophthalmus quindecimpunctatus</taxonomicName>
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sec.
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<bibRefCitation author="Franz, Nico M." journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" pagination="510 - 557" title="Phylogenetic reassessment of the Exophthalmus genus complex (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Eustylini, Geonemini)" volume="164" year="2012">Franz (2012)</bibRefCitation>
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has green metallic scales interspersed with distinct black maculae.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" type="etymology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Etymology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
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The epithet - "eyelid, wink" (
|
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<bibRefCitation author="Brown, Roland W." journalOrPublisher="Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C." pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" title="Composition of scientific words, revised edition" year="1956">Brown 1956</bibRefCitation>
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) - refers to the combination of the postocular lobe and the setal patch located ventral thereof - a set of traits that uniquely corresponds to
|
|
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus palpebratus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpebratus">Tropirhinus palpebratus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017] in relation to close relatives.
|
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Distribution</paragraph>
|
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">
|
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Tropirhinus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Tropirhinus palpebratus" order="Coleoptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palpebratus">Tropirhinus palpebratus</taxonomicName>
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[FZ2017] is known only from the examined Dominican amber inclusion ("USNM505319"; see Material) of the Burdigalian time period. The specific mine of origin for this inclusion is unknown.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="10469" type="ecology">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Ecology</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="10469">Unknown.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |