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<document id="A148BBC7B71DCFB53375128B4A75ADD5" ID-DOI="10.6620/ZS.2021.60-22" ID-ISSN="1810-522X" ID-PMC="PMC8598982" ID-PubMed="34853612" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12824095" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="GgImagineBatch" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1721926310034" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Reyes, Jhoe, Binow, Daniela, Vianna, Rogério T., Brusa, Francisco &amp; Martins, Samantha E." docDate="2021" docId="7B330457FFE99877A0857F9BC274D321" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoolStud.60.22.1-33.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Studies 60 (22)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12823688" docStyle="DocumentStyle:E2601EF9E8BBDC4537EE724C10FF512F.1:ZoolStud.2019-.journal_article" docStyleId="E2601EF9E8BBDC4537EE724C10FF512F" docStyleName="ZoolStud.2019-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Gyratrix hermaphroditus Ehrenberg 1831" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="27" masterDocId="870A7C2FFFF3986DA0567F66C355D570" masterDocTitle="Fig. 12. Majella pristis n in Periclimenaeus djiboutensis Bruce 1970" masterLastPageNumber="33" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="27" updateTime="1721928470021" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="8BD911A6F5774C82A717556F2E6080FB">Fig. 12. Majella pristis n in Periclimenaeus djiboutensis Bruce 1970</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="BFDD4CDA949901B1A43456A2A60F231C">Reyes, Jhoe</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="1DD3CDEF6581D604B73374ACD5E12FED">Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PPGBAC / FURG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. * Correspondence: E-mail: rtvianna @ gmail. com (Vianna). &amp; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Parasitos de Organismos Aquáticos, Av.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="6C3FF0968A305F016DBD2D25B3914EBD">Binow, Daniela</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="FB3BBD19290106AC2421CE21F8DF9241">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Parasitos de Organismos Aquáticos, Av.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="208190FE007AFBD1F94E9CCC2A748AAD">Vianna, Rogério T.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="C63B3C3BA82A5B2BB9A1DCABFED425DA">Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PPGBAC / FURG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. * Correspondence: E-mail: rtvianna @ gmail. com (Vianna). &amp; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Biologia de Parasitos de Organismos Aquáticos, Av.</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier id="4DB35E2F0AED57F95E8708AFB10BD77B" type="email">rtvianna@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:namePart id="6259DE225D47E83CCC6786480E87DF1B">Brusa, Francisco</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="91EA091251AB1749288D8455F20D071D">División Zoología Invertebrados, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Boulevard 120 &amp; 61, La Plata, Argentina. E-mail: fbrusa @ fcnym. unlp. edu. ar (Brusa) &amp; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="E5AF4CA9D1C49357692DE1047F56410F">Martins, Samantha E.</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation id="83EAAECFD3014C0F56C5CCB3902E34D1">Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais (PPGBAC / FURG), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. * Correspondence: E-mail: rtvianna @ gmail. com (Vianna). &amp; Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment Section, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:title id="6FAA48032673D5B86948E524E84862A2">Zoological Studies</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="2F856DF039D86BE59A3D0EF3D8A0071F">2021</mods:date>
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<mods:identifier id="4AD3B1E7441EDCCA820943ADFCB0A24C" type="DOI">10.6620/ZS.2021.60-22</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="CDC5C80DFA86EEEFC19E1CB3F32F82DC" type="ISSN">1810-522X</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="7B330457FFE99877A0857F9BC274D321" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:7B330457FFE99877A0857F9BC274D321" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B330457FFE99877A0857F9BC274D321" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<subSubSection id="BB80E6CAFFE99877A0857F9BC176D446" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="F325B541FFE99877A0857F9BC176D446" blockId="26.[211,738,253,310]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="349ACEC2FFE99877A0857F9BC1B7D466" ID-CoL="6KVFM" authority="Ehrenberg, 1831" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1831" box="[211,738,253,279]" family="Polycystididae" genus="Gyratrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hermaphroditus">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0857F9BC1B7D466" bold="true" box="[211,738,253,279]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0857F9BC15ED466" bold="true" box="[211,523,253,279]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Gyratrix hermaphroditus</emphasis>
Ehrenberg, 1831
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="6BA1A9C4FFE99877A1CC7E7BC14FD446" box="[410,538,285,310]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[136,168,1898,1917]" captionTargetBox="[136,1413,935,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-357@27.[136,1413,935,1871]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 13. Specimens of Polycystididae and Prorhynchidae. (A–C) Gyratrix hermaphroditus: (A) habitus of a live mature animal, (B) schematic representation of the habitus and (C) penis stylet. (D–F) Prorhynchus stagnalis: (D) habitus of live mature individual, (E) detail of the anterior region of the body and (F) stylet." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12824121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12824121/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 13A–C</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="BB80E6CAFFE99877A0F87E3EC274D321" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="F325B541FFE99877A0F87E3EC12BD41B" blockId="26.[174,638,344,497]" box="[174,638,344,364]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Synonyms:
<taxonomicName id="349ACEC2FFE99877A1457E3FC12FD41B" authority="Ehrenberg, 1835" authorityName="Ehrenberg" authorityYear="1835" box="[275,634,344,364]" family="Polycystididae" genus="Gyrator" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hermaphroditus">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A1457E3FC2B0D41B" box="[275,485,344,364]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Gyrator hermaphroditus</emphasis>
Ehrenberg, 1835
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F325B541FFE99877A0F87E15C28FD4F6" blockId="26.[174,638,344,497]" box="[174,474,371,390]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="349ACEC2FFE99877A0F87E15C283D4F6" authority="(Schmidt, 1857)" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="1857" box="[174,470,371,390]" family="Polycystididae" genus="Gyrator" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="furiosum">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0F87E15C211D4F6" box="[174,324,371,390]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Gyrator furiosum</emphasis>
(Schmidt, 1857)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F325B541FFE99877A0F87EE8C2BCD4D1" blockId="26.[174,638,344,497]" box="[174,489,398,417]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="349ACEC2FFE99877A0F87EE8C2B0D4D1" authority="Schmidt, 1858" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1858" box="[174,485,398,417]" family="Polycystididae" genus="Prostomum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="furiosum">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0F87EE8C234D4D1" box="[174,353,398,417]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Prostomum furiosum</emphasis>
Schmidt, 1858
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F325B541FFE99877A0F87ECFC288D4CB" blockId="26.[174,638,344,497]" box="[174,477,424,443]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="349ACEC2FFE99877A0F87ECFC28CD4CB" authority="Graff, 1875" authorityName="Graff" authorityYear="1875" box="[174,473,424,443]" family="Polycystididae" genus="Prostomum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="banaticum">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0F87ECFC23AD4CB" box="[174,367,424,443]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Prostomum banaticum</emphasis>
Graff, 1875
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F325B541FFE99877A0F87EA5C292D4A6" blockId="26.[174,638,344,497]" box="[174,455,451,470]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="349ACEC2FFE99877A0F87EA5C296D4A6" authority="(Graff, 1875)" baseAuthorityName="Graff" baseAuthorityYear="1875" box="[174,451,451,470]" family="Polycystididae" genus="Gyrator" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="banaticus">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0F87EA5C21ED4A6" box="[174,331,451,470]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Gyrator banaticus</emphasis>
(Graff, 1875)
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F325B541FFE99877A0F87EB8C158D481" blockId="26.[174,638,344,497]" box="[174,525,478,497]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="349ACEC2FFE99877A0F87EB8C15CD481" authority="Luther, 1918" authorityName="Luther" authorityYear="1918" box="[174,521,478,497]" family="Polycystididae" genus="Gyratrix" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabdocoela" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="hermaphroditicus">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0F87EB8C2C1D481" box="[174,404,478,497]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Gyratrix hermaphroditicus</emphasis>
Luther, 1918
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F325B541FFE99877A0BC7D7FC263D701" blockId="26.[174,775,537,1617]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0BC7D7FC2CAD741" box="[234,415,537,561]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Studied material</emphasis>
: Thirty-three individuals studied alive, twelve of them were whole mounted (MZUSP PL 2244–2254).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F325B541FFE99877A0BC7D1FC1E8D7A1" blockId="26.[174,775,537,1617]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0BC7D1FC207D7E1" box="[234,338,633,657]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Localities</emphasis>
: Site 1 (
<date id="87249381FFE99877A1FA7D1FC17CD7E1" box="[428,553,633,657]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2018-09-19">19/09/2018</date>
), Site 2 (
<date id="87249381FFE99877A2D17D1FC056D7E1" box="[647,771,633,657]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2018-11-30">30/11/2018</date>
;
<date id="87249381FFE99877A0F87DFFC27ED7C1" box="[174,299,665,689]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2018-10-09">9/10/2018</date>
) and Site 3 (
<date id="87249381FFE99877A1807DFFC10DD7C1" box="[470,600,665,689]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2019-06-05">5/06/2019</date>
;
<date id="87249381FFE99877A23F7DFFC1ACD7C1" box="[617,761,665,689]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" value="2019-04-24">24/04/2019</date>
), associated with benthal and phytal microhabitats.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F325B541FFE99877A0BC7DBCC2D6D6A1" blockId="26.[174,775,537,1617]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0BC7DBCC22BD781" box="[234,382,730,753]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Description</emphasis>
: Body elongated and whitish,
<quantity id="346218A4FFE99877A0F87D9FC255D661" box="[174,256,761,785]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="1.7">1.7 mm</quantity>
long and
<quantity id="346218A4FFE99877A13B7D9FC295D661" box="[365,448,761,785]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.3 mm</quantity>
wide (
<figureCitation id="6BA1A9C4FFE99877A25D7D9FC1DAD661" box="[523,655,761,785]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[136,168,1898,1917]" captionTargetBox="[136,1413,935,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-357@27.[136,1413,935,1871]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 13. Specimens of Polycystididae and Prorhynchidae. (A–C) Gyratrix hermaphroditus: (A) habitus of a live mature animal, (B) schematic representation of the habitus and (C) penis stylet. (D–F) Prorhynchus stagnalis: (D) habitus of live mature individual, (E) detail of the anterior region of the body and (F) stylet." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12824121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12824121/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 13A–B</figureCitation>
). The male copulatory apparatus has the following dimensions: the prostate stylet III (stalk) is 96.2 ± 16 μm (81.1–127.7 μm;
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0F87C3CC3EED601" box="[174,187,858,881]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">n</emphasis>
= 11) long, the stylet sheath is 40.6 ± 14 μm (27.5–66.4 μm;
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A1087C1CC23ED6E1" box="[350,363,890,913]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">n</emphasis>
= 11) long and prostate stylet
<typeStatus id="2C210BE3FFE99877A2E87C1CC1B9D6E2" box="[702,748,890,914]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">type</typeStatus>
II (penis stylet) is 130.5 ± 23.1 μm (109.7–178.4 μm;
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A2B47CFCC1BAD6C1" box="[738,751,922,945]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">n</emphasis>
= 11) long (
<figureCitation id="6BA1A9C4FFE99877A1437CDFC223D6A1" box="[277,374,953,977]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="27.[136,168,1898,1917]" captionTargetBox="[136,1413,935,1871]" captionTargetId="figure-357@27.[136,1413,935,1871]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="Fig. 13. Specimens of Polycystididae and Prorhynchidae. (A–C) Gyratrix hermaphroditus: (A) habitus of a live mature animal, (B) schematic representation of the habitus and (C) penis stylet. (D–F) Prorhynchus stagnalis: (D) habitus of live mature individual, (E) detail of the anterior region of the body and (F) stylet." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12824121" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12824121/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Fig. 13C</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F325B541FFE99877A0BC7CBCC1F6D081" blockId="26.[174,775,537,1617]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0BC7CBCC282D681" box="[234,471,985,1009]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Taxonomic remarks</emphasis>
: The morphology of the male copulatory apparatus, follows the description of the species made by
<bibRefCitation id="970BC8B0FFE99877A1EB7B7CC126D141" author="Marcus E." box="[445,627,1049,1073]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 60" refId="ref21896" refString="Marcus E. 1945 b. Sobre microturbellarios do Brasil. Com Zool Mus Montevideo 1: 1 - 60." type="journal article" year="1945">Marcus (1945b)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="970BC8B0FFE99877A2D77B7FC22DD121" author="Karling TG &amp; Schockaert ER" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="5 - 19" refId="ref21182" refString="Karling TG, Schockaert ER. 1977. Anatomy and Systematics of Some Polycystididae (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia) from the Pacific and S. Atlantic. Zool Scr 6: 5 - 19. doi: 10.1111 / j. 1463 - 6409.1977. tb 00755. x." type="journal article" year="1977">Karling and Schockaert (1977)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="970BC8B0FFE99877A1D27B5FC1F0D121" author="Artois TJ &amp; Tessens BS" box="[388,677,1081,1105]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref19824" refString="Artois TJ, Tessens BS. 2008. Polycystididae (Rhabditophora: Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia) from the Indian Ocean, with the description of twelve new species. Zootaxa 27: 1 - 27. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1849.1.1." type="journal article" year="2008">Artois and Tessens (2008)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="970BC8B0FFE99877A2E47B5FC2DBD101" author="Rundell RJ &amp; Leander BS" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="499 - 514" refId="ref23258" refString="Rundell RJ, Leander BS. 2014. Molecular examination of kalyptorhynch diversity (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela), including descriptions of five meiofaunal species from the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 94: 499 - 514. doi: 10.1017 / S 0025315413001471." type="journal article" year="2014">Rundell and Leander (2014)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="970BC8B0FFE99877A19F7B3CC3ADD1E1" author="Van Steenkiste NWL &amp; Leander BS" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="899 - 923" refId="ref24129" refString="Van Steenkiste NWL, Leander BS. 2018. Species diversity of eukalyptorhynch flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela) from the coastal margin of British Columbia: Polycystididae, Koinocystididae and Gnathorhynchidae. Mar Biol Res 14: 899 - 923. doi: 10.1080 / 17451000.2019.1575514." type="journal article" year="2018">Van Steenkiste and Leander (2018)</bibRefCitation>
. This species is widely distributed and it is found in freshwater, brackish and marine environments. The male copulatory apparatus of individuals from the ESEC Taim are within the ranges of individuals found around the world (
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;
<bibRefCitation id="970BC8B0FFE99877A22D7B9FC27FD041" author="Jouk PEH &amp; De Vocht AJP" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="145 - 157" refId="ref21083" refString="Jouk PEH, De Vocht AJP. 1989. Kalyptorhynchia (Plathelminthes: Rhabdocoela) from the kenyan coast, with descriptions of four new species. Trop Zool 2: 145 - 157. doi: 10.1080 / 03946975.1989. 10539435." type="journal article" year="1989">Jouk and De Vocht 1989</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="970BC8B0FFE99877A1627A7FC2A7D041" author="Artois T &amp; Vermin W &amp; Schockaert E." box="[308,498,1305,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="103 - 110" refId="ref19779" refString="Artois T, Vermin W, Schockaert E. 2000. Rhabdocoela (Platyhelminthes) from the Weddell Sea (Antarctica) with the description of eight new species. Bel J Zool 130: 103 - 110. doi: 1854 / 6376." type="journal article" year="2000">Artois et al. 2000</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="970BC8B0FFE99877A1AD7A7FC056D041" author="Artois TJ &amp; Tessens BS" box="[507,771,1305,1329]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="1 - 27" refId="ref19824" refString="Artois TJ, Tessens BS. 2008. Polycystididae (Rhabditophora: Rhabdocoela: Kalyptorhynchia) from the Indian Ocean, with the description of twelve new species. Zootaxa 27: 1 - 27. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1849.1.1." type="journal article" year="2008">Artois and Tessens 2008</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="970BC8B0FFE99877A0F87A5FC285D021" author="Rundell RJ &amp; Leander BS" box="[174,464,1337,1361]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="499 - 514" refId="ref23258" refString="Rundell RJ, Leander BS. 2014. Molecular examination of kalyptorhynch diversity (Platyhelminthes: Rhabdocoela), including descriptions of five meiofaunal species from the north-eastern Pacific Ocean. J Mar Biol Assoc UK 94: 499 - 514. doi: 10.1017 / S 0025315413001471." type="journal article" year="2014">Rundell and Leander 2014</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="970BC8B0FFE99877A18D7A5CC3BDD001" author="Van Steenkiste NWL &amp; Leander BS" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="899 - 923" refId="ref24129" refString="Van Steenkiste NWL, Leander BS. 2018. Species diversity of eukalyptorhynch flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela) from the coastal margin of British Columbia: Polycystididae, Koinocystididae and Gnathorhynchidae. Mar Biol Res 14: 899 - 923. doi: 10.1080 / 17451000.2019.1575514." type="journal article" year="2018">Van Steenkiste and Leander 2018</bibRefCitation>
). However, dimensions and configurations on the male copulatory apparatus and the female reproductive system vary notably within populations. This fact has been observed, suggesting complex species, a hypothesis which has not been formally tested.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="F325B541FFE99877A0BC7A9FC274D321" blockId="26.[174,775,537,1617]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<emphasis id="C1EE6953FFE99877A0BC7A9FC239D361" box="[234,364,1529,1553]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Distribution</emphasis>
: Widely distributed in freshwater and marine habitats (see
<bibRefCitation id="970BC8B0FFE99877A1CD797FC10DD341" author="Tyler S &amp; Schilling S &amp; Hooge M &amp; Bush L." box="[411,600,1561,1585]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref23844" refString="Tyler S, Schilling S, Hooge M, Bush L. 2016. Turbellarian taxonomic database. http: // turbellaria. umaine. edu / turbella. php. Accessed 25 March 2018." type="url" year="2016">Tyler et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
for a complete overview).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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