1433 lines
342 KiB
XML
1433 lines
342 KiB
XML
<document id="B01818085C2599A57FE5099E3E95D4D9" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.182758" ID-GBIF-Dataset="f17f6ac1-d8f6-40ee-b1e4-f0800ade364f" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="182758" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459876122582" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Schmelz, Rüdiger M., Collado, Rut & Römbke, Jörg" docDate="2008" docId="506F87A9FF9AC55A4BF38259A122F8C0" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01809p035.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1809" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0.4:Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleId="6581673A57F01A3145754A1E615EDFF0" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2007-2008.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Achaeta hanagarthi Schmelz, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="21" masterDocId="AC56FFD1FF92C54E4B648746A258FF82" masterDocTitle="Mata Atlântica enchytraeids (Paraná, Brazil): The genus Achaeta (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae)" masterLastPageNumber="35" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="9" updateTime="1698227045134" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="051E556AA309ED2D125AE129D949FB05" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="D0D700617AB6A5158AAE67D3B9896E4D">
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<mods:title id="8F2DBC49CDA3A8AEE32DE739840F2E24">Mata Atlântica enchytraeids (Paraná, Brazil): The genus Achaeta (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="47F4DF9C641C26FE28727137C0D0F3BE" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="1F5EF83EDB5E5780CE597F6F5A01B7CA">
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<mods:roleTerm id="7FDE331E6162484DB8C57135A5414307">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="33ABAC588A0C821E560CEC13AC1F7632">Schmelz, Rüdiger M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="AD2D7D14BDA134BB65F1B74B08A64418" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="8EF0F4C013A790C3AD6B8718F19A2EB9">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3D04CB6DE8ADEDEDE4BA5096018476DB">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="E2D3437120905F1BA2792B86DAD51372">Collado, Rut</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="E1CD208BD2315FF3E3B07B620A9BF4B5" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="7B3CB6BE823AD82D37175DBD131C16A7">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="CF7189C425196704AF1AE15D42C2189F">Römbke, Jörg</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="56B45786343F3F960E62C8104491311D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="84F63F937994B96FC0420CBA5379165A">
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<mods:title id="C522BA015FABF7E14226D55F05F95D94">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="422C488A2858874FFA4E35AE6F98508E">
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<mods:date id="3E1F9434292FBFD43236C15EDF8B8E04">2008</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="AD3E51931BD4539D6136211728FB4483" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="A2A635AA7F4F1007876202C3ED99A10D">1809</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="4B861FA70B4F4363EE934E03DEB3AE01" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="DD73A9237C80D01F25ED158144BF173F">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="15D02E9FFC537091994162098C3D26C8">35</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:classification id="09440A6589FB30B71B19E09EAE53B36B">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0BB22C0F156AAD98155AB0FE0AA6A92E" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.182758</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6A3C6F5470933C16D9C30E45AF3A497E" type="GBIF-Dataset">f17f6ac1-d8f6-40ee-b1e4-f0800ade364f</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8A3614DFD64CB373B8B84FA41A5E3F6D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="C119884E897C39C31A17CB5939FB2A74" type="Zenodo-Dep">182758</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="506F87A9FF9AC55A4BF38259A122F8C0" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6232933" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119370125" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6232933" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:506F87A9FF9AC55A4BF38259A122F8C0" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/506F87A9FF9AC55A4BF38259A122F8C0" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
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<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF9AC5464BF38259A3FDFADE" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9AC5464BF38259A03CFABB" blockId="8.[151,612,1311,1372]" box="[151,612,1311,1337]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<heading id="833181D3FF9AC5464BF38259A03CFABB" bold="true" box="[151,612,1311,1337]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" reason="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9AC5464BF38259A03CFABB" bold="true" box="[151,612,1311,1337]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9AC5464BF38259A3A1FABB" ID-CoL="84VWZ" authority="Schmelz" authorityName="Schmelz" box="[151,505,1311,1337]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hanagarthi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9AC5464BF38259A3D0FABB" bold="true" box="[151,392,1311,1337]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Achaeta hanagarthi</emphasis>
|
||
Schmelz
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F18157D6FF9AC54649628259A03CFABB" box="[518,612,1311,1337]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9AC5464BF38204A3FDFADE" blockId="8.[151,612,1311,1372]" box="[151,421,1346,1372]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9AC5464BF38204A2A2FADE" box="[151,250,1346,1372]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Figure 3</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF9AC5464A6C8204A332FADE" box="[264,362,1346,1372]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,239,351,375]" captionTargetBox="[159,1400,597,775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of Achaeta species with reproductive organs shifted one segment forward (testis and sperm funnels in X, ovary, vasa deferentia, male pores and citellum in XII, spermathecae in usual position). Common characters: body length 3 - 5 mm, oesophageal appendages present." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E">Tables 1</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF9AC5464A1C8204A3D1FADE" box="[376,393,1346,1372]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,239,1151,1175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,1416,1985]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparison of Achaeta hanagarthi with congeneric species with sexual organs in normal position and without pyriform glands. Five characters are mainly considered: (1) animals much larger, more than 60 segments; (2) oesophageal appendage in one segment only (either IV or V), or absent; (3) pharyngeal glands with secondary ventral lobes; (4) more than one pair of preclitellar nephridia; (5) clitellum dorsally closed. In the case of insufficiently described species, characters other than (1) - (5) are added. In all species except A. camerani the original description is the only currently available source of morphological information. As to A. becki, A. neotropica, A. iridescens, A. paranensis and A. singularis, see below, descriptions, remarks, and Table 4." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38339A0E6FAE5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38339A0E6FAE5">2</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF9AC5464AF28204A3FDFADE" box="[406,421,1346,1372]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="24.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1386,207,978]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="TABLE 4. Comparison of currently known and accepted neotropical species of Achaeta." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF8AC5564BF387D1A613FF2D" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" tableUuid="8CB96637FF8AC5564BF387D1A613FF2D">4</tableCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF9AC5464BF382D4A181F9F6" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9AC5464BF382D4A375FA56" blockId="8.[151,1436,1426,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9AC5464BF382D4A34AFA2E" bold="true" box="[151,274,1426,1452]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9AC5464BF382D4A356FA2E" box="[151,270,1426,1452]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9AC5464A7882D4A326FA2E" box="[284,382,1426,1452]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
#1364, mature spcm, stained whole mount; Cachoeira Natural Reserve, Paraná,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9AC5464E2982D4A7C0FA2E" box="[1357,1432,1426,1452]" name="Brazil" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF9AC5464BF382FCA371FA56" box="[151,297,1466,1492]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2004-03">March 2004</date>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9AC5464BA182A4A15AF9CE" blockId="8.[151,1436,1426,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9AC5464BA182A4A314FA7E" bold="true" box="[197,332,1506,1532]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9AC5464BA182A4A31EFA7E" box="[197,326,1506,1532]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9AC5464A3082A4A3EEFA7E" box="[340,438,1506,1532]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
#1365, 41 spms stained and whole-mounted, 21 of them fully mature, same locality as
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9AC5464BDC814CA379F9A6" box="[184,289,1546,1572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF9AC5464A4A814CA3F0F9A6" box="[302,424,1546,1572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2003-05">May 2003</date>
|
||
(20 spms),
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF9AC5464952814CA09EF9A6" box="[566,710,1546,1572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2004-03">March 2004</date>
|
||
(18 spms),
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF9AC5464830814CA192F9A6" box="[852,970,1546,1572]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2004-10">Oct. 2004</date>
|
||
(3 spms); further 86 spms ethanol-preserved,
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF9AC5464B968174A3D9F9CE" box="[242,385,1586,1612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2004-03">March 2004</date>
|
||
(73 spms),
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF9AC546496F8174A027F9CE" box="[523,639,1586,1612]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" value="2004-10">Oct. 2004</date>
|
||
(13 spms).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9AC5464BA1811CA181F9F6" blockId="8.[151,1436,1426,2012]" box="[197,985,1626,1652]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9AC5464BA1811CA3FBF9F6" bold="true" box="[197,419,1626,1652]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Further material:</emphasis>
|
||
Ca. 150 spms, identified
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9AC54649B4811DA147F9F6" box="[720,799,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
, not conserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF9AC5464BA181C4A0AEF96E" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9AC5464BA181C4A0AEF96E" blockId="8.[151,1436,1426,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9AC5464BA181C4A30EF91E" bold="true" box="[197,342,1666,1692]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Etymology:</emphasis>
|
||
Named in honour of the late Werner Hanagarth, zoologist, geographer, all-round ecologist of the old school, who dedicated his life's efforts to nature and people in South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9AC5464F7781ECA623F946" box="[1043,1147,1706,1732]" name="United States of America" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, first project coordinator of SOLOBIOMA (obituary in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9AC5464A998194A0B1F96E" author="Beck" box="[509,745,1746,1772]" pageId="8" pageNumber="33" refString="Beck, L. & Hofer, W. (2003) Dr. Werner Arthur Hanagarth † 1948 - 2003. carolinea, 61, 235 - 240." type="journal article" year="2003">Beck & Höfer 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF9AC5454BA181BCA6B3F898" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9AC5464BA181BCA72CF8E6" blockId="8.[151,1436,1426,2012]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9AC5464BA181BCA338F896" bold="true" box="[197,352,1786,1812]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Description:</emphasis>
|
||
Living specimens
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF9AC546495881BCA0C5F896" box="[572,669,1786,1812]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="5.0">5–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long, ca. 0.2 µm wide, whitish opaque under top light. Slow body movements. Preserved specimens
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF9AC546494C8064A0C7F8BE" box="[552,671,1826,1852]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.75" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="5.75" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.5">4.5–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long,
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF9AC546498C8064A1DCF8BE" box="[744,900,1826,1852]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" unit="mm" value="0.17" valueMax="0.2" valueMin="0.14">0.14–0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide. Segment number mostly 32–43 (N=26;
|
||
<specimenCount id="CEC0FD36FF9AC5464BF3800CA36EF8E6" box="[151,310,1866,1892]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" type="generic">13 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
with 38–42 segments), rarely below 30 (13–24, N=4, partly with regenerated posterior end).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9AC5474BA18034A776FED0" blockId="8.[151,1436,1426,2012]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1436,152,338]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="10" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
No pyriform glands. Epidermal gland cells (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9AC54649BA8034A17DF80E" box="[734,805,1906,1932]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
A) 2-8 per segment, 1-4 on each side; two different
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9AC5464BF380DCA28DF836" box="[151,213,1946,1972]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">types</typeStatus>
|
||
present.
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9AC5464A2680DCA324F836" box="[322,380,1946,1972]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
I cells hyaline in the center, and framed anteriorly and posteriorly by a granulated field; this field apparently located between ring muscle and longitudinal muscle layer; two cells per segment, one on each side, situated postero-ventrally right before septum, first pair at II or III. Cells conspicuous only in preclitellar segments, but present throughout except in clitellar region.
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9BC54748F08786A196FF58" box="[916,974,192,218]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
II cells inconspicuous, hyaline without granular framing, not intervening between muscle layers, smaller than
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9BC54748BD87AEA64BFE80" box="[985,1043,232,258]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
I cells, situated in one transverse row in the posterior half of a segment, slightly anterior to
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9BC54748238656A1D9FEA8" box="[839,897,272,298]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
I cells; on each side 2–3 cells dorsally of lateral line, one occasionally ventrally of it.
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9BC547491A867EA0E0FED0" box="[638,696,312,338]" pageId="9" pageNumber="10">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
I cells only seen in some of the preserved specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8CB96637FF98C5444BF387D1A079FC2B" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF98C5444BF387D1A079FC2B" blockId="10.[151,1437,151,937]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF98C5444BF387D1A344FF2D" bold="true" box="[151,284,151,175]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF98C5444A4287DEA3A6FF2D" box="[294,510,152,175]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hanagarthi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF98C5444A4287DEA3A6FF2D" box="[294,510,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Achaeta hanagarthi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F18157D6FF98C544496C87D1A038FF2D" box="[520,608,151,175]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF98C544496C87D1A038FF2D" bold="true" box="[520,608,151,175]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF98C5444E4887FCA767FF50" bold="true" box="[1324,1343,186,210]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4/5-6/7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF98C544487C87B9A172FE95" bold="true" box="[792,810,255,279]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">B</emphasis>
|
||
. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF98C5444BA986B4A2B8FD88" bold="true" box="[205,224,498,522]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">C</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF98C5444B8A86B4A359FD88" bold="true" box="[238,257,498,522]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D</emphasis>
|
||
give the aspect of segments IV–VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF98C5444B8985D9A2A7FD35" bold="true" box="[237,255,671,695]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">E</emphasis>
|
||
. Segments III–VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF98C544494E85A2A060FD7E" bold="true" box="[554,568,740,764]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Nephridium in XXIV.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF98C544485785A2A11DFD7E" bold="true" box="[819,837,740,764]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF98C5444BF3846CA2F4FCC0" bold="true" box="[151,172,810,834]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">H</emphasis>
|
||
. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF98C5444A9A846CA050FCC0" bold="true" box="[510,520,810,834]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">I</emphasis>
|
||
. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF98C5444BA1849BA609FBC5" blockId="10.[151,1437,989,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Body wall ca. 5 (-10) µm thick, cuticle variable: less than 1 µm thick, inconspicuous, or up to 3.5 µm thick, especially dorsally, or intermediate; thickening more pronounced dorsally than ventrally. Ring muscles inconspicuous, single-layered, ca. 23 rings per segment.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF98C544484A836BA137FBC5" box="[814,879,1069,1095]" name="Spain" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Septa</collectingCountry>
|
||
4/5–6/7 thickened.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF98C5444BA18313A103FA7D" blockId="10.[151,1437,989,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Head pore on prostomium. Frontal prostomial epithelium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF98C54448EC8313A197FBED" box="[904,975,1109,1135]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B) irregularly thickened between head pore and mouth opening, with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium, connection with prostomial nerve not evident. Prostomial musculature well-developed. Brain 1.5x as long as wide (e.g., 83: 55 µm, top view, fix), 2.5x as long as high (side view), bluntly triangular in dorsal view, with a marked anterior convexity; sides merging anteriad, rounded and truncate posteriorly. No perikarya seen on prostomial nerve. Ventral nerve cord (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF98C5444F43825BA636FAB5" box="[1063,1134,1309,1335]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B,I) with suboesophageal ganglion in II–IV, not lobed, sides straight, and segmental ganglia from V on, with connectives at level of septa. Gradual change in shape of ganglia from anterior to posterior: in anterior segments spindle-shaped, not lobed; in posterior segments bilobed with a smaller anterior and a larger posterior part, marked by a lateral constriction; ganglionic subdivision more and more conspicuous towards growth zone; here lobes almost separate from each other so as if each segment had two ganglia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF98C5444BA1814BA69EF80D" blockId="10.[151,1437,989,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
Oesophageal appendage (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF98C5444A94814BA06BF9A5" box="[496,563,1549,1575]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B–E) consisting of an unpaired strand in IV and V dorsally on oesophagus, with winding canal (only seen in living specimens), and two large ovoid or spherical bodies attached dorsolaterally in V, directly anterior to pharyngeal glands; anterior opening of canal into lumen of oesophagus not seen. Four large post-pharyngeal bulbs present (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF98C54449A881C3A149F91D" box="[716,785,1669,1695]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Pharyngeal glands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF98C5444F4181C3A631F91D" box="[1061,1129,1669,1695]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B-E) in IV–VI; all widely united dorsally; ventral lobes conspicuous, largest in IV and VI, widely connected with dorsal lobe in IV and V, separate from dorsal lobe in VI. No secondary ventral lobes. Chloragocytes dark-grey in living specimens (transmittent light), few single cells in IV-VI, dense layer in VII–IX, here up to 25 µm high, posteriorly increasingly thinner; behind clitellum cells flatter, less opaque; in posterior body half cells rather flat, scattered, inconspicuous in whole mounts. Occasionally cells flat throughout. Gut dilatation gradual in VII-VIII, marked only in contracted specimens. Dorsal blood vessel from VII, pulsating (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF98C5444F5E8033A627F80D" box="[1082,1151,1909,1935]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B–E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF98C5454BA180DBA109FEA8" blockId="10.[151,1437,989,2015]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1436,152,2018]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
One pair of preclitellar nephridia, at 7/8 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF98C54449CC80DBA0B6F835" box="[680,750,1949,1975]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B); anteseptale about as long as high, truncate; postseptale ca.
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF98C5444BDB8083A285F85D" box="[191,221,1989,2015]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">4x</date>
|
||
as long as anteseptale, gradually tapering distad; no efferent duct, only a short ventral bend of narrowed postseptale distally before opening to exterior; no constriction between anteseptale and postseptale; nephridial canal very finely winded; terminal vesicle small. First postclitellar nephridia at 12/13 (!) or 13/14, shape similar to preclitellar nephridia, but usually straight. Few nephridia in following segments and in variable positions, about 1/4 of all possible positions occupied (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF99C545498E8656A168FEA8" box="[746,816,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
F).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF99C5454BA1867EA69EFDC0" blockId="11.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Coelomocytes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF99C5454A1B867EA39CFED0" box="[383,452,312,338]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
G) numerous, with strong brownish tint conspicuous in cell aggregations, faint but distinguishable in single cells, rarely absent in very young specimens, tint diffusely distributed in cell cytoplasm. Cells flat, almost as wide as long, comparatively large, diameter 16–45 µm
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF99C5454FE086CEA68DFE23" box="[1156,1237,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
, margin slightly wavy, cytoplasm filled with pale, regularly spherical vesicles and occasionally a few small interspersed refractile granules. Pars tumida of midgut from XX–XXVIII, extending over 5–7 segments; entire epidermis thickened, not only ventrally, with a tint similar to gut contents (brownish, not present when gut is empty), staining less intensely than adjacent intestinal epithelia (fix). Pygidium short, about as long as wide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF99C5454BA18516A0C3FD10" blockId="11.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">All reproductive organs except spermathecae shifted one segment forward: testis and sperm funnels in X, ovary, vasa deferentia and male pores in XI.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF99C5454BA185E6A3F2FBA0" blockId="11.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Clitellum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF99C5454A2385E6A3D5FD38" box="[327,397,672,698]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
H–I) at about
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF99C545495E85E6A036FD38" box="[570,622,672,698]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">XI-1</date>
|
||
/
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF99C545491385E6A0E9FD38" box="[631,689,672,698]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">2XII</date>
|
||
(beginning three ring muscle rows posterior to septum 10/11, ending ca. 10 ring muscle rows before septum 12/13), developed only laterally; cell-free area wider ventrally than dorsally, ventral border of clitellum in longitudinal line with male pores. Cells arranged in ca. 24 regular transverse rows. Each lateral clitellar field distinctly subdivided into a dorso-lateral area with only hyalocytes (single interspersed granulocytes may be present) and a larger latero-ventral field with only granulocytes. Hyalocytes large and conspicuous, often more than twice as wide as long, 20–25 µm high, usually arranged in two longitudinal rows that merge into one row at both ends; slight deviations from this pattern occur. Granulocytes not arranged in longitudinal rows, less then half the size of hyalocytes, decreasing in height from ca. 20 µm laterally to 10 µm ventro-laterally. Dorsal longitudinal borderlines of clitellum conspicuous, ventral borderlines inconspicuous.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF99C5454BA18376A042FA58" blockId="11.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Testis and ovary anteriorly in X and XI, respectively, unpaired ventrally below nerve cord (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF99C5454F928376A764FBC8" box="[1270,1340,1072,1098]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF99C5454E498376A764FBC8" box="[1325,1340,1072,1098]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I). Seminal vesicle absent, cysts free in X. Spermatozoa 40–50 µm long, measured head lengths 15–18 µm (viv). Sperm funnel in X, ca. 2/3 as long as body diameter, length 85–90 µm (viv, fix), asymmetrical in cross section: either pear-shaped, 1.4x as long as wide, collar narrower than funnel body, or cylindrical,
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF99C5454E6583EEA746FB40" box="[1281,1310,1192,1218]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3x</date>
|
||
as long as wide, collar as wide as funnel body - depending on the angle of vision (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF99C54548BE8396A647FB68" box="[986,1055,1232,1258]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF99C5454F748396A647FB68" box="[1040,1055,1232,1258]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I). Vas deferens long, most often in dense, more or less regular coils, and with same diameter throughout (6 µm, fix). Male copulatory organs (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF99C5454BFB8266A2BDFAB8" box="[159,229,1312,1338]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF99C5454BB38266A2BDFAB8" box="[215,229,1312,1338]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">3</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I) in XI, widely separate, consisting of a small, distinct glandular body (50 µm long, 30 µm high, fix) embedded in muscle tissue surrounding male pore, and of most distal stretch of vas deferens; no bursa (epidermal invagination) seen, male pore apparently on body surface, glandular body nonetheless protrusible. Copulatory body muscles present, inserting latero-dorsally between transverse clitellar gland cell rows. No accessory glands near male pore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF99C5454BA182AEA6B3F898" blockId="11.[151,1436,152,2018]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Spermathecae (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF99C5454A1982AEA39CF980" box="[381,452,1512,1538]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
B–E) simple, blind-ending, tube-like, extending into VI or VII, occasionally bent upwards and confined to V, with a club-shaped proximal end. Ectal pores in lateral position, ectal duct ca. 30 µm long (fix), here lined with cuticle, canal almost as wide as walls, no outer muscles detectable. Ampulla ca. 220 µm long (fix); ectal dilatation not or only slightly wider than ectal duct (15–20 µm), recognized mainly by a small sperm bundle and the absence of cuticular lining, not further modified, no glandular granulation, no bend of axis, no asymmetrical enlargement; following connecting tube thin and without distinct lumen; ental reservoir ca. 30 µm wide, of differing length; almost spherical when without sperm, then filled with an amorphous mass. One mature oocyte at a time, extending over 2–3 segments when fully developed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF99C5434BA28061A655FD0E" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF99C5424BA28061A732FD95" blockId="11.[151,1436,152,2018]" lastBlockId="12.[159,1386,477,577]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF99C5454BA28061A071F8C3" bold="true" box="[198,553,1831,1857]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Remarks. Species diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
Peculiar traits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF99C545499B806EA1B2F8C3" box="[767,1002,1832,1857]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hanagarthi">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF99C545499B806EA1B2F8C3" box="[767,1002,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Achaeta hanagarthi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are: (1) Reproductive organs except spermathecae shifted one segment forward, (2) coelomocytes brown, (3) pars tumida of midgut distributed over entire cross-section, not confined to ventral region. A forward shift of sexual organs by one segment (spermathecae excepted) is known in five more species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF99C545482080E6A1FCF83B" box="[836,932,1952,1977]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF99C545482080E6A1FCF83B" box="[836,932,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Achaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; they are compared in
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF99C5454FD480E6A750F838" box="[1200,1288,1952,1978]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,239,351,375]" captionTargetBox="[159,1400,597,775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of Achaeta species with reproductive organs shifted one segment forward (testis and sperm funnels in X, ovary, vasa deferentia, male pores and citellum in XII, spermathecae in usual position). Common characters: body length 3 - 5 mm, oesophageal appendages present." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" tableUuid="8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
. However, a forward shift of sexual organs may have been overlooked more than once (see above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF99C5454FC6808EA6B3F863" box="[1186,1259,1992,2017]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="piti">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF99C5454FC6808EA6B3F863" box="[1186,1259,1992,2017]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A. piti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
); therefore we also present a comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC542496E87DEA032FF33" box="[522,618,152,177]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC542496E87DEA032FF33" box="[522,618,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Achaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species without pyriform glands that are described as having the sexual organs in normal position (
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF9EC5424A9A8786A001FF58" box="[510,601,192,218]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="12.[151,239,1151,1175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1429,1416,1985]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 2. Comparison of Achaeta hanagarthi with congeneric species with sexual organs in normal position and without pyriform glands. Five characters are mainly considered: (1) animals much larger, more than 60 segments; (2) oesophageal appendage in one segment only (either IV or V), or absent; (3) pharyngeal glands with secondary ventral lobes; (4) more than one pair of preclitellar nephridia; (5) clitellum dorsally closed. In the case of insufficiently described species, characters other than (1) - (5) are added. In all species except A. camerani the original description is the only currently available source of morphological information. As to A. becki, A. neotropica, A. iridescens, A. paranensis and A. singularis, see below, descriptions, remarks, and Table 4." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38339A0E6FAE5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" tableUuid="8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38339A0E6FAE5">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
). All species have at least one further distinguishing trait. The comparison is made difficult by several insufficiently detailed original descriptions and by the lack of redescriptions in all but one species (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424AF98656A074FEAB" box="[413,556,272,297]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="camerani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424AF98656A074FEAB" box="[413,556,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. camerani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). The description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC54248468656A635FEA8" authority="Nurminen, 1973" authorityName="Nurminen" authorityYear="1973" box="[802,1133,272,298]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="silvatica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC54248468656A1FDFEAB" box="[802,933,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. silvatica</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9EC54248C88656A635FEA8" author="Nurminen" box="[940,1133,272,298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="34" refString="Nurminen, M. (1973) Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) from the vicinity of Montreal. Annales Zoologici Fennici, 10, 399 - 402." type="journal article" year="1973">Nurminen, 1973</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is especially poor;
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9EC5424E348656A7D6FEA8" box="[1360,1422,272,298]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">types</typeStatus>
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424A05869BA193FE76" box="[353,971,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
A. hanagar-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC542496E869BA0C0FE76" box="[522,664,477,500]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="pannonica">A. pannonica</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC54249AE869BA16FFE76" box="[714,823,477,500]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="diddeni">A. diddeni</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC54248EE869BA193FE76" box="[906,971,477,500]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="piti">A. piti</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Bitten-
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424F57869BA325FD95" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424F57869BA6C2FE76" box="[1075,1178,477,500]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="abulba">A. abulba</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424FBB869BA325FD95" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="subSpecies" species="bibulba" status="sp. nov." subSpecies="thi">A. bibulba thi</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F18157D6FF9EC5424AE086B9A381FD95" box="[388,473,511,535]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424AE086B9A381FD95" bold="true" box="[388,473,511,535]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">sp. nov.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9EC542496E8546A0CDFD95" author="Graefe" box="[522,661,512,535]" pageId="12" pageNumber="33" refString="Graefe, U. (1989) Systematische Untersuchungen an der Gattung Achaeta (Enchytraeidae, Clitellata). 2. Beschreibung von vier neuen Arten. Mitteilungen des hamburgischen zoologischen Museums und Instituts, 86, 127 - 131." type="journal article" year="1989">Graefe, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9EC54249AE8546A10DFD95" author="Graefe" box="[714,853,512,535]" pageId="12" pageNumber="33" refString="Graefe, U. (2007) Achaeta diddeni sp. nov. (Enchytraeidae, Clitellata) from northern German lowlands. Folia Facultatis scientiarum naturalium Universitatis Masarykianae Brunensis, Biologia, 110, 35 - 40." type="journal article" year="2007">Graefe, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
court, 1974
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9EC5424F578546A732FD95" author="Graefe" box="[1075,1386,512,535]" pageId="12" pageNumber="33" refString="Graefe, U. (1989) Systematische Untersuchungen an der Gattung Achaeta (Enchytraeidae, Clitellata). 2. Beschreibung von vier neuen Arten. Mitteilungen des hamburgischen zoologischen Museums und Instituts, 86, 127 - 131." type="journal article" year="1989">Graefe, 1989 Graefe, 1989</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E" ID-Table-UUID="8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[159,1400,597,775]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E" blockId="12.[151,1436,351,444]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BF38619A351FEF5" bold="true" box="[151,265,351,375]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424AD38626A057FEF5" box="[439,527,352,375]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424AD38626A057FEF5" box="[439,527,352,375]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Achaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species with reproductive organs shifted one segment forward (testis and sperm funnels in X, ovary, vasa deferentia, male pores and citellum in XII, spermathecae in usual position). Common characters: body length 3-5 mm, oesophageal appendages present.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9EC5424BFB856CA77BFCB3" blockId="12.[159,1386,477,577]" lastBlockId="12.[159,1394,794,1076]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Segments 32–43 25–29 22–24 31–36 20–25 24–27 Secondary ven- absent present present absent absent absent</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9EC5424BFB8513A744FC85" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<table id="AAC6C41FFF9E3AB14BFB8513A720FC85" box="[159,1400,597,775]" gridcols="4" gridrows="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF9E3AB14BFB8513A720FDEE" box="[159,1400,597,620]" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB14BFB8513A3FDFDEE" box="[159,421,597,620]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Pyriform glands absent</th>
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB1496D8513A0DAFDEE" box="[521,642,597,620]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">absent</th>
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB149AD8513A16DFDEE" box="[713,821,597,620]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">absent</th>
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB148ED8513A720FDEE" box="[905,1400,597,620]" gridcol="3" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6 per segment 2 per segment 2 per segment</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF9E3AB14BFB85C6A720FD3B" box="[159,1400,640,697]" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB14BFB85C6A3FDFD3B" box="[159,421,640,697]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Lentiform epi- 4–8 dermal glands</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB1496D85C6A0DAFD3B" box="[521,642,640,697]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">8–12</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB149AD85C6A16DFD3B" box="[713,821,640,697]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">6</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB148ED85C6A720FD3B" box="[905,1400,640,697]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">absent present, present, inconspicuous inconspicuous</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF9E3AB14BFB858BA720FC85" box="[159,1400,717,775]" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB14BFB858BA3FDFC85" box="[159,421,717,775]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Preclitellar 1 pair nephridia at 7/8</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB1496D858BA0DAFC85" box="[521,642,717,775]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">3 pairs at 6/7 – 8/9</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB149AD858BA16DFC85" box="[713,821,717,775]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2 pairs at 6/7, 7/8</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB148ED858BA720FC85" box="[905,1400,717,775]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">2 pairs 1 pair 1 pair at 7/8, 8/9 at 6/7 at 6/7</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9EC5424BFB847BA146FCD6" blockId="12.[159,1394,794,1076]" box="[159,798,829,852]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">tral pharyngeal in V, VI in V, VI</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9EC5424BFB8426A342FCF5" blockId="12.[159,1394,794,1076]" box="[159,282,864,887]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">gland lobes</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9EC5424BFB84CCA771FC23" blockId="12.[159,1394,794,1076]" box="[159,1321,906,929]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Spermathecal lateral lateral lateral lateral ventral ventral</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9EC5424BFB84EBA281FC46" blockId="12.[159,1394,794,1076]" box="[159,217,941,964]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">pores</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9EC5424BFB849EA74AFBB6" blockId="12.[159,1394,794,1076]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Finds
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9EC5424A05849EA3FAFC6D" box="[353,418,984,1007]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9EC542496E849EA005FC6D" box="[522,605,984,1007]" name="Estonia" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Estonia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Ger-
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9EC54249AE849EA175FC6D" box="[714,813,984,1007]" name="Germany" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9EC54248ED849EA195FC6D" box="[905,973,984,1007]" name="Brazil" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Ger-
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9EC5424F57849EA6CEFC6D" box="[1075,1174,984,1007]" name="Germany" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9EC5424FBB849EA76EFC6D" box="[1247,1334,984,1007]" name="Sweden" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Sweden</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9EC5424E25849EA01EFB93" name="Germany" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Germany</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9EC542493584BCA0FAFB93" box="[593,674,1018,1041]" name="Austria" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Austria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, many many, Czech
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9EC542496E835BA03FFBB6" box="[522,615,1053,1076]" name="Hungary" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Hungary</collectingCountry>
|
||
Rep.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38339A0E6FAE5" ID-Table-UUID="8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38339A0E6FAE5" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38339A0E6FAE5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" targetBox="[159,1429,1416,1985]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="12">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9EC5424BF38339A0E6FAE5" blockId="12.[151,1436,1151,1383]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BF38339A351FB15" bold="true" box="[151,265,1151,1175]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">TABLE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424ADC83C6A0D5FB15" box="[440,653,1152,1175]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hanagarthi">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424ADC83C6A0D5FB15" box="[440,653,1152,1175]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Achaeta hanagarthi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with congeneric species with sexual organs in normal position and without pyriform glands. Five characters are mainly considered: (1) animals much larger, more than 60 segments; (2) oesophageal appendage in one segment only (either IV or V), or absent; (3) pharyngeal glands with secondary ventral lobes; (4) more than one pair of preclitellar nephridia; (5) clitellum dorsally closed. In the case of insufficiently described species, characters other than (1) - (5) are added. In all species except
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424852824CA1E2FAA3" box="[822,954,1290,1313]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="camerani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424852824CA1E2FAA3" box="[822,954,1290,1313]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. camerani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
the original description is the only currently available source of morphological information. As to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC54249BC826BA176FAC6" box="[728,814,1325,1348]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC54249BC826BA176FAC6" box="[728,814,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. becki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424858826BA194FAC6" box="[828,972,1325,1348]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424858826BA194FAC6" box="[828,972,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC54248BF826BA63DFAC6" box="[987,1125,1325,1348]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC54248BF826BA63DFAC6" box="[987,1125,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424F17826BA75EFAC6" box="[1139,1286,1325,1348]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="paranensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424F17826BA75EFAC6" box="[1139,1286,1325,1348]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. paranensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424E5F826BA290FAE5" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="singularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424E5F826BA290FAE5" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. singularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see below, descriptions, remarks, and Table 4.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9EC5424BFB82CEA7D4F843" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<table id="AAC6C41FFF9E3AB14BFB82CEA7CDF843" box="[159,1429,1416,1985]" gridcols="3" gridrows="8" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF9E3AB14BFB82CEA7CDFA4B" box="[159,1429,1416,1481]" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB14BFB82CEA0FFFA4B" box="[159,679,1416,1481]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Species name and author
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424BFB82F4A023FA4B" authority="Sesma & Dozsa-Farkas, 1993" authorityName="Sesma & Dozsa-Farkas" authorityYear="1993" box="[159,635,1458,1481]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="afolliculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BFB82F4A36FFA4B" box="[159,311,1458,1481]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. afolliculata</emphasis>
|
||
Sesma & Dózsa-Farkas, 1993
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB149B182CEA75EFA4B" box="[725,1286,1416,1481]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
Traits that differ from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC54248A082CEA600FA1D" box="[964,1112,1416,1439]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hanagarthi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC54248A082CEA600FA1D" box="[964,1112,1416,1439]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. hanagarthi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F18157D6FF9EC5424F3B82CEA6E9FA1D" box="[1119,1201,1416,1439]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(2), (4)
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF9E3AB14BFB829BA7CDFA76" box="[159,1429,1501,1524]" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB14BFB829BA0FFFA76" box="[159,679,1501,1524]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424BFB829BA3EDFA76" authority="Graefe, 1980" authorityName="Graefe" authorityYear="1980" box="[159,437,1501,1524]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="brevivasa">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BFB829BA37BFA76" box="[159,291,1501,1524]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. brevivasa</emphasis>
|
||
Graefe, 1980
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB149B1829BA75EFA76" box="[725,1286,1501,1524]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">(2), (3), (4), (5)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF9E3AB14BFB814EA7CDF9CB" box="[159,1429,1544,1609]" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB14BFB814EA0FFF9CB" box="[159,679,1544,1609]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424BFB814EA380F99D" authority="Cognetti, 1899" authorityName="Cognetti" authorityYear="1899" box="[159,472,1544,1567]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="camerani">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BFB814EA379F99D" box="[159,289,1544,1567]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. camerani</emphasis>
|
||
(Cognetti, 1899)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424BFB8174A3DEF9CB" authority="Rota, 1995" authorityName="Rota" authorityYear="1995" box="[159,390,1586,1609]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="etrusca">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BFB8174A352F9CB" box="[159,266,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. etrusca</emphasis>
|
||
Rota, 1995
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB149B1814EA75EF9CB" box="[725,1286,1544,1609]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">(2), (3), (4), (5) (3), (4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF9E3AB14BFB811BA7CDF9F6" box="[159,1429,1629,1652]" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB14BFB811BA0FFF9F6" box="[159,679,1629,1652]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424BFB811BA3ADF9F6" authority="Dozsa-Farkas, 2000" authorityName="Dozsa-Farkas" authorityYear="2000" box="[159,501,1629,1652]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="gigantea">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BFB811BA341F9F6" box="[159,281,1629,1652]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. gigantea</emphasis>
|
||
Dózsa-Farkas, 2000
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB149B1811BA75EF9F6" box="[725,1286,1629,1652]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">(1), (4), (5)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF9E3AB14BFB81CEA7CDF94B" box="[159,1429,1672,1737]" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB14BFB81CEA0FFF94B" box="[159,679,1672,1737]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424BFB81CEA3F4F91D" authority="Moller, 1976" authorityName="Moller" authorityYear="1976" box="[159,428,1672,1695]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hallensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BFB81CEA343F91D" box="[159,283,1672,1695]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. hallensis</emphasis>
|
||
Möller, 1976
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424BFB81F4A3C2F94B" authority="Graefe, 1989" authorityName="Graefe" authorityYear="1989" box="[159,410,1714,1737]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iberica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BFB81F4A350F94B" box="[159,264,1714,1737]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. iberica</emphasis>
|
||
Graefe, 1989
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB149B181CEA75EF94B" box="[725,1286,1672,1737]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">(3), (4) (3), (4)</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF9E3AB14BFB819BA7CDF976" box="[159,1429,1757,1780]" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" rowspan-2="1">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB14BFB819BA0FFF976" box="[159,679,1757,1780]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424BFB819BA3F9F976" authority="Prabhoo, 1961" authorityName="Prabhoo" authorityYear="1961" box="[159,417,1757,1780]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="indica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BFB819BA2A6F976" box="[159,254,1757,1780]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. indica</emphasis>
|
||
Prabhoo, 1961
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB149B1819BA75EF976" box="[725,1286,1757,1780]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">(5)?, coelomocytes strongly granulated</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF9E3AB14BFB804EA7CDF8EE" box="[159,1429,1800,1900]" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB14BFB804EA0FFF8EE" box="[159,679,1800,1900]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424BFB804EA3E3F89D" authority="Lasserre, 1968" authorityName="Lasserre" authorityYear="1968" box="[159,443,1800,1823]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="littoralis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BFB804EA340F89D" box="[159,280,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. littoralis</emphasis>
|
||
Lasserre, 1968
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(4)
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424BFB8074A0FFF8CB" authority="Christensen & Dozsa-Farkas, 1999" authorityName="Christensen & Dozsa-Farkas" authorityYear="1999" box="[159,679,1842,1865]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="macrocyta">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BFB8074A374F8CB" box="[159,300,1842,1865]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. macrocyta</emphasis>
|
||
Christensen & Dózsa-Farkas, 1999
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB149B1804EA75EF8EE" box="[725,1286,1800,1900]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">spermathecal ectal pores ventral (2)?, only one segmental pair of epidermal gland blood vessel from VIII</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB14E69804EA7CDF8EE" box="[1293,1429,1800,1900]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">cells, dorsal</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF9E3AB14BFB80C6A7CDF843" box="[159,1429,1920,1985]" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF9E3AB14BFB80C6A0FFF843" box="[159,679,1920,1985]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424BFB80C6A380F815" authority="Prabhoo, 1966" authorityName="Prabhoo" authorityYear="1966" box="[159,472,1920,1943]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="segmentata">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BFB80C6A36DF815" box="[159,309,1920,1943]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. segmentata</emphasis>
|
||
Prabhoo, 1966
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9EC5424BFB80ECA394F843" authority="Nurminen, 1973" authorityName="Nurminen" authorityYear="1973" box="[159,460,1962,1985]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="silvatica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9EC5424BFB80ECA34EF843" box="[159,278,1962,1985]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">A. silvatica</emphasis>
|
||
Nurminen, 1973
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB149B180C6A75EF843" box="[725,1286,1920,1985]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">(1), (2) (2)?, sperm funnel as wide as long, collar wider than</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF9E3AB14E6980C6A7CDF843" box="[1293,1429,1920,1985]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">funnel body</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9FC5434BF387DEA30AFEA8" blockId="13.[151,1436,152,298]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
are not traceable and probably lost. The species cannot be identified properly, the known characters correspond also to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9FC5434A218786A387FF5B" box="[325,479,192,217]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="singularis" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434A218786A387FF5B" box="[325,479,192,217]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. singularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="F18157D6FF9FC5434A8F8786A014FF58" box="[491,588,192,218]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
, described in this paper. Pending a rediscovery of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9FC5434F898786A773FF58" box="[1261,1323,192,218]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">types</typeStatus>
|
||
or a full description of topotypic material (from forest soils near Montreal,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9FC54348C187AEA659FE80" box="[933,1025,232,258]" name="Canada" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
), we consider
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9FC5434FCF87AEA777FE83" box="[1195,1327,232,257]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="silvatica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434FCF87AEA777FE83" box="[1195,1327,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A. silvatica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434E0F87AEA314FEAB" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">species inquirenda</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9FC5434BA2861CA655FD0E" blockId="13.[151,1437,346,652]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434BA2861CA382FEF6" bold="true" box="[198,474,346,372]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Further observations:</emphasis>
|
||
The whitish colour of the animals is caused by light refractions of the abundant coelomocytes, and in parts also of the chloragocytes, the latter are dark-grey in transmittent light. The coelomocytes are comparatively large, up to one fourth of the worm body diameter. Light refractions are strongest in packages of cells in upright position (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9FC54349148694A0ECFE6E" box="[624,692,466,492]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
G, right). The species was most easily recognized by the coelomocytes, this being the most conspicuous character in routine identifications of living specimens. In Bouinfixed specimens the coelomocytes take up a diffuse paracarmine staining. In small juveniles, the brown tint of the cells is less conspicuous and occasionally completely absent. One specimen in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9FC5434FEA850CA699FDE6" box="[1166,1217,586,612]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">type</typeStatus>
|
||
collection is without pharyngeal glands in VI and another one without glands in V and in VI.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF9FC5434BF38593A170FCDB" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9FC5434BF38593A3D0FC90" blockId="13.[151,616,718,786]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9FC5434BF38593A3DAFD6D" box="[151,386,725,751]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434BF38593A3DAFD6D" bold="true" box="[151,386,725,751]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Achaeta neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Č
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434AFA8593A030FD6D" bold="true" box="[414,616,725,751]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">ernosvitov, 1937</emphasis>
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9FC5434BF385BEA2A3FC90" box="[151,251,760,786]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figure 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF9FC5434A6C85BEA333FC90" box="[264,363,760,786]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="17.[151,239,671,695]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,831,1132]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 3. Contrasting extremes in the development of sperm-related sexual organs in A. neotropica. The maximum refers to two specimens, one in Christoffersen (1979: 154, Fig. 3), reinvestigated here (MZUSP # 359), one in our collection (Fig. 4 M); the minimum is present in the type series (sections), in our collection (Fig. 4 A, E), and in Christoffersen (1979)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF83C55F4BF385D9A2BDFC9D" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="8CB96637FF83C55F4BF385D9A2BDFC9D">Tables 3</tableCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF9FC5434A1D85BEA3D0FC90" box="[377,392,760,786]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="24.[151,239,151,175]" captionTargetBox="[159,1386,207,978]" captionTargetPageId="24" captionText="TABLE 4. Comparison of currently known and accepted neotropical species of Achaeta." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF8AC5564BF387D1A613FF2D" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="8CB96637FF8AC5564BF387D1A613FF2D">4</tableCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9FC5434BF38404A170FCDB" blockId="13.[151,1426,828,921]" box="[151,808,828,857]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9FC5434BF38404A330FCDB" box="[151,360,834,857]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434BF38404A330FCDB" box="[151,360,834,857]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Achaeta neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Č ernosvitov, 1937: 154–157, Figs 16–22.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF9FC5434BF38424A12CFC1B" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9FC5434BF38424A12CFC1B" blockId="13.[151,1426,828,921]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="F8D61191FF9FC5434BF38424A12CFC1B" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9FC5434BF38424A3FFFCFB" ID-CoL="95VH" authority="Cern." authorityName="Cern." box="[151,423,866,889]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434BF38424A330FCFB" box="[151,360,866,889]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Achaeta neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
Cern.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="596710AEFF9FC5434AA68424A028FCFB" author="Righi" box="[450,624,866,889]" page="127" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1974">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9FC5434AA68424A066FCFB" author="Righi" box="[450,574,866,889]" pageId="13" pageNumber="34" refString="Righi, G. (1974) Notas sobre os Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae do Brasil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade da Sao Paulo, 28, 127 - 145." type="journal article" year="1974">Righi 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 127
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–129,
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9FC54349D78424A155FCFB" box="[691,781,866,889]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStart-4="FIGURE 5" captionStart-5="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="2.[151,255,909,933]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,987,1011]" captionStartId-2="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionStartId-3="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionStartId-4="22.[151,255,1583,1607]" captionStartId-5="26.[197,300,1459,1483]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1418,200,881]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1432,197,962]" captionTargetBox-4="[193,1391,203,1556]" captionTargetBox-5="[176,1369,242,1458]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[162,1424,197,883]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1436,194,963]" captionTargetId-4="figure@22.[193,1394,197,1556]" captionTargetId-5="figure@26.[156,1431,197,1466]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-4="22" captionTargetPageId-5="26" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Location of the ' Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira', study area and type locality of Achaeta hanagarthi, A. paranensis and A. singularis spp. nov." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Achaeta piti Bittencourt, 1974, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. B is a freehand sketch from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. Bar = 100 µm, valid for A, C, D. A. Submature specimen, side view, anterior 9 segments, with thick body wall and dorsally thick cuticle (1). There are dorsal, lateral and ventral pyriform glands (2,3,4, respectively; only glands of left body side shown). The ventral glands insert more posteriorly than dorsal and lateral glands. The dorsal blood vessel (5) begins at 1 / 3 VIII in this specimen. The thickened septa in 4 / 5 – 7 / 8 are a constant feature of this species. 6: Oesophageal appendage; 7: pharyngeal gland; 8: postpharyngeal bulb; 9: brain; 10: suboesophageal ganglion; 11: ganglion of segment V. Perikarya are omitted here, they are as in Figs 3 B, 4 A. 12: nephridia; 13: intestine with chloragocytes; 14: spermatheca with ectal asymmetry; 15: recesses in frontal prostomial epithelium. B. Oesophageal appendage and pharyngeal glands, dorsal view, as seen in a living specimen. The two separately winding canals in IV, one for each glomerulus in V, were already mentioned in the original description. C. Postclitellar nephridia, side view. The organs lie in consecutive segments, one to the left, one to the right. D. Clitellum and male reproductive system, side view, specimen with thick body wall and cuticle. The dorsal pyriform gland of XI is drawn in (1). The clitellar border cells (2) extend farther ventrally than the granulocytes." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." captionText-4="FIGURE 5. Achaeta paranensis sp. nov. A. Anterior body region, lateral view, mature specimen. Spermatheca (1) and nephridium (2) are shaded grey here. The prostomial epithelium is drawn as seen in sagittal optical section; the left prostomial papilla as seen in parasagittal optical section is indicated by a dotted line (3). The region above the dotted line in the brain (4) is filled with perikarya; beneath is the neuropile. Dorsal (5) and ventral (6) epidermal glands are different; lateral glands are not shown here. The circumferal intestinal diverticulum (7) is enclosed by mesodermal tissue and blood lacunae (8); 9: oesophageal appendage; 10: dorsal blood vessel. B. Prostomium with brain and prostomial papillae (1) of a juvenile specimen. C. Coelomocyte, ca. 27 µm long. D, E. Segments IV – VII, lateral view (D) and dorsal view (E), with circumferal intestinal diverticulum and spermathecae. F. Posterior body region with nephridium and pars tumida of midgut epithelium (1); 2: intestinal lumen; 3: ventral nerve cord; 4: chloragocytes. G, H. Hindmost segments with pygidium, in sagittal (G) and parasagittal (H) optical section; sketches from same whole-mounted specimen. I. Clitellar region, lateral view. C – E freehand sketches from living specimens, A, B, F – I from stained whole mounts. Bars = 100 µm, bar in A valid also for B, F, I; one bar for G, H. C-E without bar." captionText-5="FIGURE 6. Achaeta singularis sp. nov. A. Juvenile specimen with primordial testis (2) and ovary (3), dorsal view. Dotted areas mark perikarya in brain and ventral nerve cord. The perikarya of the ganglia in II and III are concentrated on the lateral sides. Note nephridia in VI and VII, the oesophageal appendage in V, the dorsal blood vessel in VI, and the winding intestine. From XII on the ganglia are fused among segments; 4: posterior growth zone. The outer pair of postpharyngeal bulbs was not distinguished in this specimen (comp. B). B. Anterior end, lateral view. Perikarya of ventral nerve cord, brain, and prostomial epithelial thickenings are drawn in. Ganglia of II and III are not completely separate, but there is no uniform suboesophageal ganglion over II – IV as in other Achaeta species (comp. Fig. 3 B). 1: Prostomial papilla. 2: Oesophageal appendage. 3: Dorsal blood vessel origin. C. Prostomium and first segment, dorsal view. Note the brain, deeply incised anteriorly and posteriorly, and the conspicuous prostomial papillae. Here dotted areas mark the perikarya-free areas. Laterally and posteriad, the prostomial epithelial protrusions gradually merge into the lateral line. D. The brain as seen in living specimens. E. Anterior nephridia, lateral view. - F. Posterior nephridia, ventral view. G. Coelomocytes and piles of rod-shaped structures. D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/182759/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/182760/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/182761/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/182762/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 1-6</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="596710AEFF9FC543487D8424A67BFCFB" author="Christoffersen" box="[793,1059,866,889]" page="153" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1979">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9FC543487D8424A1A9FCFB" author="Christoffersen" box="[793,1009,866,889]" pageId="13" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 153
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
–154,
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9FC5434F028424A6FDFCFB" box="[1126,1189,866,889]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,909,933]" captionTargetBox="[162,1418,200,881]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[162,1424,197,883]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Location of the ' Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira', study area and type locality of Achaeta hanagarthi, A. paranensis and A. singularis spp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182759/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 1</figureCitation>
|
||
–10;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="596710AEFF9FC5434FBA8424A7D6FCFB" author="Righi" box="[1246,1422,866,889]" page="427" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" year="1981">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9FC5434FBA8424A701FCFB" author="Righi" box="[1246,1369,866,889]" pageId="13" pageNumber="34" refString="Righi, G. (1981) Notas sobre Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) Brasileiras. Revista Brasileira de Biologia. Rio de Janeiro, 41, 427 - 430." type="journal article" year="1981">Righi 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 427
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
.?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9FC5434BCD84C4A0DEFC1B" authority="Schmelz & Collado, 2005: 49" authorityName="Schmelz & Collado" authorityPageNumber="49" authorityYear="2005" box="[169,646,898,921]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434BCD84C4A367FC1B" box="[169,319,898,921]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Achaeta becki</emphasis>
|
||
Schmelz & Collado, 2005: 49
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-57,
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9FC54349D084C4A14BFC1B" box="[692,787,898,921]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="2.[151,255,909,933]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,255,987,1011]" captionTargetBox-0="[162,1418,200,881]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1432,197,962]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[162,1424,197,883]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1436,194,963]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Location of the ' Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira', study area and type locality of Achaeta hanagarthi, A. paranensis and A. singularis spp. nov." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Achaeta piti Bittencourt, 1974, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. B is a freehand sketch from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. Bar = 100 µm, valid for A, C, D. A. Submature specimen, side view, anterior 9 segments, with thick body wall and dorsally thick cuticle (1). There are dorsal, lateral and ventral pyriform glands (2,3,4, respectively; only glands of left body side shown). The ventral glands insert more posteriorly than dorsal and lateral glands. The dorsal blood vessel (5) begins at 1 / 3 VIII in this specimen. The thickened septa in 4 / 5 – 7 / 8 are a constant feature of this species. 6: Oesophageal appendage; 7: pharyngeal gland; 8: postpharyngeal bulb; 9: brain; 10: suboesophageal ganglion; 11: ganglion of segment V. Perikarya are omitted here, they are as in Figs 3 B, 4 A. 12: nephridia; 13: intestine with chloragocytes; 14: spermatheca with ectal asymmetry; 15: recesses in frontal prostomial epithelium. B. Oesophageal appendage and pharyngeal glands, dorsal view, as seen in a living specimen. The two separately winding canals in IV, one for each glomerulus in V, were already mentioned in the original description. C. Postclitellar nephridia, side view. The organs lie in consecutive segments, one to the left, one to the right. D. Clitellum and male reproductive system, side view, specimen with thick body wall and cuticle. The dorsal pyriform gland of XI is drawn in (1). The clitellar border cells (2) extend farther ventrally than the granulocytes." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/182759/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/182760/files/figure.png" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF9FC543487A84C4A136FC1B" box="[798,878,898,921]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,239,351,375]" captionTargetBox="[159,1400,597,775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of Achaeta species with reproductive organs shifted one segment forward (testis and sperm funnels in X, ovary, vasa deferentia, male pores and citellum in XII, spermathecae in usual position). Common characters: body length 3 - 5 mm, oesophageal appendages present." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" tableUuid="8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="8CB96637FF9FC5434BF38484A671F86B" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9FC5434BF38484A671F86B" blockId="13.[151,1436,956,2025]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434BF38484A343FC58" bold="true" box="[151,283,962,986]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF9FC5434A408484A3A0FC5B" box="[292,504,962,985]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="13" pageNumber="14" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434A408484A3A0FC5B" box="[292,504,962,985]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Achaeta neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434F8C8484A6A3FC58" bold="true" box="[1256,1275,962,986]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">A</emphasis>
|
||
. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1/2VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6/7.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434FD583BCA6B2FA90" bold="true" box="[1201,1258,1274,1298]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">B–C.</emphasis>
|
||
Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434B828279A359FAD5" bold="true" box="[230,257,1343,1367]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">C.</emphasis>
|
||
Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4/5 and 5/6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3/4 VI to 1/4 VIII.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC54349C282C2A081FA1E" bold="true" box="[678,729,1412,1436]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">D–E</emphasis>
|
||
. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2).
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC543485482AAA166F986" bold="true" box="[816,830,1516,1540]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">F</emphasis>
|
||
. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434FE68174A6CCF9C8" bold="true" box="[1154,1172,1586,1610]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">G</emphasis>
|
||
. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434A288131A338F90D" bold="true" box="[332,352,1655,1679]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">H</emphasis>
|
||
. Segments XXVI–XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC543488381DCA1A9F930" bold="true" box="[999,1009,1690,1714]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">I</emphasis>
|
||
. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434A668199A34FF975" bold="true" box="[258,279,1759,1783]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">K</emphasis>
|
||
. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2/5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434FCF8062A6E5F8BE" bold="true" box="[1195,1213,1828,1852]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">L</emphasis>
|
||
. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC5434820800EA1D4F8DD" box="[836,908,1864,1887]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9FC54348FE8001A1EBF8DD" bold="true" box="[922,947,1863,1887]" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">M</emphasis>
|
||
. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV–XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF9DC55F4BF387D1A0E4FDE8" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9DC5414BF387D1A710FE80" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2002]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9DC5414BF387D1A3D1FF33" bold="true" box="[151,393,151,177]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Collected material:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9DC5414AF687DEA3ACFF30" box="[402,500,152,178]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
#1366, 53 spms, investigated
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9DC541480587DEA1E9FF33" box="[865,945,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
and as stained whole mounts, Cachoeira Natural Reserve, Paraná,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9DC5414AA88786A04EFF58" box="[460,534,192,218]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF9DC54149428786A0F9FF58" box="[550,673,192,218]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2003-05">May 2003</date>
|
||
(9 spms, fixed in formol),
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF9DC54148958786A6DCFF58" box="[1009,1156,192,218]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="2004-03">March 2004</date>
|
||
(36 spms, fixed in hot Bouin's fluid); remaining 9 spms ethanol-preserved. Further 35 spms, identified
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9DC5414F2087AEA6CBFE83" box="[1092,1171,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">in vivo</emphasis>
|
||
, not preserved.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9DC5414BA18649A00CFE70" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2002]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9DC5414BA18649A367FEAB" bold="true" box="[197,319,271,297]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9DC5414BA18649A362FEAB" box="[197,314,271,297]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="syntype">Syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9DC5414A2C8656A3F8FEA8" box="[328,416,272,298]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">BMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
#1949.3.1.945–948, 7 spms: 1 whole mount on slide (in unidentified medium, probably glycerine, coverslip framed with black varnish; preparation partly dried); 1 fully mature in cross sections on slide, anterior end, down to ca. segment XVI; 1 complete spcm in horizontal to transverse sections (worm bent); 4 ethanol-preserved spms. One further
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9DC54149A786CEA146FE20" box="[707,798,392,418]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
|
||
spcm—not investigated here—present at the Museo
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9DC5414BF386F6A355FE48" box="[151,269,432,458]" name="Argentina" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Argentino</collectingCountry>
|
||
de Ciencias Naturales (A. Tablado, Jefe División Invertebrados, pers. com.; see also "Note de la Direction" in Černosvitov 1937: 157).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9DC5414BA186B9A6D3FC28" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2002]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9DC5414BA186B9A09EFD9B" bold="true" box="[197,710,511,537]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Further reference material investigated:</emphasis>
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9DC54149B48546A16AFD98" box="[720,818,512,538]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
#350, 11 spms, whole-mounted on one slide each,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9DC5414BF3856EA2BAFDC0" box="[151,226,552,578]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, São Paulo, Evangelista de Souza, rain forest region, on the banks of a small brooklet, coll. M. L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9DC5414BF38516A010FDE8" author="Christoffersen" box="[151,584,592,618]" pageId="15" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (Christoffersen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 153: "variety B").
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9DC54148278516A1FDFDE8" box="[835,933,592,618]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
#355, one formol-preserved spcm, fully mature,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9DC5414B9C853EA31BFD10" box="[248,323,632,658]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Mato Grosso, Sidrolândia, Fazenda Lagoinha, moist soil, coll. G.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9DC5414F3D853EA765FD10" box="[1113,1341,632,658]" pageId="15" pageNumber="34" refString="Righi, G. (1981) Notas sobre Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) Brasileiras. Revista Brasileira de Biologia. Rio de Janeiro, 41, 427 - 430." type="journal article">Righi (Righi 1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, wholemounted for this study, later retransferred to ethanol.
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9DC541487E85E6A124FD38" box="[794,892,672,698]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
#356A, three formol-preserved spms,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9DC5414E2985E6A7C0FD38" box="[1357,1432,672,698]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, São Paulo, Engenheiro Marsilac, rain forest region, on the banks of a small brooklet, coll. M. L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9DC5414E76858EA39BFC88" author="Christoffersen" pageId="15" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (Christoffersen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 153, "variety A").
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9DC54149D185B6A14FFC88" box="[693,791,752,778]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
#359, six formol-preserved spms,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9DC5414FA585B6A754FC88" box="[1217,1292,752,778]" name="Brazil" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, São Paulo, Evangelista de Souza, rain forest region, on a damp earth slope, coll. M. L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9DC5414F5D845EA28EFCD8" author="Christoffersen" pageId="15" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (Christoffersen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 153: "variety D").
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9DC5414ADF8406A3A4FCD8" box="[443,508,832,858]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">ZMH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9DC54149678406A072FCD8" box="[515,554,832,858]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">OL</collectionCode>
|
||
#14518: one spcm,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9DC541487C8406A12DFCD8" box="[792,885,832,858]" name="Mexico" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, fixed in hot Bouin's fluid, stained with Boraxcarmine; whole-mounted for this study;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9DC541491A842EA082FC00" box="[638,730,872,898]" name="Mexico" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, mount Iztaccíhuatl, NE-slope, ca.
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF9DC5414FE2842EA6BAFC00" box="[1158,1250,872,898]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="m" value="3000.0">3000 m</quantity>
|
||
a.s.l., soil
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF9DC5414E0D842EA7C3FC00" box="[1385,1435,872,898]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">type</typeStatus>
|
||
humic Andosol, leg. Miehlich,
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF9DC541496084D6A0D3FC28" box="[516,651,912,938]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" value="1978-10-10">10.10.1978</date>
|
||
, spcm preserved and donated by U. Graefe.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9DC5414BA284F1A13EFBA0" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2002]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF9DC5414BA284F1A074FC53" bold="true" box="[198,556,951,977]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Description of new material:</emphasis>
|
||
(Differences in other descriptions, confirmed by reinvestigation of the reference material, are added, marked by "COD" for Černosvitov (1937), original description, and "
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9DC5414E2D84A6A7D6FC78" box="[1353,1422,992,1018]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dbb8-zaka" name="Landcare Research New Zealand Limited" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">CHR</collectionCode>
|
||
",
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF9DC5414BF3834EA3CFFBA0" author="Christoffersen" box="[151,407,1032,1058]" pageId="15" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Further details in the remarks section.)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9DC5414BA18376A120FB18" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2002]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Living specimens
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF9DC5414AC48376A05BFBC8" box="[416,515,1072,1098]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.5" metricValueMax="7.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="5.5" valueMax="7.0" valueMin="4.0">4–7 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (COD:
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF9DC54149C68376A151FBC8" box="[674,777,1072,1098]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9DC54148728376A10FFBC8" box="[790,855,1072,1098]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dbb8-zaka" name="Landcare Research New Zealand Limited" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">CHR</collectionCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF9DC54148008376A1ADFBC8" box="[868,1013,1072,1098]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="6.0" valueMax="8.5" valueMin="3.5">3.5–8.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF9DC5414F5D8376A68FFBC8" box="[1081,1239,1072,1098]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.7999999999999998" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="0.19" valueMax="0.2" valueMin="0.18">0.18–0.2 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, preserved specimens
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF9DC5414A7D831EA3FEFBF0" box="[281,422,1112,1138]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="4.5" valueMax="5.5" valueMin="3.5">3.5–5.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
long and 0.1–0.15 (-0.19) mm wide (
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9DC5414804831EA1FAFBF0" box="[864,930,1112,1138]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dbb8-zaka" name="Landcare Research New Zealand Limited" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">CHR</collectionCode>
|
||
:
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF9DC54148C9831EA60BFBF0" box="[941,1107,1112,1138]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" metricValueMax="2.9" metricValueMin="0.8999999999999999" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="0.19" valueMax="0.29" valueMin="0.09">0.09-0.29 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, up to
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF9DC5414F82831EA717FBF0" box="[1254,1359,1112,1138]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" unit="mm" value="0.32">0.32 mm</quantity>
|
||
in clitellar region). Segment number (27)-30-33-(38) (
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF9DC54149B183C6A14FFB18" box="[725,791,1152,1178]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dbb8-zaka" name="Landcare Research New Zealand Limited" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">CHR</collectionCode>
|
||
: 30-46).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9DC5414BF383EEA013FAB0" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2002]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Pyriform glands absent. Hyaline epidermal glands cells numerous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9DC54148CE83EEA1AAFB40" box="[938,1010,1192,1218]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A,B,D,I), in 5–6 transverse rows per segment, 2–10 cells per row, more cells in dorsal body half; some specimens with 8 cells in a longitudinal row dorsally. Cells inconspicuous in some specimens. Cells hyaline, no granular framing distinguished. Cells also present in mid-dorsal clitellar region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9DC5414BA1827BA294F99D" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2002]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Body wall thin (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9DC5414AEE827BA38AFAD5" box="[394,466,1341,1367]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A–K), cuticle variable; about as thick as body wall in anterior segments (up to 6 µm), posteriorly thinner; or anteriorly thin (1–2 µm), posteriorly up to 13 µm thick (N=1); thickening of cuticle always stronger dorsally than ventrally.
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF9DC54149F282CBA08FFA25" box="[662,727,1421,1447]" name="Spain" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Septa</collectingCountry>
|
||
4/5 and 5/6 thickened compared to the rest; septa 6/7 and 7/ 8 extremely thin or absent, not always distinguished (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9DC541487482F3A10FFA4D" box="[784,855,1461,1487]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A,C); following septa variable; postclitellar septa often well-developed, often as thick as septa at 4/5 and 5/6, especially laterally and ventrally, dorsally often thin.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9DC5414BA1816BA606F8DD" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2002]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Head pore on prostomium, dorso-frontal. Frontal prostomial epithelium thickened between head pore and mouth opening, with a small recess immediately below head pore. A pair of elongate prostomial interior papillae present dorso-laterally (prostomial ganglia?), dorsally of and beneath prostomial nerve, connecting with frontal prostomial surface. Prostomial musculature weakly developed. Brain (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9DC5414F0B81E3A6EFF93D" box="[1135,1207,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
C) twice as long as wide, sides parallel or slightly indented, posteriorly truncate, anteriorly convex. Suboesophageal ganglion in II–IV, wider than rest of ganglia. From V on one ganglion per segment, ganglia separate from each other, a few perikarya often present on anterior connectives of 6/7–8/9 (in 24 out of
|
||
<specimenCount id="CEC0FD36FF9DC5414F48805BA688F8B5" box="[1068,1232,1821,1847]" pageId="15" pageNumber="16" type="generic">34 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
, comp.
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9DC5414E4B805BA72FF8B5" box="[1327,1399,1821,1847]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Ganglion in V shorter and wider than the rest. Two pairs of post-pharyngeal bulbs.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF9DC55E4BF3802BA626FDCE" blockId="15.[151,1437,151,2002]" lastBlockId="16.[151,1437,152,2026]" lastPageId="16" lastPageNumber="17" pageId="15" pageNumber="16">
|
||
Oesophageal appendages absent. Pharyngeal glands (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9DC5414863802BA116F805" box="[775,846,1901,1927]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A,C,F,G) in IV and V each with one unpaired dorsal lobe and a pair of ventral lobes in wide connection with dorsal lobe; ventral lobes in IV sometimes absent (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF9DC5414BFB80FEA2B0F850" box="[159,232,1976,2002]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="15" pageNumber="16">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
F). Glands in VI dorsally separate, shape and size variable, from small, knob-like in anterior of VI to large, extending over VI and VII, occasionally bipartite (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E485E87DEA1DAFF30" box="[826,898,152,178]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
F). Gut dilatation somewhere in VI: at beginning, in the middle, or—rarely—in posterior segment region (
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E481387FBA1E1FF55" box="[887,953,189,215]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dbb8-zaka" name="Landcare Research New Zealand Limited" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">CHR</collectionCode>
|
||
: anywhere between the anterior portions of VI and VII, respectively), abrupt or gradual; when abrupt, occasionally with small circumferal diverticulum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E4BFB864EA2B2FEA0" box="[159,234,264,290]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
G); epithelium more than
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF82C55E4942864EA01CFEA0" box="[550,580,264,290]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2x</date>
|
||
as thick here as anteriorly (15–20 µm), cells larger, finely granulated, often with a slight brownish tint; this specialized region extending over 1-1.5 segments (e.g.,
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF82C55E4FBB866BA74CFEC5" box="[1247,1300,301,327]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">VI-1</date>
|
||
/
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF82C55E4E7A866BA706FEC5" box="[1310,1374,301,327]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2 VII</date>
|
||
or 1/ 2VI-VII, 3/4
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF82C55E4A568614A33EFEEE" box="[306,358,338,364]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">VI-1</date>
|
||
/
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF82C55E4A158614A3E6FEEE" box="[369,446,338,364]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">4 VIII</date>
|
||
); posteriorly of this region, intestine narrower, epithelium flatter, no tint, no granulation, often strongly meandering, blood sinus often wide (comp.
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E48E9863EA18CFE10" box="[909,980,376,402]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Chloragocytes from V, dense layer from VI-VII. Cells filled with refractile brownish granules. Dorsal blood vessel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E4F3B86DBA6FEFE35" box="[1119,1190,413,439]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A) from XIII–XV in fully mature specimens, not attached to intestine in preclitellar segments, often meandering here (COD: dorsal blood vessel from
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E4A1986AEA3C7FD80" box="[381,415,488,514]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">XI</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E4ACB86AEA3A8FD80" box="[431,496,488,514]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dbb8-zaka" name="Landcare Research New Zealand Limited" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">CHR</collectionCode>
|
||
: from
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E492186AEA03DFD80" box="[581,613,488,514]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">XI</collectionCode>
|
||
–XIV). Pars tumida of posterior midgut (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E4F3A86AEA6F0FD80" box="[1118,1192,488,514]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
H) in XVI–XXVIII, extending over (3.5)-5-6-(10) segments in mature specimens, developed ventrally only; cell height variable, epithelium often cuboidal, not cylindrical. Region not distinguished in one specimen.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF82C55E4BA1851EA03EFC08" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2026]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Preclitellar nephridia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E4AAB851EA04FFDF0" box="[463,535,600,626]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A,C,G) in two pairs, at 6/7 and 8/9, absent at 7/8, most often 3–4 nephridia altogether; nephridia elongate, usually bent, anteseptale distinctly longer than wide, nephrostome embedded obliquely in nephridial body; postseptale slightly narrowed towards ectal pore, no efferent duct; terminal vesicle large. (
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E4A7A8596A338FD68" box="[286,352,720,746]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dbb8-zaka" name="Landcare Research New Zealand Limited" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">CHR</collectionCode>
|
||
: some specimens with preclitellar nephridia only at 8/9). Postclitellar nephridia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E4E498596A72FFD68" box="[1325,1399,720,746]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
H): first at 13/14 or more posteriorly (e.g., 16/17), as long as or longer than one segment, often bent; anteseptale up to
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF82C55E4BBF8466A2A0FCB8" box="[219,248,800,826]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">3x</date>
|
||
as long as wide, shape variable, same as preclitellar nephridia, occasionally with constriction at septum and/or thinning of ectal third of postseptale; terminal vesicle always large. Proximal region of pre- and postclitellar nephridia often granulated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF82C55E4BA184DEA711FBA8" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2026]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Coelomocytes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E4AE484DEA391FC30" box="[384,457,920,946]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
L) not abundant, cell outline irregular, length: width ratio 1–1.5: 1; cytoplasma filled with vesicles, either conspicuous or inconspicuous, aspect inhomogeneous, some vesicles dark; cell aggregations dark and opaque but usually not coloured, occasionally distinctly brown in aggregations; cells ca. 20-30 µm long (viv), 15–25 µm long in fixed specimens. Pygidium (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E48808356A672FBA8" box="[996,1066,1040,1066]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
K) not longer than wide.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF82C55E4BA1837EA70EFBD0" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2026]" box="[197,1366,1080,1106]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Reproductive organs in usual position: Testis and sperm funnels in
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E48B3837EA1A1FBD0" box="[983,1017,1080,1106]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">XI</collectionCode>
|
||
, ovary and male pores in XII.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF82C55E4BA18326A193FAE8" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2026]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Clitellum (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E4A278326A3D1FBF8" box="[323,393,1120,1146]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D,E) from
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF82C55E49638326A01EFBF8" box="[519,582,1120,1146]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">XII-1</date>
|
||
/2 XIII, not developed dorsally and ventrally, cell-free area narrower dorsally than ventrally; gland cells not projecting proximally into coelom. Dorsally hyalocytes and granulocytes alternating, hyalocytes larger (11–13 µm long and 16–28 µm wide), in two irregular longitudinal rows, embedded in granulocytes, i.e., 1 or 2 hyalocytes per transverse row on each side of the body (
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E4F91839EA701FB70" box="[1269,1369,1240,1266]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
#350 and
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E4BAF8246A354FA98" box="[203,268,1280,1306]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">ZMH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E4A728246A365FA98" box="[278,317,1280,1306]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">OL</collectionCode>
|
||
#14518: three irregular longitudinal rows, i.e. up to 3 hyalocytes per transverse row on each side). At dorsal margin of clitellum only granulocytes. Clitellum-free mid-dorsal field with epidermal gland cells (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E4BB88216A37BFAE8" box="[220,291,1360,1386]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Ventro-laterally only granulocytes, in transverse rows.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF82C55E4BA1823EA6E4F8C8" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2026]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Seminal vesicle absent, cysts free in
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E491F823EA0C2FA10" box="[635,666,1400,1426]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">XI</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E49CF823EA0B5FA10" box="[683,749,1400,1426]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dbb8-zaka" name="Landcare Research New Zealand Limited" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">CHR</collectionCode>
|
||
: present, inconspicuous, may reach septum 8/9; seen here only in
|
||
<specimenCount id="CEC0FD36FF82C55E4B8B82E6A327FA38" box="[239,383,1440,1466]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
of
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E4AC182E6A05FFA38" box="[421,519,1440,1466]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
# 359, absent in rest of reinvestigated
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E48AD82E6A65DFA38" box="[969,1029,1440,1466]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dbb8-zaka" name="Landcare Research New Zealand Limited" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">CHR</collectionCode>
|
||
material). Spermatozoa 45–55 µm long, heads 20-23 µm long (viv). Sperm funnel (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E4996828EA164FA60" box="[754,828,1480,1506]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
E) variable in shape and size; cylindrical or pearshaped, 1/4–1/2 as long as body diameter (45–80 µm long, 25–60 µm wide, fix), 1–1.5x as long as wide, collar distinct, as wide as funnel body, hyaline (
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E49C7815EA0BDF9B0" box="[675,741,1560,1586]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dbb8-zaka" name="Landcare Research New Zealand Limited" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">CHR</collectionCode>
|
||
: from 60: 40 µm up to 200: 100 µm, up to 2.7x as long as wide); funnel body distinctly vesicular, slightly flattened; hyaline collar and vesicular funnel body optically contrasting (viv). Vas deferens (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E497E812EA03BF900" box="[538,611,1640,1666]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
E) comparatively short but not straight, usually with dense irregular coils in XII ventrally, diameter ca. 5 µm throughout (fix). Male pores (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF82C55E48AF81D6A648F928" box="[971,1040,1680,1706]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="16" pageNumber="17">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
E) in XII, apparently on body surface, no bursa (= epidermal invagination) distinguished, widely separate, surrounded by a simple flat and compact glandular body; size of glandular body variable: 20–45 (-90) µm long and 12–20 (-60) µm wide, 1.5–
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF82C55E4BF3804EA2FDF8A0" box="[151,165,1800,1826]" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">2</date>
|
||
x as long as wide (
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E4AE7804EA39DF8A0" box="[387,453,1800,1826]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dbb8-zaka" name="Landcare Research New Zealand Limited" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">CHR</collectionCode>
|
||
: 50–100 µm long, 25–50 µm wide); shape roughly oval or heart-shaped, with middorsal indentation. Copulatory body muscles present. No accessory glands near male pore.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF82C55F4BA1801EA014FF58" blockId="16.[151,1437,152,2026]" lastBlockId="17.[151,1436,152,618]" lastPageId="17" lastPageNumber="18" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">
|
||
Spermathecae simple, blind-ending, tube-like, without ectal asymmetry, varying in size: confined to V or extending into VI (
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF82C55E4A1C80C6A3E2F818" box="[376,442,1920,1946]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/dbb8-zaka" name="Landcare Research New Zealand Limited" pageId="16" pageNumber="17">CHR</collectionCode>
|
||
: ending in VI, VII or VIII); ectal pores lateral, right below lateral line; cuticularized ectal duct short, widened distally at ectal pore; ampulla simple, often not set off against ectal duct, with or without ectal sperm-containing dilatation, proximal end most often widened, spherical or club-shaped, usually narrower than pharyngeal gland lobes in VI; sperm may be present in all parts of ampulla. One mature egg at a time, extending over 2–3 segments.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF83C55F4BA187AEA0E4FDE8" blockId="17.[151,1436,152,618]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
Two specimens—one submature spcm collected by us (
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF83C55F482887AEA1CAFE80" box="[844,914,232,258]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
M) and another one collected by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF83C55F4E7687AEA11BFEA8" author="Christoffersen" pageId="17" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">
|
||
Christoffersen (1979,
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF83C55F4A7E8656A339FEA8" box="[282,353,272,298]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="10.[151,255,151,175]" captionText="FIGURE 3. Achaeta hanagarthi sp. nov. C, D and G are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest is from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm, except G (25 µm). Same bar for A and B, and H and I, respectively. A. Epidermal gland cells of a juvenile specimen, anterior end (segments O-VII), lateral view, showing Type I (1) cells and Type II cells (2). Septa 4 / 5 - 6 / 7 and the lateral line (3) are drawn in. B. Anterior end of a sexually mature specimen. Note irregularly thickened prostomial epithelium frontally between head pore and mouth opening (1), with recess immediately below head pore. Latero-dorsally there are two pairs of small isolated patches of thickened epithelium (2). All irregular thickenings project proximad into the coelom, the body surface is not affected. Prostomial musculature is not shown. Brain (3) and ventral nerve cord (4) with perikarya drawn in (well-distinguishable only in preserved and stained material) to show ganglionic organization of ventral nerve cord. The spermatheca (5) of this specimen is confined to V, bent dorsad and anteriad. Canal in IV of oesophageal appendage (6) not shown (comp. Fig. 3 C, E). 7: dorsal blood vessel; 8: nephridium. C, D give the aspect of segments IV – VII as seen in living specimens, C in dorsal view, D in lateral view: a series of rounded bodies in peculiar arrangement; pharyngeal gland lobes (1), spherical bodies of oesophageal appendage (2), ental end of spermatheca (3), and dorsal blood vessel (4). In lateral view the large ventral pharyngeal gland lobes of IV and VI appear to be separate from the dorsal lobes; in V the ventral lobes are minute, not more than a small anterior projection of the dorsal lobe; the spherical bodies of the oesophageal appendage are similar in size to the ventral lobes in IV and VI. E. Segments III – VII, dorsal view. One spermatheca ends in VII, the other in VI. The outer two of the 4 post-pharyngeal bulbs (1) are situated on the afferent fascicles (not shown here), bundles of processes of pharyngeal gland cells that connect with the pharyngeal pad. F. Nephridium in XXIV. G. Coelomocytes; left: one cell in top view, right: package of three cells in side view, with an (artistically insufficient) attempt to show the light refractions of cells in such position. H. Clitellum, dorso-lateral view. I. Clitellum, ventro-lateral view, ventral nerve cord (1), male reproductive system (2: testis), and ovary (3). The sperm funnel is asymmetric in cross-section; the organ to the left is seen from its narrow side, the organ to the right from its broad side. The left male copulatory organ is seen in lateral view, slightly protruded, the organ to the right is seen in top view." pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
, "variety D",
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF83C55F49618656A03FFEA8" box="[517,615,272,298]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
#359, see
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF83C55F49828656A163FEA8" box="[742,827,272,298]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="17.[151,239,671,695]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,831,1132]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 3. Contrasting extremes in the development of sperm-related sexual organs in A. neotropica. The maximum refers to two specimens, one in Christoffersen (1979: 154, Fig. 3), reinvestigated here (MZUSP # 359), one in our collection (Fig. 4 M); the minimum is present in the type series (sections), in our collection (Fig. 4 A, E), and in Christoffersen (1979)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF83C55F4BF385D9A2BDFC9D" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="8CB96637FF83C55F4BF385D9A2BDFC9D">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
—with greatly enlarged male reproductive apparatus: sperm funnel half as wide as body diameter, 2.5-
|
||
<date id="AC78107FFF83C55F499B867EA154FED0" box="[767,780,312,338]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3</date>
|
||
x as long as wide; collar with two long extensions, these extensions about as long as the funnel body itself, conspicuous by spermatozoa attached to the collar, giving the aspect of a spruce twig or feather boa. Gland surrounding male pore ca. 80 µm long and 55 µm wide in the collected submature spcm (viv; fixed 70 µm long, 30 µm wide, 40 µm and high), 130: 70 µm in mature
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF83C55F4BF3869EA2A1FE70" box="[151,249,472,498]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
specimen; gland broadly heart-shaped in lateral view, i.e. with mid-dorsal indentation; cells inflated by masses of secretory products. Spermathecal ampullar ental sac club-shaped, extending over 2–3 segments, down to VIII or IX, half as wide as body diameter, thick-walled, densely packed with sperm. No further differences between these specimens and the rest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="8CB96637FF83C55F4BF385D9A2BDFC9D" ID-Table-UUID="8CB96637FF83C55F4BF385D9A2BDFC9D" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF83C55F4BF385D9A2BDFC9D" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" targetBox="[159,1425,831,1132]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="17">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF83C55F4BF385D9A2BDFC9D" blockId="17.[151,1436,671,799]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F4BF385D9A353FD35" bold="true" box="[151,267,671,695]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">TABLE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
Contrasting extremes in the development of sperm-related sexual organs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F4F3E85E6A6B5FD35" box="[1114,1261,672,695]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F4F3E85E6A6B5FD35" box="[1114,1261,672,695]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The maximum refers to two specimens, one in Christoffersen (1979: 154, Fig. 3), reinvestigated here (MZUSP #359), one in our collection (Fig. 4M); the minimum is present in the type series (sections), in our collection (Fig. 4A,E), and in Christoffersen (1979).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF83C55F49448479A615FBEE" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<table id="AAC6C41FFF833AB14BFB8479A7C9FBEE" box="[159,1425,831,1132]" gridcols="3" gridrows="8" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF833AB14BFB8479A7C9FCD6" box="[159,1425,831,852]" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF833AB1497B8479A132FCD6" box="[543,874,831,852]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Minimum</th>
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF833AB148FA8479A7C9FCD6" box="[926,1425,831,852]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Maximum</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF833AB14BFB8421A7C9FCFE" box="[159,1425,871,892]" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF833AB14BFB8421A3B1FCFE" box="[159,489,871,892]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Seminal vesicle</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB1497B8421A132FCFE" box="[543,874,871,892]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">absent</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB148FA8421A7C9FCFE" box="[926,1425,871,892]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">large, 2 segments</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF833AB14BFB84C9A7C9FC26" box="[159,1425,911,932]" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF833AB14BFB84C9A3B1FC26" box="[159,489,911,932]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sperm funnel size</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB1497B84C9A132FC26" box="[543,874,911,932]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1/4 as long as body diameter</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB148FA84C9A7C9FC26" box="[926,1425,911,932]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">longer than body diameter</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF833AB14BFB84F1A7C9FC4E" box="[159,1425,951,972]" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB1497B84F1A132FC4E" box="[543,874,951,972]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1.5x as long as wide</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB148FA84F1A7C9FC4E" box="[926,1425,951,972]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">3x as long as wide</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF833AB14BFB8499A7C9FC76" box="[159,1425,991,1012]" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF833AB14BFB8499A3B1FC76" box="[159,489,991,1012]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Sperm funnel collar</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB1497B8499A132FC76" box="[543,874,991,1012]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">as wide as funnel body</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB148FA8499A7C9FC76" box="[926,1425,991,1012]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">with 2 lateral extensions, longer than body diameter</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF833AB14BFB8341A7C9FB9E" box="[159,1425,1031,1052]" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF833AB14BFB8341A3B1FB9E" box="[159,489,1031,1052]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Gland around male pore</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB1497B8341A132FB9E" box="[543,874,1031,1052]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">20 µm long, 15 µm wide</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB148FA8341A7C9FB9E" box="[926,1425,1031,1052]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">130 µm long, 70 µm wide</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF833AB14BFB8369A7C9FBC6" box="[159,1425,1071,1092]" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF833AB14BFB8369A3B1FBC6" box="[159,489,1071,1092]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Spermatheca extending over</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB1497B8369A132FBC6" box="[543,874,1071,1092]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">one segment length, confined to V</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB148FA8369A7C9FBC6" box="[926,1425,1071,1092]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">five segment lengths, extending into IX</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="66F634FDFF833AB14BFB8311A7C9FBEE" box="[159,1425,1111,1132]" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<th id="25275D81FF833AB14BFB8311A3B1FBEE" box="[159,489,1111,1132]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Diameter of spermathecal ampulla</th>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB1497B8311A132FBEE" box="[543,874,1111,1132]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1/7 body diameter</td>
|
||
<td id="25275D81FF833AB148FA8311A7C9FBEE" box="[926,1425,1111,1132]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">1/2 body diameter</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF83C55F4BA283FBA3A5F95D" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF83C55F4BA283FBA3A5F95D" blockId="17.[151,1437,1213,1999]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F4BA283FBA07FFB55" bold="true" box="[198,551,1213,1239]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Remarks. Species diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
Our material differs in two important traits from the original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F4BF383A3A36FFB7C" box="[151,311,1253,1278]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F4BF383A3A36FFB7C" box="[151,311,1253,1278]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: (1) The most anterior nephridium is situated at 6/7; (2) spermathecal ectal pores are in lateral position. According to Černosvitov (1937: 156), the most anterior nephridia are behind septum 6/7, i.e. at 7/8, and the spermathecal ectal pores are on the ventral surface of the animal. These differences were also recorded in the redescriptions of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F4ACA821BA015FAF4" box="[430,589,1373,1398]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F4ACA821BA015FAF4" box="[430,589,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF83C55F4910821BA153FAF5" author="Righi" box="[628,779,1373,1399]" pageId="17" pageNumber="34" refString="Righi, G. (1974) Notas sobre os Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae do Brasil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade da Sao Paulo, 28, 127 - 145." type="journal article" year="1974">Righi (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF83C55F4821821BA61EFAF5" author="Christoffersen" box="[837,1094,1373,1399]" pageId="17" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, based on new material from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF83C55F4BF382C3A2BAFA1D" box="[151,226,1413,1439]" name="Brazil" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, but they were not recognized or discussed as differences there. The mentioned two traits are, from all available knowledge, intra-specifically constant. So when we found specimens from the Manaus region with the same differences, we ascribed them to a new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F48228293A761FA6D" authority="Schmelz & Collado 2005" authorityName="Schmelz & Collado" authorityYear="2005" box="[838,1337,1493,1519]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F48228293A1B5FA6C" box="[838,1005,1493,1518]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Achaeta becki</emphasis>
|
||
(Schmelz & Collado 2005)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and we questioned the identification of the specimens in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF83C55F498882BBA1DEF995" author="Righi" box="[748,902,1533,1559]" pageId="17" pageNumber="34" refString="Righi, G. (1974) Notas sobre os Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae do Brasil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade da Sao Paulo, 28, 127 - 145." type="journal article" year="1974">Righi (1974)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF83C55F48A282BBA69DF995" author="Christoffersen" box="[966,1221,1533,1559]" pageId="17" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F4F9782BBA7CDF994" box="[1267,1429,1533,1558]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F4F9782BBA7CDF994" box="[1267,1429,1533,1558]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, our reinvestigation of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF83C55F49208163A0DAF9BD" box="[580,642,1573,1599]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F49CF8163A113F9BC" box="[683,843,1573,1598]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F49CF8163A113F9BC" box="[683,843,1573,1598]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
revealed that the differences are - once again, see
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F4BF3810BA287F9E4" box="[151,223,1613,1638]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="piti">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F4BF3810BA287F9E4" box="[151,223,1613,1638]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. piti</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
- due to faults in the original description, since the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF83C55F4859810BA128F9E5" box="[829,880,1613,1639]" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens have lateral spermathecal pores and nephridia at 6/7. As a result, Righi and Christoffersen were right, 'by default' as it were, the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF83C55F4F8F8133A77FF90D" box="[1259,1319,1653,1679]" name="Malta" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Mata</collectingCountry>
|
||
Atlântica specimens can be identified as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F496281DBA0FDF934" box="[518,677,1693,1718]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F496281DBA0FDF934" box="[518,677,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F481A81DBA186F934" box="[894,990,1693,1718]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F481A81DBA186F934" box="[894,990,1693,1718]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. becki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a species different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F4E4181DBA292F95C" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F4E4181DBA292F95C" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has become questionable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF83C55C4BA281ABA76DFEF8" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF83C55C4BA281ABA76DFEF8" blockId="17.[151,1437,1213,1999]" lastBlockId="18.[151,1437,152,2018]" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="19" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F4BA281ABA33EF884" ID-CoL="95VH" box="[198,358,1773,1798]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F4BA281ABA33EF884" box="[198,358,1773,1798]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exhibits a peculiar mosaic of variable and invariable characters.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF83C55F4F0C81ABA73DF885" author="Christoffersen" box="[1128,1381,1773,1799]" pageId="17" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
was the first to note considerable variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F49F28053A161F8AC" ID-CoL="95VH" box="[662,825,1813,1838]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F49F28053A161F8AC" box="[662,825,1813,1838]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Most striking here is the development of spermrelated sexual organs. The extremes as outlined in
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF83C55F4989807BA11CF8D5" box="[749,836,1853,1879]" captionStart="TABLE 3" captionStartId="17.[151,239,671,695]" captionTargetBox="[159,1425,831,1132]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="TABLE 3. Contrasting extremes in the development of sperm-related sexual organs in A. neotropica. The maximum refers to two specimens, one in Christoffersen (1979: 154, Fig. 3), reinvestigated here (MZUSP # 359), one in our collection (Fig. 4 M); the minimum is present in the type series (sections), in our collection (Fig. 4 A, E), and in Christoffersen (1979)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF83C55F4BF385D9A2BDFC9D" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" tableUuid="8CB96637FF83C55F4BF385D9A2BDFC9D">Table 3</tableCitation>
|
||
would justify the recognition of two different species, were it not for intermediate character states present in the series of specimens investigated here, especially if
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF83C55F4B9980CBA306F824" box="[253,350,1933,1958]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="17" pageNumber="18" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF83C55F4B9980CBA306F824" box="[253,350,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">A. becki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is included, where the spermathecae extend into VII–VIII but a seminal vesicle is lacking (comp. Schmelz & Collado 2005,
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF83C55F494D80F3A032F84D" box="[553,618,1973,1999]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,909,933]" captionTargetBox="[162,1418,200,881]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[162,1424,197,883]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Location of the ' Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira', study area and type locality of Achaeta hanagarthi, A. paranensis and A. singularis spp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182759/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="18">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A). Further variations concern (1) body size and (2) segment number, (3) thickness of cuticle, (4) shape, size and extension of pharyneal glands in VI, (5) thickening of septa, (6) the transition oesophagus/intestine in VI, (7) texture of coelomocytes, and (8) number and distribution of clitellar hyaline gland cells. Some of these (Nos. 1, 2, 4) were already noted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF80C55C489887AEA6A5FE80" author="Christoffersen" box="[1020,1277,232,258]" pageId="18" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, who created four informal varieties ("A, B, C, D"), without achieving clearcut distinctions among specimens (see below). The variation range in our specimens is narrower than in Christoffersen's material and less divergent from the original description and the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF80C55C4A848626A04AFEF8" box="[480,530,352,378]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series, the single specimen with huge reproductive organs excepted.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF80C55C4BA186CEA137FA90" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF80C55C4BA186CEA603FBA0" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
Variation is contrasted by ca. 20 invariant characters that in combination distinguish
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF80C55C4FDE86CEA702FE23" box="[1210,1370,392,417]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF80C55C4FDE86CEA702FE23" box="[1210,1370,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from all congeners, these are: (1) Body length below
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF80C55C49AD86F6A15EFE48" box="[713,774,432,458]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" unit="cm" value="1.0">1 cm</quantity>
|
||
; (2) below 50 segments; (3) no pyriform glands; (4) 20– 30 lentiform epidermal gland cells per segment, (5) all of one
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF80C55C480C869EA1C5FE70" box="[872,925,472,498]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, hyaline; (6) cuticle distinct; (7) brain twice as long as wide, (8) ganglia on prostomial nerves; (9) ganglia of II–IV fused into suboesophageal ganglion, from V on perikarya in segmental ganglia; (10) pharyngeal glands dorsally connected in IV and V, dorsally separate in VI(/VII); no secondary ventral lobes; (11) oesophageal appendages absent; (12) gut epithelium thickened in VI and VII; (13) dorsal blood vessel originating in or near clitellar region; (14) preclitellar nephridia at 6/7 (rarely absent here) and 8/9, never at 7/8; (15) nephridia elongate, anteseptale distinctly longer than wide, narrowed at septum, (16) with large terminal vesicle; (17) pars tumida of posterior midgut ventral, extending over 4–10 segments; (18) clitellum interrupted dorsally and ventrally, (19) with hyalocytes latero-dorsally, not compacted, in 2–3 irregular longitudinal rows, not extending beneath body muscles; (20) spermathecal ectal pores lateral. The diagnosis applies to the entire series investigated for this study, i.e. specimens collected in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF80C55C4AFA842EA382FC00" box="[414,474,872,898]" name="Malta" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mata</collectingCountry>
|
||
Atlântica, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF80C55C49E3842EA0E2FC00" box="[647,698,872,898]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF80C55C484E842EA191FC03" box="[810,969,872,897]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF80C55C484E842EA191FC03" box="[810,969,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the reference material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF80C55C4F99842EA7C4FC03" box="[1277,1436,872,897]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF80C55C4F99842EA7C4FC03" box="[1277,1436,872,897]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF80C55C4BD284D6A31EFC28" author="Righi" box="[182,326,912,938]" pageId="18" pageNumber="34" refString="Righi, G. (1981) Notas sobre Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) Brasileiras. Revista Brasileira de Biologia. Rio de Janeiro, 41, 427 - 430." type="journal article" year="1981">Righi (1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, those of 1974 were not investigated here) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF80C55C481C84D6A347FC50" author="Christoffersen" pageId="18" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (1979, not all specimens scrutinized here)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF80C55C4A3884FEA3D7FC50" box="[348,399,952,978]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF80C55C496384FEA031FC53" box="[519,617,952,977]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF80C55C496384FEA031FC53" box="[519,617,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. becki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(character 12 excepted, which was not investigated), and the single specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF80C55C4A2884A6A3F1FC78" box="[332,425,992,1018]" name="Mexico" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Other species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF80C55C491C84A6A080FC7B" box="[632,728,992,1017]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF80C55C491C84A6A080FC7B" box="[632,728,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Achaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differ in at least four characters from this list (exceptions:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF80C55C4EE784A6A356FBA3" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF80C55C4EE784A6A356FBA3" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see below, and the ill-described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF80C55C49F0834EA140FBA3" box="[660,792,1032,1057]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="silvatica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF80C55C49F0834EA140FBA3" box="[660,792,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. silvatica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, see above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF80C55C48CC834EA612FBA3" box="[936,1098,1032,1057]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="hanagarthi">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF80C55C48CC834EA612FBA3" box="[936,1098,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. hanagarthi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF80C55C4BA18376A137FA90" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
As a result, with the outer limits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF80C55C49058376A0A7FBCB" box="[609,767,1072,1097]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF80C55C49058376A0A7FBCB" box="[609,767,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
being clearcut and inner limits not being evident on morphological grounds, we follow
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF80C55C4971831EA14EFBF0" author="Christoffersen" box="[533,790,1112,1138]" pageId="18" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and ascribe all material to one nominal species. We hypothesize, however, that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF80C55C4AB883C6A023FB1B" box="[476,635,1152,1177]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF80C55C4AB883C6A023FB1B" box="[476,635,1152,1177]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is genetically heterogeneous, a complex of incipient or well-established species, that may be distinguishable with more refined methods than the ones applicable here. As an alternative explanation, one may hypothesize an extraordinary morphological plasticity of this species, partly fixed genetically, partly induced by environmental conditions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF80C55D4BA18259A106FB68" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="20" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF80C55C4BA18259A05DF9F8" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF80C55C4BA18259A0D2FABB" bold="true" box="[197,650,1311,1337]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF80C55C4BA18259A35AFABB" box="[197,258,1311,1337]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
series and original description:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Part of the variations are already present in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF80C55C4FD18266A6B0FAB8" box="[1205,1256,1312,1338]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series. Černosvitov (1937: 156; Figs 19, 20) describes smaller spermathecae, confined to V, and larger ones, extending into VI (not into VII as put erroneously in Schmelz & Collado 2005,
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF80C55C48FB8236A1AEFA08" box="[927,1014,1392,1418]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,239,351,375]" captionTargetBox="[159,1400,597,775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of Achaeta species with reproductive organs shifted one segment forward (testis and sperm funnels in X, ovary, vasa deferentia, male pores and citellum in XII, spermathecae in usual position). Common characters: body length 3 - 5 mm, oesophageal appendages present." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E" pageId="18" pageNumber="19" tableUuid="8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). The small ones are present in the two sectioned specimens, the larger ones in the ethanol-preserved material. Černosvitov ascribed the variation to different developmental stages, but the sectioned specimens have a fully developed clitellum and a mature egg, i.e. they are mature just like the other specimens. Spermathecae do not extend beyond VI in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF80C55C4E0D82AEA7C4F980" box="[1385,1436,1512,1538]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series, and the sperm funnels are shaped as originally described, i.e. conical. Seminal vesicles are absent. The male glands are not as large as described and illustrated in Černosvitov (1937: 156, Fig. 16), but small and inconspicuous, ca. 35 µm long.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF80C55C4BA181CEA747F860" blockId="18.[151,1437,152,2018]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">
|
||
There are a few minor incongruences between original account and
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF80C55C488081CEA64FF920" box="[996,1047,1672,1698]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series: In some of the specimens the posterior pharyngeal gland lobes do not extend into VII (comp. Černosvitov 1937, Fig. 21). According to Černosvitov (1937, 156; Fig.: 22), there are 1–2 or 3 rows of epidermal gland cells per segment, resulting in only 6–14 cells per segment; the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF80C55C49418046A03EF898" box="[549,614,1792,1818]" pageId="18" pageNumber="19">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, however, have more glands and more than 3 rows per segment, i.e., they agree more with our account. The ganglion in V is not larger than the following ones, contrary to the original description (Černosvitov 1937: 156; Fig. 24). Being the first ganglion behind the suboesophageal ganglion, it is often a little wider and a little shorter than the following ganglia, which may create the impression that it is larger. The clitellum does not extend over XII–XIII as originally described, i.e. over two full segment lengths. Apart from these minor incongruences, the original description is admirably concise.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF81C55D4BA187D7A1C5FED0" blockId="19.[151,1437,145,2018]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Černosvitov (1937) describes and illustrates exterior papillae on the prostomium, but the prostomium of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF81C55D4BA68786A358FF58" box="[194,256,192,218]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">types</typeStatus>
|
||
is smooth, as in the rest of the investigated specimens. Prostomial papillae—exterior sense organsare common in enchytraeids,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4A9687AEA00AFE83" box="[498,594,232,257]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4A9687AEA00AFE83" box="[498,594,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Achaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
included (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF81C55D49AA87AEA65AFE80" author="Rombke" box="[718,1026,232,258]" pageId="19" pageNumber="34" refString="Rombke, J. & Schmidt, M. (1999) REM documentation of putative cuticular sense organs of enchytraeids. In: Schmelz, R. M. & Suhlo, K. (Eds), Newsletter on Enchytraeidae No. 6. Proceedings of the 3 rd International Symposium on Enchytraeidae, Osnabruck, Germany. Universitatsverlag Rasch, Osnabruck, Germany, pp. 15 - 20." type="proceedings paper" year="1999">Römbke & Schmidt 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in other microdrile oligochaetes as well (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF81C55D4A498656A3A6FEA8" author="Yanez" box="[301,510,272,298]" pageId="19" pageNumber="35" refString="Yanez, E., Cuadrado, S. & Martinez-Ansemil, E. (2005) External sense organs in freshwater oligochaetes (Annelida, Clitellata) revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy. Journal of Morphology, 267, 198 - 207." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Yañez
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4A1A8656A3E1FEAB" box="[382,441,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so they may be just more or less conspicuous, depending on some physiological state of the animal, as
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF81C55D4AAA867EA092FED0" author="Christoffersen" box="[462,714,312,338]" pageId="19" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
already assumed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF81C55D4BA18619A106FB68" blockId="19.[151,1437,145,2018]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4BA18619A04BFEFB" bold="true" box="[197,531,351,377]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4AC38619A04BFEFB" authority="About" authorityName="About" box="[423,531,351,377]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4AC38619A051FEFB" bold="true" box="[423,521,351,377]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. becki</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
About half of the differences between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D48BB8626A666FEFB" box="[991,1086,352,377]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D48BB8626A666FEFB" box="[991,1086,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. becki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4F138626A74EFEFB" box="[1143,1302,352,377]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4F138626A74EFEFB" box="[1143,1302,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as listed in Schmelz and Collado (2005) have become obsolete after the reinvestigation of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF81C55D4F1686CEA6E8FE20" box="[1138,1200,392,418]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">types</typeStatus>
|
||
series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4E4186CEA31AFE48" authority="Location" authorityName="Location" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4E4186CEA292FE4B" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
: Location
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
of spermathecal ectal pores, location of most anterior nephridia, size of ganglion in V, size of the male gland. Further possible peculiarities of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D49B5869EA168FE73" box="[721,816,472,497]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D49B5869EA168FE73" box="[721,816,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. becki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are shared by one or another specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4E42869EA292FD9B" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4E42869EA292FD9B" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
investigated here, Christoffersen's series included, or they need reinvestigation: (1) A subdivision of the male gland into two separate glandular bodies (Schmelz & Collado 2005:
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF81C55D4F62856EA61EFDC0" box="[1030,1094,552,578]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,909,933]" captionTargetBox="[162,1418,200,881]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[162,1424,197,883]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Location of the ' Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira', study area and type locality of Achaeta hanagarthi, A. paranensis and A. singularis spp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182759/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A,C) is present in one of the specimens of variety "D" in Christoffersen's series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D48788516A1E5FDEB" box="[796,957,592,617]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D48788516A1E5FDEB" box="[796,957,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Such separation of the male gland into two bodies is foreshadowed by the median incision present in the male gland of several specimens investigated here (see also Černosvitov 1937: Fig. 16). The same
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF81C55D482C85E6A122FD38" box="[840,890,672,698]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
|
||
of variation has been described for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4E7A85E6A101FD60" authority="Nielsen & Christensen, 1959 (Healy 1996)" authorityName="Nielsen & Christensen, 1959 (Healy" authorityYear="1996" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Marionina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="appendiculata">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4E7A85E6A367FD63" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Marionina appendiculata</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF81C55D4A2E858EA0F2FD60" author="Nielsen" box="[330,682,712,738]" pageId="19" pageNumber="34" refString="Nielsen, C. O. & Christensen, B. (1959) The Enchytraeidae. Critical revision and taxonomy of European species (Studies on Enchytraeidae VII). Natura Jutlandica, 8 - 9, 1 - 160." type="book chapter" year="1959">Nielsen & Christensen, 1959</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF81C55D49DA858EA108FD60" author="Healy" box="[702,848,712,738]" pageId="19" pageNumber="34" refString="Healy, B. (1996) New species of Marionina (Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae) from a wave-exposed rocky shore in SE Ireland. Journal of Natural History, 30, 1287 - 1295." type="journal article" year="1996">Healy 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (2)
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF81C55D48F2858EA1A2FD60" box="[918,1018,712,738]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,255,909,933]" captionTargetBox="[162,1418,200,881]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[162,1424,197,883]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Location of the ' Reserva Natural Rio Cachoeira', study area and type locality of Achaeta hanagarthi, A. paranensis and A. singularis spp. nov." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/182759/files/figure.png" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Figure 1</figureCitation>
|
||
B in Schmelz and Collado (2005) shows three irregular longitudinal rows of clitellar hyalocytes, whereas only two rows are present, respectively, in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF81C55D4A54845EA336FCB0" box="[304,366,792,818]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4AF1845EA06CFCB3" box="[405,564,792,817]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4AF1845EA06CFCB3" box="[405,564,792,817]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, in most of Christoffersen's specimens and in the material collected by us. The single specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF81C55D4AB78406A077FCD8" box="[467,559,832,858]" name="Mexico" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, however (
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF81C55D49D58406A0ACFCD8" box="[689,756,832,858]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">ZMH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF81C55D49988406A17BFCD8" box="[764,803,832,858]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">OL</collectionCode>
|
||
#14518), and whole-mounted specimens of Christoffersen's "variety B" (
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF81C55D4AED842EA3B5FC00" box="[393,493,872,898]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">MZUSP</collectionCode>
|
||
#350) blur the distinction, with an arrangement of clitellar hyalocytes exactly as illustrated for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4A5B84D6A3C6FC2B" box="[319,414,912,937]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4A5B84D6A3C6FC2B" box="[319,414,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. becki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. (3) The size difference of coelomocytes (15–18 µm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4F5384D6A6CEFC2B" box="[1079,1174,912,937]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4F5384D6A6CEFC2B" box="[1079,1174,912,937]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. becki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 20–28 µm in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4E2284D6A2B3FC53" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4E2284D6A2B3FC53" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) needs reinvestigation. (4) Spermathecae do not extend beyond VI in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF81C55D4F3084FEA6DEFC50" box="[1108,1158,952,978]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series and in our material; in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4A6484A6A330FC7B" box="[256,360,992,1017]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4A6484A6A330FC7B" box="[256,360,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. becki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
they extend into VII–VIII, in the single specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF81C55D4F3A84A6A6EFFC78" box="[1118,1207,992,1018]" name="Mexico" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
into VII, and in Christoffersen's "variety D" into VII, VIII or IX. (5) The straight and short vas deferens in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4FD8834EA743FBA3" box="[1212,1307,1032,1057]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4FD8834EA743FBA3" box="[1212,1307,1032,1057]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. becki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the only clearly distinguishing character. In all specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D499C8376A1CEFBCB" box="[760,918,1072,1097]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D499C8376A1CEFBCB" box="[760,918,1072,1097]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
investigated here the vas deferens describes at least a few coils. However, length varies as well, and in some specimens the vas deferens is fairly short (comp.
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF81C55D4B9783C6A364FB18" box="[243,316,1152,1178]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Furthermore, the straight vas deferens may be an intraspecific variation, for example as a stage of resorption after sexual maturity (compare
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D499083EEA1D4FB43" box="[756,908,1192,1217]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="singularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D499083EEA1D4FB43" box="[756,908,1192,1217]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. singularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, below). For an appraisal of this possibility, more material from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF81C55D4AC98396A387FB68" box="[429,479,1232,1258]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">type</typeStatus>
|
||
locality of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D49028396A09CFB6B" box="[614,708,1232,1257]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="becki">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D49028396A09CFB6B" box="[614,708,1232,1257]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. becki</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is necessary.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF81C55A4BA183B1A283FD38" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF81C55A4BA183B1A057FF58" blockId="19.[151,1437,145,2018]" lastBlockId="20.[151,1437,152,1858]" lastPageId="20" lastPageNumber="21" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4BA183B1A1C4FA93" bold="true" box="[197,924,1271,1297]" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">
|
||
Comparison with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4ACC83B1A1CEFA93" authority="Christoffersen, 1979" authorityName="Christoffersen" authorityYear="1979" box="[424,918,1271,1297]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4ACC83B1A0D3FA93" bold="true" box="[424,651,1271,1297]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Achaeta iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF81C55D49F783B1A1CEFA93" author="Christoffersen" box="[659,918,1271,1297]" pageId="19" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen, 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
:
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Our hypothesis that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4FF783BEA76BFA93" box="[1171,1331,1272,1297]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4FF783BEA76BFA93" box="[1171,1331,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a species complex rather than a single and enormously variable species finds support in a comparison of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4E428266A292FAE3" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4E428266A292FAE3" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4A68820EA3FAFAE3" box="[268,418,1352,1377]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4A68820EA3FAFAE3" box="[268,418,1352,1377]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a species originally described in the same paper that first highlighted the variability in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4BF38236A067FA08" authority="Christoffersen 1979" authorityName="Christoffersen" authorityYear="1979" box="[151,575,1392,1418]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4BF38236A36EFA0B" box="[151,310,1392,1417]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF81C55D4A228236A06EFA08" author="Christoffersen" box="[326,566,1392,1418]" pageId="19" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; both species were collected at the same site and the same date.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4E5D8236A28FFA33" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4E5D8236A28FFA33" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is characterized as being "most closely related to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D484782DEA749FA30" authority="Christoffersen 1979: 158" authorityName="Christoffersen" authorityPageNumber="158" authorityYear="1979" box="[803,1297,1432,1458]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D484782DEA19AFA33" box="[803,962,1432,1457]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
" (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF81C55D48B982DEA750FA30" author="Christoffersen" box="[989,1288,1432,1458]" pageId="19" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen 1979: 158</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In fact, the only clearcut differences of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4A8F8286A0DDFA5B" box="[491,645,1472,1497]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4A8F8286A0DDFA5B" box="[491,645,1472,1497]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are body size (
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF81C55D48268286A1ABFA58" box="[834,1011,1472,1498]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" metricValueMax="1.45" metricValueMin="1.35" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="mm" value="14.0" valueMax="14.5" valueMin="13.5">13.5–14.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and segment number (55–60); the other four distinguishing traits mentioned (ibid.) add just a little bit more to the variability already present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4BF38156A36FF9AB" box="[151,311,1552,1577]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4BF38156A36FF9AB" box="[151,311,1552,1577]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, or they are doubtful and need reinvestigation: Most important here is (1) the presence of true intestinal diverticula in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4ACB817EA01FF9D3" box="[431,583,1592,1617]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4ACB817EA01FF9D3" box="[431,583,1592,1617]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. They are described as a pair of lateral pouches in VII, two-lobed each, with the dorsal lobe larger than the ventral one. A fold of the intestine in the same region occurs in several specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4A5381CEA38DF923" box="[311,469,1672,1697]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4A5381CEA38DF923" box="[311,469,1672,1697]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(comp.
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF81C55D495081CEA021F920" box="[564,633,1672,1698]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="19" pageNumber="20">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
F, see Černosvitov 1937, Fig. 21), but here the fold is less developed, and circumferal, like a secondary effect of an invagination of the oesophagus backwards into the intestine. 'Differentiation of lateral pouches in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4928819EA0BEF973" box="[588,742,1752,1777]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4928819EA0BEF973" box="[588,742,1752,1777]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
' instead of 'one circumferal pouch' would make a true difference, however, "... in some worms these pouches were less developed than in others, suggesting a homology with the condition found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF81C55D4941806EA09FF8C3" box="[549,711,1832,1857]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF81C55D4941806EA09FF8C3" box="[549,711,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="20">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
..." (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF81C55D4862806EA660F8C0" author="Christoffersen" box="[774,1080,1832,1858]" pageId="19" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen 1979: 158</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); furthermore, a figure in the original description (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF81C55D4AF48016A0BDF8E8" author="Christoffersen" box="[400,741,1872,1898]" pageId="19" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen 1979, Fig. 17</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggests that the fold is also dorsal and not only lateral. Further differences, as listed in the original description, are as follows: (2) Arrangement of clitellar gland cells. It is not specified however in what they differ. From Fig.
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF81C55D481280E6A1E9F838" box="[886,945,1952,1978]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.572" pageId="19" pageNumber="20" unit="in" value="18.0">18 in</quantity>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF81C55D48D380E6A6EBF838" author="Christoffersen" box="[951,1203,1952,1978]" pageId="19" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
it might be inferred that there are up to four hyaline cells per transverse row on each side. (3) Shape of cerebral ganglion; (4) shape of posterior pharyngeal gland lobes. The latter two traits are within the range of variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A4E4187DEA292FF5B" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A4E4187DEA292FF5B" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as established in this study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF86C55A4BA187AEA283FD38" blockId="20.[151,1437,152,1858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
We do not contend here that an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A495A87AEA086FE83" box="[574,734,232,257]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A495A87AEA086FE83" box="[574,734,232,257]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-worm of
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF86C55A483087AEA1EEFE80" box="[852,950,232,258]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 mm</quantity>
|
||
length and appr. 30 segments is likely to interbreed successfully with an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A49748656A0F1FEAB" box="[528,681,272,297]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A49748656A0F1FEAB" box="[528,681,272,297]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
-worm of
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF86C55A48458656A12DFEA8" box="[801,885,272,298]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="mm" value="14.0">14 mm</quantity>
|
||
length and 60 segments, but we expect future finds of specimens with intermediate body size and segment number. Christoffersen's variety "D" of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A4E22867EA2B3FEFB" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A4E22867EA700FED3" box="[1350,1368,312,337]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A4E0C867EA2B3FEFB" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is already in the middle between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A49178626A152FEFB" box="[627,778,352,377]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A49178626A152FEFB" box="[627,778,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A48268626A1B8FEFB" box="[834,992,352,377]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A48268626A1B8FEFB" box="[834,992,352,377]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as originally described. The currently clearcut distinction between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A4A8186CEA0DCFE23" box="[485,644,392,417]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A4A8186CEA0DCFE23" box="[485,644,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A49D886CEA10BFE23" box="[700,851,392,417]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A49D886CEA10BFE23" box="[700,851,392,417]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be a random effect of low sampling intensity in an area as vast as Central and South
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF86C55A490686F6A092FE48" box="[610,714,432,458]" name="United States of America" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
, where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A484186F6A19CFE4B" box="[805,964,432,457]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A484186F6A19CFE4B" box="[805,964,432,457]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is apparently widely distributed. On the other hand,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A4A46869EA3E1FE73" box="[290,441,472,497]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A4A46869EA3E1FE73" box="[290,441,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and several 'varieties' of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A4984869EA126FE73" box="[736,894,472,497]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A4984869EA126FE73" box="[736,894,472,497]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were found at the same site and the same date (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF86C55A4BFA8546A3C8FD98" author="Christoffersen" box="[158,400,512,538]" pageId="20" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which weakens the alternative hypothesis that environmental factors are responsible for the differences encountered in the material. So these remarks are not meant to question the status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A4E32856EA2AAFDEB" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="iridescens">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A4E32856EA2AAFDEB" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. iridescens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a species different from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A495F8516A083FDEB" box="[571,731,592,617]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A495F8516A083FDEB" box="[571,731,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but rather to illustrate our hypothesis that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A4FB88516A724FDEB" box="[1244,1404,592,617]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A4FB88516A724FDEB" box="[1244,1404,592,617]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as circumscribed here is a species complex not completely resolvable with conventional morphological comparisons.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="90DC6534FF86C55A4BA18581A122F8C0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF86C55A4BA18581A1BFFA08" blockId="20.[151,1437,152,1858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A4BA18581A0BEFD63" bold="true" box="[197,742,711,737]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
Further reference material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A495E8581A0BEFD63" authority="Christoffersen (1979)" authorityName="Christoffersen" authorityYear="1979" box="[570,742,711,737]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A495E8581A083FD63" bold="true" box="[570,731,711,737]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF86C55A4988858EA1B0FD60" author="Christoffersen" box="[748,1000,712,738]" pageId="20" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
created four informal varieties, A, B, C, D, to cope with the variations found in material collected in rain forest soils in the state of São Paulo, some
|
||
<quantity id="1F3E9B5AFF86C55A4BF3845EA2A8FCB0" box="[151,240,792,818]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" unit="km" value="300.0">300 km</quantity>
|
||
north of our sampling sites, but he also remarked that the discriminating characters were unstable and overlapping (comp.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF86C55A4AE78406A028FCD8" author="Christoffersen" box="[387,624,832,858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF86C55A491E8406A088FCD8" box="[634,720,832,858]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,239,351,375]" captionTargetBox="[159,1400,597,775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of Achaeta species with reproductive organs shifted one segment forward (testis and sperm funnels in X, ovary, vasa deferentia, male pores and citellum in XII, spermathecae in usual position). Common characters: body length 3 - 5 mm, oesophageal appendages present." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" tableUuid="8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). We reinvestigated parts of the material. Their quality varies among specimens, full redescriptions are not possible. Variety A, originally represented by four specimens, is said to have nephridia "usually only [at] 8/9" (ibid.); this trait is present in the three remaining specimens of the series (the fourth specimen is represented by a posterior end only). This trait is perhaps without exception and a possible distinguishing character of a subtaxon of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A484E84A6A191FC7B" box="[810,969,992,1017]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="neotropica">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A484E84A6A191FC7B" box="[810,969,992,1017]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">A. neotropica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; in no other specimen investigated here could the lack of nephridia at 6/7 be ascertained (which means that nephridia were either present at 6/7 or the character state could not be ascertained). The specimens are ill-preserved, but fully mature and with large and conspicuous clitellar hyalocytes, not recognized by Christoffersen (comp.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF86C55A489F831EA6B0FBF0" author="Christoffersen" box="[1019,1256,1112,1138]" pageId="20" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:
|
||
<tableCitation id="95440304FF86C55A4F97831EA711FBF0" box="[1267,1353,1112,1138]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="12.[151,239,351,375]" captionTargetBox="[159,1400,597,775]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of Achaeta species with reproductive organs shifted one segment forward (testis and sperm funnels in X, ovary, vasa deferentia, male pores and citellum in XII, spermathecae in usual position). Common characters: body length 3 - 5 mm, oesophageal appendages present." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" tableUuid="8CB96637FF9EC5424BF38619A087FE3E">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). Variety D harbours the largest specimens and the single one with huge sperm-related sexual organs, dealt with above. All specimens (6 out of 10 were suitable for investigation) have spermathecae that extend into VII, VIII or IX with an ampullar diameter between 50 and 86 µm, contrasted by spermathecae in V or VI and a maximum ampullar diameter of 35 µm in our
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF86C55A49DB83BEA0A3FA90" box="[703,763,1272,1298]" name="Malta" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Mata</collectingCountry>
|
||
Atlântica specimens and in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF86C55A4F1F83BEA6E5FA90" box="[1147,1213,1272,1298]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">types</typeStatus>
|
||
. Varieties B and C are more or less within the variation range of our material, except for the arrangement of clitellar hyalocytes (3 transverse rows) in variety B and a more anterior dorsal blood vessel origin (
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF86C55A4F35820EA62CFAE0" box="[1105,1140,1352,1378]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">XI</collectionCode>
|
||
, congruent with the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF86C55A4E0D820EA7C4FAE0" box="[1385,1436,1352,1378]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
|
||
series) in C; specimens of the latter variety were not reinvestigated here.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF86C55A4BA182DEA694F980" blockId="20.[151,1437,152,1858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF86C55A4BA182DEA39CFA30" author="Christoffersen" box="[197,452,1432,1458]" pageId="20" pageNumber="33" refString="Christoffersen, M. L. (1979) Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp. n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Zoologica Scripta, 8, 153 - 158." type="journal article" year="1979">Christoffersen (1979)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
further describes an ectal thickening of the spermathecal ectal duct near the ectal pore in all specimens. This trait is evident in the material, but not in our specimens, and not in the
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF86C55A4E6C8286A711FA58" box="[1288,1353,1472,1498]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">types</typeStatus>
|
||
, either. The reason for this difference is obscure, perhaps it is a fixation or anaesthetization artefact.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF86C55A4BA18156A1CAF948" blockId="20.[151,1437,152,1858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF86C55A4BA18156A3AFF9A8" author="Righi" box="[197,503,1552,1578]" pageId="20" pageNumber="34" refString="Righi, G. (1974) Notas sobre os Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae do Brasil. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia. Museu de Zoologia da Universidade da Sao Paulo, 28, 127 - 145." type="journal article" year="1974">
|
||
Righi (1974: 128,
|
||
<figureCitation id="40FD2A3AFF86C55A4AC18156A3B6F9A8" box="[421,494,1552,1578]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="13.[151,255,962,986]" captionText="FIGURE 4. Achaeta neotropica Č ernosvitov, 1937, specimens from the Cachoeira Natural Reserve. A. Anterior nine segments, lateral view. Dorsal epidermal gland cells are conspicuous in optical horizontal body section (1), this trait is well-distinguished also in living specimens. The layer on top of the epidermal gland cells is cuticle (2). The prostomium has thickened epithelium (3). Beneath the prostomial papilla (4) there are two further lateral isolated areas with thickened epidermis (5). The distribution of perikarya is roughly as shown here. The segmental arrangement of the ventral nerve cord is obvious, and facilitates segment counting in stained specimens. This trait is inconspicuous in living material. The anterior intestinal region with thickened epithelium (6) extends from 1 / 2 VI - VII here; in following segments, the intestinal blood sinus is much widened (7). The large dorsal blood vessel (8) is not attached to the intestine; it is shown here only in the posterior segments, from VI on. The spermatheca (9) is confined to segment V in this specimen. 10: brain; 11: pharyngeal pad; 12: postpharyngeal bulbs; 13: pharyngeal gland of V; 14: nephridium of 6 / 7. B – C. Two aspects of another specimen, anterior 7 segments, dorsal view. B: Epidermal gland cells. The ventral nerve cord marks the segments. C. Body interior, anteriorly with (1) dorsal recess in prostomial epithelium, prostomial papillae (2), brain (3), postpharyngeal bulbs (4). Only septa 4 / 5 and 5 / 6 are conspicuous. The spermathecae extend into VI. The thickened intestinal epithelium extends from 3 / 4 VI to 1 / 4 VIII. D – E. Dorsal and ventral view of clitellar region, same specimens as in B-C. D shows only the body surface, E a combination of body surface (clitellum, male pore) and body interior (rest). The hyaline cells in the mid-dorsal region of the clitellum are segmental epidermal gland cells, not clitellar hyalocytes. The bodies ventrally of the nerve cord are testis (1) and ovary (2). F. Segments IV-VII of a specimen with elongate posterior ventral pharyngeal gland lobes, lateral view. The lobe on the left (here in front) is bipartite, with a smaller portion separate from the larger anterior part, the right gland (behind the left one here) is bent posteriorly. G. Segments IV-VII of the only specimen in the collection with a small circumferal diverticulum at the abrupt intestinal widening in the posterior of VI, lateral view. H. Segments XXVI – XXVIII, lateral view, showing (1) posterior end of intestinal part tumida and two nephridia; the anterior one (to the left) is actually on the right side of the body. I. Posterior segments of a specimen with dorsally thick cuticle, lateral view, showing epidermal gland cell distribution. For orientation the lateral line is also drawn in. K. Caudal zone of a specimen with exceptionally thick cuticle dorsally. The break lines in the dorsal cuticle of I and K mark the outer segment boundaries; located at about 2 / 5 of a segment's length behind the inner segment boundary, marked by the septa. (1) growth zone, (2) post-segmental pygidium with anal musculature. L. Two coelomocytes, each about 25 µm long. The cell to the right had a brownish tint in vivo. M. Specimen with much enlarged sperm-related reproductive organs (segments IV – XII, dorsal view). The spermathecae (1) extend into segment IX, the sperm funnels (2) into segment X; their collars are much elongated, attached sperm gives the aspect of a feather boa. One of the male copulatory organs is bilobed. Seminal vesicle and vasa deferentia omitted. L and M are freehand sketches from living specimens, the rest are from stained whole mounts. All bars = 100 µm; L without bar." pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, in a single specimen from Amazonia, describes and illustrates a deep dorsal transverse groove of the brain at about 1/3 of from its anterior tip, dividing the brain into a conical anterior part and a quadrangular posterior part, in lateral view. This trait, evident also in the reference material of
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF86C55A4E3F8126A2BDF920" author="Righi" pageId="20" pageNumber="34" refString="Righi, G. (1981) Notas sobre Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) Brasileiras. Revista Brasileira de Biologia. Rio de Janeiro, 41, 427 - 430." type="journal article" year="1981">Righi (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and in some
|
||
<typeStatus id="077D881DFF86C55A4AE681CEA3ECF920" box="[386,436,1672,1698]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">type</typeStatus>
|
||
specimens, is a fixation artefact caused by strong body contractions; it may nonetheless indicate a histological peculiarity of the brain in this species.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="D87936BFFF86C55A4BA1819EA122F8C0" blockId="20.[151,1437,152,1858]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">
|
||
The single specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF86C55A4A9A819EA000F970" box="[510,600,1752,1778]" name="Mexico" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF86C55A4903819EA0F2F970" box="[615,682,1752,1778]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/kdnf-0379" name="Zoologisches Museum Hamburg" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">ZMH</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="BED7AE7AFF86C55A49D6819EA081F970" box="[690,729,1752,1778]" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">OL</collectionCode>
|
||
#14518) was found together with a single earthworm specimen, identified and redescribed as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A49498046A6F5F898" authority="Eisen, 1990" authorityName="Eisen" authorityYear="1990" box="[557,1197,1792,1818]" class="Clitellata" family="Acanthodrilidae" genus="Zapotecia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Crassiclitellata" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="species" species="mecamecae">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A49498046A16AF89B" box="[557,818,1792,1817]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Zapotecia mecamecae</emphasis>
|
||
(Eisen, 1990) (Acanthodrilidae)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="BC574B4EFF86C55A4FBC8046A2B0F8C0" author="Zicsi" pageId="20" pageNumber="35" refString="Zicsi, A. & Csuzdi, C. (1991) Der erste Wiederfund von Zapotecia amecamecae Eisen, 1900 aus Mexico (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae). Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica, 6, 31 - 34." type="journal article" year="1991">Zicsi and Csuzdi (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; this is the first record of an
|
||
<taxonomicName id="1FC64D3CFF86C55A4953806EA0CFF8C3" box="[567,663,1832,1857]" class="Clitellata" family="Enchytraeidae" genus="Achaeta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Enchytraeida" pageId="20" pageNumber="21" phylum="Annelida" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="EAB2EAADFF86C55A4953806EA0CFF8C3" box="[567,663,1832,1857]" italics="true" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Achaeta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="A0D1762FFF86C55A487C806EA12EF8C0" box="[792,886,1832,1858]" name="Mexico" pageId="20" pageNumber="21">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |