479 lines
77 KiB
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479 lines
77 KiB
XML
<document id="9BDC656868A76000022F2E8DD86DB4DA" ID-CLB-Dataset="5798" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3780.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="db0408ae-59dc-4341-9f1b-cd701efe666d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910530" ID-ZooBank="E8B88941-65A4-44F8-8D93-D2F7B541152D" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623120898561" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ryland, John S., Holt, Rohan, Loxton, Jennifer, Spencer Jones, Mary E. & Porter, Joanne S." docDate="2014" docId="03FBC9096870FFE450F9FF3EFE3EAB82" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03780p502.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3780 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Schizoporella japonica Ortmann 1890" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="490" masterDocId="FFC2B1716874FFED506EFFA9FFA3AF22" masterDocTitle="First occurrence of the non-native bryozoan Schizoporella japonica Ortmann (1890) in Western Europe" masterLastPageNumber="502" masterPageNumber="481" pageNumber="485" updateTime="1699004003636" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="0656825CD4290B8943AB3C3E83BE1A0C">First occurrence of the non-native bryozoan Schizoporella japonica Ortmann (1890) in Western Europe</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="41B00685E2F7B2FD92FCF4FAC1658FC7">Ryland, John S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="2531A3C5C3138B9889BC3BDD5D8CE44B">Department of Biosciences, Wallace Building, Swansea University, Swansea SA 2 8 PP, Wales UK. E-mail: j. s. ryland @ swansea. ac. uk Natural Resources Wales, Maes Y Ffynnon, Bangor LL 57 2 DW, Wales UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:affiliation id="1FB972A6AD4493F2371ABBF2205C0B02">School of Life Sciences, Centre for Marine Biodiversity and Biotechnology, Heriot-Watt University, James Muir Building, Gait 1, Edinburgh EH 14 4 AS, Scotland UK & Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, England UK & University Marine Biological Station Millport, Isle of Cumbrae KA 28 0 EG, Scotland UK</mods:affiliation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C52039C6870FFE950F9FF3EFDFFAF92" ID-CoL="79WZK" authority="Ortmann, 1890" authorityName="Ortmann" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,604,151,176]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE950F9FF3EFE3CAF92" bold="true" box="[151,415,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Schizoporella japonica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE951CBFF3EFDFFAF92" author="Ortmann, A." box="[421,604,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref12060" refString="Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81 gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 54, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1890">Ortmann, 1890</bibRefCitation>
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<paragraph id="8BED781F6870FFE950F9FF15FE8DAFF7" blockId="4.[151,604,151,213]" box="[151,302,188,213]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
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(
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<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE950F0FF15FE85AFF7" box="[158,294,188,213]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStart-3="FIGURE 5" captionStartId-0="5.[151,249,1766,1788]" captionStartId-1="6.[151,249,1869,1891]" captionStartId-2="7.[151,249,1803,1825]" captionStartId-3="8.[151,249,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox-0="[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetBox-1="[230,1342,193,1828]" captionTargetBox-2="[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetBox-3="[189,1398,193,1772]" captionTargetId-0="figure-92@5.[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetId-1="figure-109@6.[230,1342,193,1828]" captionTargetId-2="figure-143@7.[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetId-3="figure-166@8.[189,1398,193,1772]" captionTargetPageId-0="5" captionTargetPageId-1="6" captionTargetPageId-2="7" captionTargetPageId-3="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Schizoporella japonica. A, Colonies on fenders, Holyhead marina, June 2011; B, closer view of encrustations on the centre fender in A; C, Close-up of same encrustation (photos A–C, RH); D, macro-photograph of expanded zooids on flat substratum, Friday Harbor, WA, July 1986; E, balsam preparation of decalcified material stained with borax carmine and picric acid to show opercula, Holyhead marina, February 2011; F, enlarged view of operculum in E (photos D-F, JSR)." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Schizoporella japonica. A, SEM of part of cleaned colony, Holyhead marina, February 2011; B, SEM at higher magnification; C, close-up of ovicell; D, close-up of non-ovicellate orifice, condyles and avicularium lateral to orifice. (A–D, SEMs at NHMUK by P. D. Taylor); E, balsam mount seen with transmitted light from same material showing variation in zooid width caused by row division; F, orifice from E at high magnification to show details of condyles (photos E–F, JSR). Scalebars: A, 500 µm; B, 200 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 50 µm." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Schizoporella japonica. A, Ancestrula and early astogeny (one distal and symmetrical distolateral zooids); B, C, ancestrulae; (A–C from young colonies on a settlement plate immersed at 0.5 m in Stromness marina, Orkney Islands, December 2012); D, established colonies on a prototype tidal turbine following a two-year sea trial in the Orkney Islands (photo Andrew Want, EMEC,) January 2013; E, type specimen of S. japonica (MZS Bry001 in the Strasbourg Museum; photo Marie Meister); F, young colonies, Jakle’s Lagoon, San Juan Island WA, collected by the late C. G. Reed and photographed by JSR in July 1986 (at the present time this lagoon is cut off from the sea by a shingle barrier); G, heavy settlement on hull of beached vessel, Orkney Islands (photo JSP)." captionText-3="FIGURE 5. Schizoporella japonica. Samples from Stromness marina, Orkney, bleached (A–C, E, H) and lightly bleached (F, G), and sample from Portavadie marina, Scotland, unbleached (D). A, Array of ovicellate zooids; B, array of zooids featuring single and paired oral avicularia; C, zooids (left and right) with a single large frontal avicularium and autozooid (centre) with both oral avicularium and a large frontal avicularium; D, array of zooids with multiple mixed avicularia, up to four per zooid; E, angled zooid (centre) showing perforate ovicell and ovicell opening; F, array of ovicellate zooids showing single and double ovicells; G, close-up of multi-ovicellate zooid (centre) showing secondary ovicell on frontal shield facing primary ovicell and third ovicell stacked on primary ovicell; H, zooids (left and right) with perforate closure plates covering orifice. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; F, 300 µm; B, D, E, G, H, 200 µm; C, 100 µm." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910534" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910536" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910538" figureDoi-3="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910540" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/4910534/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/4910536/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/4910538/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/4910540/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Figures 2–5</figureCitation>
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)
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF35E0E6870FFE950F9FEADFD79AE38" author="Ortmann, A." box="[151,730,260,282]" page="49" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" year="1890">
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<taxonomicName id="4C52039C6870FFE950F9FEADFD79AE38" ID-CoL="79WZK" authority="Ortmann, 1890: 49" authorityName="Ortmann" authorityPageNumber="49" authorityYear="1890" box="[151,730,260,282]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="variety" species="unicornis" variety="japonica">
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<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE950F9FEADFE24AE3B" box="[151,391,260,282]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Schizoporella unicornis</emphasis>
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var.
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<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE951D7FEADFDB1AE3B" box="[441,530,260,281]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">japonica</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE95276FEADFD79AE38" author="Ortmann, A." box="[536,730,260,282]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="1 - 74" refId="ref12060" refString="Ortmann, A. (1890) Die Japanische Bryozoenfauna. Bericht uber die von Herrn Dr. L. Doderlein im Jahre 1880 - 81 gemachten Sammlungen. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 54, 1 - 74." type="journal article" year="1890">Ortmann, 1890: 49</bibRefCitation>
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, pl. 3, fig. 35.
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<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE950F9FE8BFE24AE1A" box="[151,391,290,312]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Schizoporella unicornis</emphasis>
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:
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE951FBFE8BFD99AE1A" author="Okada, Y." box="[405,570,290,312]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="11 - 35" refId="ref12014" refString="Okada, Y. (1929) Report of the biological survey of Mutsu Bay. 12. Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of Mutsu Bay. Scientific Reports of the Tohoku Imperial University, 4 (4), 11 - 35, pls 1 - 5." type="journal article" year="1929">Okada 1929: 20</bibRefCitation>
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, fig. 7; Powell 1970: 1849, figs 2–3;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF35E0E6870FFE953D9FE8AFB69AE1A" author="Ross, J. & McCain, K." box="[951,1226,290,312]" page="164" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" year="1976">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE953D9FE8AFB69AE1A" author="Ross, J. & McCain, K." box="[951,1226,290,312]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="160 - 171" refId="ref12321" refString="Ross, J. & McCain, K. (1976) Schizoporella unicornis (Ectoprocta) in coastal waters of northwestern United States and Canada. Northwest Science, 50, 160 - 171." type="journal article" year="1976">Ross & McCain 1976: 164</bibRefCitation>
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, figs 1–6;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE95558FE8BFA38AE1A" author="Kubota, K. & Mawatari, S." box="[1334,1435,290,312]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="195 - 208" refId="ref11624" refString="Kubota, K. & Mawatari, S. (1985) A systematic study of bryozoans from Oshoro Bay, Hokkaido. 2. Ascophora. Environmental Science, Hokkaido, 8, 195 - 208." type="journal article" year="1985">Kubota &</bibRefCitation>
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Mawatari 1985: 201,
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fig. 3A–E;
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF35E0E6870FFE9527BFEE8FC95AE75" box="[533,822,321,343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE9527BFEE8FC95AE75" author="Thorpe, J. P. & Ryland, J. S." box="[533,822,321,343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="277 - 283" refId="ref12871" refString="Thorpe, J. P. & Ryland, J. S. (1987) Some theoretical limitations on the arrangement of zooids in encrusting Bryozoa. In: Ross, J. R. P. (Ed.), Bryozoa: present and past. Western Washington University, Bellingham, pp. 277 - 283." type="book chapter" year="1987">Thorpe & Ryland 1987: 281</bibRefCitation>
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(Friday Harbor, in part);
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<treatmentCitation id="0AF35E0E6870FFE95455FEE8FB56AE75" box="[1083,1269,321,343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE95455FEE8FB56AE75" author="Osburn, R. C." box="[1083,1269,321,343]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="1 - 611" refId="ref12099" refString="Osburn, R. C. (1952) Bryozoa of the Pacific coast of America. Part 2, Cheilostomata-Ascophora. Allan Hancock Pacific Expeditions, 14 (2), 1 - 611." type="journal article" year="1952">Osburn 1952: 317</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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, pl. 37, figs 1–2 (part; some =
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<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE9513AFEC9FE56AE54" box="[340,501,352,374]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">S. pseudoerrata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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);
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF35E0E6870FFE95264FEC9FD4FAE54" box="[522,748,352,374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE95264FEC9FD4FAE54" author="Soule, D. F. & Soule, J. D. & Chaney, H. W." box="[522,748,352,374]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="1 - 344" refId="ref12742" refString="Soule, D. F., Soule, J. D. & Chaney, H. W. (1995) Taxonomic atlas of the benthic fauna of the Santa Maria Basin and western Santa Barbara Channel: The Bryozoa. Irene McCulloch Foundation Monograph Series, 2, 1 - 344." type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
Soule
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE95224FEC8FDD4AE54" box="[586,631,352,374]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1995: 204
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, pl. 75A–F.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F6870FFE950F9FED7FB83AEB6" blockId="4.[151,1435,260,404]" box="[151,1056,382,404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB425F316870FFE950F9FED7FB83AEB6" box="[151,1056,382,404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF35E0E6870FFE950F9FED7FDD1AEB6" box="[151,626,382,404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C6870FFE950F9FED7FDD1AEB6" ID-CoL="79WZK" authority=": Dick et al. 2005: 3742" authorityName="Dick" authorityPageNumber="3742" authorityYear="2005" box="[151,626,382,404]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE950F9FED7FE23AEB6" box="[151,384,382,404]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Schizoporella japonica</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE951E3FED7FDD1AEB6" author="Dick, M. H. & Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, F. S." box="[397,626,382,404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="3687 - 3784" refId="ref11022" refString="Dick, M. H., Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, F. S. (2005) Intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) of Ketchikan, Alaska. Journal of Natural History, 39, 3687 - 3784." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dick
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE951ABFED6FE52AEB6" box="[453,497,382,404]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005: 3742
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
, figs 15–16;
|
||
<treatmentCitation id="0AF35E0E6870FFE95298FED7FB83AEB6" box="[758,1056,382,404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE95298FED7FBBFAEB6" author="Grischenko, A. V. & Dick, M. H. & Mawatari, S. F." box="[758,1052,382,404]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="1047 - 1161" refId="ref11163" refString="Grischenko, A. V., Dick, M. H. & Mawatari, S. F. (2007) Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History, 41, 1047 - 1161. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930701391773" type="journal article" year="2007">Grischenko et al. 2007: 1115</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3482B946870FFE950F9FE68FD90AD00" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F6870FFE950F9FE68FD90AD00" blockId="4.[151,1437,449,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE950F9FE68FE23AEF8" bold="true" box="[151,384,449,474]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" reason="1">Material examined.</emphasis>
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B3A72426870FFE951E9FE68FD90AD00" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3313346301" collectionCode="MZS" collectorName="Dr L. Doderlein" country="Japan" location="Sagami Bay" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" specimenCount="2" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
See Appendix 1.
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE95226FE68FD0CAEFB" box="[584,687,449,473]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<typeStatus id="54E9C6BD6870FFE95226FE68FD0CAEFB" box="[584,687,449,473]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
. Strasbourg Museum,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED43E0DA6870FFE953DEFE68FC49AEF8" box="[944,1002,449,474]" country="France" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6hz5-fzvb" name="Universite de Strasbourg, Musee de Zoologie" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">MZS</collectionCode>
|
||
Bry001 as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C6870FFE95401FE68FA37AEFB" authorityName="Ortmann" authorityYear="1890" box="[1135,1428,449,473]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="variety" species="unicornis" variety="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE95401FE68FB54AEFB" box="[1135,1271,449,473]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">S. unicornis</emphasis>
|
||
var.
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE9555CFE6BFA37AEFB" box="[1330,1428,450,473]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; type Locality
|
||
<location id="8E8D2EC46870FFE9515CFE4CFE19AEDC" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03FBC9096870FFE450F9FF3EFE3EAB82:8E8D2EC46870FFE9515CFE4CFE19AEDC" box="[306,442,485,510]" country="Japan" name="Sagami Bay" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Sagami Bay</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345388F6870FFE951ABFE4FFDABAEDF" box="[453,520,486,509]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
, collected
|
||
<collectorName id="26A71DC96870FFE95211FE4FFC96AEDC" box="[639,821,485,510]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Dr L. Döderlein</collectorName>
|
||
, 1880–1881. A photograph of the supporting stone and holotype colony is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE951B4FDA0FD8CAD00" box="[474,559,521,546]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1803,1825]" captionTargetBox="[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-143@7.[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Schizoporella japonica. A, Ancestrula and early astogeny (one distal and symmetrical distolateral zooids); B, C, ancestrulae; (A–C from young colonies on a settlement plate immersed at 0.5 m in Stromness marina, Orkney Islands, December 2012); D, established colonies on a prototype tidal turbine following a two-year sea trial in the Orkney Islands (photo Andrew Want, EMEC,) January 2013; E, type specimen of S. japonica (MZS Bry001 in the Strasbourg Museum; photo Marie Meister); F, young colonies, Jakle’s Lagoon, San Juan Island WA, collected by the late C. G. Reed and photographed by JSR in July 1986 (at the present time this lagoon is cut off from the sea by a shingle barrier); G, heavy settlement on hull of beached vessel, Orkney Islands (photo JSP)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910538" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910538/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Fig. 4E</figureCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3482B946870FFE450A9FD84FDC1AE8F" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="490" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F6870FFE950A9FD84FE49AAA7" blockId="4.[151,1437,449,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE950A9FD84FD9EAD64" bold="true" box="[199,573,557,582]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Description of British material.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies at first more or less circular (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE9539BFD84FBE8AD64" box="[1013,1099,557,582]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1803,1825]" captionTargetBox="[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-143@7.[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Schizoporella japonica. A, Ancestrula and early astogeny (one distal and symmetrical distolateral zooids); B, C, ancestrulae; (A–C from young colonies on a settlement plate immersed at 0.5 m in Stromness marina, Orkney Islands, December 2012); D, established colonies on a prototype tidal turbine following a two-year sea trial in the Orkney Islands (photo Andrew Want, EMEC,) January 2013; E, type specimen of S. japonica (MZS Bry001 in the Strasbourg Museum; photo Marie Meister); F, young colonies, Jakle’s Lagoon, San Juan Island WA, collected by the late C. G. Reed and photographed by JSR in July 1986 (at the present time this lagoon is cut off from the sea by a shingle barrier); G, heavy settlement on hull of beached vessel, Orkney Islands (photo JSP)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910538" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910538/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
), rapidly becoming extensive, pale whitish-pink to vivid orange-red (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE95224FDF8FD37AD48" box="[586,660,593,618]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1766,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-92@5.[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Schizoporella japonica. A, Colonies on fenders, Holyhead marina, June 2011; B, closer view of encrustations on the centre fender in A; C, Close-up of same encrustation (photos A–C, RH); D, macro-photograph of expanded zooids on flat substratum, Friday Harbor, WA, July 1986; E, balsam preparation of decalcified material stained with borax carmine and picric acid to show opercula, Holyhead marina, February 2011; F, enlarged view of operculum in E (photos D-F, JSR)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910534/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Figs 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE952CEFDF8FD12AD48" box="[672,689,593,618]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1803,1825]" captionTargetBox="[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-143@7.[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Schizoporella japonica. A, Ancestrula and early astogeny (one distal and symmetrical distolateral zooids); B, C, ancestrulae; (A–C from young colonies on a settlement plate immersed at 0.5 m in Stromness marina, Orkney Islands, December 2012); D, established colonies on a prototype tidal turbine following a two-year sea trial in the Orkney Islands (photo Andrew Want, EMEC,) January 2013; E, type specimen of S. japonica (MZS Bry001 in the Strasbourg Museum; photo Marie Meister); F, young colonies, Jakle’s Lagoon, San Juan Island WA, collected by the late C. G. Reed and photographed by JSR in July 1986 (at the present time this lagoon is cut off from the sea by a shingle barrier); G, heavy settlement on hull of beached vessel, Orkney Islands (photo JSP)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910538" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910538/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">4</figureCitation>
|
||
; British material between Munsell 2.5YR6/14 and 10.0R6/10 (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE950F9FDDCFECCADAC" author="Kelly, K. L. & Judd, D. B." box="[151,367,629,654]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" refId="ref11533" refString="Kelly, K. L. & Judd, D. B. (1955) The ISCC-NBS Method of Designating Colors and a Dictionary of Color names. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., 158 pp." type="book" year="1955">Kelly & Judd 1955</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)); mainly unilaminar but frequently with raised edges or displaying slightly elevated lobes (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE95501FDDCFF78AD90" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1766,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-92@5.[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Schizoporella japonica. A, Colonies on fenders, Holyhead marina, June 2011; B, closer view of encrustations on the centre fender in A; C, Close-up of same encrustation (photos A–C, RH); D, macro-photograph of expanded zooids on flat substratum, Friday Harbor, WA, July 1986; E, balsam preparation of decalcified material stained with borax carmine and picric acid to show opercula, Holyhead marina, February 2011; F, enlarged view of operculum in E (photos D-F, JSR)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910534/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Fig. 2B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Zooids generally in obviously linear series, quincuncial away from bifurcations; rectangular; conspicuously longer (often twice as long) than broad (0.5–0.7 ×
|
||
<quantity id="4CAAD5FA6870FFE952B2FD14FC27ADF7" box="[732,900,701,726]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" unit="mm" value="0.3" valueMax="0.35" valueMin="0.25">0.25–0.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D04DA46870FFE953FFFD14FC47ADF4" box="[913,996,701,726]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[151,241,152,175]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurement summary (mean ± SD and range, µm) for Schizoporella japonica. Sinus width is distance" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2D28976877FFEE50F9FF31FB15AFED" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" tableUuid="DF2D28976877FFEE50F9FF31FB15AFED">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
); length:width proportions (1.7–2.5:1) varying according to distance from a bifurcation (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE952B4FD48FCF9ADD8" box="[730,858,737,762]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1766,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-92@5.[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Schizoporella japonica. A, Colonies on fenders, Holyhead marina, June 2011; B, closer view of encrustations on the centre fender in A; C, Close-up of same encrustation (photos A–C, RH); D, macro-photograph of expanded zooids on flat substratum, Friday Harbor, WA, July 1986; E, balsam preparation of decalcified material stained with borax carmine and picric acid to show opercula, Holyhead marina, February 2011; F, enlarged view of operculum in E (photos D-F, JSR)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910534/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Figs 2D–E</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE95306FD48FC13ADD8" box="[872,944,737,762]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[230,1342,193,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-109@6.[230,1342,193,1828]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Schizoporella japonica. A, SEM of part of cleaned colony, Holyhead marina, February 2011; B, SEM at higher magnification; C, close-up of ovicell; D, close-up of non-ovicellate orifice, condyles and avicularium lateral to orifice. (A–D, SEMs at NHMUK by P. D. Taylor); E, balsam mount seen with transmitted light from same material showing variation in zooid width caused by row division; F, orifice from E at high magnification to show details of condyles (photos E–F, JSR). Scalebars: A, 500 µm; B, 200 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910536/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">3A, E</figureCitation>
|
||
); the dividing line between series distinct, slightly depressed; frontal shield with marginal areolae and regularly distributed pseudopores, except sometimes (in Holyhead material) for an incipient suboral umbo; the distolateral pair of areolae somewhat larger. Frontal pseudopores very numerous (c.
|
||
<quantity id="4CAAD5FA6870FFE95192FCF9FDFAAC4A" box="[508,601,848,873]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" unit="mm" value="600.0">600 mm</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C27D5576870FFE95237FCE4FDC5AC79" attach="left" box="[601,614,845,859]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">-2</superScript>
|
||
, range ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CAAD5FA6870FFE952A9FCF9FCFCAC4A" box="[711,863,848,873]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" metricValueMax="8.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" unit="mm" value="600.0" valueMax="800.0" valueMin="400.0">400−800 mm</quantity>
|
||
<superScript id="7C27D5576870FFE95331FCE4FCCFAC79" attach="left" box="[863,876,845,859]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">-2</superScript>
|
||
). Orifice shallower than wide (0.8–0.9:1), though variable within a colony (110–140 ×
|
||
<quantity id="4CAAD5FA6870FFE95254FCDDFD6EACAF" box="[570,717,884,909]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.625" metricValueMax="1.75" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" unit="mm" value="162.5" valueMax="175.0" valueMin="150.0">150–175 µm</quantity>
|
||
); the sinus shallow and broad (0.3–0.4:1; 20–35 ×
|
||
<quantity id="4CAAD5FA6870FFE95565FCDDFA2CACAF" box="[1291,1423,884,909]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.2" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" unit="mm" value="100.0" valueMax="120.0" valueMin="80.0">80–120 µm</quantity>
|
||
), with sinuous margins, delimited by horizontal, obtusely pointed condyles (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE953BAFC31FB89AC93" box="[980,1066,920,945]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1766,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-92@5.[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Schizoporella japonica. A, Colonies on fenders, Holyhead marina, June 2011; B, closer view of encrustations on the centre fender in A; C, Close-up of same encrustation (photos A–C, RH); D, macro-photograph of expanded zooids on flat substratum, Friday Harbor, WA, July 1986; E, balsam preparation of decalcified material stained with borax carmine and picric acid to show opercula, Holyhead marina, February 2011; F, enlarged view of operculum in E (photos D-F, JSR)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910534/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Figs 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE9545BFC31FBF8AC93" box="[1077,1115,920,945]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[230,1342,193,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-109@6.[230,1342,193,1828]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Schizoporella japonica. A, SEM of part of cleaned colony, Holyhead marina, February 2011; B, SEM at higher magnification; C, close-up of ovicell; D, close-up of non-ovicellate orifice, condyles and avicularium lateral to orifice. (A–D, SEMs at NHMUK by P. D. Taylor); E, balsam mount seen with transmitted light from same material showing variation in zooid width caused by row division; F, orifice from E at high magnification to show details of condyles (photos E–F, JSR). Scalebars: A, 500 µm; B, 200 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910536/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">3D</figureCitation>
|
||
); distal margin of orifice and lip of sinus with minute tubercles. Operculum matching the orifice, with no additional sclerites (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE95480FC15FAE5ACF7" box="[1262,1350,956,981]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="5.[151,249,1766,1788]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetId="figure-92@5.[151,1436,193,1745]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 2. Schizoporella japonica. A, Colonies on fenders, Holyhead marina, June 2011; B, closer view of encrustations on the centre fender in A; C, Close-up of same encrustation (photos A–C, RH); D, macro-photograph of expanded zooids on flat substratum, Friday Harbor, WA, July 1986; E, balsam preparation of decalcified material stained with borax carmine and picric acid to show opercula, Holyhead marina, February 2011; F, enlarged view of operculum in E (photos D-F, JSR)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910534/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Fig. 2F</figureCitation>
|
||
). Some Scottish specimens with occasional orifices closed by perforated calcification (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE95467FC49FBC0ACDB" box="[1033,1123,992,1017]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure-166@8.[189,1398,193,1772]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Schizoporella japonica. Samples from Stromness marina, Orkney, bleached (A–C, E, H) and lightly bleached (F, G), and sample from Portavadie marina, Scotland, unbleached (D). A, Array of ovicellate zooids; B, array of zooids featuring single and paired oral avicularia; C, zooids (left and right) with a single large frontal avicularium and autozooid (centre) with both oral avicularium and a large frontal avicularium; D, array of zooids with multiple mixed avicularia, up to four per zooid; E, angled zooid (centre) showing perforate ovicell and ovicell opening; F, array of ovicellate zooids showing single and double ovicells; G, close-up of multi-ovicellate zooid (centre) showing secondary ovicell on frontal shield facing primary ovicell and third ovicell stacked on primary ovicell; H, zooids (left and right) with perforate closure plates covering orifice. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; F, 300 µm; B, D, E, G, H, 200 µm; C, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910540" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910540/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Fig. 5H</figureCitation>
|
||
). Holyhead specimens most commonly with a single avicularium lateral to the orifice but frequently none; distolaterally directed, inner end of hinge-line level with the condyles; mandibles triangular, their height scarcely exceeding the hinge width (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE95550FB81FF4CAB47" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[230,1342,193,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-109@6.[230,1342,193,1828]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Schizoporella japonica. A, SEM of part of cleaned colony, Holyhead marina, February 2011; B, SEM at higher magnification; C, close-up of ovicell; D, close-up of non-ovicellate orifice, condyles and avicularium lateral to orifice. (A–D, SEMs at NHMUK by P. D. Taylor); E, balsam mount seen with transmitted light from same material showing variation in zooid width caused by row division; F, orifice from E at high magnification to show details of condyles (photos E–F, JSR). Scalebars: A, 500 µm; B, 200 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910536/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Fig. 3A, B, D, E</figureCitation>
|
||
). The Scottish material has 0–5 avicularia per autozooid, with most colonies typically featuring 1–3; there may also be frontal avicularia, of the same basic form but slightly larger and with an elevated chamber (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE95579FBD9FA2CABAB" box="[1303,1423,1136,1161]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure-166@8.[189,1398,193,1772]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Schizoporella japonica. Samples from Stromness marina, Orkney, bleached (A–C, E, H) and lightly bleached (F, G), and sample from Portavadie marina, Scotland, unbleached (D). A, Array of ovicellate zooids; B, array of zooids featuring single and paired oral avicularia; C, zooids (left and right) with a single large frontal avicularium and autozooid (centre) with both oral avicularium and a large frontal avicularium; D, array of zooids with multiple mixed avicularia, up to four per zooid; E, angled zooid (centre) showing perforate ovicell and ovicell opening; F, array of ovicellate zooids showing single and double ovicells; G, close-up of multi-ovicellate zooid (centre) showing secondary ovicell on frontal shield facing primary ovicell and third ovicell stacked on primary ovicell; H, zooids (left and right) with perforate closure plates covering orifice. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; F, 300 µm; B, D, E, G, H, 200 µm; C, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910540" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910540/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Fig. 5B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Ovicells prominent, subglobular, with numerous pores except near the mid-proximal margin; with slender sinuous ridges ascending from the distal zooid, between the pores, and converging in a mid-proximal direction (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE95578FB11FA2DABF3" box="[1302,1422,1208,1233]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="6.[151,249,1869,1891]" captionTargetBox="[230,1342,193,1828]" captionTargetId="figure-109@6.[230,1342,193,1828]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 3. Schizoporella japonica. A, SEM of part of cleaned colony, Holyhead marina, February 2011; B, SEM at higher magnification; C, close-up of ovicell; D, close-up of non-ovicellate orifice, condyles and avicularium lateral to orifice. (A–D, SEMs at NHMUK by P. D. Taylor); E, balsam mount seen with transmitted light from same material showing variation in zooid width caused by row division; F, orifice from E at high magnification to show details of condyles (photos E–F, JSR). Scalebars: A, 500 µm; B, 200 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 50 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910536/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Fig. 3B, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); sometimes>1 (up to
|
||
<quantity id="4CAAD5FA6870FFE951E9FB75FE10ABD7" box="[391,435,1244,1269]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.27" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" unit="in" value="5.0">5 in</quantity>
|
||
Scottish material) per autozooid (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE9535BFB75FC0AABD7" box="[821,937,1244,1269]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure-166@8.[189,1398,193,1772]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Schizoporella japonica. Samples from Stromness marina, Orkney, bleached (A–C, E, H) and lightly bleached (F, G), and sample from Portavadie marina, Scotland, unbleached (D). A, Array of ovicellate zooids; B, array of zooids featuring single and paired oral avicularia; C, zooids (left and right) with a single large frontal avicularium and autozooid (centre) with both oral avicularium and a large frontal avicularium; D, array of zooids with multiple mixed avicularia, up to four per zooid; E, angled zooid (centre) showing perforate ovicell and ovicell opening; F, array of ovicellate zooids showing single and double ovicells; G, close-up of multi-ovicellate zooid (centre) showing secondary ovicell on frontal shield facing primary ovicell and third ovicell stacked on primary ovicell; H, zooids (left and right) with perforate closure plates covering orifice. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; F, 300 µm; B, D, E, G, H, 200 µm; C, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910540" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910540/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Fig. 5F–G</figureCitation>
|
||
, and discussion below). Polypide with c. 19 tentacles (Friday Harbor). Embryos reddish, apparently increasing in size during development; half-sized embryos present at Holyhead even in midwinter (February). Ancestrula with D-shaped orifice and 8 marginal spines; a central, patterned circular area on the frontal calcification (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A6870FFE95344FAE1FC05AA43" box="[810,934,1352,1377]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1803,1825]" captionTargetBox="[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-143@7.[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Schizoporella japonica. A, Ancestrula and early astogeny (one distal and symmetrical distolateral zooids); B, C, ancestrulae; (A–C from young colonies on a settlement plate immersed at 0.5 m in Stromness marina, Orkney Islands, December 2012); D, established colonies on a prototype tidal turbine following a two-year sea trial in the Orkney Islands (photo Andrew Want, EMEC,) January 2013; E, type specimen of S. japonica (MZS Bry001 in the Strasbourg Museum; photo Marie Meister); F, young colonies, Jakle’s Lagoon, San Juan Island WA, collected by the late C. G. Reed and photographed by JSR in July 1986 (at the present time this lagoon is cut off from the sea by a shingle barrier); G, heavy settlement on hull of beached vessel, Orkney Islands (photo JSP)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910538" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910538/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Fig. 4A–C</figureCitation>
|
||
); approximately 350–400 × ~
|
||
<quantity id="4CAAD5FA6870FFE9549EFAE1FAE4AA43" box="[1264,1351,1352,1377]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" unit="mm" value="300.0">300 µm</quantity>
|
||
overall (settlement panel, Stromness).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F6870FFE950A9FA39FD3BA91B" blockId="4.[151,1437,449,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE950A9FA39FE53AA8B" bold="true" box="[199,496,1424,1449]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" reason="1">Additional descriptions.</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies collected from different parts of the world may vary, may offer reproductive stages not seen elsewhere, or be described in a slightly different manner. Full descriptions accompanied by SEM illustrations have recently been provided for each of the main geographic areas from which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C6870FFE950F9FA55FEB6A936" box="[151,277,1532,1556]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE950F9FA55FEB6A936" box="[151,277,1532,1556]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is known—Alaska and the Pacific coast of North America (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE953D6FA55FBD2A937" author="Dick, M. H. & Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, F. S." box="[952,1137,1532,1557]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="3687 - 3784" refId="ref11022" refString="Dick, M. H., Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, F. S. (2005) Intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) of Ketchikan, Alaska. Journal of Natural History, 39, 3687 - 3784." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dick
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE95399FA54FB8AA936" box="[1015,1065,1532,1556]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345388F6870FFE954C1FA55FB4CA931" box="[1199,1263,1532,1555]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE95493FA55FF5BA91B" author="Grischenko, A. V. & Dick, M. H. & Mawatari, S. F." pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="1047 - 1161" refId="ref11163" refString="Grischenko, A. V., Dick, M. H. & Mawatari, S. F. (2007) Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History, 41, 1047 - 1161. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930701391773" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Grischenko
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE955E6FA54FF0EA91A" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Salient features have been selected.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F6870FFE950A9F9EDFE14A85F" blockId="4.[151,1437,449,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE950A9F9EDFEB8A97E" box="[199,283,1604,1628]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4996B6FD6870FFE950A9F9EDFEB4A97E" box="[199,279,1604,1628]" country="United States of America" name="Alaska" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Alaska</collectingRegion>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Colony encrusting, unilaminar but sometimes bilayered as a result of overgrowth; colour ranging from whitish to red. Zooids distinct, separated by suture lines and shallow grooves. Frontal surface slightly to moderately convex, with marginal areolae and frontal pseudopores; pseudopores becoming infundibular with age and thickening calcification, the frontal shield becoming reticulate. Orifice medial or offset, with an avicularium beside it; usually broader than long, anter semi-circular, separated by paired blunt stout condyles, directed medially; operculum light golden brown, transparent. Avicularia paired, single or absent on any given zooid; additionally, occasional zooids bearing a somewhat larger frontal avicularium with raised rostrum and chamber. With increasing secondary calcification, the ovicells—similar to those from Holyhead—become increasingly rugose (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE6870FFE9509EF8CDFE08A85F" author="Dick, M. H. & Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, F. S." box="[240,427,1892,1917]" pageId="4" pageNumber="485" pagination="3687 - 3784" refId="ref11022" refString="Dick, M. H., Grischenko, A. V. & Mawatari, F. S. (2005) Intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) of Ketchikan, Alaska. Journal of Natural History, 39, 3687 - 3784." type="journal article" year="2005">
|
||
Dick
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE95141F8CCFEC3A85E" box="[303,352,1892,1916]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2005
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F6870FFE450A9F820FDC1AE8F" blockId="4.[151,1437,449,1989]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,1184]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="490" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6870FFE950A9F820FEB7A882" box="[199,276,1929,1952]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345388F6870FFE950A9F820FEB3A882" box="[199,272,1929,1952]" name="Japan" pageId="4" pageNumber="485">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies as from Alaska but red to bright orange. Zooids with frontal shield uniformly porous except suborally, with 7–9 larger areolae along each margin; usually with a small suboral umbo. Oral avicularia most commonly single but frequently absent or paired; situated lateral or proximolateral to orifice; mandible elongatetriangular, its tip acute, with distal to distolateral orientation; crossbar complete; chamber comparatively small, with 1–3 minute pores laterally around the base; sometimes, in older parts of the colony and associated with complete ovicells, one avicularium is larger, with raised chamber. Zooidal communication via 3–5 distal and 6 lateral basal pore-chambers. Ovicells prominent, hemispherical, partially overhanging the orifice, evenly porous, with larger slit-like pores around the base; sparsely distributed or in a reproductive band within the colony. Ancestrula oval, imperforate, 0.33 ×
|
||
<quantity id="4CAAD5FA687DFFE4525BFEC6FD3EAEA5" box="[565,669,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" unit="mm" value="0.28">0.28 mm</quantity>
|
||
; orifice D- shaped, 0.13 ×
|
||
<quantity id="4CAAD5FA687DFFE453D0FEC6FB87AEA5" box="[958,1060,367,392]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" unit="mm" value="0.15">0.15 mm</quantity>
|
||
, with 8 marginal spines; 3 zooids budded distally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687DFFE4513FFE3DFDF4AE8F" author="Grischenko, A. V. & Dick, M. H. & Mawatari, S. F." box="[337,599,404,429]" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" pagination="1047 - 1161" refId="ref11163" refString="Grischenko, A. V., Dick, M. H. & Mawatari, S. F. (2007) Diversity and taxonomy of intertidal Bryozoa (Cheilostomata) at Akkeshi Bay, Hokkaido, Japan. Journal of Natural History, 41, 1047 - 1161. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930701391773" type="journal article" year="2007">
|
||
Grischenko
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE451B5FE3CFDA8AE8E" box="[475,523,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF2D28976871FFE850F9F94FFAA4A87A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910534" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910534" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910534/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="486" startId="5.[151,249,1766,1788]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1745]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F6871FFE850F9F94FFAA4A87A" blockId="5.[151,1436,1766,1880]" pageId="5" pageNumber="486">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6871FFE850F9F94FFEB0A9DE" bold="true" box="[151,275,1766,1788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="486">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C6871FFE85175F94FFDA6A9DE" box="[283,517,1766,1788]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="5" pageNumber="486" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6871FFE85175F94FFDA6A9DE" box="[283,517,1766,1788]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="486">Schizoporella japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6871FFE8527CF94FFD88A9DE" bold="true" box="[530,555,1766,1788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="486">A,</emphasis>
|
||
Colonies on fenders, Holyhead marina, June 2011;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6871FFE85451F94FFBF5A9DE" bold="true" box="[1087,1110,1766,1788]" pageId="5" pageNumber="486">B,</emphasis>
|
||
closer view of encrustations on the centre fender in A;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6871FFE851EAF8ACFE3DA839" bold="true" box="[388,414,1797,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="486">C,</emphasis>
|
||
Close-up of same encrustation (photos A–C, RH);
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6871FFE853C5F8ACFC60A839" bold="true" box="[939,963,1797,1819]" pageId="5" pageNumber="486">D,</emphasis>
|
||
macro-photograph of expanded zooids on flat substratum, Friday Harbor, WA, July 1986;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6871FFE8523FF88DFDCBA818" bold="true" box="[593,616,1828,1850]" pageId="5" pageNumber="486">E,</emphasis>
|
||
balsam preparation of decalcified material stained with borax carmine and picric acid to show opercula, Holyhead marina, February 2011;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6871FFE852B3F8EBFD52A87A" bold="true" box="[733,753,1858,1880]" pageId="5" pageNumber="486">F,</emphasis>
|
||
enlarged view of operculum in E (photos D-F, JSR).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2D28976872FFEB50F9F8E4FDCBA8FF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910536" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910536" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910536/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="487" startId="6.[151,249,1869,1891]" targetBox="[230,1342,193,1828]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F6872FFEB50F9F8E4FDCBA8FF" blockId="6.[151,1436,1869,2013]" pageId="6" pageNumber="487">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6872FFEB50F9F8E4FEB7A841" bold="true" box="[151,276,1869,1891]" pageId="6" pageNumber="487">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C6872FFEB5172F8E4FDA4A841" box="[284,519,1869,1891]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="6" pageNumber="487" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6872FFEB5172F8E4FDA4A841" box="[284,519,1869,1891]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="487">Schizoporella japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6872FFEB527BF8E4FD8DA841" bold="true" box="[533,558,1869,1891]" pageId="6" pageNumber="487">A,</emphasis>
|
||
SEM of part of cleaned colony, Holyhead marina, February 2011;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6872FFEB5488F8E4FB5FA841" bold="true" box="[1254,1276,1869,1891]" pageId="6" pageNumber="487">B,</emphasis>
|
||
SEM at higher magnification;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6872FFEB515CF8C5FEE8A8A0" bold="true" box="[306,331,1900,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="487">C,</emphasis>
|
||
close-up of ovicell;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6872FFEB5273F8C5FD95A8A0" bold="true" box="[541,566,1900,1922]" pageId="6" pageNumber="487">D,</emphasis>
|
||
close-up of non-ovicellate orifice, condyles and avicularium lateral to orifice. (A–D, SEMs at NHMUK by P. D. Taylor);
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6872FFEB526AF823FDB9A882" bold="true" box="[516,538,1930,1952]" pageId="6" pageNumber="487">E,</emphasis>
|
||
balsam mount seen with transmitted light from same material showing variation in zooid width caused by row division;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6872FFEB51A2F800FE43A89D" bold="true" box="[460,480,1961,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="487">F,</emphasis>
|
||
orifice from E at high magnification to show details of condyles (photos E–F, JSR). Scalebars: A, 500 µm; B, 200 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 50 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2D28976873FFEA50F9F8A2FDFAA8FB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910538" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910538" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910538/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="488" startId="7.[151,249,1803,1825]" targetBox="[174,1418,193,1784]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F6873FFEA50F9F8A2FDFAA8FB" blockId="7.[151,1436,1803,2009]" pageId="7" pageNumber="488">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6873FFEA50F9F8A2FEB0A803" bold="true" box="[151,275,1803,1825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="488">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C6873FFEA5175F8A2FDA6A802" box="[283,517,1803,1825]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="488" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6873FFEA5175F8A2FDA6A802" box="[283,517,1803,1825]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="488">Schizoporella japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6873FFEA527DF8A2FD88A803" bold="true" box="[531,555,1803,1825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="488">A,</emphasis>
|
||
Ancestrula and early astogeny (one distal and symmetrical distolateral zooids);
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6873FFEA550AF8A2FA3FA803" bold="true" box="[1380,1436,1803,1825]" pageId="7" pageNumber="488">B, C,</emphasis>
|
||
ancestrulae; (A–C from young colonies on a settlement plate immersed at 0.5 m in Stromness marina, Orkney Islands, December 2012);
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6873FFEA513AF8E1FECFA87C" bold="true" box="[340,364,1864,1886]" pageId="7" pageNumber="488">D,</emphasis>
|
||
established colonies on a prototype tidal turbine following a two-year sea trial in the Orkney Islands (photo Andrew Want, EMEC,) January 2013;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6873FFEA5204F8CFFD22A85E" bold="true" box="[618,641,1894,1916]" pageId="7" pageNumber="488">E,</emphasis>
|
||
type specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C6873FFEA5355F8CFFC0DA85E" box="[827,942,1894,1916]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="7" pageNumber="488" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6873FFEA5355F8CFFC0DA85E" box="[827,942,1894,1916]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="488">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(MZS Bry001 in the Strasbourg Museum; photo Marie Meister);
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6873FFEA5153F82CFEF2A8B9" bold="true" box="[317,337,1925,1947]" pageId="7" pageNumber="488">F,</emphasis>
|
||
young colonies, Jakle’s Lagoon, San Juan Island WA, collected by the late C. G. Reed and photographed by JSR in July 1986 (at the present time this lagoon is cut off from the sea by a shingle barrier);
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D6873FFEA540AF80DFBD8A898" bold="true" box="[1124,1147,1956,1978]" pageId="7" pageNumber="488">G,</emphasis>
|
||
heavy settlement on hull of beached vessel, Orkney Islands (photo JSP).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF2D2897687CFFE550F9F956FD69A8CE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910540" ID-Zenodo-Dep="4910540" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910540/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="489" startId="8.[151,249,1791,1813]" targetBox="[189,1398,193,1772]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F687CFFE550F9F956FD69A8CE" blockId="8.[151,1436,1791,2028]" pageId="8" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687CFFE550F9F956FEB0A837" bold="true" box="[151,275,1791,1813]" pageId="8" pageNumber="489">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687CFFE55174F956FDA8A837" box="[282,523,1791,1813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="489">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687CFFE55174F956FDABA837" box="[282,520,1791,1813]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="8" pageNumber="489" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">Schizoporella japonica</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Samples from Stromness marina, Orkney, bleached (A–C, E, H) and lightly bleached (F, G), and sample from Portavadie marina, Scotland, unbleached (D).
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687CFFE55324F8B7FCC1A816" bold="true" box="[842,866,1822,1844]" pageId="8" pageNumber="489">A,</emphasis>
|
||
Array of ovicellate zooids;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687CFFE554ECF8B7FB3BA816" bold="true" box="[1154,1176,1822,1844]" pageId="8" pageNumber="489">B,</emphasis>
|
||
array of zooids featuring single and paired oral avicularia;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687CFFE55183F895FDA4A870" bold="true" box="[493,519,1852,1874]" pageId="8" pageNumber="489">C,</emphasis>
|
||
zooids (left and right) with a single large frontal avicularium and autozooid (centre) with both oral avicularium and a large frontal avicularium;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687CFFE552ACF8F2FD79A853" bold="true" box="[706,730,1883,1905]" pageId="8" pageNumber="489">D,</emphasis>
|
||
array of zooids with multiple mixed avicularia, up to four per zooid;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687CFFE550F9F8D3FF0DA8B2" bold="true" box="[151,174,1914,1936]" pageId="8" pageNumber="489">E,</emphasis>
|
||
angled zooid (centre) showing perforate ovicell and ovicell opening;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687CFFE55300F8D3FC22A8B2" bold="true" box="[878,897,1914,1936]" pageId="8" pageNumber="489">F,</emphasis>
|
||
array of ovicellate zooids showing single and double ovicells;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687CFFE5509AF831FEA8A88C" bold="true" box="[244,267,1944,1966]" pageId="8" pageNumber="489">G,</emphasis>
|
||
close-up of multi-ovicellate zooid (centre) showing secondary ovicell on frontal shield facing primary ovicell and third ovicell stacked on primary ovicell;
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687CFFE5525AF81EFDEDA8EF" bold="true" box="[564,590,1975,1997]" pageId="8" pageNumber="489">H,</emphasis>
|
||
zooids (left and right) with perforate closure plates covering orifice. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; F, 300 µm; B, D, E, G, H, 200 µm; C, 100 µm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3482B94687DFFE450A9FE1EFE3EAB82" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F687DFFE450A9FE1EFE53AC1A" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE450A9FE1EFE98AEF2" bold="true" box="[199,315,439,464]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" reason="1">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE4512AFE11FDD3AEF2" box="[324,624,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">Variations and discussion.</emphasis>
|
||
Some striking variations that appear characteristic of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687DFFE454B3FE11FAFDAEED" box="[1245,1374,440,463]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE454B3FE11FAFDAEED" box="[1245,1374,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have been reported earlier and observed by us. A remarkable feature is the occurrence in Scottish material of multiple ovicells, arranged serially one behind another, and occasionally stacked (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A687DFFE453A3FE56FBE4AD3A" box="[973,1095,511,536]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="8.[151,249,1791,1813]" captionTargetBox="[189,1398,193,1772]" captionTargetId="figure-166@8.[189,1398,193,1772]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 5. Schizoporella japonica. Samples from Stromness marina, Orkney, bleached (A–C, E, H) and lightly bleached (F, G), and sample from Portavadie marina, Scotland, unbleached (D). A, Array of ovicellate zooids; B, array of zooids featuring single and paired oral avicularia; C, zooids (left and right) with a single large frontal avicularium and autozooid (centre) with both oral avicularium and a large frontal avicularium; D, array of zooids with multiple mixed avicularia, up to four per zooid; E, angled zooid (centre) showing perforate ovicell and ovicell opening; F, array of ovicellate zooids showing single and double ovicells; G, close-up of multi-ovicellate zooid (centre) showing secondary ovicell on frontal shield facing primary ovicell and third ovicell stacked on primary ovicell; H, zooids (left and right) with perforate closure plates covering orifice. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; F, 300 µm; B, D, E, G, H, 200 µm; C, 100 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910540" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910540/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">Fig. 5F–G</figureCitation>
|
||
). Powell (1970) and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687DFFE4555CFE56FEADAD1F" author="Powell, N. & Sayce, C. S. & Tufts, D. F." pageId="9" pageNumber="490" pagination="2095 - 2096" refId="ref12185" refString="Powell, N., Sayce, C. S. & Tufts, D. F. (1970) Hyperplasia in an estuarine bryozoan attributable to coal tar derivatives. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27, 2095 - 2096. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 70 - 234" type="journal article" year="1970">
|
||
Powell
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE455E6FDA8FF0EAD1E" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1970)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
earlier described and illustrated a similar aberration in specimens from British Columbia and Washington State, and in a colony found on a scallop shell transplanted with oysters (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687DFFE454EAFDE1FAF2AD7D" baseAuthorityName="Thunberg" baseAuthorityYear="1793" box="[1156,1361,584,607]" class="Bivalvia" family="Ostreidae" genus="Crassostrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ostreoida" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="gigas">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE454EAFDE1FAF2AD7D" box="[1156,1361,584,607]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">Crassostrea gigas</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) from Onagawa Bay, on the Pacific coast of Honshu,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345388F687DFFE452CBFDC5FD4BADA1" box="[677,744,620,643]" name="Japan" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687DFFE4529DFDC5FC70ADA7" author="Powell, N. & Sayce, C. S. & Tufts, D. F." box="[755,979,620,645]" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" pagination="2095 - 2096" refId="ref12185" refString="Powell, N., Sayce, C. S. & Tufts, D. F. (1970) Hyperplasia in an estuarine bryozoan attributable to coal tar derivatives. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27, 2095 - 2096. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 70 - 234" type="journal article" year="1970">
|
||
Powell
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE45329FDC4FCDAADA6" box="[839,889,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1970)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, using transplant experiments in Willapa Bay, Washington, attributed this occurrence of multiple ovicells to creosote-treated wood and the presence of petroleum derivatives in the water of harbours and marinas. It is not clear whether the occurrence of this phenomenon in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345388F687DFFE45120FD7EFE13ADD2" box="[334,432,727,752]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">Scotland</collectingCountry>
|
||
is attributable to pollution; however, multiple ovicells were observed at sites all around the Scottish coastline.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687DFFE451F3FD55FD27AC37" author="Powell, N. & Sayce, C. S. & Tufts, D. F." box="[413,644,764,789]" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" pagination="2095 - 2096" refId="ref12185" refString="Powell, N., Sayce, C. S. & Tufts, D. F. (1970) Hyperplasia in an estuarine bryozoan attributable to coal tar derivatives. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27, 2095 - 2096. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 70 - 234" type="journal article" year="1970">Powell et al. (1970)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also noted that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687DFFE4532DFD55FC67AC36" box="[835,964,764,788]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE4532DFD55FC67AC36" box="[835,964,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687DFFE45397FD55FB20AC36" authorityName=": Okada" authorityYear="1929" box="[1017,1155,764,788]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="unicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE45397FD55FB20AC36" box="[1017,1155,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">S. unicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) occurred in hyposaline water, down to salinities of 15.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F687DFFE450A9FCEDFBCAAC81" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">
|
||
All of the British occurrences have been in marinas, suggesting that—unlike the Pacific coast of North America (see later)—small, ocean-going vessels must have been the vectors (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1369649A687DFFE45477FCCEFBCDACA2" box="[1049,1134,871,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="7.[151,249,1803,1825]" captionTargetBox="[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-143@7.[174,1418,193,1784]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 4. Schizoporella japonica. A, Ancestrula and early astogeny (one distal and symmetrical distolateral zooids); B, C, ancestrulae; (A–C from young colonies on a settlement plate immersed at 0.5 m in Stromness marina, Orkney Islands, December 2012); D, established colonies on a prototype tidal turbine following a two-year sea trial in the Orkney Islands (photo Andrew Want, EMEC,) January 2013; E, type specimen of S. japonica (MZS Bry001 in the Strasbourg Museum; photo Marie Meister); F, young colonies, Jakle’s Lagoon, San Juan Island WA, collected by the late C. G. Reed and photographed by JSR in July 1986 (at the present time this lagoon is cut off from the sea by a shingle barrier); G, heavy settlement on hull of beached vessel, Orkney Islands (photo JSP)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4910538" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/4910538/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">Fig. 4F</figureCitation>
|
||
shows colonies on a boat hull). We have no evidence to suggest whether
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F345388F687DFFE452C6FC25FD4BAC81" box="[680,744,908,931]" name="Japan" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
or North America was the source.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BED781F687DFFE450A9FC19FE3EAB82" blockId="9.[151,1437,151,1184]" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE450A9FC19FEDDACEA" box="[199,382,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">Distinction from</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687DFFE451EAFC06FD33ACEA" authorityName=": Okada" authorityYear="1929" box="[388,656,943,968]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="unicornis">Schizoporella unicornis</taxonomicName>
|
||
. On the Atlantic coasts of Western Europe, including the British Isles, confusion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687DFFE45140FC7DFE0DACCE" box="[302,430,980,1004]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE45140FC7DFE0DACCE" box="[302,430,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">S. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is likely only with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687DFFE452FEFC7DFCBBACCE" authorityName=": Okada" authorityYear="1929" box="[656,792,980,1004]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="unicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE452FEFC7DFCBBACCE" box="[656,792,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">S. unicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although the usual habitats of the two species are quite different.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687DFFE4516BFC51FDA4AB2D" box="[261,519,1016,1040]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE4516BFC51FDA4AB2D" box="[261,519,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">Schizoporella japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is so far known only from harbours and marinas, and is a typical fouling species;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C52039C687DFFE450F9FBB5FEBCAB16" authorityName=": Okada" authorityYear="1929" box="[151,287,1052,1076]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Schizoporellidae" genus="Schizoporella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="unicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE450F9FBB5FEBCAB16" box="[151,287,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">S. unicornis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occurs in non-fouling situations, on stones, rocks, shells and kelp holdfasts on the lower shore and sublittorally. Comprehensive descriptions, variously illustrated, are available (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687DFFE4544EFB96FAEEAB7A" author="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S." box="[1056,1357,1087,1112]" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" pagination="1 - 312" refId="ref11341" refString="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1979) British ascophoran bryozoans. Synopses of the British Fauna, n. s., 14, 1 - 312." type="journal article" year="1979">Hayward & Ryland 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687DFFE45532FB96FA34AB7A" author="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S." box="[1372,1431,1087,1112]" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" pagination="1 - 416" refId="ref11439" refString="Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (1999) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. Part 2, Hippothooidea - Celleporoidea. Synopses of the British Fauna, n. s., 14, 1 - 416." type="journal article" year="1999">1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687DFFE450F9FBCDFE8FAB5F" author="Ryland, J. S." box="[151,300,1124,1149]" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" pagination="794 - 838" refId="ref12381" refString="Ryland, J. S. (1990) The lophophorate phyla: Phoronida, Bryozoa, and Brachiopoda. In: Hayward, P. J. & Ryland, J. S. (Eds.), Marine Fauna of the British Isles and North-west Europe. The Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 794 - 838." type="book chapter" year="1990">Ryland 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; 1995;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC305EE687DFFE451EAFBCDFDD6AB5F" author="Tompsett, S. & Porter, J. S. & Taylor, P. D." box="[388,629,1124,1149]" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" pagination="2227 - 2243" refId="ref12932" refString="Tompsett, S., Porter, J. S. & Taylor, P. D. (2009) Taxonomy of the fouling cheilostome bryozoans Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston) and S. errata (Waters). Journal of Natural History, 43, 2227 - 2243. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222930903090140" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Tompsett
|
||
<emphasis id="B926A40D687DFFE4519BFBCCFD8AAB5E" box="[501,553,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="490">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) but, to facilitate ready comparison the morphological differences are summarized in
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6D04DA4687DFFE4512AFB2EFE3AAB82" box="[324,409,1159,1184]" captionStart="TABLE 2" captionStartId="9.[151,241,1232,1255]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="TABLE 2. The characters of two Schizoporella species occurring on coasts in western Europe. Note that mandible" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF2D2897687DFFE450F9FB79FF4EAA65" pageId="9" pageNumber="490" tableUuid="DF2D2897687DFFE450F9FB79FF4EAA65">Table 2</tableCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |