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<document id="2A7BDA663ADDA15C7F4A38D17935E2A3" ID-CLB-Dataset="42365" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3908.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="6f1d1977-6b97-4789-828c-76ed250cf1ae" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="242729" ID-ZooBank="D6AD2B49-170B-4D9C-84AA-DBE0FEEAD8BE" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460936415633" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Gravili, Cinzia, Vito, Doris De, Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di, Martell, Luis, Piraino, Stefano &amp; Boero, Ferdinando" docDate="2015" docId="03F887DEFF9DFFD49CD60853D5F4FD52" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03908p187.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3908 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Kirchenpaueria pinnata Linnaeus 1758" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="110" masterDocId="FFC1FFA6FFF6FFB99C410F49D739FFD6" masterDocTitle="The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide" masterLastPageNumber="187" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="108" updateTime="1698583517399" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="5FA77AA5CC0A7B049CCEE36AEDBE01E1">The non-Siphonophoran Hydrozoa (Cnidaria) of Salento, Italy with notes on their life-cycles: an illustrated guide</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5DF565BAA0C0EA6F36180E49FD7B898E">Gravili, Cinzia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="A9947A41991E8864255E1E1F27BB0A27">Vito, Doris De</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="9E11F00CA60C2CEC52D4EDC0987D77F6">Camillo, Cristina Gioia Di</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="97091E3F0AC53E26175417D0915517A7">Martell, Luis</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B25DE331A40C1FFCB721BAC4AA40F717">Piraino, Stefano</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EF53A551546B64D509BB65E787853729">Boero, Ferdinando</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="CAFA6E3179F6E7ABDF685A95A3B90DA4">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="783F978C2DD5B4CB2F15F316D3B12DC6">3908</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03F887DEFF9DFFD49CD60853D5F4FD52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6107123" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119591148" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6107123" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F887DEFF9DFFD49CD60853D5F4FD52" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F887DEFF9DFFD49CD60853D5F4FD52" lastPageId="109" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF9DFFD29CD60853D5FCF84D" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9DFFD29CD60853D5A8F8E2" blockId="107.[151,657,1818,1877]" box="[151,657,1818,1844]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<heading id="D0A681A4FF9DFFD29CD60853D5A8F8E2" bold="true" box="[151,657,1818,1844]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9DFFD29CD60853D5A8F8E2" ID-CoL="6NKPC" authority="Linnaeus, 1758" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[151,657,1818,1844]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Kirchenpaueria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9DFFD29CD60853D5A8F8E2" bold="true" box="[151,657,1818,1844]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9DFFD29CD60853D683F8E2" bold="true" box="[151,442,1818,1844]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Kirchenpaueria pinnata</emphasis>
(Linnaeus, 1758)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9DFFD29CD60875D622F883" blockId="107.[151,657,1818,1877]" box="[151,283,1852,1877]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
<figureCitation id="136A2A4DFF9DFFD29CD60875D7DCF883" box="[151,229,1852,1877]" captionStart="FIGURE 77" captionStartId="108.[151,250,752,774]" captionTargetBox="[255,1331,200,724]" captionTargetId="figure@108.[249,1337,195,730]" captionTargetPageId="108" captionText="FIGURE 77. Kirchenpaueria pinnata: A, general view of colonies; B, part of stem with origin of hydrocladium; C, gonothecae (A drawn by L. Basso; B drawn by F. Boero; C redrawn and modified after Cornelius 1995 by C. G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, 2.0 mm; B, 0.1 mm; C, 0.5 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242806/files/figure.png" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">Fig. 77</figureCitation>
A–C
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9DFFD29CD608CCD5FCF84D" blockId="107.[151,709,1925,1947]" box="[151,709,1925,1947]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">
See
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9DFFD29C8308CCD68EF84D" box="[194,439,1925,1947]" pageId="107" pageNumber="108" refString="Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268." type="journal article">
Ansín Agís
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9DFFD29D7A08CFD657F84D" box="[315,366,1925,1947]" italics="true" pageId="107" pageNumber="108">et al.</emphasis>
(2001)
</bibRefCitation>
for a complete synonymy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF2E6640FF9AFFD59CD60DB9D6E5FC95" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/242806/files/figure.png" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" targetBox="[255,1331,200,724]" targetPageId="108">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9AFFD59CD60DB9D6E5FC95" blockId="108.[151,1436,752,835]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59CD60DB9D626FCD3" bold="true" box="[151,287,752,774]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">FIGURE 77.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9AFFD59D650DB9D52EFCD0" box="[292,535,752,774]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Kirchenpaueria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59D650DB9D52EFCD0" box="[292,535,752,774]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Kirchenpaueria pinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
:
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59E650DB9D50FFCD3" bold="true" box="[548,566,752,773]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">A</emphasis>
, general view of colonies;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59F070DB9D46FFCD3" bold="true" box="[838,854,752,773]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">B</emphasis>
, part of stem with origin of hydrocladium;
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD5994B0DB9D225FCD0" bold="true" box="[1290,1308,752,774]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">C</emphasis>
, gonothecae (A drawn by L. Basso; B drawn by F. Boero; C redrawn and modified after Cornelius 1995 by C.G. Di Camillo). Scale bars: A, 2.0 mm; B, 0.1 mm; C, 0.5 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF9AFFD59CD60C23D2ACFC55" box="[151,1429,874,899]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9AFFD59CD60C23D2ACFC55" blockId="108.[151,1437,874,2015]" box="[151,1429,874,899]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59CD60C23D6B9FC55" bold="true" box="[151,384,874,899]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Material examined.</emphasis>
HCUS-S 0 84 (Hydrozoa Collection, University of Salento—fauna of the Salento Peninsula).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF9AFFD59C860CC7D37BF94C" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9AFFD59C860CC7D3ADFC71" blockId="108.[151,1437,874,2015]" box="[199,1172,910,935]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59C860CC7D66BFC71" bold="true" box="[199,338,910,935]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Description</emphasis>
(based on our own observations;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59E8A0CC7D443FC71" author="Cornelius" box="[715,890,910,935]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 &amp; 2, 1 - 347 &amp; 1 - 386." type="journal article" year="1995">Cornelius 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59FC70CC6D3B1FC71" author="Ansin" box="[902,1160,910,935]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">
Ansín Agís
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD5984D0CC6D37DFC71" box="[1036,1092,910,935]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
):
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9AFFD59C860CFBD2BDFA81" blockId="108.[151,1437,874,2015]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59C860CFBD60AFC1D" bold="true" box="[199,307,946,971]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Hydroid.</emphasis>
Hydrorhiza as a network of branching stolons; colonies erect, pinnate; hydrocauli monosiphonic, up to about
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFF9AFFD59D400C9ED66FFC38" box="[257,342,983,1007]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="mm" value="42.0">42 mm</quantity>
, occasionally branched, basal part of the axis with several internodes separated by transverse nodes, distal part of axis segmented on internodes bearing hydrocladia, these on lateral apophyses at the upper part of the segment, apophysis with a naked nematophore on the upper side, another one is disposed laterally on the axis, just above the apophysis; hydrocladia alternate, with a first shorter athecate internode, with transverse node basally and oblique one distally (occasionally several of these internodes may occur), remaining internodes thecate or in an irregular sequence of thecate and athecate internodes separated by transverse nodes, thecate internodes with one hydrotheca and 2 nematophores, one median inferior and another median superior; hydrotheca cupshaped, walls gradually diverging, adcauline wall almost entirely adnate; median inferior nematophore with a minute scale-like nematotheca, median superior nematophore behind hydrotheca without theca. Gonothecae on hydrorhiza or in a row on the axis, with short pedicels. Similar in both sexes, sac-shaped, hexagonal in cross section, with 6 longitudinal ridges bearing digitiform prolongations of varied length, absent in some gonothecae.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9AFFD59C860A2BD355FAAD" blockId="108.[151,1437,874,2015]" box="[199,1132,1378,1403]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59C860A2BD602FAAD" bold="true" box="[199,315,1378,1403]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Cnidome.</emphasis>
Atrichous haplonemes, microbasic mastigophores and pseudostenoteles.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9AFFD59C860ACFD5A6FA15" blockId="108.[151,1437,874,2015]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59C860ACFD65FFA49" bold="true" box="[199,358,1414,1439]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
Habitat
<typeStatus id="54EA886AFF9AFFD59D6A0ACFD659FA49" box="[299,352,1414,1439]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">type</typeStatus>
.
</emphasis>
Eurybathic species found from the tidal level to about
<quantity id="4CA99B2DFF9AFFD59FA30ACFD312FA48" box="[994,1067,1414,1439]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" unit="m" value="150.0">150 m</quantity>
depth (García
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD598990ACED2AEFA49" author="Carrascosa" box="[1240,1431,1415,1439]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Garcia-Carrascosa, A. M. (1981) Hidrozoos tecados (Hydrozoa Calyptoblastea) del litoral mediterraneo espanol: faunistica, ecologia, bionomia bentonica y biogeografia. Tesis Doctoral Universidad Valencia, 464 pp." type="book" year="1981">Carrascosa 1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59CD60AE2D640FA15" author="Boero" box="[151,377,1450,1475]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
; Ramil &amp; Vervoort 1992).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9AFFD59C860A87D579F9DD" blockId="108.[151,1437,874,2015]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59C860A87D678FA31" bold="true" box="[199,321,1486,1511]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Substrate.</emphasis>
Recorded on wide variety of substrata including algae,
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9AFFD59F860A87D300FA31" box="[967,1081,1486,1511]" class="Liliopsida" family="Posidoniaceae" genus="Posidonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59F860A87D300FA31" box="[967,1081,1486,1511]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Posidonia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, hydroids, barnacles, on worm tubes, shells, sponges, and bryozoans.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9AFFD59C86095FD336F984" blockId="108.[151,1437,874,2015]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59C86095FD66DF9F9" bold="true" box="[199,340,1558,1583]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Seasonality.</emphasis>
Present all year (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59E55095ED5C1F9F9" author="Boero" box="[532,760,1558,1583]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Boero, F. &amp; Fresi, E. (1986) Zonation and evolution of a Rocky bottom hydroid community. Marine Ecology, 7 (2), 123 - 150. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1439 - 0485.1986. tb 00152. x" type="journal article" year="1986">Boero &amp; Fresi 1986</bibRefCitation>
; Llobet i Nidal 1987;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59FAC095FD38FF9F9" author="Llobet" box="[1005,1206,1558,1583]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Llobet, I., Gili, J. M. &amp; Hughes, R. G. (1991) Horizontal, vertical and seasonal distributions of epiphytic Hydrozoa on the alga Halimeda tuna in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Biology Berlin, 110 (1), 151 - 159. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 01313102" type="journal article" year="1991">
Llobet
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD5987D095ED34DF9F9" box="[1084,1140,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
1991
</bibRefCitation>
; De Vito 2006; Puce
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59CD60975D7F6F985" box="[151,207,1594,1619]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
2009; this study) in the western Mediterranean Sea and in Salento waters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9AFFD59C860917D37BF94C" blockId="108.[151,1437,874,2015]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59C860917D6F6F9A1" bold="true" box="[199,463,1630,1655]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Reproductive period.</emphasis>
January–December (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59E930916D3E8F9A1" author="Pena" box="[722,1233,1631,1655]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Pena Cantero, A. L. &amp; Garcia Carrascosa, A. M. (2002) The benthic hydroid fauna of the Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, western Mediterranean). Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 337, 1 - 180." type="journal article" year="2002">Peña Cantero &amp; García Carrascosa 2002</bibRefCitation>
) in the western Mediterranean Sea; March, April, July (De Vito 2006; this study) in Salento waters.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF9AFFD59C8609EFD433F8A5" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9AFFD59C8609EFD606F8D1" blockId="108.[151,1437,874,2015]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59C8609EFD659F969" bold="true" box="[199,352,1702,1727]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Distribution.</emphasis>
Eastern Atlantic, Indo-Pacific, Mediterranean (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59F3909EFD313F969" author="Cornelius" box="[888,1066,1702,1727]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 &amp; 2, 1 - 347 &amp; 1 - 386." type="journal article" year="1995">Cornelius 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD5987709EFD271F969" author="Medel" box="[1078,1352,1702,1727]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Vervoort, W. (1995) Plumularian hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the Strait of Gibraltar and nearly areas. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 300, 1 - 72." type="journal article" year="1995">Medel &amp; Vervoort 1995</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD5991409EFD68AF935" author="Medel" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Medel, M. D. &amp; Lopez-Gonzalez, P. J. (1996) Updated catalogue of the Hydrozoans from the Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands with remarks on zoogeography and affinities. Scientia Marina, 60 (1), 183 - 209." type="journal article" year="1996">Medel &amp; López-González 1996</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59D810982D5F1F935" author="Ansin" box="[448,712,1738,1763]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">
Ansín Agís
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59E0B0985D5BDF935" box="[586,644,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
; Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59F000985D442F935" box="[833,891,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
2004;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59F8D0983D389F935" author="Gravili" box="[972,1200,1738,1763]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD598640985D366F935" box="[1061,1119,1738,1763]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD598FC0982D60AF8D1" author="Soto" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Soto Angel, J. J. &amp; Pena Cantero, A. L. (2013) Shallow-water benthic hydroids from the Maltese Islands (Central Mediterranean). Marine Ecology, 34 (s 1), 177 - 196. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12035" type="journal article" year="2013">Soto Ãngel &amp; Peña Cantero 2013</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9AFFD59C86085BD433F8A5" blockId="108.[151,1437,874,2015]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59C86085BD68BF8FD" bold="true" box="[199,434,1810,1835]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Records in Salento.</emphasis>
Common at: Costa Merlata (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59F40085BD4C2F8FD" author="Fraschetti" box="[769,1019,1810,1835]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. &amp; Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9" type="journal article" year="2002">
Fraschetti
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59F3A085DD497F8FD" box="[891,942,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
); Otranto (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59837085BD257F8FD" author="Fraschetti" box="[1142,1390,1810,1835]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Fraschetti, S., Giangrande, A., Terlizzi, A., Miglietta, M. P., Della Tommasa, L. &amp; Boero, F. (2002) Spatio-temporal variation of hydroids and polychaetes associated with Cystoseira amentacea (Fucales: Phaeophyceae). Marine Biology, 140 (5), 949 - 957. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 001 - 0770 - 9" type="journal article" year="2002">
Fraschetti
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD598AE085DD21AF8FD" box="[1263,1315,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al</emphasis>
. 2002
</bibRefCitation>
; De Vito 2006; Gravili 2006;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59DF2087FD55DF899" author="Andreano" box="[435,612,1846,1871]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp." type="book" year="2007">Andreano 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59E2E087FD477F899" author="Gravili" box="[623,846,1846,1871]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Gravili, C., Boero, F. &amp; Licandro, P. (2008 a) Hydrozoa. Biologia Marina Mediterranea, 15 (Supplement), 71 - 91." type="journal article" year="2008" yearSuffix="a">
Gravili
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59E87087ED5C6F899" box="[710,767,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
2008a
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59F18087FD314F899" author="Piraino" box="[857,1069,1846,1871]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Piraino, S., De Vito, D., Brodbeck, E., Di Camillo, G. C., Fanelli, G. &amp; Boero, F. (2013) Destructive standard squares or lowimpact visually driven collection? A comparison of methods for quantitative samplings of benthic hydrozoans. Italian Journal of Zoology, 80 (3), 424 - 436. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 11250003.2013.787461" type="journal article" year="2013">
Piraino
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59FF0087ED4D3F899" box="[945,1002,1846,1871]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">et al.</emphasis>
2013
</bibRefCitation>
; this study); Torre Lapillo, Porto Cesareo, S.ta Caterina, Costa Merlata (
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9AFFD59E0B0813D5C7F8A5" author="Andreano" box="[586,766,1882,1907]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" refString="Andreano, F. (2007) Identificazione degli idroidi (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) nella fascia batimetrica dei 0 - 5 m. Degree Thesis, Marine Biology, University of Salento, 152 pp." type="book" year="2007">Andreano 2007</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF9AFFD49C860837D5CBFE96" lastPageId="109" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9AFFD49C860837D5CBFE96" blockId="108.[151,1437,874,2015]" lastBlockId="109.[151,1436,151,645]" lastPageId="109" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59C860837D602F841" bold="true" box="[199,315,1918,1943]" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Remarks.</emphasis>
The colonies of
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9AFFD59E530837D41CF840" box="[530,805,1918,1943]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Kirchenpaueria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="108" pageNumber="109" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9AFFD59E530837D41CF840" box="[530,805,1918,1943]" italics="true" pageId="108" pageNumber="109">Kirchenpaueria pinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are highly variable. Generally colonies subjected to considerable water movement, are small, have one apophysis per stem internode and have intermediate athecate internodes in the hydrocladia; on the contrary, colonies from deeper water are larger, have big stem internodes with several apophyses and have no athecate internodes in the hydrocladia (for more details see
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD498D10FD1D2A9FF66" author="Ansin" box="[1168,1424,151,176]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Ansin Agis, J., Ramil F. &amp; Vervoort, W. (2001) Atlantic Leptolida (Hydrozoa, Cnidaria) of the families Aglaopheniidae, Halopteriidae, Kirchenpaueriidae and Plumulariidae collected during the CANCAP and Mauritania-II expeditions of the National Museum of Natural History, Leiden, the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen Leiden, 333, 1 - 268." type="journal article" year="2001">
Ansín Agís
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD499540FD0D274FF66" box="[1301,1357,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">et al.</emphasis>
2001
</bibRefCitation>
). The very similar nominal species
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9BFFD49E6D0FF5D467FF03" box="[556,862,188,213]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Kirchenpaueria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinulata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD49E6D0FF5D467FF03" box="[556,862,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">Kirchenpaueria echinulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was considered valid in the past based on very variable features such as the number of branches per cauline internode, but morphological evidence suggests it should be treated as a synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9BFFD49E760E4CD588FECA" box="[567,689,261,284]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Kirchenpaueria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD49E760E4CD588FECA" box="[567,689,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">K. pinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, this being also the opinion shared by recent authors (Ramil &amp; Vervoort 1992;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49D070E6ED6CCFE96" author="Cornelius" box="[326,501,295,320]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Cornelius, P. F. S. (1995) NorthWest European Thecate Hydroids and their Medusae. Synopses of the British Fauna, New Series, pt. 1 &amp; 2, 1 - 347 &amp; 1 - 386." type="journal article" year="1995">Cornelius 1995</bibRefCitation>
; Bouillon
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD49E2B0E60D5A2FE96" box="[618,667,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">et al</emphasis>
. 2004).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C34B6543FF9BFFD49C860E05D5F4FD52" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BEE36C8FF9BFFD49C860E05D5F4FD52" blockId="109.[151,1436,151,645]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD49C860E05D669FEB3" bold="true" box="[199,336,332,357]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">References.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49D1B0E05D6C8FEB2" author="Carus" box="[346,497,332,356]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Carus, J. V. (1884) Prodromus faunae mediterraneae sive descriptiones animalium Mare Mediterranei incolarum quam comparata silva rerum quatenus innotuit adiectis locis et nominibus vulgaribus eorumque auctoribus in commodum zoologorum. Pars I. E. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, 524 pp. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 11523" type="book" year="1884">Carus (1884)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9BFFD49E5F0E04D5AAFEB2" ID-CoL="6NKPC" box="[542,659,333,356]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Kirchenpaueria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD49E5F0E04D5AAFEB2" box="[542,659,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">P. pinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9BFFD49E910E05D47FFEB3" ID-CoL="4KJHV" box="[720,838,332,357]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Kirchenpaueria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinulata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD49E910E05D47FFEB3" box="[720,838,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">echinulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9BFFD49FC50E05D4F4FEB3" ID-CoL="8TZP8" box="[900,973,332,357]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Aglaopheniidae" genus="Aglaophenia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="helleri">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD49FC50E05D4F4FEB3" box="[900,973,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">helleri</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49FA10E05D262FEB2" author="Marktanner-Turneretscher" box="[992,1371,332,357]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Marktanner-Turneretscher, G. (1890) Die Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 5, 195 - 286." type="journal article" year="1890">Marktanner-Turneretscher (1890)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9BFFD499C60E04D7EDFE5E" class="Liliopsida" family="Posidoniaceae" genus="Posidonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="hians">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD499C60E04D7EDFE5E" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">P. hians</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49CA40E26D6B8FE5E" author="Broch" box="[229,385,367,392]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Broch, H. (1912) Hydroidenuntersuchungen. Vergleichende Studien an Adriatischen hydroiden. Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskabs Skrifter, 1, 1 - 65." type="journal article" year="1912">Broch (1912)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49DD10E26D50DFE5E" author="Babic" box="[400,564,367,392]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Babic, K. (1913 b) Bemerkungen zu den Zwei in der Adria vorkommenden thecaphoren Hydroiden. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 43, 284 - 288." type="journal article" year="1913" yearSuffix="b">Babic (1913b)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9BFFD49E1E0E38D5FEFE5E" box="[607,711,367,392]" class="Liliopsida" family="Posidoniaceae" genus="Posidonia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Alismatales" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="similis">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD49E1E0E38D5FEFE5E" box="[607,711,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">P. similis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49E980E26D4B7FE5E" author="Stechow" box="[729,910,367,392]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Stechow, E. (1919) Zur Kenntnis der Hydroidenfauna des Mittelmeeres, Amerikas und anderer Gebiete, nebst Angaben uber einige Kirchenpauersche Typen von Plumulariden. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abeilung fur Systematik, 42 (1), 1 - 172." type="journal article" year="1919">Stechow (1919)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9BFFD49FF80E38D314FE5E" ID-CoL="6NKPC" box="[953,1069,369,392]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Kirchenpaueria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="pinnata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD49FF80E38D314FE5E" box="[953,1069,369,392]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">P. pinnata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD4987E0E26D3DBFE5E" box="[1087,1250,367,392]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Broch, H. (1933) Zur kenntnis der Adriatischen fauna Von Split. Skrifter Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Matematisknaturvidenskapelig klasse, 4, 1 - 115." type="journal article">Broch, (1933)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD498B00E26D2AEFE5E" author="Leloup" box="[1265,1431,367,392]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Leloup, E. (1934) Note sur les hydropolypes de la rade de Villefranche-sur-Mer (France). Bulletin du Musee Royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique, 10 (31), 1 - 18." type="journal article" year="1934">Leloup (1934)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49CD60EDDD61BFE7B" author="Riedl" box="[151,290,404,429]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Riedl, R. (1959) Die Hydroiden des Golfes von Neapel und ihr Anteil an der Fauna unterseeischen Hohlen. In: Ergebnisse der osterreichischen Tyrrhenia-Expedition 1952, Teil xvi. Pubblicazioni della Stazione Zoologica di Napoli, 30 (supplement), pp. 591 - 755." type="journal article" year="1959">Riedl (1959</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49D700EDDD655FE7A" author="Riedl" box="[305,364,404,428]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Riedl, R. (1970) Fauna und Flora der Adria. 2 nd Edition. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg &amp; Berlin, 640 pp." type="book" year="1970">1970</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49D3B0EDDD68CFE7A" author="Riedl" box="[378,437,404,428]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Riedl, R. (1991) Fauna e flora del Mediterraneo. Muzio (Ed.), Padova, 777 pp." type="book" year="1991">1991</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49D8C0EDDD559FE7B" author="Rossi" box="[461,608,404,429]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Rossi, L. (1961) Idroidi viventi sulle scogliere del promontorio di Portofino (Golfo di Genova). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 72, 68 - 85." type="journal article" year="1961">Rossi (1961)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C514D4BFF9BFFD49ECC0EDCD41EFE7B" ID-CoL="4KJHV" box="[653,807,404,429]" class="Hydrozoa" family="Kirchenpaueriidae" genus="Kirchenpaueria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Leptothecata" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="echinulata">
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD49ECC0EDCD41EFE7B" box="[653,807,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">K. echinulata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49F780EDDD4E9FE7B" author="Picard" box="[825,976,404,429]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Picard, J. (1952) Les Hydrozoaires des herbiers de Zosteracees des cotes francaises de la Mediterranee. Vie Milieu, 2 (Supplement), 217 - 233." type="journal article" year="1952">Picard (1952</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49F9F0EDDD31FFE7B" author="Picard" box="[990,1062,404,429]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Picard, J. (1958 a) Origines et affinites de la faune d'hydropolypes (Gymnoblastes et Calyptoblastes) et d'hydromeduses (Anthomeduses et Leptomeduses) de la Mediterranee. Rapports et proces verbaux des Reunions de la Commission Internationale pour l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee Monaco, 14, 187 - 199." type="journal article" year="1958" yearSuffix="a">1958a</bibRefCitation>
),
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD4987C0EDDD3EDFE7A" author="Rossi" box="[1085,1236,404,429]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Rossi, L. (1971) Guida a Cnidari e Ctenofori d'Italia. Quaderni della Civica Stazione Idrobiologica di Milano, 2, 1 - 101." type="journal article" year="1971">Rossi (1971)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD498A30EDDD2AEFE7A" author="Schmidt" box="[1250,1431,404,429]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Schmidt, H. E. (1973) Biogeographical problems of the Red Sea area exemplified by hydroids. In: Zeitschel, B. &amp; Gerlach, S. A. (Eds.), The Biology of the Indian Ocean. Ecological studies, Analysis and Synthesis, 3, pp. 283 - 287. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 3 - 642 - 65468 - 8 _ 22" type="journal article" year="1973">Schmidt (1973)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFC04B39FF9BFFD49CD60EF1D6BFFE06" box="[151,390,439,464]" pageId="109" pageNumber="110" refString="Repetto, L., Montanari, M. &amp; Martini, F. (1977) Popolamenti di substrati artificiali posti su un fondo a coralligeno ed in una prateria di Posidonia. V: Idroidi. Atti del IX Congresso della Societa Italiana di Biologia Marina, Lacco Ameno d'Ischia, Napoli, 19 - 22 Maggio 1977, 415 - 425." type="journal article">
Repetto
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD49CB70EF0D609FE06" box="[246,304,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">et al.</emphasis>
(1977)
</bibRefCitation>
, García-Corrales
<emphasis id="B925EADAFF9BFFD49E0E0EF0D5B0FE06" box="[591,649,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="109" pageNumber="110">et al.</emphasis>
(1978),
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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