278 lines
33 KiB
XML
278 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="CB010BE31D842DF5AC8106800A334A84">Taxonomic revision of the Spilomelinae (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae s. l.) of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03EA87B1FFBE822D7E69FE2BFAFBFDDB" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5823128" ID-GBIF-Taxon="124557817" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5823128" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EA87B1FFBE822D7E69FE2BFAFBFDDB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87B1FFBE822D7E69FE2BFAFBFDDB" lastPageNumber="317" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
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<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FFBE822D7E69FE2BFD1DFD9B" authority="Guenee, 1854" authorityName="Guenee" authorityYear="1854" box="[258,649,498,521]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Agathodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="designalis" subFamily="Spilomelinae">
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<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7E69FE2BFD1DFD9B" bold="true" box="[258,649,498,521]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
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<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7E69FE2BFE7EFD9B" bold="true" box="[258,490,498,521]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Agathodes designalis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FFBE822D7E9AFE2BFD1DFD9B" author="Guenee M. A." box="[497,649,498,521]" editor="Boisduval J. B. A. D. de" journalOrPublisher="Species General des Lepidopteres 8" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" pagination="1 - 448" part="8" refString="Guenee M. A. 1854. Deltoides et Pyralites. Pp. 1 - 448. In: Boisduval J. B. A. D. de & Guenee M. A., Histoire naturelle des insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres 8 8. Roret, Paris." title="Deltoides et Pyralites. Pp" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Histoire naturelle des insectes" year="1854">Guenée, 1854</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C359652CFFBE822D7E1DFDCBFD81FDB9" box="[374,533,530,555]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FFBE822D7E1DFDCBFD81FDB9" blockId="2.[258,649,498,555]" box="[374,533,530,555]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
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<figureCitation id="13782A22FFBE822D7E1DFDCBFE2CFDB9" box="[374,440,530,555]" captionStart="Figs 1 - 8" captionStartId="7.[151,192,1911,1932]" captionTargetBox="[230,1353,265,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1392,257,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 1 - 8. Galápagos specimens of Spilomelinae, size not to scale. (1) Agathodes designalis ♀, Isabela, Alcedo, cumbre, 1100 m, 17. iv. 2002, MHNG. (2, 3) Agathodes galapagensis. (2) ♂ holotype, MHNG. (3) ♀ paratype, Santa Cruz, transition zone, recently cut road, 12. iii. 2004, MHNG. (4 - 6) Asciodes quietalis. (4) ♀, Alcedo, NE slope, 292 m, 30. iii. 2004, MHNG. (5) ♀, Santa Cruz, transition zone, recently cut road, 12. iii. 2004, MHNG. (6) ♂, Santa Cruz, E. C. C. D., 4. iii. 1992, MHNG. (7, 8) Beebea guglielmi. (7) ♂, Santa Cruz, CDRS, 14. iv. 1975, BMNH ©, the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. (8) ♀, Albermarle I., Cowley Mtn., 2. x. 1906, CAS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/162853/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Figs 1</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13782A22FFBE822D7EAEFDCAFE76FDB9" box="[453,482,531,555]" captionStart="Figs 92 - 94" captionStartId="29.[151,192,1669,1690]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,283,1606]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1437,257,1607]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="Figs 92 - 94. Male genitalia of Galápagos Spilomelinae, a and b from same slides, but not to scale, (a) showing the genitalia without phallus and (b), the phallus. (92) Agathodes designalis: slide CNC Pyr 369, Isabela. (93) A. galapagensis paratype: slide CNC Pyr 365. (94) Asciodes quietalis: slide MHNG-ENTO- 8662, Santiago." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/162864/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">92</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="13782A22FFBE822D7E86FDCAFD81FDB9" box="[493,533,531,555]" captionStart="Figs 138 - 142" captionStartId="61.[151,192,1968,1989]" captionTargetBox="[181,1398,259,1897]" captionTargetId="figure@61.[167,1430,254,1908]" captionTargetPageId="61" captionText="Figs 138 - 142. Female genitalia of Galápagos Spilomelinae, not to scale. (138) Agathodes designalis: slide MHNG-ENTO- 8660, Santa Cruz. (139) A. galapagensis paratype: slide MHNG-ENTO- 8659. (140) Asciodes quietalis: slide MHNG-ENTO- 8961, Isabela. (141) Beebea guglielmi: slide MHNG-ENTO- 6053, Santa Cruz. (142) Cheverella galapagensis paratype: slide MHNG-ENTO- 6088, Santa Cruz." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/162880/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">138</figureCitation>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C359652CFFBE822D7FFCFD99FE16FD1D" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FFBE822D7FFCFD99FE16FD1D" blockId="2.[151,756,576,656]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB531189FFBE822D7FFCFD99FE16FD1D" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
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<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FFBE822D7FFCFD99FDA6FDC4" authority="Guenee, 1854: 209" authorityName="Guenee" authorityPageNumber="209" authorityYear="1854" box="[151,562,576,598]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Agathodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="designalis" subFamily="Spilomelinae">
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||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7FFCFD99FEF3FDC7" box="[151,359,576,597]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Agathodes designalis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AE210B6FFBE822D7E19FD99FDA6FDC4" author="Guenee M. A." box="[370,562,576,598]" page="209" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" year="1854">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FFBE822D7E19FD99FE6BFDC7" author="Guenee M. A." box="[370,511,576,597]" editor="Boisduval J. B. A. D. de" journalOrPublisher="Species General des Lepidopteres 8" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" pagination="1 - 448" part="8" refString="Guenee M. A. 1854. Deltoides et Pyralites. Pp. 1 - 448. In: Boisduval J. B. A. D. de & Guenee M. A., Histoire naturelle des insectes. Species General des Lepidopteres 8 8. Roret, Paris." title="Deltoides et Pyralites. Pp" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Histoire naturelle des insectes" year="1854">Guenée, 1854</bibRefCitation>
|
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: 209
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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||
-210. ‒
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE210B6FFBE822D7DEAFD99FED2FDE1" author="Peck S. B. & Heraty J. & Landry B. & Sinclair B. J." page="227" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" year="1998">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FFBE822D7DEAFD99FE83FDE1" author="Peck S. B. & Heraty J. & Landry B. & Sinclair B. J." journalOrPublisher="American Entomologist" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" pagination="218 - 237" part="44" refString="Peck S. B., Heraty J., Landry B., Sinclair B. J. 1998. Introduced insect fauna of an oceanic archipelago: The Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. American Entomologist 44: 218 - 237." title="Introduced insect fauna of an oceanic archipelago: The Galapagos Islands, Ecuador" type="journal article" year="1998">
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||
Peck
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||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7DD1FD98FD7BFDC7" box="[698,751,576,598]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 1998
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 227
|
||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
. ‒
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0AE210B6FFBE822D7E0BFD87FDC6FDE1" author="Causton C. E. & Peck S. B. & Sinclair B. J. & Roque-Albelo L. & Hodgson C. J. & Landry B." box="[352,594,605,627]" page="140" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" year="2006">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FFBE822D7E0BFD87FDB7FDE0" author="Causton C. E. & Peck S. B. & Sinclair B. J. & Roque-Albelo L. & Hodgson C. J. & Landry B." box="[352,547,605,627]" journalOrPublisher="Annals of the Entomological Society of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" pagination="121 - 143" part="99" refString="Causton C. E., Peck S. B., Sinclair B. J., Roque-Albelo L., Hodgson C. J., Landry B. 2006. Alien Insects: Threats and implications for conservation of Galapagos Islands. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99: 121 - 143." title="Alien Insects: Threats and implications for conservation of Galapagos Islands" type="journal article" year="2006">
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||
Causton
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||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7EDFFD87FE70FDE0" box="[436,484,605,627]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2006
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 140
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||
</treatmentCitation>
|
||
. ‒
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FFBE822D7D07FD84FEEAFD1D" author="Roque-Albelo L. & Landry B." editor="Bungartz F." journalOrPublisher="Charles Darwin Foundation / Fundacion Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" pagination="2015" part="30" publicationUrl="http://www.darwinfoundation" refString="Roque-Albelo L., Landry B. 2015. Lepidoptera. In: Bungartz F., Herrera H., Jaramillo P., Tirado N., Jimenez-Uzcategui G., Ruiz D., Guezou A., Ziemmeck F. (eds.). Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist - Lista de Especies de Galapagos de la Fundacion Charles Darwin. Charles Darwin Foundation / Fundacion Charles Darwin, Puerto Ayora, Galapagos: http: // www. darwinfoundation. org / datazone / checklists / terrestrial-invertebrates / Last updated 30 November 2015." title="Lepidoptera" type="journal article" volumeTitle="Charles Darwin Foundation Galapagos Species Checklist - Lista de Especies de Galapagos de la Fundacion Charles Darwin" year="2015">Roque-Albelo & Landry, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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||
.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C359652CFFBE822D7FFCFD6CFD82FBD8" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FFBE822D7FFCFD6CFEECFD5E" blockId="2.[151,757,693,1098]" box="[151,376,693,716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
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<heading id="D0B481CBFFBE822D7FFCFD6CFEECFD5E" bold="true" box="[151,376,693,716]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" reason="6">
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<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7FFCFD6CFEECFD5E" bold="true" box="[151,376,693,716]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Material examined:</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FFBE822D7FFCFD0CFEC3FC9F" blockId="2.[151,757,693,1098]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
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<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7FFCFD0CFF6DFD7E" box="[151,249,725,748]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
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<typeStatus id="54F88805FFBE822D7FFCFD0CFF6DFD7E" box="[151,249,725,748]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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</emphasis>
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||
:
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||
<specimenCount id="9D45FD2EFFBE822D7E67FD0FFEB4FD7F" box="[268,288,726,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">♂</specimenCount>
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, not dissected, with abdomen in gelatine capsule (
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||
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FFBE822D7F9EFD2CFEDFFC9F" box="[245,331,757,781]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">BMNH</collectionCode>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FFBE822D7FFCFCCDFD82FBD8" blockId="2.[151,757,693,1098]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7FFCFCCDFEDFFCBE" box="[151,331,788,812]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Other specimens</emphasis>
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||
:
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||
<specimenCount id="9D45FD2EFFBE822D7E31FCCCFE10FCBE" box="[346,388,789,813]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" type="male">9 ♂</specimenCount>
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||
,
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||
<specimenCount id="9D45FD2EFFBE822D7EF8FCCDFE28FCBE" box="[403,444,788,812]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" type="female">6 ♀</specimenCount>
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||
from the
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||
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7D43FCCDFD65FCB9" box="[552,753,788,811]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Galápagos Islands</collectingRegion>
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||
: –
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||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7FDEFCEDFEA7FCD9" box="[181,307,820,843]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Fernandina</emphasis>
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||
: SW side, crater rim, GPS:
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||
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||
elev[ation].,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE775060FFBE822D7E48FC8DFE55FCFE" box="[291,449,852,876]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" precision="1" value="-0.36516666">S 00° 21.910’</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE775060FFBE822D7EA4FC8DFDECFCFE" box="[463,632,852,876]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" precision="1" value="-91.56723">W 91° 34.034’</geoCoordinate>
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. –
|
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<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7DF5FC8AFD79FCF8" box="[670,749,851,874]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
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<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7DF5FC8AFD79FCF8" box="[670,749,851,874]" country="Puerto Rico" name="Isabela" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Isabela</collectingRegion>
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</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
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<quantity id="4CBB9B42FFBE822D7FFCFCADFF58FC18" box="[151,204,883,908]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" unit="km" value="3.0">3 km</quantity>
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||
N S[an]to Tomas;
|
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<quantity id="4CBB9B42FFBE822D7EFFFCADFE42FC18" box="[404,470,883,908]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" unit="km" value="11.0">11 km</quantity>
|
||
N Puerto Villamil. –
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7DDCFCADFF5FFC39" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7DDCFCADFF5FFC39" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Charles Darwin Research Station, Barranco,
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||
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FFBE822D7DD6FC4AFD60FC39" box="[701,756,915,939]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
elev.; transition zone, house of L[azaro]. Roque, GPS elev.
|
||
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FFBE822D7FA5FC0AFE86FC78" box="[206,274,979,1003]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3699999999999999" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" unit="m" value="137.0">137 m</quantity>
|
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE775060FFBE822D7E77FC0AFE3BFC7B" box="[284,431,978,1003]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" precision="1" value="-0.7099167">S 00° 42.595’</geoCoordinate>
|
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,
|
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<geoCoordinate id="EE775060FFBE822D7ED2FC0AFDC2FC7B" box="[441,598,978,1003]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" precision="1" value="-90.31993">W 90° 19.196’</geoCoordinate>
|
||
; Finca Vilema,
|
||
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FFBE822D7FFCFC2BFF59FB9B" box="[151,205,1010,1034]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" unit="km" value="2.0">2 km</quantity>
|
||
W Bella Vista; Finca S[teve]. Devine; Media Luna, pampa zone. –
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7E54FBCBFE0AFBBB" box="[319,414,1042,1065]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7E54FBCBFE0AFBBB" box="[319,414,1042,1065]" country="Philippines" name="Santiago" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Santiago</collectingRegion>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
: Aguacate [camp],
|
||
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FFBE822D7D1FFBC8FD2EFBBB" box="[628,698,1041,1065]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" unit="m" value="520.0">520 m</quantity>
|
||
elev. Deposited in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FFBE822D7E4EFBEBFEF9FBD8" box="[293,365,1074,1098]" country="Ecuador" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/rhcv-mdhf" name="Invertebrate Collection" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">CDRS</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FFBE822D7E13FBEBFE25FBD8" box="[376,433,1074,1098]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/y2kv-9w3k" name="Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids, and Nematodes" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">CNC</collectionCode>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED52AE62FFBE822D7ED6FBEBFD86FBD8" box="[445,530,1074,1098]" country="Switzerland" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/2jyg-xmd2" name="Museum d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">MHNG</collectionCode>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C359652CFFBE822D7FFCFBB9FEC4F882" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FFBE822D7FFCFBB9FEC4F882" blockId="2.[151,756,1120,1809]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7FFCFBB9FE85FBE5" bold="true" box="[151,273,1120,1143]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
|
||
The forewing colour, markings and narrowness (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13782A22FFBE822D7E4DFBA6FEFEFB0A" box="[294,362,1151,1176]" captionStart="Figs 1 - 8" captionStartId="7.[151,192,1911,1932]" captionTargetBox="[230,1353,265,1835]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[196,1392,257,1850]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Figs 1 - 8. Galápagos specimens of Spilomelinae, size not to scale. (1) Agathodes designalis ♀, Isabela, Alcedo, cumbre, 1100 m, 17. iv. 2002, MHNG. (2, 3) Agathodes galapagensis. (2) ♂ holotype, MHNG. (3) ♀ paratype, Santa Cruz, transition zone, recently cut road, 12. iii. 2004, MHNG. (4 - 6) Asciodes quietalis. (4) ♀, Alcedo, NE slope, 292 m, 30. iii. 2004, MHNG. (5) ♀, Santa Cruz, transition zone, recently cut road, 12. iii. 2004, MHNG. (6) ♂, Santa Cruz, E. C. C. D., 4. iii. 1992, MHNG. (7, 8) Beebea guglielmi. (7) ♂, Santa Cruz, CDRS, 14. iv. 1975, BMNH ©, the Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. (8) ♀, Albermarle I., Cowley Mtn., 2. x. 1906, CAS." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/162853/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
) will readily separate this species from any other in the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7EE4FB46FD97FB24" box="[399,515,1183,1206]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
. The wingspan of the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7FFCFB66FE9CFB44" box="[151,264,1215,1238]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
specimens is between
|
||
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FFBE822D7D6EFB66FD3EFB45" box="[517,682,1215,1239]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.275" metricValueMax="3.35" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" unit="mm" value="32.75" valueMax="33.5" valueMin="32.0">32 to 33.5 mm</quantity>
|
||
. There are 13 other species in the genus, some of which look similar to. designalis, but only one,. transiens Munroe, described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FFBE822D7EA2FAC7FD88FAA7" box="[457,540,1310,1333]" name="Bolivia" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, occurs in South America. However, this species is larger (
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F88805FFBE822D7DFFFAE4FD60FAC6" box="[660,756,1341,1364]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
male
|
||
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FFBE822D7FBCFA87FEBFFAE4" box="[215,299,1374,1398]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" unit="mm" value="39.0">39 mm</quantity>
|
||
), its forewing costal and basal areas are purplish grey, the forewing reniform and orbicular spots are fully developed, and in male genitalia the uncus is more strongly developed than in. designalis and other species, the valva is broadly rounded, and the tegumen lacks the paired posterolateral processes. The female of. transiens is unknown. With an average of
|
||
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FFBE822D7DE2F9C5FD42F9A1" box="[649,726,1564,1588]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" unit="mm" value="30.0">30 mm</quantity>
|
||
in wingspan
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FFBE822D7E61F9E2FDCDF9C1" authority="Guenee" authorityName="Guenee" box="[266,601,1595,1619]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Agathodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="monstralis" subFamily="Spilomelinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7E61F9E2FE6DF9C0" box="[266,505,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Agathodes monstralis</emphasis>
|
||
Guenée
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, found in the southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FFBE822D7F97F982FEA0F9E1" box="[252,308,1627,1651]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FFBE822D7E29F983FE07F9E3" box="[322,403,1626,1649]" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7E29F983FE07F9E3" box="[322,403,1626,1649]" country="Mexico" name="Mexico" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Mexico</collectingRegion>
|
||
</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7EA6F983FD88F9E3" box="[461,540,1626,1649]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Central" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Central</collectingRegion>
|
||
America is slightly smaller than. designalis, its hindwing dorsally differs in the colouration, uniformly pale brown and slightly pinkish toward apex, and the males lack the enlargement at the base of the antennae [see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FFBE822D7E97F900FD67F962" author="Sourakov A. & Plotkin D. & Kawahara A. Y. & Xiao L. & Hallwachs W. & Janzen D." box="[508,755,1753,1777]" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Lepidoptera Research, Gainesville" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" pagination="80 - 97" part="25" refString="Sourakov A., Plotkin D., Kawahara A. Y., Xiao L., Hallwachs W. & Janzen D. 2016. On the taxonomy of the erythrina moths Agathodes and Terastia (Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Two different patterns of haplotype divergence and a new species of Terastia. - Tropical Lepidoptera Research, Gainesville 25 (2): 80 - 97." title="On the taxonomy of the erythrina moths Agathodes and Terastia (Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Two different patterns of haplotype divergence and a new species of Terastia" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Sourakov
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7D07F903FD09F962" box="[620,669,1753,1777]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for more details].
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C359652CFFBE822D7FFCF8FEFECCF78F" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FFBE822D7FFCF8FEFECCF78F" blockId="2.[151,757,1831,2078]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7FFCF8FEFF62F8AC" bold="true" box="[151,246,1831,1854]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Biology:</emphasis>
|
||
Known host plants are mostly in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FFBE822D7DE1F8FEFD64F8AC" box="[650,752,1831,1854]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fabaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, especially genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FFBE822D7E0AF89EFD65F8F2" authority="Robinson et al., 2014" authorityName="Robinson et al." authorityYear="2014" box="[353,753,1863,1888]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Erythrina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Fabales" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7E0AF89EFE5EF8CC" box="[353,458,1863,1886]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Erythrina</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FFBE822D7E8AF89EFD7DF8F2" author="Robinson G. S. & Ackery P. R. & Kitching I. J. & Beccaloni G. W. & Hernandez L. M." box="[481,745,1863,1888]" journalOrPublisher="a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" publicationUrl="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/researchcuration/research/projects/hostplants" refString="Robinson G. S., Ackery P. R., Kitching I. J., Beccaloni G. W., Hernandez L. M. 2014. HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / researchcuration / research / projects / hostplants /" title="HOSTS" type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Robinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7D32F891FD0DF8CC" box="[601,665,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7F89F8BEFEC7F8EC" box="[226,339,1895,1918]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
the species has been found in highly anthropized habitats (e.g. farms on
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7D2EF85EFD53F80D" box="[581,711,1927,1951]" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
|
||
) to pristine ones (e.g. on Fernandina) ranging from almost sea level (
|
||
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FFBE822D7E62F81FFED0F84C" box="[265,324,1990,2014]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
|
||
elevation) to the crater rim at
|
||
<quantity id="4CBB9B42FFBE822D7DCBF81FFD60F84C" box="[672,756,1990,2014]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.341" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" unit="m" value="1341.0">1341 m</quantity>
|
||
in elevation on Fernandina and collecting dates are in February to April.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C359652CFFBE822D7C54FEDBFB76FE0B" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FFBE822D7C54FEDBFB76FE0B" blockId="2.[831,1437,258,410]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7C54FEDBFC43FE8B" bold="true" box="[831,983,258,281]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Distribution:</emphasis>
|
||
Described from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FFBE822D7BDEFEDBFB6EFE8B" box="[1205,1274,258,281]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, this species is found from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7C9DFEFBFBD2FEAB" box="[1014,1094,290,313]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Central" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Central</collectingRegion>
|
||
America south to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FFBE822D7A5AFEFBFBDEFECB" authority="Sourakov et al., 2016" authorityName="Sourakov et al." authorityYear="2016" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Rosaceae" genus="Argentina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Rosales" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3547637FFBE822D7A5AFEFBFA09FEAB" box="[1329,1437,290,313]" name="Argentina" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Argentina</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FFBE822D7C2CFE9BFBD5FECB" author="Sourakov A. & Plotkin D. & Kawahara A. Y. & Xiao L. & Hallwachs W. & Janzen D." box="[839,1089,322,346]" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Lepidoptera Research, Gainesville" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" pagination="80 - 97" part="25" refString="Sourakov A., Plotkin D., Kawahara A. Y., Xiao L., Hallwachs W. & Janzen D. 2016. On the taxonomy of the erythrina moths Agathodes and Terastia (Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Two different patterns of haplotype divergence and a new species of Terastia. - Tropical Lepidoptera Research, Gainesville 25 (2): 80 - 97." title="On the taxonomy of the erythrina moths Agathodes and Terastia (Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Two different patterns of haplotype divergence and a new species of Terastia" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Sourakov
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7CD0FE9AFC7BFECB" box="[955,1007,322,346]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2016
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In the
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7BCDFE9BFA83FECB" box="[1190,1303,322,345]" country="Ecuador" name="Galapagos" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Galápagos</collectingRegion>
|
||
it has only been found so far on the four islands mentioned above, but it undoubtedly occurs more widely.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C359652CFFBE822D7C54FE6BFAFBFDDB" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFC36A7FFBE822D7C54FE6BFAFBFDDB" blockId="2.[831,1436,434,586]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7C54FE6BFC27FE58" bold="true" box="[831,947,434,458]" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Remarks:</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FFBE822D7CA1FE6BFB66FE5B" author="Sourakov A. & Plotkin D. & Kawahara A. Y. & Xiao L. & Hallwachs W. & Janzen D." box="[970,1266,434,458]" journalOrPublisher="Tropical Lepidoptera Research, Gainesville" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" pagination="80 - 97" part="25" refString="Sourakov A., Plotkin D., Kawahara A. Y., Xiao L., Hallwachs W. & Janzen D. 2016. On the taxonomy of the erythrina moths Agathodes and Terastia (Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Two different patterns of haplotype divergence and a new species of Terastia. - Tropical Lepidoptera Research, Gainesville 25 (2): 80 - 97." title="On the taxonomy of the erythrina moths Agathodes and Terastia (Crambidae: Spilomelinae): Two different patterns of haplotype divergence and a new species of Terastia" type="journal article" year="2016">
|
||
Sourakov
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7B21FE6AFB1EFE5B" box="[1098,1162,434,458]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2016)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
showed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C434D24FFBE822D7C54FE0BFBADFE7B" box="[831,1081,466,489]" class="Insecta" family="Pyralidae" genus="Agathodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="designalis" subFamily="Spilomelinae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7C54FE0BFBADFE7B" box="[831,1081,466,489]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Agathodes designalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and. monstralis Guenée are separate species. Thus, host plant records in the literature (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD24B56FFBE822D7C86FDCBFB78FDB9" author="Robinson G. S. & Ackery P. R. & Kitching I. J. & Beccaloni G. W. & Hernandez L. M." box="[1005,1260,530,555]" journalOrPublisher="a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants" pageId="2" pageNumber="317" publicationUrl="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/researchcuration/research/projects/hostplants" refString="Robinson G. S., Ackery P. R., Kitching I. J., Beccaloni G. W., Hernandez L. M. 2014. HOSTS - a Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. http: // www. nhm. ac. uk / researchcuration / research / projects / hostplants /" title="HOSTS" type="book" year="2014">
|
||
Robinson
|
||
<emphasis id="B937EAB5FFBE822D7B09FDCAFB34FDBB" box="[1122,1184,530,554]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2014
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) may apply to either one in the zone of contact in
|
||
<collectingRegion id="4987F845FFBE822D7BD3FDEBFA93FDDB" box="[1208,1287,562,585]" country="Sri Lanka" name="Central" pageId="2" pageNumber="317">Central</collectingRegion>
|
||
America.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |