352 lines
43 KiB
XML
352 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="4A0AD61B3BE52771B407D123BA1BA735" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.1159.1.1" ID-ISSN="11755334" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5058182" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1625190068475" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Zaspel, Jennifer M. & Weller Table Of Contents, Susan J." docDate="2006" docId="03E28B49FFBEFFFEFE8EFC058C3DFB1C" docLanguage="en" docName="zt01159p068.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 1159 (1)" docSource="https://biotaxa.org/Zootaxa/article/view/zootaxa.1159.1.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429.6:Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleId="8B0D3ECF822058C8413568C103B59429" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.monograph" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Virbia Zaspel & Weller Table Of Contents 2006" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="57" masterDocId="FFDBF331FF88FFC6FF86FFC1886AFFB5" masterDocTitle="Review of generic limits of the tiger moth genera Virbia Walker and Holomelina Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) and their biogeography" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="55" updateTime="1698983072042" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="CCA39CA1746462900A155BB6915F6111">Review of generic limits of the tiger moth genera Virbia Walker and Holomelina Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae: Arctiinae) and their biogeography</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="97331A739EB435882CC9A0D970F302CE">Zaspel, Jennifer M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7D4839F4EF17262A6B3FF28B2D5C8615">Dept of Entomology, 1980 Folwell Ave, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108; E-mail: zaspel @ ufl. edu Bell Museum of Natural History, 100 Upper Buford Circle, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 To whom correspondence should be sent</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:namePart id="A1291CF40D0AE608CD4305C7D7143378">Weller Table Of Contents, Susan J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="10A2B7E2EFD4E2DC8C509CB394AF21F8">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="5CC4FAE122AB24053FD4959965A85A1B">2006</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="630FA072F4F2DC1038485D8BEDB0756C">2006-03-27</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="8669D28906DB4170A85DA267676EF160">1159</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E28B49FFBEFFFEFE8EFC058C3DFB1C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5059280" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5059280" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E28B49FFBEFFFEFE8EFC058C3DFB1C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E28B49FFBEFFFEFE8EFC058C3DFB1C" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<subSubSection id="C35169D4FFBEFFF0FE8EFC058AF0FC6B" box="[264,666,964,990]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF43A5FFFBEFFF0FE8EFC058AF0FC6B" blockId="54.[264,666,964,990]" box="[264,666,964,990]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<heading id="D0BC8D33FFBEFFF0FE8EFC058AF0FC6B" bold="true" box="[264,666,964,990]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBEFFF0FE8EFC058AF0FC6B" bold="true" box="[264,666,964,990]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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BIOGEOGRAPHY OF
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<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFBEFFF0FDB3FC058AF0FC6B" authorityName="Zaspel & Weller Table Of Contents" authorityYear="2006" box="[565,666,964,990]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Virbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBEFFF0FDB3FC058AF0FC6B" bold="true" box="[565,666,964,990]" italics="true" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">VIRBIA</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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<subSubSection id="C35169D4FFBEFFFEFE8EFBCE8C3DFB1C" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BF43A5FFFBEFFF0FE8EFBCE89B2FB7C" blockId="54.[264,1323,1039,1225]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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Ancestral areas were calculated for five major clades mapped on one of the 779 MP trees (
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<figureCitation id="137026DAFFBEFFF0FE97FBF68906FBE4" box="[273,364,1079,1105]" captionStart="FIGURE 114" captionStartId="55.[264,367,1243,1267]" captionTargetBox="[457,1126,336,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-232@55.[449,1138,329,1216]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 114. One of 779 shortest trees showing ancestral areas for five clades, B = central US and Canada, D = southwestern US and Mexico, E = Central America, F = western South America. Red = species originally placed in Holomelina, Blue = species placed in Virbia, Black = outgroups." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5058302" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5058302/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig.114</figureCitation>
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) using Hausdorf’s method (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDA47AEFFBEFFF0FD33FBF68B01FBE4" author="Hausdorf, B." box="[693,875,1079,1105]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" pagination="445 - 456" refId="ref21697" refString="Hausdorf, B. (1998) Weighted ancestral area analysis and solution of the redundant distribution problem. Systematic Biology, 47, 445 - 456." type="journal article" year="1998">Hausdorf 1998</bibRefCitation>
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). These clades are present in the strict consensus tree (
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<figureCitation id="137026DAFFBEFFF0FE40FB9E8A64FBCC" box="[454,526,1119,1145]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="16.[264,368,1787,1811]" captionTargetBox="[300,1296,418,1734]" captionTargetId="figure-81@16.[287,1332,393,1764]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURE 7. Strict consensus of 123 trees L = 1356, CI = 0.47, RI = 0.65 resulting from the analysis of malefemale pairs MF. Parallel lines = species placed in Holomelina, Solid lines = species placed in Virbia, Broken lines = outgroups.." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5058200" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5058200/files/figure.png" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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) and have a Bremer support of at least 3. Individual gain and loss scores are given for each clade for each area as well as the resulting Weighted Area Index (= WAI;
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<tableCitation id="C6C90FE4FFBEFFF0FEF6FB6E89A0FB7C" box="[368,458,1199,1225]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="54.[264,352,1278,1302]" captionText="TABLE 4. Weighted area indices. Clade numbers refer to Figure 114 and areas AH refer to Figure 104 and text. G = Gain, L = Loss, WAI = Weighted Area Index." pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Table 4</tableCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF346AD7FFBEFFF0FE8EFB3F8BDAFA8C" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" startId="54.[264,352,1278,1302]">
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<paragraph id="8BF43A5FFFBEFFF0FE8EFB3F8BDAFA8C" blockId="54.[264,1323,1278,1337]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBEFFF0FE8EFB3F8910FAA3" bold="true" box="[264,378,1278,1302]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">TABLE 4.</emphasis>
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Weighted area indices. Clade numbers refer to Figure 114 and areas AH refer to Figure 104 and text. G = Gain, L = Loss, WAI = Weighted Area Index.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BF43A5FFFBEFFF0FE8DFAAE8D63F956" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<table id="F94BC8FFFFBE0039FE8DFAAE8D67F956" box="[267,1293,1391,1763]" gridcols="9" gridrows="12" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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||
<tr id="357B381DFFBE0039FE8DFAAE8D67FA31" box="[267,1293,1391,1412]" gridrow="0" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" rowspan-2="1" rowspan-3="1" rowspan-4="1" rowspan-5="1" rowspan-6="1" rowspan-7="1" rowspan-8="1">
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<th id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE8DFAAE893FFA31" box="[267,341,1391,1412]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">Clade #</th>
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<th id="76AA5161FFBE0039FEE9FAAE8988FA31" box="[367,482,1391,1412]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">AH = Area</th>
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</tr>
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<tr id="357B381DFFBE0039FE8DFA4E8D67FA11" box="[267,1293,1423,1444]" gridrow="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" rowspan-0="1">
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FEE9FA4E8988FA11" box="[367,482,1423,1444]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">A</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE73FA4E8A2EFA11" box="[501,580,1423,1444]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">B</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FDFDFA4E8ABFFA11" box="[635,725,1423,1444]" gridcol="3" gridrow="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">C</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC86FA4E8B25FA11" box="[768,847,1423,1444]" gridcol="4" gridrow="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">D</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FCFDFA4E8BBFFA11" box="[891,981,1423,1444]" gridcol="5" gridrow="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">E</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC6AFA4E8C38FA11" box="[1004,1106,1423,1444]" gridcol="6" gridrow="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">F</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FBE0FA4E8CA7FA11" box="[1126,1229,1423,1444]" gridcol="7" gridrow="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">G</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FB5EFA4E8D67FA11" box="[1240,1293,1423,1444]" gridcol="8" gridrow="1" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">H</td>
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</tr>
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||
<tr id="357B381DFFBE0039FE8DFA6F8D67FA71" box="[267,1293,1454,1476]" gridrow="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<th id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE8DFA6F893FFA71" box="[267,341,1454,1476]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">1</th>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FEE9FA6F8988FA71" box="[367,482,1454,1476]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.62</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE73FA6F8A2EFA71" box="[501,580,1454,1476]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.66</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FDFDFA6F8ABFFA71" box="[635,725,1454,1476]" gridcol="3" gridrow="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.32</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC86FA6F8B25FA71" box="[768,847,1454,1476]" gridcol="4" gridrow="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBEFFF0FC86FA6F8B40FA76" bold="true" box="[768,810,1454,1475]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">1.20</emphasis>
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||
</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FCFDFA6F8BBFFA71" box="[891,981,1454,1476]" gridcol="5" gridrow="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.45</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC6AFA6F8C38FA71" box="[1004,1106,1454,1476]" gridcol="6" gridrow="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.44</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FBE0FA6F8CA7FA71" box="[1126,1229,1454,1476]" gridcol="7" gridrow="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.38</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FB5EFA6F8D67FA71" box="[1240,1293,1454,1476]" gridcol="8" gridrow="2" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.49</td>
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||
</tr>
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<tr id="357B381DFFBE0039FE8DFA0E8D67FA51" box="[267,1293,1487,1508]" gridrow="3" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" rowspan-0="1">
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FEE9FA0E8988FA51" box="[367,482,1487,1508]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.71/1.14</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE73FA0E8A2EFA51" box="[501,580,1487,1508]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.788/1.2</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FDFDFA0E8ABFFA51" box="[635,725,1487,1508]" gridcol="3" gridrow="3" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.54/1.712</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC86FA0E8B25FA51" box="[768,847,1487,1508]" gridcol="4" gridrow="3" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">1.32/1.1</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FCFDFA0E8BBFFA51" box="[891,981,1487,1508]" gridcol="5" gridrow="3" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.54/1.15</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC6AFA0E8C38FA51" box="[1004,1106,1487,1508]" gridcol="6" gridrow="3" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.555/1.25</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FBE0FA0E8CA7FA51" box="[1126,1229,1487,1508]" gridcol="7" gridrow="3" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.404/1.07</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FB5EFA0E8D67FA51" box="[1240,1293,1487,1508]" gridcol="8" gridrow="3" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.49/1</td>
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</tr>
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||
<tr id="357B381DFFBE0039FE8DFA2F8D67F9B1" box="[267,1293,1518,1540]" gridrow="4" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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<th id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE8DFA2F893FF9B1" box="[267,341,1518,1540]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">2</th>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FEE9FA2F8988F9B1" box="[367,482,1518,1540]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.48</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE73FA2F8A2EF9B1" box="[501,580,1518,1540]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">1.06</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FDFDFA2F8ABFF9B1" box="[635,725,1518,1540]" gridcol="3" gridrow="4" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.53</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC86FA2F8B25F9B1" box="[768,847,1518,1540]" gridcol="4" gridrow="4" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
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||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBEFFF0FC86FA2F8B40F9B6" bold="true" box="[768,810,1518,1539]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">1.75</emphasis>
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||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FCFDFA2F8BBFF9B1" box="[891,981,1518,1540]" gridcol="5" gridrow="4" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.11</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC6AFA2F8C38F9B1" box="[1004,1106,1518,1540]" gridcol="6" gridrow="4" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FBE0FA2F8CA7F9B1" box="[1126,1229,1518,1540]" gridcol="7" gridrow="4" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">NA</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FB5EFA2F8D67F9B1" box="[1240,1293,1518,1540]" gridcol="8" gridrow="4" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">NA</td>
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||
</tr>
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||
<tr id="357B381DFFBE0039FE8DF9CE8D67F991" box="[267,1293,1551,1572]" gridrow="5" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" rowspan-0="1">
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FEE9F9CE8988F991" box="[367,482,1551,1572]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.625/1.31</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE73F9CE8A2EF991" box="[501,580,1551,1572]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.792/.75</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FDFDF9CE8ABFF991" box="[635,725,1551,1572]" gridcol="3" gridrow="5" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.5/.935</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC86F9CE8B25F991" box="[768,847,1551,1572]" gridcol="4" gridrow="5" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.875/.5</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FCFDF9CE8BBFF991" box="[891,981,1551,1572]" gridcol="5" gridrow="5" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.125/1.16</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC6AF9CE8C38F991" box="[1004,1106,1551,1572]" gridcol="6" gridrow="5" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">0/NA</td>
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||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FBE0F9CE8CA7F991" box="[1126,1229,1551,1572]" gridcol="7" gridrow="5" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">0/NA</td>
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<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FB5EF9CE8D67F991" box="[1240,1293,1551,1572]" gridcol="8" gridrow="5" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">0/NA</td>
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<tr id="357B381DFFBE0039FE8DF9EF8D67F9F1" box="[267,1293,1582,1604]" gridrow="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<th id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE8DF9EF893FF9F1" box="[267,341,1582,1604]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">3</th>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FEE9F9EF8988F9F1" box="[367,482,1582,1604]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.23</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE73F9EF8A2EF9F1" box="[501,580,1582,1604]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.23</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FDFDF9EF8ABFF9F1" box="[635,725,1582,1604]" gridcol="3" gridrow="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.24</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC86F9EF8B25F9F1" box="[768,847,1582,1604]" gridcol="4" gridrow="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.73</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FCFDF9EF8BBFF9F1" box="[891,981,1582,1604]" gridcol="5" gridrow="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBEFFF0FCFDF9EF8BCFF9F6" bold="true" box="[891,933,1582,1603]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">1.20</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC6AF9EF8C38F9F1" box="[1004,1106,1582,1604]" gridcol="6" gridrow="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.49</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FBE0F9EF8CA7F9F1" box="[1126,1229,1582,1604]" gridcol="7" gridrow="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.47</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FB5EF9EF8D67F9F1" box="[1240,1293,1582,1604]" gridcol="8" gridrow="6" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.54</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B381DFFBE0039FE8DF98F8D67F9D6" box="[267,1293,1614,1635]" gridrow="7" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FEE9F98F8988F9D6" box="[367,482,1614,1635]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.278/1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE73F98F8A2EF9D6" box="[501,580,1614,1635]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.225/1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FDFDF98F8ABFF9D6" box="[635,725,1614,1635]" gridcol="3" gridrow="7" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.236/1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC86F98F8B25F9D6" box="[768,847,1614,1635]" gridcol="4" gridrow="7" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.81/1.11</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FCFDF98F8BBFF9D6" box="[891,981,1614,1635]" gridcol="5" gridrow="7" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.6/.5</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC6AF98F8C38F9D6" box="[1004,1106,1614,1635]" gridcol="6" gridrow="7" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.632/1.278</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FBE0F98F8CA7F9D6" box="[1126,1229,1614,1635]" gridcol="7" gridrow="7" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.632/1.278</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FB5EF98F8D67F9D6" box="[1240,1293,1614,1635]" gridcol="8" gridrow="7" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.54/1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B381DFFBE0039FE8DF9AF8D67F936" box="[267,1293,1646,1667]" gridrow="8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<th id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE8DF9AF893FF936" box="[267,341,1646,1667]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">5</th>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FEE9F9AF8988F936" box="[367,482,1646,1667]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.67</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE73F9AF8A2EF936" box="[501,580,1646,1667]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.34</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FDFDF9AF8ABFF936" box="[635,725,1646,1667]" gridcol="3" gridrow="8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.37</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC86F9AF8B25F936" box="[768,847,1646,1667]" gridcol="4" gridrow="8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBEFFF0FC86F9AF8B66F936" bold="true" box="[768,780,1646,1667]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">1</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FCFDF9AF8BBFF936" box="[891,981,1646,1667]" gridcol="5" gridrow="8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.20</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC6AF9AF8C38F936" box="[1004,1106,1646,1667]" gridcol="6" gridrow="8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FBE0F9AF8CA7F936" box="[1126,1229,1646,1667]" gridcol="7" gridrow="8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FB5EF9AF8D67F936" box="[1240,1293,1646,1667]" gridcol="8" gridrow="8" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">NA</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B381DFFBE0039FE8DF94F8D67F916" box="[267,1293,1678,1699]" gridrow="9" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FEE9F94F8988F916" box="[367,482,1678,1699]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.667/1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE73F94F8A2EF916" box="[501,580,1678,1699]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.343/1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FDFDF94F8ABFF916" box="[635,725,1678,1699]" gridcol="3" gridrow="9" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.367/1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC86F94F8B25F916" box="[768,847,1678,1699]" gridcol="4" gridrow="9" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.75/.75</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FCFDF94F8BBFF916" box="[891,981,1678,1699]" gridcol="5" gridrow="9" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.2/1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC6AF94F8C38F916" box="[1004,1106,1678,1699]" gridcol="6" gridrow="9" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">0/NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FBE0F94F8CA7F916" box="[1126,1229,1678,1699]" gridcol="7" gridrow="9" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">0/NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FB5EF94F8D67F916" box="[1240,1293,1678,1699]" gridcol="8" gridrow="9" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">0/NA</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B381DFFBE0039FE8DF96F8D67F976" box="[267,1293,1710,1731]" gridrow="10" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<th id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE8DF96F893FF976" box="[267,341,1710,1731]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">6</th>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FEE9F96F8988F976" box="[367,482,1710,1731]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE73F96F8A2EF976" box="[501,580,1710,1731]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FDFDF96F8ABFF976" box="[635,725,1710,1731]" gridcol="3" gridrow="10" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC86F96F8B25F976" box="[768,847,1710,1731]" gridcol="4" gridrow="10" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.52</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FCFDF96F8BBFF976" box="[891,981,1710,1731]" gridcol="5" gridrow="10" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.6</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC6AF96F8C38F976" box="[1004,1106,1710,1731]" gridcol="6" gridrow="10" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBEFFF0FC6AF96F8C7CF976" bold="true" box="[1004,1046,1710,1731]" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">1.31</emphasis>
|
||
</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FBE0F96F8CA7F976" box="[1126,1229,1710,1731]" gridcol="7" gridrow="10" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.21</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FB5EF96F8D67F976" box="[1240,1293,1710,1731]" gridcol="8" gridrow="10" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.83</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="357B381DFFBE0039FE8DF90F8D67F956" box="[267,1293,1742,1763]" gridrow="11" pageId="54" pageNumber="55" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FEE9F90F8988F956" box="[367,482,1742,1763]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">0/NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FE73F90F8A2EF956" box="[501,580,1742,1763]" gridcol="2" gridrow="11" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">0/NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FDFDF90F8ABFF956" box="[635,725,1742,1763]" gridcol="3" gridrow="11" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">0/NA</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC86F90F8B25F956" box="[768,847,1742,1763]" gridcol="4" gridrow="11" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.518/1</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FCFDF90F8BBFF956" box="[891,981,1742,1763]" gridcol="5" gridrow="11" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.674/1.12</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FC6AF90F8C38F956" box="[1004,1106,1742,1763]" gridcol="6" gridrow="11" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">1.17/.892</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FBE0F90F8CA7F956" box="[1126,1229,1742,1763]" gridcol="7" gridrow="11" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.225/1.09</td>
|
||
<td id="76AA5161FFBE0039FB5EF90F8D67F956" box="[1240,1293,1742,1763]" gridcol="8" gridrow="11" pageId="54" pageNumber="55">.83/1</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF346AD7FFBFFFF1FE8EFB1A8C93FA8D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5058302" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5058302" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5058302/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" startId="55.[264,367,1243,1267]" targetBox="[457,1126,336,1205]" targetPageId="55">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF43A5FFFBFFFF1FE8EFB1A8C93FA8D" blockId="55.[264,1323,1243,1336]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBFFFF1FE8EFB1A89C9FB46" bold="true" box="[264,419,1243,1267]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">FIGURE 114.</emphasis>
|
||
One of 779 shortest trees showing ancestral areas for five clades, B = central US and Canada, D = southwestern US and Mexico, E = Central America, F = western South America. Red = species originally placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFBFFFF1FDC1FAE08B6FFA8D" authority=", Blue" authorityName="Blue" box="[583,773,1312,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Holomelina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBFFFF1FDC1FAE08AAFFA8D" box="[583,709,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Holomelina</emphasis>
|
||
, Blue
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
= species placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFBFFFF1FC5AFAE08C00FA8D" authority=", Black" authorityName="Black" box="[988,1130,1312,1336]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Virbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBFFFF1FC5AFAE08C74FA8D" box="[988,1054,1313,1336]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Virbia</emphasis>
|
||
, Black
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
= outgroups.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF43A5FFFBFFFFEFEBEFA7A8918FE1B" blockId="55.[264,1323,1467,1893]" lastBlockId="56.[264,1323,284,1193]" lastPageId="56" lastPageNumber="57" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">
|
||
The ancestral area for Clade 1, comprised of all ingroup taxa, is most likely the southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C7ACFFFBFFFF1FE2AFA228A21FA48" box="[428,587,1507,1533]" name="United States of America" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C7ACFFFBFFFF1FD0EFA228A8EFA48" box="[648,740,1507,1533]" name="Mexico" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Area D (WAI = 1.2;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C90FE4FFBFFFF1FC69FA228C21FA48" box="[1007,1099,1507,1533]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="54.[264,352,1278,1302]" captionText="TABLE 4. Weighted area indices. Clade numbers refer to Figure 114 and areas AH refer to Figure 104 and text. G = Gain, L = Loss, WAI = Weighted Area Index." pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Clade 2 includes the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54F084FDFFBFFFF1FEC6F9CA8918F990" box="[320,370,1547,1573]" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFBFFFF1FD98F9CA8AC2F991" box="[542,680,1547,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Holomelina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBFFFF1FD98F9CA8AC2F991" box="[542,680,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Holomelina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFBFFFF1FD42F9CA8B1FF991" box="[708,885,1547,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Virbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBFFFF1FD42F9CA8B1FF991" box="[708,885,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">H. aurantiaca</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and other “typical”
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFBFFFF1FB26F9CA8D40F991" box="[1184,1322,1547,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Holomelina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBFFFF1FB26F9CA8D40F991" box="[1184,1322,1547,1572]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Holomelina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
phenotypes. For this clade, we again recover area D as the most likely ancestral area (WAI = 1.75;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C90FE4FFBFFFF1FEE4F99A89D1F9C0" box="[354,443,1627,1653]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="54.[264,352,1278,1302]" captionText="TABLE 4. Weighted area indices. Clade numbers refer to Figure 114 and areas AH refer to Figure 104 and text. G = Gain, L = Loss, WAI = Weighted Area Index." pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Clade 3, which includes remaining former
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFBFFFF1FC42F99A8CC3F9C0" box="[964,1193,1627,1653]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Holomelina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBFFFF1FC42F99A8C24F9C1" box="[964,1102,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Holomelina</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFBFFFF1FB64F99A8D40F9C1" box="[1250,1322,1627,1652]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Virbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBFFFF1FB64F99A8D40F9C1" box="[1250,1322,1627,1652]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Virbia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="137026DAFFBFFFF1FE97F9428934F928" box="[273,350,1667,1693]" captionStart="FIGURE 8" captionStartId="17.[264,368,1744,1768]" captionTargetBox="[281,1293,340,1659]" captionTargetId="figure-85@17.[214,1344,296,1719]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURE 8. Strict consensus of 779 trees L = 1698, CI = 0.41, RI = 0.65 resulting from the analysis of all taxa AT matrix. Numbers below the branch are decays, and unlabelled branches have a decay of 3. C1 C6 = Clades 1 through 6. Parallel lines = species placed in Holomelina, Solid lines = species placed in Virbia, Broken lines = outgroups." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5058204" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5058204/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137026DAFFBFFFF1FEF7F94289F5F928" box="[369,415,1667,1693]" captionStart="FIGURE 114" captionStartId="55.[264,367,1243,1267]" captionTargetBox="[457,1126,336,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-232@55.[449,1138,329,1216]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 114. One of 779 shortest trees showing ancestral areas for five clades, B = central US and Canada, D = southwestern US and Mexico, E = Central America, F = western South America. Red = species originally placed in Holomelina, Blue = species placed in Virbia, Black = outgroups." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5058302" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5058302/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">114</figureCitation>
|
||
), has a reconstructed ancestral area of Central South America excluding
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C7ACFFFBFFFF1FE8EF96A890EF970" box="[264,356,1707,1733]" name="Mexico" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Area E (WAI = 1.2;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C90FE4FFBFFFF1FDEAF96A8AA3F970" box="[620,713,1707,1733]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="54.[264,352,1278,1302]" captionText="TABLE 4. Weighted area indices. Clade numbers refer to Figure 114 and areas AH refer to Figure 104 and text. G = Gain, L = Loss, WAI = Weighted Area Index." pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation id="137026DAFFBFFFF1FD51F96A8B46F970" box="[727,812,1707,1733]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="12.[264,367,1293,1317]" captionTargetBox="[403,1135,461,1266]" captionTargetId="graphics-251@12.[403,1134,462,1266]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 4. Map of biogeographic areas. Areas: A = western USA & Canada, B = central USA & Canada, C = eastern USA & Canada, D = southwestern USA & Mexico, E = central America, F = western South America, G = eastern & central South America, H = highlands of northern South America." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5058190" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5058190/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Figs. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation id="137026DAFFBFFFF1FCBCF96A8BC8F970" box="[826,930,1707,1733]" captionStart="FIGURE 114" captionStartId="55.[264,367,1243,1267]" captionTargetBox="[457,1126,336,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-232@55.[449,1138,329,1216]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 114. One of 779 shortest trees showing ancestral areas for five clades, B = central US and Canada, D = southwestern US and Mexico, E = Central America, F = western South America. Red = species originally placed in Holomelina, Blue = species placed in Virbia, Black = outgroups." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5058302" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5058302/files/figure.png" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">Fig. 114</figureCitation>
|
||
). This reconstruction reflects the influence of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFBFFFF1FE27F9128990F959" baseAuthorityName="Grote" baseAuthorityYear="1866" box="[417,506,1747,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Holomelina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBFFFF1FE27F9128990F959" box="[417,506,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">V. latus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFBFFFF1FDBEF9128AF7F959" authorityName="Dognin" authorityYear="1909" box="[568,669,1747,1772]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Virbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cyana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBFFFF1FDBEF9128AF7F959" box="[568,669,1747,1772]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">V. cyana</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister to the remaining species in the clade. As the placement of these two species is not stable among jackknife analyses, this result must await confirmation. We did not reconstruct an ancestral area for Clade 4. Clade 5 consists of species in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFBFFFF1FE64F88A8A27F8D1" authorityName="Zaspel & Weller Table Of Contents" authorityYear="2006" box="[482,589,1867,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Virbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="55" pageNumber="56" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="opella">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFBFFFF1FE64F88A8A27F8D1" box="[482,589,1867,1892]" italics="true" pageId="55" pageNumber="56">V. opella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
complex and Central American species formerly placed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFB0FFFEFE8EFEDD89F8FE80" box="[264,402,284,309]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Holomelina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFB0FFFEFE8EFEDD89F8FE80" box="[264,402,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Holomelina</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The reconstructed ancestral area for this clade is the southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C7ACFFFB0FFFEFB46FEDD8C9EFE83" box="[1216,1268,284,310]" name="United States of America" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C7ACFFFB0FFFEFE8EFE85890BFEEB" box="[264,353,324,350]" name="Mexico" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(WAI = 1;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C90FE4FFB0FFFEFE77FE858A27FEEB" box="[497,589,324,350]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="54.[264,352,1278,1302]" captionText="TABLE 4. Weighted area indices. Clade numbers refer to Figure 114 and areas AH refer to Figure 104 and text. G = Gain, L = Loss, WAI = Weighted Area Index." pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
). Clade 6 consists of typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFB0FFFEFC29FE858C32FEEB" box="[943,1112,324,350]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Virbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFB0FFFEFC29FE858B90FEE8" box="[943,1018,324,349]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Virbia</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the area western South America (Andean region) including
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C7ACFFFB0FFFEFC98FEAD8BF8FE33" box="[798,914,364,390]" name="Colombia" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Colombia</collectingCountry>
|
||
receives the highest WAI (1.31;
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C90FE4FFB0FFFEFE8EFE558909FE1B" box="[264,355,404,430]" captionStart="TABLE 4" captionStartId="54.[264,352,1278,1302]" captionText="TABLE 4. Weighted area indices. Clade numbers refer to Figure 114 and areas AH refer to Figure 104 and text. G = Gain, L = Loss, WAI = Weighted Area Index." pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Table 4</tableCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF43A5FFFB0FFFEFEBEFE7D8BB7FCA3" blockId="56.[264,1323,284,1193]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Our WAA analysis suggests an ancestral area of the southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C7ACFFFB0FFFEFBDEFE7D8C9CFE63" box="[1112,1270,444,470]" name="United States of America" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">United States</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C7ACFFFB0FFFEFE8EFE25890BFE4B" box="[264,353,484,510]" name="Mexico" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
for the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFB0FFFEFD8AFE258A3DFE48" box="[524,599,484,509]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Virbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFB0FFFEFD8AFE258A3DFE48" box="[524,599,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Virbia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Clade 1). The species distributed in North America north of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C7ACFFFB0FFFEFE8EFDCD890BFD93" box="[264,353,524,550]" name="Mexico" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
represent a composite fauna of two lineages (Clade 2, Clade 5) that dispersed northward from the southwestern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C7ACFFFB0FFFEFD3AFDF58A9AFDFB" box="[700,752,564,590]" name="United States of America" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">U.S.</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F35C7ACFFFB0FFFEFCBBFDF58BFDFDFB" box="[829,919,564,590]" name="Mexico" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Clades 1, 3) with subsequent vicariance events occurring within those clades. These dispersal events could represent responses to glaciation cycles, however, phylogeographic studies of the North American avifauna suggest that current bird species pairs are older than these cycles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA47AEFFB0FFFEFBFBFD6D892DFD5B" author="Klicka, J. & Zink R. M." pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1666 - 1669" refId="ref22107" refString="Klicka, J. & Zink R. M. (1997). The importance of recent ice ages in speciation: a failed paradigm. Science 277, 1666 - 1669." type="journal article" year="1997">Klicka & Zink 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Similar studies of North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFB0FFFEFC9AFD158B0DFD58" box="[796,871,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Virbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFB0FFFEFC9AFD158B0DFD58" box="[796,871,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Virbia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are needed to confirm or reject the hypothesis that their speciation was fueled by climate change.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF43A5FFFB0FFFEFEBEFCE58917FC54" blockId="56.[264,1323,284,1193]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
The remaining, neotropical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFB0FFFEFD03FCE58ABAFC88" box="[645,720,804,829]" class="Insecta" family="Arctiidae" genus="Virbia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B93FE64DFFB0FFFEFD03FCE58ABAFC88" box="[645,720,804,829]" italics="true" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Virbia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appear to have invaded South America just once, concomitant with the evolution of the black and yellow phenotype. This phenotype coincides with the black and yellow mimicry rings of the notodontid tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4B41DCFFB0FFFEFB04FCB58925FC0D" authority="(Miller 1996)" baseAuthorityName="Miller" baseAuthorityYear="1996" class="Insecta" family="Notodontidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="56" pageNumber="57" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Josiini">
|
||
Josiini (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFDA47AEFFB0FFFEFB59FCB5892CFC0D" author="Miller, J. S." pageId="56" pageNumber="57" pagination="1 - 45" refId="ref22591" refString="Miller, J. S. (1996) Phylogeny of the Neotropical moth tribe Josiini (Notodontidae: Dioptine): a hidden case of Mullerian mimicry. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 118, 1 - 45." type="journal article" year="1996">Miller 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but the chemistry underlying this mimicry (whether Batesian or Müllerian) is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BF43A5FFFB0FFFEFEBEFC2E8C3DFB1C" blockId="56.[264,1323,284,1193]" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">
|
||
Our biogeographic findings are not surprising given the distribution of species and areas (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137026DAFFB0FFFEFED3FBD689D6FB84" box="[341,444,1047,1073]" captionStart="FIGURE 114" captionStartId="55.[264,367,1243,1267]" captionTargetBox="[457,1126,336,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-232@55.[449,1138,329,1216]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 114. One of 779 shortest trees showing ancestral areas for five clades, B = central US and Canada, D = southwestern US and Mexico, E = Central America, F = western South America. Red = species originally placed in Holomelina, Blue = species placed in Virbia, Black = outgroups." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5058302" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5058302/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 114</figureCitation>
|
||
, Appendix 2). However, any other method of reconstructing areas for this node would result in an ambiguous reconstruction for Clade 1 given the conflicting reconstructions at Clades 2 (Area D) and 3 (Area E) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137026DAFFB0FFFEFC25FBA68C67FB34" box="[931,1037,1127,1153]" captionStart="FIGURE 114" captionStartId="55.[264,367,1243,1267]" captionTargetBox="[457,1126,336,1205]" captionTargetId="figure-232@55.[449,1138,329,1216]" captionTargetPageId="55" captionText="FIGURE 114. One of 779 shortest trees showing ancestral areas for five clades, B = central US and Canada, D = southwestern US and Mexico, E = Central America, F = western South America. Red = species originally placed in Holomelina, Blue = species placed in Virbia, Black = outgroups." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5058302" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5058302/files/figure.png" pageId="56" pageNumber="57">Fig. 114</figureCitation>
|
||
). Further refinement of biogeographic patterns will require a species level revision of the genus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |