407 lines
45 KiB
XML
407 lines
45 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="8A285ED8F7105176E4E7175A6B5563D3">Germanium dioxide as agent to control the biofouling diatom Fragilariopsis oceanica for the cultivation of Ulva fenestrata (Chlorophyta)</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD3FFBEF454F952FB3BF95D" bold="true" box="[878,1177,1707,1736]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="96">Fragilariopsis oceanica</emphasis>
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is widely used as an effective growth inhibitor for diatoms and other silicifying microalgae (e.g. chrysophytes). It competitively inhibits the uptake of Si through Si-transporters (SITs), which eventually interrupts cell wall formation in the algae (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD3FFBEF313F886FA00F803" author="Thamatrakoln, K. & Hildebrand, M." box="[1065,1442,1919,1942]" pageId="3" pageNumber="96" pagination="1397 - 1407" refId="ref8633" refString="Thamatrakoln, K. and Hildebrand, M. (2008). Silicon uptake in diatoms revisited: a model for saturable and nonsaturable uptake kinetics and the role of silicon transporters. Plant Physiol. 146: 1397 - 1407." type="journal article" year="2008">Thamatrakoln and Hildebrand 2008</bibRefCitation>
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).)
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<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F798FEEDFD36FE89" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[162,660,266,286]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">) 15 1 − 0.3</paragraph>
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%
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electrons 0.1
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Physiological parameters of the large-scale cultivation of
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with GeO
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.
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) 300 (
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(
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) photosynthetic electron transport
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F7F8FDCBFDC3FDD5" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">802 −</paragraph>
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mmefficiencies (
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<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F364FDBAFBCAFDC3" box="[1118,1128,579,598]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">α</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F798FDA4FDCBFD09" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[162,617,598,685]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">electrons 40 60 photons</paragraph>
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points
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<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F342FD63FB71FD38" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[1144,1235,666,685]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">large-scale</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F340FD99FB47FDE6" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[1146,1311,579,656]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BBD8AFFD4FFB9F344FD99FB3DFDE6" box="[1150,1183,608,627]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">ETR</collectionCode>
|
||
), of (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BBD8AFFD4FFB9F3AFFDBAFB01FDC3" box="[1173,1187,579,598]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
<superScript id="7C1F8807FFD4FFB9F3A5FD91FB18FDE0" attach="left" box="[1183,1210,616,629]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">max</superScript>
|
||
photosynthesis) maximum) and
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F3E2FD63FA92FD38" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[1240,1328,666,685]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">cultivation</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F3D1FD99FA9BFD07" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[1259,1357,579,658]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
(D) electron light (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F213FD84FA90FD05" box="[1321,1330,637,656]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BBD8AFFD4FFB9F213FD84FA90FD05" box="[1321,1330,637,656]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F208FD7CFA9BFD07" attach="left" box="[1330,1337,645,658]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">k</subScript>
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F20EFD63FAEEFD38" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[1332,1356,666,685]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">(14</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F200FD84FAF7FD05" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[1338,1365,637,656]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">) of</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F26BFD63FADBFD38" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[1361,1401,666,685]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">days</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F260FD84FADFFD05" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[1370,1405,637,656]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F260FD84FADFFD05" box="[1370,1405,637,656]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Ulvaceae" genus="Ulva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ulvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F260FD84FADFFD05" box="[1370,1405,637,656]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">Ulva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F243FD63FF16FD4A" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">) μmol</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F798FD26FF16FD71" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[162,180,735,740]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">(</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F7F8FD42FF7AFD58" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[194,216,699,717]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">20</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F569FD27FDCBFD47" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[595,617,717,747]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F569FD27FDCBFD47" box="[595,617,717,747]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BBD8AFFD4FFB9F569FD27FDCBFD7E" box="[595,617,734,747]" country="United Kingdom" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15670" name="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" type="Herbarium">E</collectionCode>
|
||
(
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F56DFD58FDCBFD5B" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[599,617,673,718]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">μmol</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F55EFD21FDCDFD4B" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[612,623,728,734]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
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<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F55EFD21FDCDFD4B" attach="left" box="[612,623,728,734]" fontSize="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
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<superScript id="7C1F8807FFD4FFB9F55EFD21FDCDFD4B" attach="left" box="[612,623,728,734]" fontSize="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">k</superScript>
|
||
</subScript>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F544FD3BFD36FD41" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[638,660,706,724]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">50</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F5B3FD23FD36FD79" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[649,660,730,748]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">0</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F4CFFD41FADFFD58" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[1013,1405,696,744]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
in concentrations 100-l Plexiglass at 140 water µmol tanks photons with three m
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F200FD28FAEBFD48" attach="both" box="[1338,1353,720,733]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">−2</subScript>
|
||
s GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F26FFD28FAC1FD48" attach="both" box="[1365,1379,720,733]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">−1</subScript>
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F24CFD39FADFFD58" attach="left" box="[1398,1405,704,717]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F7F7FD11FF7AFD6F" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[205,216,744,762]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">0</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F4CFFD0BFAD4FC90" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[1013,1398,754,773]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
and 12 °
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BBD8AFFD4FFB9F302FD0BFBE4FC90" box="[1080,1094,754,773]" country="Denmark" name="University of Copenhagen" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" type="Herbarium">C</collectionCode>
|
||
. Data are means of three replicates
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F627FD07FC19FC85" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[285,955,766,784]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
0
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5E4388FFD4FFB9F656FD07FE3FFC85" box="[364,413,766,784]" degrees="0.223" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" precision="55" value="0.223">0.223</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE5E4388FFD4FFB9F6F4FD07FE5DFC85" box="[462,511,766,784]" degrees="2.235" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" precision="55" value="2.235">2.235</geoCoordinate>
|
||
0
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE5E4388FFD4FFB9F413FD07FCF8FC85" box="[809,858,766,784]" degrees="0.223" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" precision="55" value="0.223">0.223</geoCoordinate>
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<geoCoordinate id="EE5E4388FFD4FFB9F4B0FD07FC19FC85" box="[906,955,766,784]" degrees="2.235" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" precision="55" value="2.235">2.235</geoCoordinate>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F4CFFCF6FADFFCB7" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[1013,1405,783,802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
per treatment (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F34DFCF6FB23FCB7" box="[1143,1153,783,802]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 3) and error bars represent
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F633FCD9FB06FCAA" blockId="4.[139,1421,191,831]" box="[265,1188,799,831]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F609FCD5FE9BFCA2" attach="left" box="[307,313,812,823]" fontSize="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
|
||
concentration (mg L−
|
||
<superScript id="7C1F8807FFD4FFB9F6CFFCE6FE5BFCBF" attach="right" box="[501,505,799,810]" fontSize="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">1</superScript>
|
||
) GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F5D5FCD5FD57FCA2" attach="left" box="[751,757,812,823]" fontSize="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
|
||
concentration (mg L−
|
||
<superScript id="7C1F8807FFD4FFB9F48BFCE6FC17FCBF" attach="right" box="[945,949,799,810]" fontSize="4" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">1</superScript>
|
||
) standard deviations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F678FAF3FEEBFA81" box="[322,329,1290,1300]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF1575C7FFD4FFB9F7B2FAC6FDDFFA71" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11360462" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11360462" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11360462/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" startId="4.[136,194,1343,1362]" targetBox="[145,589,890,1295]" targetPageId="4" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F7B2FAC6FDDFFA71" blockId="4.[136,747,1343,1508]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F7B2FAC6FF7AFAC7" bold="true" box="[136,216,1343,1362]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">Figure 5:</emphasis>
|
||
GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F63DFABEFEACFAC1" attach="left" box="[263,270,1351,1364]" fontSize="5" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
|
||
-dependent total diatom density present on the surfaces of Plexiglass water tanks after 14 days of large-scale cultivation of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F586FAA5FF7BFA19" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Ulvaceae" genus="Ulva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ulvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="fenestrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F586FAA5FF7BFA19" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">Ulva fenestrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Data are means of three replicates per treatment (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F5A9FA80FD3FFA19" box="[659,669,1401,1420]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">n</emphasis>
|
||
= 3) and error bars represent standard deviations. Lowercase letters above columns indicate statistically significant differences between the treatments (
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F7B4FA28FF3AFA71" box="[142,152,1489,1508]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">P</emphasis>
|
||
<0.001, 1-way ANOVA, Tukey-Kramer HSD
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F53DFA28FDEEFA71" box="[519,588,1489,1508]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">post-hoc</emphasis>
|
||
test).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB9F7B2F9DCFAC5FB2B" blockId="4.[136,764,1573,1942]" lastBlockId="4.[794,1422,881,1939]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
Toxicological studies have shown species- and strain-specific responses of diatoms to GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F68BF9A9FE1BF9CA" attach="left" box="[433,441,1616,1631]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
|
||
. While concentrations of up to
|
||
<quantity id="4C9288AAFFD4FFB9F7B2F993FF1AF9EA" box="[136,184,1642,1663]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" unit="mg" value="1.0">1 mg</quantity>
|
||
GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F7D3F98AFF53F917" attach="left" box="[233,241,1651,1666]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
|
||
l
|
||
<superScript id="7C1F8807FFD4FFB9F7C7F99DFEAFF9E6" attach="left" box="[253,269,1636,1651]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">−1</superScript>
|
||
inhibited the growth of highly silicified diatom species (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F61BF975FDB7F934" authorityName="W.Smith" authorityYear="1853" box="[289,533,1676,1697]" class="Anthozoa" family="Astrocoeniidae" genus="Amphiphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scleractinia" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="paludosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F61BF975FDB7F934" box="[289,533,1676,1697]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">Amphiphora paludosa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F516F975FF69F951" authorityName="Reimann & J.C.Lewin" authorityYear="1964" class="Sordariomycetes" family="Valsaceae" genus="Cylindrotheca" kingdom="Fungi" order="Diaporthales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Ascomycota" rank="species" species="fusiformis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F516F975FF69F951" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">Cylindrotheca fusiformis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), diatoms with a low degree of silicified cell walls (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F7B2F928FE19F972" authorityName="Bohlin" authorityYear="1897" box="[136,443,1745,1767]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Phaeodactylaceae" genus="Phaeodactylum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Naviculales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="tricornutum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F7B2F928FE19F972" box="[136,443,1745,1767]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">Phaeodactylum tricornutum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) were insensitive even to 10 GeO
|
||
<quantity id="4C9288AAFFD4FFB9F7EAF904FF5CF89C" box="[208,254,1780,1804]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" unit="mg" value="2.0">
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F7EAF904FF7AF899" attach="left" box="[208,216,1789,1804]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
|
||
mg
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
l
|
||
<superScript id="7C1F8807FFD4FFB9F633F917FEB8F968" attach="left" box="[265,282,1774,1789]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">−1</superScript>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F610F90DFE05F89F" author="Lewin, J." box="[298,423,1780,1802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" pagination="1 - 12" refId="ref7848" refString="Lewin, J. (1966). Silicon metabolism in diatoms. V. Germanium dioxide, a specific inhibitor of diatom growth. Phycologia 6: 1 - 12." type="journal article" year="1966">Lewin 1966</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F68EF90DFD5AF89C" author="Markham, J. W. & Hagmeier, E." box="[436,760,1780,1802]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" refId="ref8098" refString="Markham, J. W. and Hagmeier, E. (1982). Observations on the effects of germanium dioxide on the growth of macro-algae and diatoms." type="book" year="1982">Markham and Hagmeier 1982</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F7B2F8EFFE1CF8B8" author="Tatewaki, M. & Mizuno, M." box="[136,446,1814,1837]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" pagination="205 - 212" refId="ref8594" refString="Tatewaki, M. and Mizuno, M. (1979). Growth inhibition by germanium dioxide in various algae, especially in brown algae. Jpn. J. Phycol. 27: 205 - 212." type="journal article" year="1979">Tatewaki and Mizuno 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). By using these results as benchmark for the present study,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F6C6F8C3FDD1F8DA" box="[508,627,1850,1871]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Bacillariaceae" genus="Fragilariopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="oceanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F6C6F8C3FDD1F8DA" box="[508,627,1850,1871]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">F. oceanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seems to be highly sensitive to GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F649F89CFED9F8E1" attach="left" box="[371,379,1893,1908]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
|
||
because its growth was inhibited at a low concentration of
|
||
<quantity id="4C9288AAFFD4FFB9F646F887FE75F806" box="[380,471,1918,1939]" metricMagnitude="-8" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" unit="mg" value="0.014">0.014 mg</quantity>
|
||
GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F53DF87EFDADF803" attach="left" box="[519,527,1927,1942]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
|
||
l
|
||
<superScript id="7C1F8807FFD4FFB9F521F880FD8EF812" attach="left" box="[539,556,1912,1927]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">−1</superScript>
|
||
. Assuming that Si uptake in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F4BCFC8BFC59FC12" box="[902,1019,882,903]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Bacillariaceae" genus="Fragilariopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="oceanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F4BCFC8BFC59FC12" box="[902,1019,882,903]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">F. oceanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is mediated by SITs at low Si concentrations in seawater (<30 µM) as shown for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F23BFC6DFA84FC59" authority="(Thamatrakoln and Hildebrand 2008)" baseAuthorityName="Thamatrakoln and Hildebrand" baseAuthorityYear="2008" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Thalassiosiraceae" genus="Thalassiosira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Thalassiosirales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="pseudonana">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F23BFC6DFC35FC5E" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">Thalassiosira pseudonana</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F49EFC4FFABDFC59" author="Thamatrakoln, K. & Hildebrand, M." box="[932,1311,950,972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" pagination="1397 - 1407" refId="ref8633" refString="Thamatrakoln, K. and Hildebrand, M. (2008). Silicon uptake in diatoms revisited: a model for saturable and nonsaturable uptake kinetics and the role of silicon transporters. Plant Physiol. 146: 1397 - 1407." type="journal article" year="2008">Thamatrakoln and Hildebrand 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a growth inhibition by GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F4E0FC1BFC40FC64" attach="left" box="[986,994,994,1009]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
|
||
could have been expected because the seawater Si concentration used was approx. 2.1 µM (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F277FC02FC28FBA1" author="Busch, K. & Iversen, K. & Nashoug, B. & Kiele, M. & Gitmark, J. & Remen, V. & Velvin, R. & Krogstad, M." pageId="4" pageNumber="97" refId="ref6688" refString="Busch, K., Iversen, K., Nashoug, B., Kiele, M., Gitmark, J., Remen, V., Velvin, R., and Krogstad, M. (2014). MiljOundersOkelse av Skjerstadfjorden. Report 1006, Salt Lofoten AS, Svolvaer." type="book" year="2014">Busch et al. 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, if Si was added to the seawater according to formulation of the
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BBD8AFFD4FFB9F358FBB9FB01FBC0" box="[1122,1187,1088,1109]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">ESNW</collectionCode>
|
||
medium with a final concentration of 106 µM, a different result would have been observed because diffusive Si uptake predominates at higher Si concentrations (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F4E4FB51FAFEFB2B" author="Thamatrakoln, K. & Hildebrand, M." box="[990,1372,1192,1214]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" pagination="1397 - 1407" refId="ref8633" refString="Thamatrakoln, K. and Hildebrand, M. (2008). Silicon uptake in diatoms revisited: a model for saturable and nonsaturable uptake kinetics and the role of silicon transporters. Plant Physiol. 146: 1397 - 1407." type="journal article" year="2008">Thamatrakoln and Hildebrand 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BD5254FFFD4FFB8F47DFB33FDEDFE16" blockId="4.[794,1422,881,1939]" lastBlockId="5.[166,794,193,389]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="98" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
Interestingly, the use of GeO
|
||
<quantity id="4C9288AAFFD4FFB9F340FB2DFB3DFB75" box="[1146,1183,1226,1251]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" unit="in" value="2.0">
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<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F340FB2DFB20FB76" attach="left" box="[1146,1154,1236,1251]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
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||
in
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
the glass beakers and Plexiglass water tanks showed different effects on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F272FB17FCF6FAB0" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Bacillariaceae" genus="Fragilariopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="oceanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F272FB17FCF6FAB0" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">F. oceanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. While low GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F338FAE0FBA8FABD" attach="left" box="[1026,1034,1305,1320]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
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||
concentration inhibited the growth of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F402FACAFC13FADD" box="[824,945,1331,1352]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Bacillariaceae" genus="Fragilariopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="oceanica">
|
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<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F402FACAFC13FADD" box="[824,945,1331,1352]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">F. oceanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the colonisation of the Plexiglass walls by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F420FAACFC32FAFF" box="[794,912,1365,1386]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Bacillariaceae" genus="Fragilariopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="oceanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F420FAACFC32FAFF" box="[794,912,1365,1386]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">F. oceanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could not be fully prevented even by the use of
|
||
<quantity id="4C9288AAFFD4FFB9F420FA8FFCD1FA18" box="[794,883,1398,1421]" metricMagnitude="-6" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.235" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" unit="mg" value="2.235">2.235 mg</quantity>
|
||
GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F49FFA79FC0FFA1A" attach="left" box="[933,941,1408,1423]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
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||
l
|
||
<superScript id="7C1F8807FFD4FFB9F483FA8BFC68FA15" attach="left" box="[953,970,1393,1408]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">−1</superScript>
|
||
. This could be possibly ascribed to the different physical surface properties between glass and Plexiglass. Insoluble extracellular polymeric substances (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BBD8AFFD4FFB9F41AFA26FCE8FA60" box="[800,842,1503,1525]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">EPS</collectionCode>
|
||
) secreted by diatoms allow them to adsorb better on hydrophobic surfaces such as Plexiglass than on the hydrophilic surfaces of the glass beakers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F3F5F9DDFA2BF9AC" author="Finlay, J. A. & Schultz, M. P. & Cone, G. & Callow, M. E. & Callow, J. A." box="[1231,1417,1572,1594]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" refId="ref7249" refString="Finlay, J. A., Schultz, M. P., Cone, G., Callow, M. E., and Callow, J. A. (2013)." type="book" year="2013">Finlay et al. 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F420F9BFFC54F9C9" author="Holland, R. & Dugdale, T. M. & Wetherbee, R. & Brennan, A. B. & Finlay, J. A. & Callow, J. A. & Callow, M. E." box="[794,1014,1606,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" pagination="323 - 329" refId="ref7476" refString="Holland, R., Dugdale, T. M., Wetherbee, R., Brennan, A. B., Finlay, J. A., Callow, J. A., and Callow, M. E. (2004). Adhesion and motility of fouling diatoms on a silicone elastomer. Biofouling 20: 323 - 329." type="journal article" year="2004">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F37D65DFFFD4FFB9F420F9BFFCCCF9C9" box="[794,878,1606,1628]" name="Netherlands" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">Holland</collectingCountry>
|
||
et al. 2004
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F332F9BFFB50F9C9" author="Krishnan, S. & Wang, N. & Ober, C. K. & Finlay, J. A. & Callow, M. E. & Callow, J. A. & Hexemer, A. & Sohn, K. E. & Kramer, E. J. & Fischer, D. A." box="[1032,1266,1606,1628]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" refId="ref7745" refString="Krishnan, S., Wang, N., Ober, C. K., Finlay, J. A., Callow, M. E., Callow, J. A., Hexemer, A., Sohn, K. E., Kramer, E. J., and Fischer, D. A. (2006)." type="book" year="2006">Krishnan et al. 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; reviewed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F420F990FBE2F9EA" author="Thompson, S. E. M. & Coates, J. C." box="[794,1088,1641,1663]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" pagination="410 - 432" refId="ref8676" refString="Thompson, S. E. M. and Coates, J. C. (2017). Surface sensing and stresssignalling in Ulva and fouling diatoms - potential targets for antifouling: a review. Biofouling 33: 410 - 432." type="journal article" year="2017">Thompson and Coates 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In addition, EPS-rich biofilms from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F462F972FC74F935" authorityName="Shiba" authorityYear="1991" box="[856,982,1675,1696]" class="Alphaproteobacteria" family="Rhodobacteraceae" genus="Roseobacter" kingdom="Bacteria" order="Rhodobacterales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Proteobacteria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F462F972FC74F935" box="[856,982,1675,1696]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">Roseobacter</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED7BBD8AFFD4FFB9F32EF975FB82F934" box="[1044,1056,1676,1697]" country="Sweden" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:15668" name="Department of Botany, Swedish Museum of Natural History" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" type="Herbarium">S</collectionCode>
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F31AF972FB3AF935" box="[1056,1176,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">
|
||
ul
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F30EF972FBE3F937" bold="true" box="[1076,1089,1675,1698]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">fi</emphasis>
|
||
tobacter
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, which are associated with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F469F957FC20F956" box="[851,898,1710,1731]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Ulvaceae" genus="Ulva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ulvales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F469F957FC20F956" box="[851,898,1710,1731]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">Ulva</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, could have enhanced the attachment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F272F956FCF1F973" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Bacillariaceae" genus="Fragilariopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="oceanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F272F956FCF1F973" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">F. oceanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the Plexiglass walls (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F374F928FABEF973" author="Bruckner, C. G. & Rehm, C. & Grossart, H. - P. & Kroth, P. G." box="[1102,1308,1745,1767]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" pagination="1052 - 1063" refId="ref6574" refString="Bruckner, C. G., Rehm, C., Grossart, H. - P., and Kroth, P. G. (2011). Growth and release of extracellular organic compounds by benthic diatoms depend on interactions with bacteria. Environ. Microbiol. 13: 1052 - 1063." type="journal article" year="2011">Bruckner et al. 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F21FF928FC21F89C" author="Buhmann, M. T. & Schulze, B. & FOrderer, A. & Schleheck, D. & Kroth, P. G." pageId="4" pageNumber="97" pagination="463 - 474" refId="ref6631" refString="Buhmann, M. T., Schulze, B., FOrderer, A., Schleheck, D., and Kroth, P. G. (2016). Bacteria may induce the secretion of mucin-like proteins by the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. J. Phycol. 52: 463 - 474." type="journal article" year="2016">Buhmann et al. 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFFB58BEFFD4FFB9F4B7F90AFBFCF89C" author="Spoerner, M. & Wichard, T. & Bachhuber, T. & Stratmann, J. & Oertel, W." box="[909,1118,1779,1801]" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" pagination="1433 - 1447" refId="ref8492" refString="Spoerner, M., Wichard, T., Bachhuber, T., Stratmann, J., and Oertel, W. (2012). Growth and thallus morphogenesis of Ulva mutabilis (Chlorophyta) depends on a combination of two bacterial species excreting regulatory factors. J. Phycol. 48: 1433 - 1447." type="journal article" year="2012">Spoerner et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, the bacterial biofilms could help
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD4FFB9F4A9F8EFFBABF8BE" box="[915,1033,1814,1835]" class="Bacillariophyceae" family="Bacillariaceae" genus="Fragilariopsis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Bacillariales" pageId="4" pageNumber="97" phylum="Ochrophyta" rank="species" species="oceanica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD4FFB9F4A9F8EFFBABF8BE" box="[915,1033,1814,1835]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">F. oceanica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to overcome the negative effects of GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD4FFB9F47CF8B8FCECF8C5" attach="left" box="[838,846,1857,1872]" fontSize="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="97">2</subScript>
|
||
. Other factors such as the different treatments of the glass beakers (acid-washed) and water tanks (hand washing and sodium hypochlorite) prior to the experiments could also have contributed to the different outcomes of the two experiments. Nevertheless, since the large-scale experiment showed a considerable reduction in diatom density on the Plexiglass surfaces by
|
||
<quantity id="4C9288AAFFD5FFB8F6B6FED1FE47FEAB" box="[396,485,296,318]" metricMagnitude="-7" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.23" pageId="5" pageNumber="98" unit="mg" value="0.223">0.223 mg</quantity>
|
||
GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD5FFB8F52CFEC8FDBCFED5" attach="left" box="[534,542,305,320]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="98">2</subScript>
|
||
l
|
||
<superScript id="7C1F8807FFD5FFB8F510FEDAFD99FEA4" attach="left" box="[554,571,290,305]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="98">−1</superScript>
|
||
(f.c.), the costs for the biomass production of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C6A5ECCFFD5FFB8F6AEFEB2FDB5FEF5" box="[404,535,331,352]" class="Ulvophyceae" family="Ulvaceae" genus="Ulva" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ulvales" pageId="5" pageNumber="98" phylum="Chlorophyta" rank="species" species="fenestrata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B91EF95DFFD5FFB8F6AEFEB2FDB5FEF5" box="[404,535,331,352]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="98">U. fenestrata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are expected to be lower than without employing any GeO
|
||
<subScript id="17EE270AFFD5FFB8F53FFE8FFDAFFE10" attach="left" box="[517,525,374,389]" fontSize="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="98">2</subScript>
|
||
at all.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |